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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-famine_distress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-famine_distress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pre-famine distress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-famine_distress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famine_and_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famine_and_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Famine and policies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Famine_and_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Famine and policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Famine_and_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death,_migration,_and_depopulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death,_migration,_and_depopulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Death, migration, and depopulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death,_migration,_and_depopulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Contemporary estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Modern scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Bengal famine of 1770</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84_1770" title="مجاعة البنغال 1770 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجاعة البنغال 1770" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_fame_de_Bengala_de_1770" title="Gran fame de Bengala de 1770 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran fame de Bengala de 1770" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0" title="ছিয়াত্তরের মন্বন্তর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছিয়াত্তরের মন্বন্তর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_(1769%E2%80%941773)" title="Бенгалияла аслыҡ (1769—1773) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бенгалияла аслыҡ (1769—1773)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naonegezh_e_Bengal_e_1770" title="Naonegezh e Bengal e 1770 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Naonegezh e Bengal e 1770" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_fam_de_Bengala_de_1770" title="Gran fam de Bengala de 1770 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran fam de Bengala de 1770" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%A1lsk%C3%BD_hladomor_1770" title="Bengálský hladomor 1770 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bengálský hladomor 1770" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungersnot_in_Bengalen_1770" title="Hungersnot in Bengalen 1770 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hungersnot in Bengalen 1770" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_hambruna_de_Bengala_de_1770" title="Gran hambruna de Bengala de 1770 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran hambruna de Bengala de 1770" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1770eko_Bengalako_gosete_handia" title="1770eko Bengalako gosete handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1770eko Bengalako gosete handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_au_Bengale_de_1770" title="Famine au Bengale de 1770 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Famine au Bengale de 1770" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1770%EB%85%84_%EB%B2%B5%EA%B3%A8_%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0%EA%B7%BC" title="1770년 벵골 대기근 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1770년 벵골 대기근" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A6)" title="बंगाल का भीषण अकाल (१७७०) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बंगाल का भीषण अकाल (१७७०)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_bengalska_glad_1770." title="Velika bengalska glad 1770. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velika bengalska glad 1770." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carestia_del_Bengala_del_1770" title="Carestia del Bengala del 1770 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carestia del Bengala del 1770" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82_(1770)" title="ബംഗാൾ ക്ഷാമം (1770) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബംഗാൾ ക്ഷാമം (1770)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1770_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="1770 ਦਾ ਬੰਗਾਲ ਦਾ ਮਹਾਨ ਅਕਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1770 ਦਾ ਬੰਗਾਲ ਦਾ ਮਹਾਨ ਅਕਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%82%D8%AD%D8%B7_(1770)" title="بنگال دا شدید قحط (1770) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنگال دا شدید قحط (1770)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fome_de_1770_em_Bengala" title="Fome de 1770 em Bengala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fome de 1770 em Bengala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_(1769%E2%80%941773)" title="Голод в Бенгалии (1769—1773) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голод в Бенгалии (1769—1773)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_bengalska_glad_1770." title="Velika bengalska glad 1770. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Velika bengalska glad 1770." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalin_n%C3%A4l%C3%A4nh%C3%A4t%C3%A4_1770" title="Bengalin nälänhätä 1770 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bengalin nälänhätä 1770" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D,_1770" title="வங்காளப் பஞ்சம், 1770 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்காளப் பஞ்சம், 1770" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1770_Bengal_k%C4%B1tl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="1770 Bengal kıtlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1770 Bengal kıtlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97_1769%E2%80%941773" title="Голод в Бенгалії 1769—1773 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голод в Бенгалії 1769—1773" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;"><span class="fn org">Great Bengal famine of 1770</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IGI1908India1765a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/IGI1908India1765a.jpg/240px-IGI1908India1765a.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/IGI1908India1765a.jpg/360px-IGI1908India1765a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/IGI1908India1765a.jpg/480px-IGI1908India1765a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">India in 1765, showing the major towns in Bengal and the years in which they had been annexed by the British</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British India (Company Rule)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">1769–1771</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">7-10 million (conventional estimates)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Crop failure and drought</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relief</th><td class="infobox-data">Attempts to stop exportation and hoarding or monopolising grain; 15,000 expended in importation of grains.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effect on demographics</th><td class="infobox-data">Population of Bengal declined by around a third</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consequences</th><td class="infobox-data">East India Company took over full administration of Bengal</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Great Bengal famine of 1770</b> struck <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> between 1769 and 1770 and affected some 30 million people, which was about ⅓ of the current population of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983528_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983528-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurred during a period of dual governance in Bengal. This existed after the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> had been granted the <i>diwani</i>, or the right to collect revenue, in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199446_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199446-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200630_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200630-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but before it had wrested the <i>nizamat</i>, or control of civil administration, which continued to lie with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Governor">Mughal governor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a> Nazm ud Daula (1765-72).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200656_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200656-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crop_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop failure">Crop failure</a> in <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a> 1768 and summer 1769 and an accompanying smallpox epidemic were thought to be the manifest reasons for the famine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983528_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983528-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roy2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLane2002-lead-1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLane2002-lead-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East India Company had <a href="/wiki/Tax_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farming">farmed out</a> tax collection on account of a shortage of trained administrators, and the prevailing uncertainty may have worsened the famine's impact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy202188–_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy202188–-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors adding to the pressure were: grain merchants ceased offering grain advances to <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>, but the market mechanism for exporting the merchants' grain to other regions remained in place; the East India Company purchased a large portion of rice for its army; and the Company's private servants and their Indian <a href="/wiki/Gomastha" title="Gomastha">Gomasthas</a> created local <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolies</a> of grain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1769 rice prices had risen two-fold, and in 1770 they rose a further three-fold.