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id="toc-Austria-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria-Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Austria-Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Baltic states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A" title="استعمار داخلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استعمار داخلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialisme_intern" title="Colonialisme intern – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colonialisme intern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Шалти колонизаци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шалти колонизаци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interner_Kolonialismus" title="Interner Kolonialismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Interner Kolonialismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisekolonialism" title="Sisekolonialism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sisekolonialism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismo_interno" title="Colonialismo interno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonialismo interno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ena_koloniigo" title="Ena koloniigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ena koloniigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialisme_interne" title="Colonialisme interne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonialisme interne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99" title="קולוניאליזם פנימי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולוניאליזם פנימי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonializm_wewn%C4%99trzny" title="Kolonializm wewnętrzny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolonializm wewnętrzny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Внутренняя колонизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Внутренняя колонизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Унутрашњи колонијализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Унутрашњи колонијализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C3%A7_s%C3%B6m%C3%BCrgecilik" title="İç sömürgecilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İç sömürgecilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%83%A8%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="內部殖民主義 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="內部殖民主義" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="内部殖民主义 – 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Systematic exploitation of minority groups within a state</div> <p><b>Internal colonialism</b> is the uneven effects of <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> on a regional basis, otherwise known as "<a href="/wiki/Uneven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Uneven development">uneven development</a>" as a result of the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority groups</a> within a wider society which leads to <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> inequalities between <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regions</a> within a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>. This is held to be similar to the relationship between a <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a> and a colony, in <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> proper. The phenomenon leads to the distinct separation of the dominant core from the periphery in an <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bob_Blauner" title="Bob Blauner">Robert Blauner</a> is regarded as the developer of the theory of internal colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinderhughes2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinderhughes2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was coined to highlight the "blurred" lines between geographically close locations that are clearly different in terms of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200218_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200218-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other factors that separate the core from the periphery are <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_physical_appearance" title="Human physical appearance">physical appearance</a>, types and levels of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual behavior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200219_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultural and integrative nature of internal colonialism is understood as a project of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> and it has been explored by Robert Peckham in relation to the formation of a national modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek culture">Greek culture</a> during the nineteenth century, when <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> gained its independence from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main difference between <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a> and internal colonialism is the source of the exploitation. In the former, the control comes from outside the nation-state, while in the latter it comes from within. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_concept">Origin of the concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known use of the concept of internal colonialism was by <a href="#CITEREFMarquard1957">Marquard (1957)</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. However, the concept became popularized following the publication of an article on <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> by <a href="#CITEREFGonzalez_Casanova1965">Gonzalez Casanova (1965)</a>. Gonzalez Casanova was both critiqued by, and influenced <a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a>, who further theorised internal colonialism as a form of "uneven development". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergio_Salvi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergio Salvi (page does not exist)">Sergio Salvi</a>, a poet, essayist, and historian of minority languages, used the term "internal colonies" in the cultural sense in <i>Le nazioni proibite: Guida a dieci colonie interne dell'Europa occidentale</i> ("The forbidden nations: Guide to ten internal colonies of western Europe") (1973), among which he included <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a>. Other pivotal works on the subject were published during the mid-1970s by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wolpe" title="Harold Wolpe">Harold Wolpe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hechter" title="Michael Hechter">Michael Hechter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common topic amongst <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">postcolonial</a> writers was their description of feelings, such as schizophrenia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200220_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200220-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being torn between local tradition and global modernity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Afghanistan is an example of internal colonialism affecting state-building, as <a href="/wiki/Nazif_Shahrani" title="Nazif Shahrani">Nazif Shahrani</a> argues "the incessantly centralizing state policies and practices of internal colonialism, generally aided and abetted by old colonialist powers... produced a cumulatively negative impact on state-building efforts in Afghanistan."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahrani2002717_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahrani2002717-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international security scholar, Dipali Mukhopadhyay, considers the presence of warlordism in the Afghan periphery to be a concern for the development of the political economy, with the 2007 World Bank Report highlighting weak institutional links between provincial offices and relationships with the central government poorly defined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukhopadhyay2014?_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukhopadhyay2014?-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algeria">Algeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the exceptions of internal colonialism as the subsistence of 'blurred lines' between the core and periphery is French Algeria. There were clearly distinct features separating the core from the periphery. "The core was Christian, French-speaking, light-skinned, and comparatively prosperous".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200219_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other side was Muslim, Arabic- or Berber-speaking, and significantly poorer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grey area of French Algeria was the large Jewish population, which did not belong in either the core or periphery in terms of common cultural factors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Austria-Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> exhibited characteristics of internal colonialism, where certain regions and ethnic groups within the empire (like Hungary and Transylvania) were systematically disadvantaged compared to the dominant German-speaking core.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic_states">Baltic states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baltic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid of twenty century, the Soviet-annexed countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania had a colonial relationship with the rest of the Soviet Union, similar to the one that existed between the old tsarist empire and its far-flung territories.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the countries were gradually being Sovietized after their period of initial resistance, the newly established economic, cultural, and social circumstances were colonial, as the reconstruction of the economy in the region served the interests of the colonizers, identities became shaped in relation to the increasing Soviet presence, the experience of oppression became an increasingly important part of the local culture, and local historical and cultural heritage was revalued and rewritten.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Soviet Union dissolved and the Baltic states became independent once again, they had to deal with problems similar to other postcolonial nations: polluted landscapes, damaged economies, ethnic tensions, and determining the national narrative of the past, present and future.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a></div> <p><a href="#CITEREFConway2014">Conway (2014)</a> documents the internal colonialism of Western Canadian Provinces by Central Canada, citing issues with the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Program" title="National Energy Program">National Energy Program</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Rate" title="Crow Rate">Crow Rate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equalization_payments_in_Canada" title="Equalization payments in Canada">Equalization payments in Canada</a> amongst others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of internal colonialism is Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland was formerly a part of the United Kingdom and "...was far more common and apparently easier, to think of oneself as British <i>and</i> Irish".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200220_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200220-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was increasingly more difficult to choose between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Manila" title="Imperial Manila">Imperial Manila</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">non-Manilans</a> have often expressed that the affairs of the country—whether <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">economic</a> but most importantly <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">cultural</a> including <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">linguistic</a>—are imposed from the Manilan core on the peripheral rest of the country due to Tagalist nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been articulated in a <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> saying, which goes, "<i>Walay dahong mahulog sa atong nasod nga dili mananghid sa <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacañang">Malakanyang</a>,</i>" translated as "Not a leaf may fall in our country without Malacañang's permission."