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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gazettes_and_bulletins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gazettes_and_bulletins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gazettes and bulletins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gazettes_and_bulletins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frequency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Frequency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Daily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-weekly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-weekly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Semi-weekly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-weekly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triweekly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triweekly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Triweekly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triweekly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weekly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weekly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Weekly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weekly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biweekly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biweekly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Biweekly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biweekly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_scope_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_scope_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geographical scope and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_scope_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_or_regional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_or_regional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Local or regional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_or_regional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>National</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subject_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Subject matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Print" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Print</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_and_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organization and personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoned_and_other_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoned_and_other_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zoned and other editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoned_and_other_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulation_and_readership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulation_and_readership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Circulation and readership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulation_and_readership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Journalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_television_and_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_television_and_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Impact of television and Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_television_and_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspaper_archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper_archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Newspaper archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Newspaper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerant" title="Koerant – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koerant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitung" title="Zeitung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zeitung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अखबार – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अखबार" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%93aweswyrt" title="Nēaweswyrt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nēaweswyrt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9" title="صحيفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحيفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prensa_escrita" title="Prensa escrita – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Prensa escrita" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%99%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܣܦܪܙܒܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܦܪܙܒܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazet%C3%A2" title="Gazetâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Gazetâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri%C3%B3dicu" title="Periódicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Periódicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99zet" title="Qəzet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qəzet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%87" title="قزئته – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قزئته" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="সংবাদপত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংবাদপত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-b%C3%BBn-ch%C3%B3a" title="Sin-bûn-chóa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sin-bûn-chóa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гәзит – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гәзит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Газета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Газета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Газэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Газэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अखबार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अखबार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Вестник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вестник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeidung" title="Zeidung – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zeidung" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཚགས་པར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཚགས་པར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novine" title="Novine – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Novine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazetenn" title="Kazetenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kazetenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Һонин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һонин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diari" title="Diari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%C3%A7%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хаçат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хаçат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantalaan-balita" title="Mantalaan-balita – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mantalaan-balita" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noviny" title="Noviny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Noviny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepanhau" title="Pepanhau – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Pepanhau" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papur_newydd" title="Papur newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Papur newydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis" title="Avis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Avis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviisa" title="Aviisa – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Aviisa" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeiding" title="Zeiding – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Zeiding" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitung" title="Zeitung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeitung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaleht" title="Ajaleht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajaleht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Εφημερίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εφημερίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri%C3%B3dico" title="Periódico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Periódico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeto" title="Gazeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gazeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egunkari" title="Egunkari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egunkari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="روزنامه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روزنامه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhbaar" title="Akhbaar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Akhbaar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal" title="Journal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Journal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krante" title="Krante – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Krante" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuacht%C3%A1n" title="Nuachtán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nuachtán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabyr-naight" title="Pabyr-naight – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pabyr-naight" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ipear-naidheachd" title="Pàipear-naidheachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàipear-naidheachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri%C3%B3dico" title="Periódico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Periódico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1" title="報 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="報" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatheti" title="Gatheti – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Gatheti" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Газет – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Газет" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8" title="신문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarida" title="Jarida – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jarida" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9" title="Թերթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թերթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाचारपत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समाचारपत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novine" title="Novine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Novine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Газет – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Газет" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphephandaba" title="Iphephandaba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Iphephandaba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbla%C3%B0" title="Dagblað – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dagblað" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornale" title="Giornale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giornale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F" title="עיתון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיתון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layang_kabar" title="Layang kabar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Layang kabar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ವೃತ್ತಪತ್ರಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೃತ್ತಪತ್ರಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Газет – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Газет" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="გაზეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაზეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اخبار – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اخبار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Газет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Газет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_nowodhow" title="Paper nowodhow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Paper nowodhow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeti" title="Gazeti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gazeti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojname" title="Rojname – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rojname" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гезит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гезит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A1" title="ໜັງສືພິມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໜັງສືພິມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarium" title="Diarium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diarium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laikraksts" title="Laikraksts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laikraksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitung" title="Zeitung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zeitung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laikra%C5%A1tis" title="Laikraštis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laikraštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gez%C3%A8t" title="Gezèt – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gezèt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulun%C3%A1" title="Zuluná – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zuluná" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziettu" title="Gaziettu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Gaziettu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornal" title="Giornal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giornal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajs%C3%A1g" title="Újság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Весник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Весник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazety" title="Gazety – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gazety" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ദിനപത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദിനപത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="वृत्तपत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वृत्तपत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="გაზეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გაზეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جورنان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورنان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="روزنومه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روزنومه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhbar" title="Akhbar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akhbar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surek_kaba" title="Surek kaba – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Surek kaba" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3%CC%A4-c%C4%81i" title="Bó̤-cāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bó̤-cāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornal" title="Jornal – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jornal" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сонин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сонин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="သတင်းစာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတင်းစာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krant" title="Krant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krante" title="Krante – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Krante" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाचारपत्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समाचारपत्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C" title="बुखँपौ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुखँपौ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E" title="新聞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新聞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Газет – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Газет" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleer" title="Bleer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bleer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis" title="Avis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis" title="Avis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Avis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2zette" title="Gâzette – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gâzette" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premsa" title="Premsa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Premsa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta" title="Gazeta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gazeta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਖ਼ਬਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਖ਼ਬਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyaryo" title="Dyaryo – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Dyaryo" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اخبار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اخبار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korant" title="Korant – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Korant" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%81%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%87" title="ورځپاڼه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ورځپاڼه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuuzpiepa" title="Nyuuzpiepa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nyuuzpiepa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%8F" title="កាសែត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កាសែត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatt_(Narichten)" title="Blatt (Narichten) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Blatt (Narichten)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta" title="Gazeta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gazeta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornal" title="Jornal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jornal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta" title="Gazeta – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gazeta" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta" title="Gazeta – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Gazeta" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziar" title="Ziar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ziar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit%27awa" title="Mit'awa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mit'awa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B)" title="Новины (папірёвы) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Новины (папірёвы)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Газета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Газета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0h%D1%8B%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хаhыат – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хаhыат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वार्त्तापत्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वार्त्तापत्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Newspaper" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta" title="Gazeta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gazeta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="පුවත්පත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුවත්පත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Newspaper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اخبار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اخبار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noviny" title="Noviny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Noviny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Casopis" title="Časopis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Časopis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajt%C5%AFng" title="Cajtůng – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cajtůng" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95" title="ڕۆژنامە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆژنامە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Новине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Новине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novine" title="Novine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Novine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanomalehti" title="Sanomalehti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sanomalehti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidning" title="Tidning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tidning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahayagan" title="Pahayagan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pahayagan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D" title="நாளிதழ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாளிதழ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Газета – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Газета" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="వార్తాపత్రిక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వార్తాపత్రిక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C" title="หนังสือพิมพ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือพิมพ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%AF%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рӯзнома – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рӯзнома" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazete" title="Gazete – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gazete" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazet" title="Gazet – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gazet" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Солун – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Солун" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Газета – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Газета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اخبار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اخبار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauqceij" title="Bauqceij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bauqceij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testada_giorna%C5%82istica" title="Testada giornałistica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Testada giornałistica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1o_vi%E1%BA%BFt" title="Báo viết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Báo viết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazete" title="Gazete – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gazete" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazette" title="Gazette – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gazette" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peryodiko" title="Peryodiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Peryodiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%A5%E7%BA%B8" title="报纸 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="报纸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="צייטונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צייטונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9%C3%ACr%C3%B2y%C3%ACn" title="Ìwéìròyìn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwéìròyìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E7%B4%99" title="報紙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="報紙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qezeta" title="Qezeta – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qezeta" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazieta" title="Gazieta – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gazieta" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E7%B4%99" title="報紙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="報紙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%B3jlawema" title="Xójlawema – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Xójlawema" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Social impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Roles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/16px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/24px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/32px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Category: Journalism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>newspaper</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodical</a> <a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">publication</a> containing written <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">information about current events</a> and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a>, art, and science. They often include materials such as <a href="/wiki/Opinion_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion column">opinion columns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather forecasts">weather forecasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reviews" class="mw-redirect" title="Reviews">reviews</a> of local services, <a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">obituaries</a>, birth notices, <a href="/wiki/Crossword" title="Crossword">crosswords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">editorial cartoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strips</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Advice_column" title="Advice column">advice columns</a>. </p><p>Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription</a> revenue, <a href="/wiki/Newsagent%27s_shop" title="Newsagent's shop">newsstand sales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> revenue. The <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymically</a> called newspapers. Newspapers have traditionally been published <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">in print</a> (usually on cheap, low-grade <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> called <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a>). However, today most newspapers are also <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">published</a> on <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> as <a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">online newspapers</a>, and some have even abandoned their print versions entirely. </p><p>Newspapers developed in the 17th century as <a href="/wiki/Newsletter" title="Newsletter">information sheets for merchants</a>. By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspapers. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">newspapers of record</a>. With the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, many newspapers are now digital, with their news presented online as the main medium that most of the readers use, with the print edition being secondary (for the minority of customers that choose to pay for it) or, in some cases, retired. The <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_newspapers" title="Decline of newspapers">decline of newspapers</a> in the early 21st century was at first largely interpreted as a mere print-versus-digital contest in which digital beats print. The reality is different and multivariate, as newspapers now routinely have online presence; anyone willing to subscribe can read them digitally online. Factors such as classified ads no longer being a large revenue center (because of other ways to buy and sell online) and ad impressions now being dispersed across many media are inputs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg/220px-NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg/330px-NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg/440px-NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3806" /></a><figcaption>Front page of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day" title="Armistice Day">Armistice Day</a>, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Newspapers are typically published <a href="#Daily">daily</a> or <a href="/wiki/Weekly_newspaper" title="Weekly newspaper">weekly</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_magazine" title="News magazine">News magazines</a> are also weekly, but they have a <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a> format.<span class="anchor" id="Article_type_summary_in_lower_lede"></span> General-interest newspapers typically publish <a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)#News_articles" title="Article (publishing)">news articles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feature_story" title="Feature story">feature articles</a> on national and international news as well as <a href="/wiki/Local_news" title="Local news">local news</a>. The news includes <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">political events and politicians."</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">business and finance</a>, crime, weather, and natural disasters; <a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">health and medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">science</a>, and computers and technology; <a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">sports</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_reporting" title="Society reporting">society</a>, food and cooking, clothing and home fashion, and <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>. </p><p>Usually, the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings (labelled A, B, C, and so on, with <a href="/wiki/Pagination" title="Pagination">pagination</a> prefixes yielding page numbers A1-A20, B1-B20, C1-C20, and so on). Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing <a href="/wiki/Editorial" title="Editorial">editorials</a> written by an editor (or by the paper's editorial board) and expressing an opinion on a public issue, opinion articles called "<a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-eds</a>" written by guest writers (which are typically in the same section as the editorial), and <a href="/wiki/Column_(periodical)" title="Column (periodical)">columns</a> that express the personal opinions of <a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">columnists</a>, usually offering analysis and synthesis that attempts to translate the raw <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> of the news into information telling the reader "what it all means" and persuading them to concur. Papers also include articles that have no <a href="/wiki/Byline" title="Byline">byline</a>; these articles are written by staff writers. </p><p>A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. Besides the aforementioned news, information and opinions, they include weather forecasts; criticism and reviews of the arts (including <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>) and of local services such as restaurants; <a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">obituaries</a>, birth notices and graduation announcements; entertainment features such as crosswords, horoscopes, <a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">editorial cartoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">gag cartoons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strips</a>; <a href="/wiki/Advice_column" title="Advice column">advice</a> columns, <a href="/wiki/Food_column" title="Food column">food</a>, and other columns; and radio and television listings (program schedules). Newspapers have <a href="/wiki/Classified_ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Classified ad">classified ad</a> sections where people and businesses can buy small advertisements to sell goods or services; as of 2013, an increase in <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> websites for selling goods, such as <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> and <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> has led to significantly less classified ad sales for newspapers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription</a> revenue, <a href="/wiki/Newsagent%27s_shop" title="Newsagent's shop">newsstand sales</a>, and advertising revenue (other businesses or individuals pay to place advertisements in the pages, including <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_display_advertising" title="Newspaper display advertising">display ads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classified_advertising" title="Classified advertising">classified ads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">their online equivalents</a>). Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded; their reliance on advertising revenue and profitability is less critical to their survival. The <a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">editorial independence</a> of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">newspapers of record</a>. </p><p>Many newspapers, besides employing journalists on their own payrolls, also subscribe to <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">news agencies</a> (wire services) (such as the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>), which employ journalists to find, assemble, and report the news, then sell the <a href="/wiki/Content_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Content (media)">content</a> to the various newspapers. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2005</span>, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395  million print copies a day (in the U.S., 1,450 titles selling 55  million copies).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">late 2000s–early 2010s global recession</a>, combined with the rapid growth of free web-based alternatives, has helped cause a decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers had to retrench operations to stanch the losses.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005–7, then plunged during the worldwide financial crisis of 2008–9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decline in advertising revenues affected both the print and online media as well as all other mediums; print advertising was once lucrative but has greatly declined, and the prices of <a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">online advertising</a> are often lower than those of their print precursors. Besides remodelling advertising, the internet (especially the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a>) has also challenged the business models of the print-only era by <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a> both publishing in general (sharing information with others) and, more specifically, <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> (the work of finding, assembling, and reporting the news). Besides, the rise of <a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">news aggregators</a>, which bundle linked articles from many online newspapers and other sources, influences the flow of <a href="/wiki/Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">web traffic</a>. Increasing <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywalling</a> of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects. The oldest newspaper still published is the <i><a href="/wiki/Ordinari_Post_Tijdender" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinari Post Tijdender">Ordinari Post Tijdender</a></i>, which was established in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> in 1645. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newspapers typically meet four criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Public accessibility: Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public, traditionally by the paper being sold or distributed at newsstands, shops, and libraries, and, since the 1990s, made available over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> with <a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">online newspaper</a> websites. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, people without Internet or computer access (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">impoverished people</a> and people living in remote or rural regions) may <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">not be able to access the Internet</a>, and thus will not be able to read online news. <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> is also a factor that prevents <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">people who cannot read</a> from being able to benefit from reading newspapers (paper or online).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">Periodicity</a>: They are published at regular intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly emerging news stories or events.</li> <li>Currency: Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows. The degree of up-to-date-ness of a print newspaper is limited by the need for time to print and distribute the newspaper. In major cities, there may be a morning edition and a later edition of the same day's paper, so that the later edition can incorporate <a href="/wiki/Breaking_news" title="Breaking news">breaking news</a> that have occurred since the morning edition was printed. Online newspapers can be updated as frequently as new information becomes available, even several times per day, which means that online editions can be very up-to-date.</li> <li>Universality: Newspapers covers a range of topics, from political and business news to updates on science and technology, arts, culture, and entertainment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gazettes_and_bulletins">Gazettes and bulletins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gazettes and bulletins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Diurna" title="Acta Diurna">Acta Diurna</a></i>, or government announcement bulletins, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places. In China, early government-produced news-sheets, called <a href="/wiki/Dibao_(ancient_Chinese_Gazette)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibao (ancient Chinese Gazette)">Dibao</a>, circulated among court officials during the late <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Za_Bao" title="Kaiyuan Za Bao">Kaiyuan Za Bao</a></i> ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brook_xxi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_xxi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern Europe</a>, the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten news-sheets. In 1556, the government of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> first published the monthly <i>notizie scritte</i>, which cost one <i>gazetta</i>, a small coin.<sup id="cite_ref-WAN_timeline_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAN_timeline-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Avviso" class="mw-redirect" title="Avviso">avvisi</a> were handwritten <a href="/wiki/Newsletter" title="Newsletter">newsletters</a> and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700)—sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_newspaper_publishing" title="History of newspaper publishing">History of newspaper publishing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_earliest_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the earliest newspapers">List of the earliest newspapers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_production_process" title="Newspaper production process">Newspaper production process</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_British_newspapers" title="History of British newspapers">History of British newspapers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relation_Aller_Fuernemmen_und_gedenckwuerdigen_Historien_(1609).