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bihar, the continual passage of armies in the already drought-stricken countryside worsened the conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East India Company provided little mitigation through direct relief efforts;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200647_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200647-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor did it reduce taxes, though its options to do so may have been limited.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy2021-lead-6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2021-lead-6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the summer of 1770, people were dying everywhere. Although the monsoon immediately after did bring plentiful rains, it also brought diseases to which many among the enfeebled fell victim. For several years thereafter piracy increased on the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooghly river">Hooghly river</a> delta. Deserted and overgrown villages were a common sight.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy2021-lead-4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2021-lead-4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marshall2006-lead-1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2006-lead-1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depopulation, however, was uneven, affecting north Bengal and Bihar severely, central Bengal moderately, and eastern only slightly.<sup id="cite_ref-Irschick2018-lead-1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irschick2018-lead-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recovery was also quicker in the well-watered Bengal delta in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between seven and ten million people—or between a quarter and third of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal presidency">presidency</a>'s population—were thought to have died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200647_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200647-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200678_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200678-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983528_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983528-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GroveAdamson2017-lead-1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroveAdamson2017-lead-1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DamodaranWinterbottom2014_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DamodaranWinterbottom2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sen1983_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen1983-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss to cultivation was estimated to be a third of the total cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299–300_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299–300-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marshall2006-lead-2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2006-lead-2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars consider these numbers to be exaggerated in large part because reliable demographic information had been lacking in 1770.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyson2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Irschick2018_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irschick2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, the famine devastated traditional ways of life in the affected regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marshall2006-lead-3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2006-lead-3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It proved disastrous to the mulberries and cotton grown in Bengal; as a result, a large proportion of the dead were spinners and weavers who had no reserves of food.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherjee2019-lead-1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee2019-lead-1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marshall2006-lead-4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2006-lead-4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famine hastened the end of dual governance in Bengal, the Company becoming the sole administrator soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-GroveAdamson2017-lead-2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroveAdamson2017-lead-2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its cultural impact was felt long afterwards, becoming the subject a century later of <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a>'s influential novel <i><a href="/wiki/Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200647_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200647-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200678_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200678-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_geography">Name and geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bengali name <span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn">Chiẏāttôrer mônnôntôr</i></span> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a> year 1176 and the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> word meaning famine.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regions in which the famine occurred affected the modern <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">Indian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> in particular, but the famine also extended into <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> as well as modern <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. Among the worst affected areas were Central and Northern Bengal, and <a href="/wiki/Tirhut" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhut">Tirhut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champaran" title="Champaran">Champaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bettiah" title="Bettiah">Bettiah</a> in Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South-East Bengal escaped unscathed — it had an excess production in the famine years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Special:EditPage/Great Bengal famine of 1770">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_%27Alam_conveying_the_grant_of_the_Diwani_to_Lord_Clive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shah_%27Alam_conveying_the_grant_of_the_Diwani_to_Lord_Clive.jpg/220px-Shah_%27Alam_conveying_the_grant_of_the_Diwani_to_Lord_Clive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shah_%27Alam_conveying_the_grant_of_the_Diwani_to_Lord_Clive.jpg/330px-Shah_%27Alam_conveying_the_grant_of_the_Diwani_to_Lord_Clive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shah_%27Alam_conveying_the_grant_of_the_Diwani_to_Lord_Clive.jpg/440px-Shah_%27Alam_conveying_the_grant_of_the_Diwani_to_Lord_Clive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>The Mughal emperor Shah Alam hands a scroll to Robert Clive, the governor of Bengal, which transferred tax collecting rights in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the East India Company, August 1765. Oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>, 1818.</figcaption></figure> <p>The famine occurred in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, then ruled by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Their territory</a> included modern <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>. It was earlier a province of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal empire</a> from the 16th century and was ruled by a <i><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">nawab</a></i>, or governor. In early 18th century, as the Mughal empire started collapsing, the nawab became effectively independent of the Mughal rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">English East India Company</a> was granted the town of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> by the Mughal Prince <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Shuja (Mughal)">Shah Shuja</a>. During the following century, the company obtained sole trading rights for the province and became the dominant power in Bengal. In 1757, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>, the East India Company defeated the nawab <a href="/wiki/Siraj_Ud_Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj Ud Daulah">Siraj Ud Daulah</a>, annexing large portions of Bengal afterwards. In 1764 their military control was reaffirmed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a>. The subsequent treaty gave them <a href="/wiki/Dewan#Indian_subcontinent" title="Dewan">taxation rights</a>, known as dewan; the East India Company thereby became the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> ruler of Bengal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition to profits from trade, the Company had been granted rights of taxation in 1764 and within a few years, had raised land revenue collections by about 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-famine_distress">Pre-famine distress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-famine distress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The famine came in the backdrop of a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_crisis" title="Subsistence crisis">subsistence crises</a> that had affected Bengal since the early eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutta2019_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutta2019-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A failure of monsoon in Bengal and Bihar had led to partial shortfall of produce in 1768; market prices were higher than usual in early 1769.