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also ominous that certain personalities have called for the political isolation, overthrow and outright assassination of those who are opposed to the current core–periphery relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, with its favorable location below the typhoon belt and its rich mineral resources, naturally attracted foreign capital to the area. This prompted then <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">President Ramon Magsaysay</a> since the mid-1950s and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">President Ferdinand Marcos</a> (1966–1986) to systematically resettle people into Mindanao. This led to the proportion of indigenous peoples in Mindanao to shrink from majority in 1913 to minority by 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best lands in Mindanao were given to settlers and owners of corporate agriculture, while most development investments and government services were offered to the Christian population. This caused the Muslim population to be backward and rank among the poorest in their own country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resettlement programme was not entirely peaceful as some settlers managed to obtain land from the native Muslims through harassment and other violent efforts which drove the Muslims out of their own lands.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muslims were alienated by the Philippines government and felt threatened by Christian economic and political domination in their own homeland. This resorted in some Muslim groups to turn to extortion and violence to protect their own land and refrain from being displaced. Such efforts of “integration” had led to the crystallisation of the Moro identity as the Muslims’ identity with the Filipino nation declined rapidly due to the threat in economic and social Muslim life.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an effect of the resettlement, traditional Muslim leaders (also referred as <i>datu</i>) were also voted out during the polls as Christians, who made up a significant majority of the voters, preferred the Christian politicians over them. These local <i>datus</i> suffered a loss in prestige as they could no longer control the Muslim lands.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These politicians lost much of the capabilities they had possessed initially to manage the Muslim populace.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state-sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes">Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes</a></div> <p>International Dimensions of the Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka, Prof John P. Neelsen (Tuebingen University, Germany), 20th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, 8–11 July 2008: <i>A shortcoming in international law as to internal colonialism and the right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> renders the current types of international intervention not just inadequate to contribute to a negotiated solution of ethnic conflicts, but tends to inflame them.</i> </p><p>Power Sharing as Peace Structure: The Case of Sri Lanka, IICP Working Paper, No. 2, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung">Johan Galtung</a>, Professor of Peace Studies: ‘’External Colonialism: Democracy :: Internal Colonialism: Human Rights’’ </p><p>National Liberation Movements in Global Context, Dr. Jeff Sluka, Massey University, New Zealand Proceedings of the Conference on 'Tamils in New Zealand', July 1996 - Wellington, New Zealand. This situation, where a state exploits and oppresses peoples and regions within their own boundaries much the way the European colonial powers used to exploit and oppress foreign colonies, has been described as "internal colonialism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHechter1975_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHechter1975-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Lanka is an example of this. Many Third World peoples found that after "independence" they had simply traded one set of oppressors (white) for another (brown and black). The result is that today many Third World states, most of them the direct or indirect result of national liberation wars themselves, are now fighting against national liberation movements within their borders. </p><p>Fourth World Colonialism, Indigenous Minorities And Tamil Separatism In Sri Lanka, Bryan Pfaffenberger (Virginia University), Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 16, 1984: <i>Despite the withdrawal of colonial power from Third World countries, forms of oppression that might well be termed "colonial" still persist in many of them — the oppression wrought by nationalist Third World governments whose regimes fail to respect the rights of indigenous minorities. For ethnic and regional minorities in many Third World countries, the arrogance and injustice of these governments matches — and often exceeds — those of the departed European colonial regime. The island nation Sri Lanka presents a case in point. Little public investment appears to reach the Tamil lands….</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early 20th century, the Siamese Empire which was a <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">mandala</a> empire consisted of several vassal states such as principalities of the former <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lan Na Kingdom">Lan Na Kingdom</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Patani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Patani">Sultanate of Patani</a> to the south under the tightening suzerainty of the Siamese Kingdom was transformed in to a unitary modern nation-state by abolishing the vassal status of the vassal states, incorporating them into an integral part of Siam, and assimilating the cultures of the vassals via the process of Thaifcation. For internal colonization in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, refer to articles on <a href="/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a>. There is a posited link between internal colonialism and ethnic rebellion in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1994158–205_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1994158–205-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The internal colonization of the Eastern Provinces was outlined during the Government of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Cemil_Uybad%C4%B1n" title="Mehmet Cemil Uybadın">Cemil Uyabdin</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/1925_Report_for_Reform_in_the_East_(Turkey)" title="1925 Report for Reform in the East (Turkey)">Report