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Relation_Aller_Fuernemmen_und_gedenckwuerdigen_Historien_%281609%29.jpg/220px-Relation_Aller_Fuernemmen_und_gedenckwuerdigen_Historien_%281609%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Relation_Aller_Fuernemmen_und_gedenckwuerdigen_Historien_%281609%29.jpg/330px-Relation_Aller_Fuernemmen_und_gedenckwuerdigen_Historien_%281609%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Relation_Aller_Fuernemmen_und_gedenckwuerdigen_Historien_%281609%29.jpg/440px-Relation_Aller_Fuernemmen_und_gedenckwuerdigen_Historien_%281609%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1235" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Carolus" title="Johann Carolus">Johann Carolus</a>' <i>Relation</i> from 1609, the first newspaper</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_Danhauser,_Newspaper_readers_,_1840._Oil_on_wood,_21_x_17_cm._Belvedere,_Vienna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Josef_Danhauser%2C_Newspaper_readers_%2C_1840._Oil_on_wood%2C_21_x_17_cm._Belvedere%2C_Vienna.jpg/220px-Josef_Danhauser%2C_Newspaper_readers_%2C_1840._Oil_on_wood%2C_21_x_17_cm._Belvedere%2C_Vienna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Josef_Danhauser%2C_Newspaper_readers_%2C_1840._Oil_on_wood%2C_21_x_17_cm._Belvedere%2C_Vienna.jpg/330px-Josef_Danhauser%2C_Newspaper_readers_%2C_1840._Oil_on_wood%2C_21_x_17_cm._Belvedere%2C_Vienna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Josef_Danhauser%2C_Newspaper_readers_%2C_1840._Oil_on_wood%2C_21_x_17_cm._Belvedere%2C_Vienna.jpg/440px-Josef_Danhauser%2C_Newspaper_readers_%2C_1840._Oil_on_wood%2C_21_x_17_cm._Belvedere%2C_Vienna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josef_Danhauser" title="Josef Danhauser">Josef Danhauser</a>'s portrait <i>Newspaper readers</i>, 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>The first mechanical, movable type printing that allowed the mass production of printed books was invented by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johann Gutenberg</a> around 1450. In the 50 years after Gutenberg started printing, an estimated 500,000 books were in circulation, printed on about 1,000 presses across the continent. Gutenberg's invention was a simple device, but it launched a revolution marked by repeated advances in technology and, as a result, a popularization of the ideals of liberty and freedom of information exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_printing_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of the printing press">spread of the printing press</a> from which the publishing <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">press</a> derives its name.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German-language <i><a href="/wiki/Relation_aller_F%C3%BCrnemmen_und_gedenckw%C3%BCrdigen_Historien" class="mw-redirect" title="Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien">Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien</a></i>, printed from 1605 onwards by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Carolus" title="Johann Carolus">Johann Carolus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation</a>, is often recognized as the first newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second newspaper, the German <i><a href="/wiki/Avisa_Relation_oder_Zeitung" title="Avisa Relation oder Zeitung">Avisa</a></i>, was published from 1609 in <a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a>. Both newspapers distinguished themselves from other printed material by being published on a regular basis. They reported on a variety of current events to a broad public audience. Within a few decades, newspapers could be found in all the major cities of Europe, from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> to London. </p><p>The Dutch <i><a href="/wiki/Courante_uyt_Italien,_Duytslandt,_%26c." title="Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c.">Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c.</a></i> ("Courant from Italy, Germany, etc.") of 1618 was the first to appear in <a href="/wiki/Quarto-size" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarto-size">folio- rather than quarto-size</a>. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own country.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens_collier's_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens_collier's-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first English-language newspaper, <i>Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc.</i>, was published in Amsterdam in 1620. In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> periodial <i><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Tijdinghen" title="Nieuwe Tijdinghen">Nieuwe Tijdinghen</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Verhoeven" title="Abraham Verhoeven">Abraham Verhoeven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1621, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Low Countreys</i></span> was published in England by an "N.B." (generally thought to be either <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Butter" title="Nathaniel Butter">Nathaniel Butter</a> or Nicholas Bourne) and Thomas Archer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="La Gazette">La Gazette</a></i></span> (originally published as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Gazette de France</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-WAN_timeline_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAN_timeline-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first newspaper in Italy, in accordance with the oldest issue still preserved, was <i><a href="/wiki/Di_Genova_(newspaper_1639)" class="mw-redirect" title="Di Genova (newspaper 1639)">Di Genova</a></i> published in 1639 in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Far_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Far-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first newspaper in Portugal, <i>A Gazeta da Restauração</i>, was published in 1641 in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Spanish newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Gaceta_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaceta de Madrid">Gaceta de Madrid</a>, was published in 1661. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Post-_och_Inrikes_Tidningar" title="Post- och Inrikes Tidningar">Post- och Inrikes Tidningar</a></i> (founded as <i>Ordinari Post Tijdender</i>) was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Opregte_Haarlemsche_Courant" class="mw-redirect" title="Opregte Haarlemsche Courant">Opregte Haarlemsche Courant</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Haarlems_Dagblad" title="Haarlems Dagblad">Haarlems Dagblad</a></i> in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then the <i>Haarlems Dagblad</i> has appeared with the subtitle <i>Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merkuriusz_Polski_Ordynaryjny" title="Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny">Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny</a></i> was published in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland in 1661. The first successful English daily, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Courant" title="The Daily Courant">The Daily Courant</a></i>, was published from 1702 to 1735.