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter187120-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With usual rains in 1769, the situation eased for a while and grains were even exported to <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter187120-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late September, the situation was again bleak with drought-like-conditions on the horizon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famine_and_policies">Famine and policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Famine and policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarcity_in_India_RMG_PZ4974_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Scarcity_in_India_RMG_PZ4974_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Scarcity_in_India_RMG_PZ4974_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Scarcity_in_India_RMG_PZ4974_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Scarcity_in_India_RMG_PZ4974_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Scarcity_in_India_RMG_PZ4974_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Scarcity_in_India_RMG_PZ4974_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3195" data-file-height="3998" /></a><figcaption>Print by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Singleton_(painter)" title="Henry Singleton (painter)">Henry Singleton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Knight_(engraver)" title="Charles Knight (engraver)">Charles Knight</a> entitled <i>Scarcity in India</i>, 1794, depicting two sailors bargaining with an Indian woman, offering a mirror and a watch in exchange for fruit</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 September 1769, <a href="/wiki/Naib_Nazim_of_Dhaka" title="Naib Nazim of Dhaka">Naib Nazim of Dhaka</a> Mohammed Reza Khan informed <a href="/wiki/Harry_Verelst_(colonial_governor)" title="Harry Verelst (colonial governor)">Harry Verelst</a>, President of the Council at Fort William about the "dryness of the season".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, John Cartier, Esquire (and Second-in-Command) of the Council chose to inform the Court of Directors in London about impending famine-like conditions in Bengal — a century later, <a href="/wiki/W._W._Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Hunter">W. W. Hunter</a> would note this letter to be the "only serious intimation" about the approaching famine, and find the absence of President Verelst's affirmation to be striking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter187120-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other letters sent in the same month to the Board speculate about potential loss in revenue collection but do not discuss the famine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter187120-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 October, Becher had reported to the Council about "great dearth and scarcity" of food grains at Murshidabad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prodded the council to purchase 1.2 million <a href="/wiki/Maund_(unit)" title="Maund (unit)">maunds</a> of rice for its army, as an emergency measure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Grant, Betcher's agent noted that the first sign of the famine was already visible in northern districts of Bengal by November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late December, food prices had spiked sharply and the western districts of Bengal along with Bihar were also in a precarious condition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 December, Reza Khan and Shitab Rai proposed to the Council that they enforce a humane grain collection scheme for the upcoming fiscal year, in proportion to the individual produce of peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal was not replied to; <a href="/wiki/W._W._Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Hunter">W. W. Hunter</a> would later accuse that these people often had their incentives to dramatize general distress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 January 1770, Cartier proposed to the Board that land taxes be remitted by about seven percent in afflicted areas on grounds of widespread suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter187120-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten days later, Cartier reversed his stance noting that the revenues kept on being paid despite significant distress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 February, the Council proposed that husbandmen who failed to pay the taxes be treated with leniency due to overbearing conditions of a poor harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter187120-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, no relief plan was yet designed by February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite initial hopes of a reversal in fortunes, there were no rains and the spring harvest was scanty; acting upon the advice of Reza Khan, the Council chose to increase taxes by 10% to meet revenue targets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter187120-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grain prices had kept rising across the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By middle of May, the distress had exploded into a full-blown famine marked with mass-starvation, <a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">beggary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grada_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grada-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter187120-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prices of food would skyrocket, as the province ran out of money to pay for the scarce produces and trade effectively ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan noted that lakhs of people were dying daily, fires were widespread, and the tanks had not a drop of water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These conditions would continue for about three months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golghar_%E0%A5%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Golghar_%E0%A5%AA.jpg/220px-Golghar_%E0%A5%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Golghar_%E0%A5%AA.jpg/330px-Golghar_%E0%A5%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Golghar_%E0%A5%AA.jpg/440px-Golghar_%E0%A5%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Golghar" title="Golghar">Golghar</a> granary at Bankipur, near Patna in Bihar. Built by Captain John Garstin in 1786 after several famines in the region in the previous two decades, the granary was found to be unsuitable for its purpose and was seldom used. It is a popular tourist destination.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Company provided little meaningful mitigation — there was no reduction in taxation or any significant relief effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1769, the Company requested that storehouses be constructed in Patna and Murshidabad; city officials were instructed to prevent monopoly of trade and have farmers raise "every sort" of dry grain, that was possible. The orders were largely unsuccessful; many Company officials along with their Indian assistants (<a href="/wiki/Gomastha" title="Gomastha">Gomasthas</a>) would exploit the famine to create grain-monopolies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 February, Khan and Becher proposed that six rice-distribution centers be opened in <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a> to provide half a seer of rice a day per head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal was approved and the Council borne about 46% of the expenditure, the remaining sum were paid by Nawab Najabat Ali, Khan himself, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rai_Durlabh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rai Durlabh (page does not exist)">Rai Durlabh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jagat_Seth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagat Seth">Jagat Seth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One distribution center was opened by Reza Khan at his palace of Nishat Bagh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Murshidabad model was later emulated in Calcutta and Burdwan to feed about 3000 men every day — at a daily expenditure of about 75 rupees — since early April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice were also charitably distributed at Purnea, Bhagalpur, Birbhum, Hugli and Jesore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, about 4000 pounds of rice was arranged by the Company over six months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those in the employment of Company and Nizamat were especially favored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Becher obtained a total of 55,449 maunds of rice from Barisal, which was dispatched for Company troops and their dependents across Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Districts which exceeded a death-toll of twenty thousand per month were granted packages of 150 Rupees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Export-import embargoes were set up to check prices but they only contributed to worsening the situation — the province