for Reform in the East</a> as a guideline to the internal colonization of the Eastern Provinces through which the <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurdish</a> population should be <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">turkified</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a report delivered to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Peoples_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republican Peoples Party (page does not exist)">Republican Peoples Party</a> (CHP) following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim Rebellion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1934_Turkish_Resettlement_Law" title="1934 Turkish Resettlement Law">Resettlement Law</a> issued in 1934 was also described as an effective vehicle for the internal colonization of the eastern provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization of Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">beginning of the Chinese administration in Tibet</a>, China's government has been accused of committing both <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">TGIE</a>, various Tibetan emigres, and their supporters. Tibet, having been a self-governed province of China, has been completely annexed by China since 1951 with the Tibetan Government in Exile (TGIE) claiming that 1.2 million Tibetans died from the actions of the Chinese administration from 1951 to 1984. Supporters of the claim that the actions of the Chinese administration in Tibet constitutes genocide and colonialism challenge the Chinese government's claim that Tibet has been considered an integral part of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> for centuries, arguing that historical correspondences make it clear that <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> was not considered a part of China until recent times.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the nature of Chinese administration in the region has been the subject of fierce debate with many detractors, such as Hong Kong-based Tibet expert <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sautman" title="Barry Sautman">Barry Sautman</a>, challenging the notion that Chinese practices in Tibet can be characterized as genocidal or colonial and arguing that the political and legal equality of Tibetans under the current administration undermines the notion of colonialism in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> and the rest of the United States, historically characterized by mineral extraction, the destruction of the natural environment, and the exploitation of the miner class - at one time paid only in <a href="/wiki/Company_scrip" title="Company scrip">company scrip</a> and policed by private armies, as led to deep-rooted poverty and health issues in the region. In 1963, historian <a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Caudill" title="Harry M. Caudill">Harry M. Caudill</a> characterized Central Appalachia as "a colonial appendage of the industrial East and Middle West."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exploiting the Indochina War and the modern political theories for their advantage, the Northern Vietnam political parties including a variety of roles and types (Communism, Nationalism, Religions) propagandized and lured the public about the idea of “the new Vietnam” whose origin was completely from the North. The Northern Vietnamese who were considered as leaders by default portrayed Nationalism in such ways that the Red River Delta area's tradition and culture took dominance. The Ngo Dinh Diem administration was indeed a foundation to "Vietnamize" South Vietnam. The South people were forced to learn the history of the North and to see any historical events taking place in the North as their origin points. All those learning was to enhance the power of the Northern administration rather than for the sake of learning the past. </p><p>On the other aspect, the shortage of knowledge and consciousness about their origin was the major cause of the fact that South Vietnamese were unable to make use of their tradition and culture to defend themselves against the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a> when they had to share political power to the Northern immigrants from the 1955 - who won <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saigon_(1955)" title="Battle of Saigon (1955)">the capital Saigon</a> over the forces that were loyal to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Bao_Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Bao Dai">Emperor Bao Dai</a>. The South people were pulled into an ambiguous Anti-Communism ideology promoted by the Northern migrants who seized power right after they set their steps to the land of the South. South Vietnamese people could not state or claim the fact that the Northerners were their enemy due to the appearance of millions of Northern Kinh migrants on the South territory, which caused a huge stumbling block to psychological warfare and building the social system. The Northern politicians (who <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">migrated to the South in 1954</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a> government cared about nothing but power, they had no intention of defending the country (Republic of Vietnam - ROV) because the ROV was not their homeland but the South people's.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Northern migrants’ easily seizure of power in the Southern land resulted in the corruption of some Northern-migrated high-ranked figures in both the ROV government and the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a> and the loss of the ROV's independence on the international political chessboard. </p><p>The invasion of South Vietnam is a prohibited topic in history teaching and on mainstream media of Vietnam. It is usually interpreted as a “reunification of the nation”. After <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fall of Saigon">The Fall of Saigon</a>, the Northern communists turned their back on their comrades from the South (the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a>). There are prejudice and discrimination towards the South people, specifically the people in the Southwest (<a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>) on the mainstream media and daily communication. Northern Vietnamese have privilege in political competition and election, they easily seize high-ranked, high-power positions in the government.