had no money to pay for the scarce produces and trade effectively ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death,_migration,_and_depopulation"><span id="Death.2C_migration.2C_and_depopulation"></span>Death, migration, and depopulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death, migration, and depopulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_estimates">Contemporary estimates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1770, the Court of Directors estimated that about one-third of the population (approx. ten million) had perished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimates were then revised by Becher on 2 June to about three in every eight people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 July, Becher claimed that 500 people were dying in Murshidabad every day and the condition was far worse in the rural hinterlands; <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> was apparently on exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaria and cholera remained additional factors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smallpox epidemic that coincided with the start of the pandemic was particularly severe and included <a href="/wiki/Najabat_Ali_Khan" title="Najabat Ali Khan">Nawab Najabat Ali Khan</a> of Murshidabad among the victims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_scholarship">Modern scholarship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These figures have been uncritically reproduced by most modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajat Dutta, in a revisionist history of the economy of Bengal Province, claimed these figures to be "inflated" and carry "little conviction"; a revised toll of 1.2 million dead (~ 4-5% of the population) was put forward.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Dyson" title="Tim Dyson">Tim Dyson</a> supports Dutta's claims of inflation, and notes the "popular" figure of ten million, indicative of at-least a 500% increase in annual death rate, to be "barely credible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Dyson refrains from making any specific estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highlighted are the facts that contemporary Bengal lacked any significant demographic data outside <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, the few reliable reports on effects of the famine were based on unrepresentative populations, and many cultivators were mobile settlers who simply migrated to better-off territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1770 monsoons brought some marginal relief, and a perspective on the rampant depopulation — a letter by the Council regretted the wiping out of numerous "industrious peasants and manufacturers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, as the drought receded, most of the land lacked tillers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economic and cultural impact of the famine was felt long afterwards, becoming the subject a century later of <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a>'s influential novel <i><a href="/wiki/Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200647_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200647-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200678_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200678-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Famine_in_India" title="Famine in India">Famine in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_major_famines_in_India_prior_to_1765" title="Timeline of major famines in India prior to 1765">Timeline of major famines in India prior to 1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_major_famines_in_India_during_British_rule" title="Timeline of major famines in India during British rule">Timeline of major famines in India during British rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_famine_of_1630%E2%80%931632" title="Deccan famine of 1630–1632">Deccan famine of 1630–1632</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chiāttôr' – '76'; '-er' – 'of'; 'mônnôntôr' – 'famine'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In December, Verelst retired from the Council without noting anything about a famine, which was already in process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter187120-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartier was handed over the charges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter187120-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A net profit of 67, 595 Rupees was incurred. This was adjusted toward net distribution costs.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983528-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983528_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983528_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983528_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVisariaVisaria1983">Visaria & Visaria 1983</a>, p. 528.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199446-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199446_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200630-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200630_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeers2006">Peers 2006</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200656-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200656_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983">Bhattacharya & Chaudhuri 1983</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2019_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoy2019" class="citation cs2">Roy, Tirthankar (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBWZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117"><i>How British Rule Changed India's Economy: The Paradox of the Raj</i></a>, Springer, pp. 117–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-17708-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-17708-9"><bdi>978-3-030-17708-9</bdi></a>, <q>The 1769-1770 famine in Bengal followed two years of erratic rainfall worsened by a smallpox epidemic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+British+Rule+Changed+India%27s+Economy%3A+The+Paradox+of+the+Raj&rft.pages=117-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-17708-9&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tirthankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBWZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLane2002-lead-1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McLane2002-lead-1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLane2002" class="citation cs2">McLane, John R. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA195"><i>Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 195–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52654-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52654-8"><bdi>978-0-521-52654-8</bdi></a>, <q>Although the rains were lighter than normal in late 1768, the tragedy for many families in eastern Bihar, north-western and central Bengal, and the normally drier sections of far-western Bengal began when the summer rains of 1769 failed entirely through much of that area. The result was that the aman crop, which is harvested in November, December, and January, and provided roughly 70 percent of Bengal's rice, was negligible. Rains in February 1770 induced many cultivators to plough but the following dry spell withered the crops. The monsoon of June 1770 was good. However, by this time food supplies had long been exhausted and heavy mortality continued at least until the aus harvest in September.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Local+Kingship+in+Eighteenth-Century+Bengal&rft.pages=195-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52654-8&rft.aulast=McLane&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYH6ijJnUPmcC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy202188–-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy202188–_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2021">Roy 2021</a>, pp. 88–: "The state mishandled the famine. No state in these times had the infrastructure or the access to information needed to deal with a natural disaster on such a scale. On top of that problem, this was not a normal state. The Company was in charge of taxation, whereas the Nawab looked after governance. The two partners did not trust one another."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2021">Roy 2021</a>, pp. 87– "Towards the end of 1769, rice prices had doubled over the previous year, and in 1770, prices were on average six times what they had been in 1768."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2021">Roy 2021</a>, pp. 87–: "The 1770 famine owed to a combination of harvest failures and the diversion of food for the troops. Western Bengal and drier regions suffered more. Recovery was quicker in the more water-rich eastern Bengal delta. In the winter of 1768, rains were scantier than usual in Bengal. The monsoon of 1769 started well but stopped abruptly and so thoroughly that the main autumn rice crop was scorched. The winter rains failed again. In the Bihar countryside, the repeated passage of armies through villages already short of food worsened the effects of harvest failure."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200647-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200647_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200647_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200647_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200647_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeers2006">Peers 2006</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2021-lead-6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2021-lead-6_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2021">Roy 2021</a>, pp. 88–: "The situation meant that those who had the money did not have local intelligence. The standard custom was a tax holiday for the secondary landlord, expecting the benefit would be passed on to the primary landlord and onwards to the affected peasants. However, the Company neither knew nor commanded the secondary landlords' loyalty and distrusted the Nawab's officers' information on what was going on. Consequently, there was resistance to using this option, yet no other instruments were available to the Company to deal with the famine."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2021-lead-4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2021-lead-4_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2021">Roy 2021</a>, pp. =87–88 "Through the summer months of 1770, death was everywhere. The rains were heavy in the monsoon of 1770, but that brought little cheer among survivors. Emaciated and without shelter from the rains, roving groups and families fell victim to the infections common during and after the rains. Large areas depopulated due to death, disease, and desertion. For several years after the famine, deserted villages, and villages engulfed in forests, were a common sight, and piracy and robbery in the Hooghly river delta became more frequent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2006-lead-1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2006-lead-1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">Marshall, P. J.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C"><i>Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 18, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6"><bdi>978-0-521-02822-6</bdi></a>, <q>In 1769 the rains failed over most of Bihar and Bengal. By the early months of 1770 mortality in western Bengal was very high. People died of starvation or in a debilitated state were mowed down by diseases which spread especially where the starving congregated to be fed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+The+British+Bridgehead%3A+Eastern+India+1740-1828&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02822-6&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIZrfokYSY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irschick2018-lead-1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irschick2018-lead-1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrschick2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_F._Irschick" title="Eugene F. Irschick">Irschick, Eugene F.</a> (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqiaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73"><i>A History of the New India: Past and Present</i></a>, Routledge, pp. 73–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-43617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-43617-1"><bdi>978-1-317-43617-1</bdi></a>, <q>Our evidence, however, indicates that depopulation was most severe in north Bengal and in Bihar, moderately severe in central Bengal, and slight in southwest and eastern Bengal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+New+India%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=73-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-317-43617-1&rft.aulast=Irschick&rft.aufirst=Eugene+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqiaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2021">Roy 2021</a>, pp. 87–: "Recovery was quicker in the more water-rich eastern Bengal delta."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200678-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200678_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200678_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200678_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GroveAdamson2017-lead-1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GroveAdamson2017-lead-1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroveAdamson2017" class="citation cs2">Grove, Richard; Adamson, George (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>El Niño in World History</i></a>, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 81–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45740-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45740-0"><bdi>978-1-137-45740-0</bdi></a>, <q>it is not until 1776 that we start to have access to long runs of instrumental data for El Niño events in South Asia. Just prior to this, in 1766–1771, India, and particularly north-eastern India, experienced droughts that led to a mortality of up to 10 million people. Partial crop failure in Bengal and Bihar was experienced in 1768, while by September 1769 'the fields of rice [became] like fields of dried straw'. In Purnia, in Bihar, the district supervisor estimated that the famine of 1770 killed half the population of the district; many of the surviving peasants migrated to Nepal (where the state was less confiscatory than the East India Company). More than a third of the entire population of Bengal died between 1769 and 1770, while the loss in cultivation was estimated as 'closer to one-half'. Charles Blair, writing in 1874, estimated that the episode affected up to 30 million people in a 130,000 square mile region of the Indo-Gangetic plain and killed up to 10 million, perhaps the most serious economic blow to any region of India since the events of 1628–1631 in Gujarat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Ni%C3%B1o+in+World+History&rft.pages=81-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-45740-0&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Adamson%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLJCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DamodaranWinterbottom2014-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DamodaranWinterbottom2014_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamodaran2014" class="citation cs2">Damodaran, Vinita (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=080aBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">"The East India Company, Famine and Ecological Conditions in Eighteenth-Century Bengal"</a>, in V. Damodaran; A. Winterbottom; A. Lester (eds.), <i>The East India Company and the Natural World</i>, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 80–101, 89, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-42727-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-42727-4"><bdi>978-1-137-42727-4</bdi></a>, <q>Before the end of May 1770, one third of the population was calculated to have disappeared, in June the deaths were returned as six out of sixteen of the whole population, and it was estimated that 'one half of the cultivators and payers of revenue will perish with hunger'. During the rains (July–October) the depopulation became so evident that the government wrote to the court of directors in alarm about the number of 'industrious peasants and manufacturers destroyed by the famine'. It was not till cultivation commenced for the following year 1771 that the practical consequences began to be felt. It was then discovered that the remnant of the population would not suffice to till the land. The areas affected by the famine continued to fall and were put out of tillage. Warren Hastings' account, written in 1772, also stated the loss as one third of the inhabitants and this figure has often been cited by subsequent historians. The failure of a single crop, following a year of scarcity, had wiped out an estimated 10 million human beings according to some accounts. The monsoon was on time in the next few years but the economy of Bengal had been drastically transformed, as the records of the next thirty years attest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+East+India+Company%2C+Famine+and+Ecological+Conditions+in+Eighteenth-Century+Bengal&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company+and+the+Natural+World&rft.pages=80-101%2C+89&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-42727-4&rft.aulast=Damodaran&rft.aufirst=Vinita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D080aBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen1983-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sen1983_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen, Amartya</a> (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzU_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39"><i>Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 39–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103743-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103743-6"><bdi>978-0-19-103743-6</bdi></a>, <q>Starvation is a normal feature in many parts of the world, but this phenomenon of 'regular' starvation has to be distinguished from violent outbursts of famines. It isn't just regular starvation that one sees ... in 1770 in India, when the best estimates point to ten million deaths.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+Famines%3A+An+Essay+on+Entitlement+and+Deprivation&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-19-103743-6&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amartya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzU_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299–300-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983299–300_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983">Bhattacharya & Chaudhuri 1983</a>, pp. 299–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2006-lead-2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2006-lead-2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">Marshall, P. J.