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign affairs are heavily controlled by the Northside of the government. The South-originated religions <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoa Hao Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a> are strictly controlled by the government led by the majority of Northerners. After the Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, Vietnam seems like it is completely united, both regionally and ideologically. However, it is never a unified Vietnam due to the theory of North-centered: Ha Noi and the North are the standards of Vietnamese tradition, language and custom.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Vietnam Communist government-funded enterprise named PV Power has invested and been building a hydro dam project in Luang Prabang.<sup id="cite_ref-Sautman_2006_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sautman_2006-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hydro dam is predicted to cause heavy damage to the ecosystem and environment of the Mekong Delta and negatively affect the lives of more than 15 million Southern Vietnamese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">Internally displaced person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_migration" title="Internal migration">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_passport" title="Internal passport">Internal passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban colonization">Suburban colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental racism in Europe">Environmental racism in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2002">Howe (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinderhughes2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinderhughes2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinderhughes2011">Pinderhughes (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200218-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200218_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2002">Howe (2002)</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200219-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200219_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200219_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2002">Howe (2002)</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham2004_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckham2004">Peckham (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200220-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200220_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200220_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2002">Howe (2002)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahrani2002717-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahrani2002717_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahrani2002">Shahrani (2002)</a>, p. 717.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukhopadhyay2014?-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukhopadhyay2014?_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukhopadhyay2014">Mukhopadhyay (2014)</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVerdery1979" class="citation book cs1">Verdery, Katherine (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=12565645"><i>Internal Colonialism in Austria-Hungary in Internal Colonialism in Comparative Perspective</i></a>. Vol. 2. Inist-CNRS. pp. 378–399<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internal+Colonialism+in+Austria-Hungary+in+Internal+Colonialism+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=378-399&rft.pub=Inist-CNRS&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Verdery&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpascal-francis.inist.fr%2Fvibad%2Findex.php%3Faction%3DgetRecordDetail%26idt%3D12565645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epp Annus (2012) "The Problem of Soviet Colonialism in the Baltics," Journal of Baltic Studies, 43:1, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epp Annus (2012) "The Problem of Soviet Colonialism in the Baltics," Journal of Baltic Studies, 43:1, pp.36-37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epp Annus (2012) "The Problem of Soviet Colonialism in the Baltics," Journal of Baltic Studies, 43:1, pp.38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manilastandard.net/2014/08/29/no-love-lost-for-tagalog/">"No love lost for Tagalog"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Manila_Standard" title="Manila Standard">Manila Standard</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manila+Standard&rft.atitle=No+love+lost+for+Tagalog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilastandard.net%2F2014%2F08%2F29%2Fno-love-lost-for-tagalog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinez2004447-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinez2004447_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinez2004">Martinez (2004)</a>, p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aurelioagcaoili.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-illogical-and-illiteracy-of-this-de.html">"Apon Ti Exilo: The illogic and illiteracy of this de la Salle professor of Filipino"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apon+Ti+Exilo%3A+The+illogic+and+illiteracy+of+this+de+la+Salle+professor+of+Filipino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faurelioagcaoili.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F07%2Fthe-illogical-and-illiteracy-of-this-de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerning2009" class="citation book cs1">Werning, Rainer (2009). "Southern Philippines: Bitter Legacies of a Long-Lasting War". In Graf, Arndt; Kreuzer, Peter; Werning, Rainer (eds.). <i>Conflict in Moro Land: Prospects for Peace?</i>. Universiti Sains Malaysia. pp. 6–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southern+Philippines%3A+Bitter+Legacies+of+a+Long-Lasting+War&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Moro+Land%3A+Prospects+for+Peace%3F&rft.pages=6-8&rft.pub=Universiti+Sains+Malaysia&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Werning&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodell2005" class="citation book cs1">Rodell, Paul A. (2005). "The Philippines and the Challenges of International Terrorism". In Smith, Paul J. (ed.). <i>Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability</i>. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 125–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philippines+and+the+Challenges+of+International+Terrorism&rft.btitle=Terrorism+and+Violence+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Transnational+Challenges+to+States+and+Regional+Stability&rft.pages=125-127&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rodell&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuslim1994" class="citation book cs1">Muslim, Macapado A. (1994). <i>The Moro Armed Struggle in the Philippines: The Nonviolent Autonomy Alternative</i>. Office of the President and College of Public Affairs, Mindanao State University. pp. 91–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moro+Armed+Struggle+in+the+Philippines%3A+The+Nonviolent+Autonomy+Alternative&rft.pages=91-93&rft.pub=Office+of+the+President+and+College+of+Public+Affairs%2C+Mindanao+State+University&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Muslim&rft.aufirst=Macapado+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurfel1988" class="citation book cs1">Wurfel, David (1988). Kahin, George McT. (ed.). <i>Filipino Politics: Development and Decay</i>. Cornell University Press. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+Politics%3A+Development+and+Decay&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Wurfel&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRüland2006" class="citation book cs1">Rüland, Jürgen (2006). "Ethnic Conflict, Separatism and Terrorism". In Hoadley, Stephen; Rüland, Jürgen (eds.). <i>Asian Security Reassessed</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insurgent+Sociologist&rft.atitle=An+Internal+Colony%3A+Labor+Conflict+and+Capitalism+in+Appalachian+Coal&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=33-43&rft.date=1979-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F089692057900800403&rft.aulast=Nyden&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F089692057900800403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talawas.org/?p=12797">"Trần Lâm – Kiêu dân công giáo thời Ngô Đình Diệm : talawas blog"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tr%E1%BA%A7n+L%C3%A2m+%E2%80%93+Ki%C3%AAu+d%C3%A2n+c%C3%B4ng+gi%C3%A1o+th%E1%BB%9Di+Ng%C3%B4+%C4%90%C3%ACnh+Di%E1%BB%87m+%3A+talawas+blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talawas.org%2F%3Fp%3D12797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://damau.org/16470/su-lieu-quoc-noi-va-nen-su-hoc-dan-toc-chu-nghia-viet-phan-2">"sừ liệu quốc nội và nền sử học dân tộc chủ nghĩa Việt (phần 2)"</a>. <i>Tạp chí Da Màu - Văn chương không biên giới</i>. 2010-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%E1%BA%A1p+ch%C3%AD+Da+M%C3%A0u+-+V%C4%83n+ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+kh%C3%B4ng+bi%C3%AAn+gi%E1%BB%9Bi&rft.atitle=s%E1%BB%AB+li%E1%BB%87u+qu%E1%BB%91c+n%E1%BB%99i+v%C3%A0+n%E1%BB%81n+s%E1%BB%AD+h%E1%BB%8Dc+d%C3%A2n+t%E1%BB%99c+ch%E1%BB%A7+ngh%C4%A9a+Vi%E1%BB%87t+%28ph%E1%BA%A7n+2%29&rft.date=2010-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdamau.org%2F16470%2Fsu-lieu-quoc-noi-va-nen-su-hoc-dan-toc-chu-nghia-viet-phan-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBảnh2018" class="citation web cs1">Bảnh, Nguyễn Văn (2018-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nguoinamky.com/doi-song/tham-trang-cua-nam-ky-bac-ky-ban-phat.html">"Thảm trạng của Nam Kỳ - Bắc Kỳ ban phát"</a>. <i>Người Nam Kỳ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+Nam+K%E1%BB%B3&rft.atitle=Th%E1%BA%A3m+tr%E1%BA%A1ng+c%E1%BB%A7a+Nam+K%E1%BB%B3+-+B%E1%BA%AFc+K%E1%BB%B3+ban+ph%C3%A1t&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.aulast=B%E1%BA%A3nh&rft.aufirst=Nguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnguoinamky.com%2Fdoi-song%2Ftham-trang-cua-nam-ky-bac-ky-ban-phat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sautman_2006-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sautman_2006_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tom, Fawthrop (2019-11-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/did-vietnam-just-doom-the-mekong/">"Did Vietnam Just Doom the Mekong?"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Did+Vietnam+Just+Doom+the+Mekong%3F&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft.aulast=Tom&rft.aufirst=Fawthrop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2019%2F11%2Fdid-vietnam-just-doom-the-mekong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example of this proverb's use can be found the following quote from David C. Martínez: <blockquote><p>[W]e've left sacred and untouched, spotless and unsullied, the same centralist authority where near-absolute political power continues to reside: Imperial Manila. My father spoke the truth when he used to lament in Cebuano, <i>"Wa y dahong mahulog sa atong nasud nga di mananghid sa Malacañang"</i> (Not a leaf can fall in our country without Malacañang's permission)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinez2004447_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinez2004447-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, in <i>Filipino ng mga Filipino</i>, Almario called for the ousting of troublemaking politicians in the province of <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David (1994). <i>The state and ethnic politics in Southeast Asia</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12792-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12792-9"><bdi>978-0-415-12792-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+state+and+ethnic+politics+in+Southeast+Asia.