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C"><i>Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 18, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6"><bdi>978-0-521-02822-6</bdi></a>, <q>The proportion of the population who perished can never be known. One-third of the inhabitants of Bengal were sometimes said to have died. Other conjectures were one-fifth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+The+British+Bridgehead%3A+Eastern+India+1740-1828&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02822-6&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIZrfokYSY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, pp. 80–81: "However, in assessing the likely scale of the mortality ... there were no demographic data for any significant part of Bengal. Indeed, many Company administrators seldom ventured from Calcutta. The few local reports on famine deaths were for small and unrepresentative populations. Also, as we noted in Chapter 4, cultivators could be very mobile, and they often abandoned their villages at times of famine. Much of any 'depopulation' was undoubtedly caused by out-migration. In addition, birth rates tend to fall during famines, and this too would have reduced the population ... To sum up, the 1769–70 famine was certainly exceptional in terms of Bengal's experience during the eighteenth century (although crop losses from a cyclone and a shift in a river course also contributed to many famine deaths in 1787–88). It is very unlikely, however, that the 1769–70 crisis involved the deaths of 10 million people. Indeed, on Datta's assessment, even a figure of 5 million may well lie outside the plausible range. However, famine mortality and large-scale out-migration did cause significant depopulation in large parts of Bengal—from which it evidently took several years to recover. As late as 1773, Company officials regarded the revival of the province's economy as requiring substantial return-migration from adjacent territories—including the, then, independent state of Awadh."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irschick2018-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irschick2018_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrschick2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_F._Irschick" title="Eugene F. Irschick">Irschick, Eugene F.</a> (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqiaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73"><i>A History of the New India: Past and Present</i></a>, Routledge, pp. 73–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-43617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-43617-1"><bdi>978-1-317-43617-1</bdi></a>, <q>In addition, deaths among the cultivating population were much lower than previous figures, which suggested a loss of one third of the population. Famine mortality in the Burdwan zamindari in central Bengal was not severe and agriculturists who left came back or were replaced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+New+India%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=73-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-317-43617-1&rft.aulast=Irschick&rft.aufirst=Eugene+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqiaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2013_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tirthankar_Roy" title="Tirthankar Roy">Roy, Tirthankar</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dQcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60"><i>An Economic History of Early Modern India</i></a>, Routledge, pp. 60–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04787-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04787-0"><bdi>978-1-135-04787-0</bdi></a>, <q>The devastation that this episode caused, even if we discount the exaggerated mortality figures produced by contemporaries, owed not so much to the scale of one harvest failure as repeated harvest failures over a succession of seasons. The crop failed over four consecutive harvest seasons in 1769 and 1770. As it became clear in the subsequent history of Indian famines, sustained shortages caused disproportionately large damage to life. It threw traditional modes of insurance out of gear because of depletion of stocks and seeds. It increased vulnerability to epidemic disease because of acute malnutrition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Early+Modern+India&rft.pages=60-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-04787-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tirthankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dQcAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2006-lead-3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2006-lead-3_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">Marshall, P. J.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C"><i>Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 18, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6"><bdi>978-0-521-02822-6</bdi></a>, <q>What seems to be certain is that the core areas of western and central Bengal were devastated: these included the districts of Murshidabad, Rajshahi, Birbhum, Hooghly, Nadia and parts of Burdwan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+The+British+Bridgehead%3A+Eastern+India+1740-1828&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02822-6&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIZrfokYSY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukherjee2019-lead-1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mukherjee2019-lead-1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2019" class="citation cs2">Datta, Rajat (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lmYPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">"Subsistence crises and economic history: A study of eighteenth-century Bengal"</a>, in Ayesha Mukherjee (ed.), <i>A Cultural History of Famine: Food Security and the Environment in India and Britain</i>, Routledge, pp. 48–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-31651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-31651-2"><bdi>978-1-315-31651-2</bdi></a>, <q>One of the most harvest- and price-sensitive social groups in rural Bengal was the textile producer. Famine and dearth impacted upon them by hitting directly at their access to markets for their consumption requirements. The evidence from Malda and Purnea suggests that between half and one-third of those who died in the famine were spinners and weavers. The disruption caused by the drought to mulberries and cotton in 1769 and 1770 meant that those who reared silk-worms (chassars) and those who grew cotton (kappas) in these places were immediately affected. The cultivation of mulberries was an expensive enterprise: "under the most favourable circumstance mulberry will cost the Husbandman five or six, and often from ten to fifteen rupees per bigha", whereas the cultivation cost of rice was "not above one, two or at best three rupees a bigha" (WBSA, CCRM, vol. 6, 19 November 1771). This meant that once peasants entered this sector their survival depended on conducive precipitation and favourable food prices. The situation in 1769–70 was precisely the opposite on both counts, and therefore proved disastrous for such producers. There was an "incredible mortality" among the chassars of Rajshahi during the famine (ibid.: vol. 6, 11 November 1771). This was for two reasons. First, the high costs involved in the culture of silk-cocoons meant that the chassars had no reserves to buy food at famine-point prices. Second, the chassars belonged to "only two casts [sic] of the Gentoos [Hindus]" who followed this vocation as a specialized occupation (ibid.). (ibid.). For these reasons, they were perhaps the most harvest-sensitive of all the affected social strata and, not having enough food reserves to fall back upon, they died in large numbers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Subsistence+crises+and+economic+history%3A+A+study+of+eighteenth-century+Bengal&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Famine%3A+Food+Security+and+the+Environment+in+India+and+Britain&rft.pages=48-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-315-31651-2&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Rajat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlmYPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2006-lead-4-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2006-lead-4_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">Marshall, P. J.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C"><i>Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 18, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6"><bdi>978-0-521-02822-6</bdi></a>, <q>One indication of the scale of mortality in the worst areas is an estimate that one-third of those who raised silk worms in the famous silk area around Murshidabad were dead. The low-lying delta areas, even in the west, suffered rather less. Everywhere the most vulnerable seem to have been 'the workmen, manufacturers and people employed in the river, who were without the same means of laying by stores of grain as the husbandmen'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+The+British+Bridgehead%3A+Eastern+India+1740-1828&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02822-6&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIZrfokYSY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GroveAdamson2017-lead-2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GroveAdamson2017-lead-2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroveAdamson2017" class="citation cs2">Grove, Richard; Adamson, George (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"><i>El Niño in World History</i></a>, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 82–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45740-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45740-0"><bdi>978-1-137-45740-0</bdi></a>, <q>The 1768-1770 droughts and famines were a profound blow not only to the system of revenue but to the whole rationale of empire. As such they provided the impetus for the evolution of a famine policy. The immediate devastating circumstances formed part of the impetus for the removal of the 'dual system' of rule in Bengal, whereby the British East India Company had governed together with the Nawab of Bengal. This placed responsibility for the security, administration and economy of Bengal squarely on the Company's shoulders. In removing the dual system, the administrative overhaul of Bengal paved the way for the establishment of the British-run, district-level administration which would continue throughout British rule in India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Ni%C3%B1o+in+World+History&rft.pages=82-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-45740-0&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Adamson%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLJCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2000" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Rajat (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44927255"><i>Society, economy, and the market : commercialization in rural Bengal, c. 1760-1800</i></a>. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7304-341-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7304-341-8"><bdi>81-7304-341-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44927255">44927255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society%2C+economy%2C+and+the+market+%3A+commercialization+in+rural+Bengal%2C+c.+1760-1800&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44927255&rft.isbn=81-7304-341-8&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Rajat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44927255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2000" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Rajat (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44927255"><i>Society, economy, and the market : commercialization in rural Bengal, c. 1760-1800</i></a>. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp. 333–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7304-341-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7304-341-8"><bdi>81-7304-341-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44927255">44927255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society%2C+economy%2C+and+the+market+%3A+commercialization+in+rural+Bengal%2C+c.+1760-1800&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=333-340&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44927255&rft.isbn=81-7304-341-8&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Rajat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44927255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutta2019-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutta2019_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutta2019">Dutta 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamodaran201587_34-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamodaran2015">Damodaran 2015</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter187120-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter187120_35-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter1871">Hunter 1871</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1969-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan1969_36-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan1969">Khan 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grada-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grada_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2000" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Rajat (2000). <i>Society, economy, and the market: Commercialization in rural Bengal, c. 1760-1800</i>. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp. 257–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8173043418" title="Special:BookSources/8173043418"><bdi>8173043418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society%2C+economy%2C+and+the+market%3A+Commercialization+in+rural+Bengal%2C+c.+1760-1800&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=257-259&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=8173043418&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Rajat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris2005-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris2005_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2005" class="citation cs2">Morris, Jan (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zD1Ugfq9KwC&pg=PA120"><i>Stones of Empire: The Buildings of the Raj</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 120–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280596-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280596-6"><bdi>978-0-19-280596-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stones+of+Empire%3A+The+Buildings+of+the+Raj&rft.pages=120-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280596-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zD1Ugfq9KwC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2000" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Rajat (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44927255"><i>Society, economy, and the market : commercialization in rural Bengal, c. 1760-1800</i></a>. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp. 262, 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7304-341-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7304-341-8"><bdi>81-7304-341-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44927255">44927255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society%2C+economy%2C+and+the+market+%3A+commercialization+in+rural+Bengal%2C+c.+1760-1800&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=262%2C+266&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44927255&rft.isbn=81-7304-341-8&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Rajat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44927255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyaChaudhuri1983" class="citation cs2">Bhattacharya, S.; Chaudhuri, B. (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521228022.008">"Regional Economy (1757–1857): Eastern India"</a>, in Dharma Kumar (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, C.1757-c.1970</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 270–331, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521228022.008">10.1017/CHOL9780521228022.008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22802-2"><bdi>978-0-521-22802-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regional+Economy+%281757%E2%80%931857%29%3A+Eastern+India&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+India%3A+Volume+2%2C+C.1757-c.1970&rft.pages=270-331&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521228022.008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22802-2&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Chaudhuri%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521228022.008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2002" class="citation cs2">Bowen, H.V (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JThm_6SxG9kC"><i>Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics 1757–1773</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89081-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89081-6"><bdi>978-0-521-89081-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenue+and+Reform%3A+The+Indian+Problem+in+British+Politics+1757%E2%80%931773&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89081-6&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=H.V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJThm_6SxG9kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation cs2">Brown, Judith Margaret (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ"><i>Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873112-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873112-2"><bdi>978-0-19-873112-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+the+origins+of+an+Asian+democracy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873112-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEq7tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kumkum Chatterjee, <i>Merchants, Politics and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar: 1733–1820</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10303-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10303-1">90-04-10303-1</a></li> <li>Sushil Chaudhury, <i>From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth Century Bengal</i>, Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-297-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-297-3">978-81-7304-297-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1871" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Hunter" title="William Wilson Hunter">Hunter, William Wilson</a> (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4511733&view=1up&seq=40"><i>The Annals of Rural Bengal</i></a> (Fourth ed.). London: Smith, Elder, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Rural+Bengal&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=William+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4511733%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>John R. McLane, <i>Land and Local Kingship in 18th century Bengal</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52654-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52654-X">0-521-52654-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_D._Metcalf" title="Barbara D. Metcalf">Metcalf, Barbara Daly</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Metcalf" title="Thomas R. Metcalf">Metcalf, Thomas R.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C"><i>A concise history of modern India</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9"><bdi>978-0-521-86362-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+modern+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86362-9&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Daly&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuESgYNYPl0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeers2006" class="citation cs2">Peers, Douglas M. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ"><i>India under colonial rule: 1700–1885</i></a>, Pearson Education, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31738-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31738-3"><bdi>978-0-582-31738-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+under+colonial+rule%3A+1700%E2%80%931885&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-582-31738-3&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iNuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisariaVisaria1983" class="citation cs2">Visaria, Leela; Visaria, Praveen (1983), "Population (1757–1947)", in Dharma Kumar (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, C.1757-c.1970</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 463–522, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22802-2"><bdi>978-0-521-22802-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population+%281757%E2%80%931947%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+India%3A+Volume+2%2C+C.1757-c.1970&rft.pages=463-522&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22802-2&rft.aulast=Visaria&rft.aufirst=Leela&rft.au=Visaria%2C+Praveen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ew8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamodaran2015" class="citation cs2">Damodaran, Vinita (2015), Damodaran, Vinita; Winterbottom, Anna; Lester, Alan (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137427274_5">"The East India Company, Famine and Ecological Conditions in Eighteenth-Century Bengal"</a>, <i>The East India Company and the Natural World</i>, Palgrave Studies in World Environmental History, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 80–101, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137427274_5">10.1057/9781137427274_5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-42727-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-42727-4"><bdi>978-1-137-42727-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+East+India+Company+and+the+Natural+World&rft.atitle=The+East+India+Company%2C+Famine+and+Ecological+Conditions+in+Eighteenth-Century+Bengal&rft.pages=80-101&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137427274_5&rft.isbn=978-1-137-42727-4&rft.aulast=Damodaran&rft.aufirst=Vinita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2F9781137427274_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2018" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Tim (27 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198829058.001.0001/oso-9780198829058-chapter-5">"Mughal Decline to Early British Rule"</a>. <i>A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198829058.003.0005">10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8"><bdi>978-0-19-882905-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mughal+Decline+to+Early+British+Rule&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198829058.003.0005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882905-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198829058.001.0001%2Foso-9780198829058-chapter-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns1999" class="citation book cs1">Johns, Alessa (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719202730/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315022789-12/hunger-garden-plenty-bengal-famine-1770-alessa-johns">"Hunger in the Garden of Plenty: The Bengal Famine of 1770"</a>. <i>Dreadful Visitations: Confronting Natural Catastrophe in the Age of Enlightenment</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hunger+in+the+Garden+of+Plenty%3A+The+Bengal+Famine+of+1770&rft.btitle=Dreadful+Visitations%3A+Confronting+Natural+Catastrophe+in+the+Age+of+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315022789&rft.isbn=9781136683893&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=Alessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781315022789-12%2Fhunger-garden-plenty-bengal-famine-1770-alessa-johns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1969" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Abdul Majed (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/transition-in-bengal-175675/97C06609E702A47164A61BF25F159834"><i>The Transition in Bengal, 1756–75: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan</i></a>. Cambridge South Asian Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04982-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04982-5"><bdi>978-0-521-04982-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transition+in+Bengal%2C+1756%E2%80%9375%3A+A+Study+of+Saiyid+Muhammad+Reza+Khan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+South+Asian+Studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04982-5&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Majed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Ftransition-in-bengal-175675%2F97C06609E702A47164A61BF25F159834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2019" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Rajat (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315316529-3/subsistence-crises-economic-history-rajat-datta">"Subsistence crises and economic history : A study of eighteenth-century Bengal"</a>. <i>A Cultural History of Famine: Food Security and the Environment in India and Britain</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315316529-3">10.4324/9781315316529-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-31652-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-31652-9"><bdi>978-1-315-31652-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159367089">159367089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Subsistence+crises+and+economic+history+%3A+A+study+of+eighteenth-century+Bengal&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Famine%3A+Food+Security+and+the+Environment+in+India+and+Britain&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159367089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315316529-3&rft.isbn=978-1-315-31652-9&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Rajat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781315316529-3%2Fsubsistence-crises-economic-history-rajat-datta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2021" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tirthankar_Roy" title="Tirthankar Roy">Roy, Tirthankar</a> (10 September 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGA4EAAAQBAJ"><i>An Economic History of India 1707–1857</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-043607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-043607-5"><bdi>978-1-00-043607-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+India+1707%E2%80%931857&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-00-043607-5&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tirthankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGA4EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Bengal+famine+of+1770" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/resources_dharampal.html">Section VII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711165115/http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/resources_dharampal.html">Archived</a> 11 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Dharampal, <i>India Before British Rule and the Basis for India's Resurgence</i>, 1998.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205020541/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html">Chapter IX. The famine of 1770 in Bengal</a> in John Fiske, <i>The Unseen World, and other essays</i></li> <li>R.C. Dutt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/dutt/index.html">The Economic History of India.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719063530/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/dutt/index.html">Archived</a> 19 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Orissa famine of 1866">Orissa famine of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana_famine_of_1869" title="Rajputana famine of 1869">Rajputana famine of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_famine_of_1873%E2%80%931874" title="Bihar famine of 1873–1874">Bihar famine of 1873–1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931878" title="Great Famine of 1876–1878">Great Famine of 1876–1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_famine_of_1896%E2%80%931897" title="Indian famine of 1896–1897">Indian famine of 1896–1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_famine_of_1899%E2%80%931900" title="Indian famine of 1899–1900">Indian famine of 1899–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_famine_of_1966%E2%80%931967" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar famine of 1966–1967">Bihar famine of 1966–1967</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabanna_(drama)" title="Nabanna (drama)">Nabanna</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Distant_Thunder_(1973_film)" title="Distant Thunder (1973 film)">Distant Thunder</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akaler_Shandhaney" title="Akaler Shandhaney">Akaler Shandhaney</a></i> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_major_famines_in_India_prior_to_1765" title="Timeline of major famines in India prior to 1765">Timeline of major famines in India prior to 1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_major_famines_in_India_during_British_rule" title="Timeline of major famines in India during British rule">Timeline of major famines in India during British rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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