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12792-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2014" class="citation book cs1">Conway, John F. (2014). <i>The Rise of the New West: The History of a Region in Confederation</i>. Toronto: Lorimer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459406247" title="Special:BookSources/9781459406247"><bdi>9781459406247</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/866048035">866048035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+New+West%3A+The+History+of+a+Region+in+Confederation&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Lorimer&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F866048035&rft.isbn=9781459406247&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez_Casanova1965" class="citation cs2">Gonzalez Casanova, Pablo (1965), "Internal Colonialism and National Development", <i>Studies in Comparative International Development</i>, <b>1</b> (4): 27–37, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02800542">10.1007/bf02800542</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153821137">153821137</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Comparative+International+Development&rft.atitle=Internal+Colonialism+and+National+Development&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=27-37&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02800542&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153821137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gonzalez+Casanova&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHechter1975" class="citation cs2">Hechter, Michael (1975), <i>Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internal+Colonialism%3A+The+Celtic+Fringe+in+British+National+Development&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Hechter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2002" class="citation cs2">Howe, S. (2002), <i>Empire: A Very Short Introduction</i>, New York: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquard1957" class="citation cs2">Marquard, Leo (1957), <i>South Africa's Colonial Policy</i>, Johannesburg: Institute of Race Relations</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+Colonial+Policy&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=Institute+of+Race+Relations&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Marquard&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2004" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, David (2004). <i>A Country of Our Own: Partitioning the Philippines</i>. Los Angeles: Bisaya Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9760613-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9760613-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9760613-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Country+of+Our+Own%3A+Partitioning+the+Philippines&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Bisaya+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9760613-0-4&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhopadhyay2014" class="citation book cs1">Mukhopadhyay, Dipali (2014). <i>Warlords, Strongman Governors, and the State in Afghanistan</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107729193" title="Special:BookSources/9781107729193"><bdi>9781107729193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords%2C+Strongman+Governors%2C+and+the+State+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107729193&rft.aulast=Mukhopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Dipali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckham2004" class="citation cs2">Peckham, Robert (2004), "Internal Colonialism: Nation and Region in Nineteenth-Century Greece", in Todorova, Maria Todorova (ed.), <i>Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory</i>, New York: New York University Press, pp. 41–59</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Internal+Colonialism%3A+Nation+and+Region+in+Nineteenth-Century+Greece&rft.btitle=Balkan+Identities%3A+Nation+and+Memory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41-59&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinderhughes2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pinderhughes, Charles (2011). "Toward a New Theory of Internal Colonialism". <i>Socialism and Democracy</i>. <b>25</b>: 235–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08854300.2011.559702">10.1080/08854300.2011.559702</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143778302">143778302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialism+and+Democracy&rft.atitle=Toward+a+New+Theory+of+Internal+Colonialism&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=235-256&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08854300.2011.559702&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143778302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pinderhughes&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahrani2002" class="citation cs2">Shahrani, M Nazif (2002), "War, Factionalism, and the State in Afghanistan", <i>American Anthropologist</i>, <b>104</b> (3): 715–722, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.2002.104.3.715">10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.715</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=War%2C+Factionalism%2C+and+the+State+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=715-722&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.2002.104.3.715&rft.aulast=Shahrani&rft.aufirst=M+Nazif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternal+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_colonialism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abercrombie, Nicholas, Stephan Hill & <a href="/wiki/Bryan_S._Turner_(sociologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryan S. Turner (sociologist)">Bryan S. Turner</a> (2000). <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology</i>. 4th edition. London: Penguin Books.</li> <li>Etkind, Alexander (2011). <i>Internal Colonization : Russia’s Imperial Experience</i>. Malden, MA: Polity.</li> <li>Gunder Frank, Andre (1970). <i>Latin America: underdevelopment or revolution: essays on the development of underdevelopment and the immediate enemy</i>, New York/London: Monthly Review Press.</li> <li>McMichael, P. (2012). <i>Development and Change: A Global Perspective</i> (5th ed.). California: Sage Publications, Inc.</li> <li>Salhi Sghaier (2016). Internal colonialism and uneven development: regional marginalisation system in Tunisia 619 p (in Arabic) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789938147735" title="Special:BookSources/9789938147735">9789938147735</a></li> <li>Thomas, Nicholas (1994). <i>Colonialism’s Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government</i>. Cambridge: Polity.</li> <li>Walls, David. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonoma.edu/users/w/wallsd/internal-colony.shtml">"Central Appalachia: Internal Colony or Internal Periphery?"</a> (web article), Sonoma State University. Access date: January 5, 2011.</li> <li>Wolpe, Harold (1975). "The Theory of Internal Colonialism: The South African Case", in I. Oxaal et al., <i>Beyond the Sociology of Development</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template talk:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_assimilation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabized Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jews" title="Arab Jews">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Belarusization" title="Soft Belarusization">soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_places_in_Bangladesh" title="List of renamed places in Bangladesh">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniakisation" title="Bosniakisation">Bosniakisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadianization_movement" title="Canadianization movement">Canadianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenization_of_Tacna,_Arica_and_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá">Chilenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombianization_of_Leticia,_Putumayo_and_Caquet%C3%A1" title="Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá">Colombianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">Creolisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechization" title="Czechization">Czechisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonianization" title="Estonianization">Estonianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnicization" title="Finnicization">Finnicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgification" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgification">Georgification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicisation</a> or Castilianisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonesation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelization" title="Israelization">Israelisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanification" title="Japanification">Japanification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanisation" title="Javanisation">Javanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakhization (page does not exist)">Kazakhisation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Казахизация">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanization" title="Koreanization">Koreanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvianization" title="Latvianization">Latvianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarisation</a> or Hungarisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonianisation">Macedonianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolization" title="Mongolization">Mongolisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrinisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegianization">Norwegianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanism" title="Pakistanism">Pakistanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">Northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanisation</a> or Latinisation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalisation" title="Sinhalisation">Sinhalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahilization" title="Swahilization">Swahilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedification" title="Swedification">Swedification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenization" title="Turkmenization">Turkmenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekisation" title="Uzbekisation">Uzbekisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization_(cultural_assimilation)" title="Vietnamization (cultural assimilation)">Vietnamisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernisation">Westernisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofization" title="Wolofization">Wolofisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticit%C3%A9_(Zaire)" title="Authenticité (Zaire)">Zairianisation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduisation">Hinduisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Cyrillisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanisation of the writings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposite trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-arabisation" class="mw-redirect" title="De-arabisation">De-arabisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">De-communisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-stalinisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">De-nazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification" title="Derussification">De-russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification_in_Ukraine" title="Derussification in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-sinicisation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_religious_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced religious conversion">Forced religious conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">Free, prior and informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">in New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-governmental and<br /> political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">National Indigenous Organization of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations"><i>more ...</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">American Indian reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian_reserve" title="Urban Indian reserve">Urban Indian reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aotearoa-New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">Fundação Nacional do Índio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bashkortostan" title="Government of Bashkortostan">Government of Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic" title="Government of the Sakha Republic">Government of the Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tatarstan" title="Government of Tatarstan">Government of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergovernmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li>WIPO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous-led<br />international<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />Declarations of Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2009 Peruvian political crisis">2009 Peruvian political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">Expulsion of the Chagossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Danes_experiment" title="Little Danes experiment">Little Danes experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li> <li>Residential schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers#Forceful_relocation_of_indigenous_Bushman_people_in_Botswana" title="De Beers">San controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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