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens_collier's_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens_collier's-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americas">Americas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">History of American newspapers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg/220px-Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg/330px-Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg/440px-Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>Fanciful drawing of a <a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">general store</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Martyn" title="Marguerite Martyn">Marguerite Martyn</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i> on October 21, 1906. On the far left, a group of men share reading a newspaper.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Boston in 1690, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harris_(publisher)" title="Benjamin Harris (publisher)">Benjamin Harris</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Publick_Occurrences_Both_Forreign_and_Domestick" title="Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick">Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick</a></i>. This is considered the first newspaper in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a> even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the governor allowed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_News-Letter" title="The Boston News-Letter">The Boston News-Letter</a></i> to be published and it became the first continuously published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began being published in New York and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed the British format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content depended on the editor's interests. In 1783, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Evening Post">Pennsylvania Evening Post</a></i> became the first American daily.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1752, <a href="/wiki/John_Bushell" title="John Bushell">John Bushell</a> published the <i><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Gazette" title="Halifax Gazette">Halifax Gazette</a></i>, which claims to be "Canada's first newspaper". However, its official descendant, the <i>Royal Gazette</i>, is a government publication for legal notices and proclamations rather than a proper newspaper; In 1764, the <i><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Chronicle-Telegraph" title="Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph">Quebec Gazette</a></i> was first printed 21 June 1764 and remains the oldest continuously published newspaper in North America as the <i>Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph</i>. It is currently published as an English-language weekly from its offices at 1040 Belvédère, suite 218, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. In 1808, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Gazeta_do_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro">Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had its first edition, printed in devices brought from England, publishing news favourable for the government of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> since it was produced by the official press service of the Portuguese crown. </p><p>In 1821, after the ending of the ban of private newspaper circulation, appears the first non-imperial printed publication, <i>Diário do Rio de Janeiro</i>, though there existed already the <i><a href="/wiki/Correio_Braziliense" title="Correio Braziliense">Correio Braziliense</a></i>, published by Hipólito José da Costa at the same time as the <i>Gazeta</i>, but from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and with forcefully advocated political and critical ideas, aiming to expose the administration's flaws. The first newspaper in Peru was <i>El Peruano</i>, established in October 1825 and still published today, but with several name changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Print media in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_newspapers" title="Japanese newspapers">Japanese newspapers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_newspapers" title="History of Chinese newspapers">History of Chinese newspapers</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in China (618–906), the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Za_Bao" title="Kaiyuan Za Bao">Kaiyuan Za Bao</a></i> published the government news; it was <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">block-printed</a> onto paper. It is sometimes considered one of the earliest newspapers to be published. The first recorded attempt to found a newspaper of the modern type in South Asia was by <a href="/wiki/William_Bolts" title="William Bolts">William Bolts</a>, a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. However, before he could begin his newspaper, he was deported back to Europe. In 1780 the first newsprint from this region, <i><a href="/wiki/Hicky%27s_Bengal_Gazette" title="Hicky's Bengal Gazette">Hicky's Bengal Gazette</a></i>, was published by an Irishman, <a href="/wiki/James_Augustus_Hicky" title="James Augustus Hicky">James Augustus Hicky</a>. He used it as a means to criticize the British rule through journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Jobo</i>, discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the Joseon Dynasty">Annals of the Joseon Dynasty</a>, was published in 1577 by <a href="/wiki/Seonjo_of_Joseon" title="Seonjo of Joseon">King Seonjo</a>'s ministers. As the King had not given permission to print the news bulletins, <i>Jobo</i> was discontinued, and 30 ministers were sentenced "to a severe punishment". It was printed daily, and covered a range of topics, including weather, constellations, and current affairs. In 2017, a Korean monk claimed to have discovered an extant copy of the <i>Jobo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern newspapers">History of Middle Eastern newspapers</a></div> <p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> newspapers goes back to the 19th century. Many editors were not only journalists but also writers, philosophers and politicians. With unofficial journals, these intellectuals encouraged public discourse on politics in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persian</a> Empires. Literary works of all genres were serialized and published in the press as well. </p><p>The first newspapers in the Ottoman Empire were owned by foreigners living there who wanted to make propaganda about the Western world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest was printed in 1795 by the Palais de France in <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Pera</a>. Indigenous Middle Eastern journalism started in 1828, when <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> of Egypt, ordered the local establishment of the gazette <i><a href="/wiki/Vekayi-i_Misriye" class="mw-redirect" title="Vekayi-i Misriye">Vekayi-i Misriye</a></i> (<i>Egyptian Affairs</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first paper written in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> on opposite pages, and later in Arabic only, under the title "<i>al-Waqa'i'a al-Masriya</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first non-official Turkish newspaper, <i>Ceride-i Havadis</i> (Register of Events), was published by an Englishman, William Churchill, in 1840. The first private newspaper to be published by Turkish journalists, <i>Tercüman-ı Ahvâl</i> (Interpreter of Events), was founded by <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_%C5%9Einasi" title="İbrahim Şinasi">İbrahim Şinasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agah_Efendi" title="Agah Efendi">Agah Efendi</a> and issued in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-Ágoston_433_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ágoston_433-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first newspaper in Iran, <i>Kaghaz-e Akhbar</i> (The Newspaper), was created for the government by <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Saleh_Shirazi" title="Mirza Saleh Shirazi">Mirza Saleh Shirazi</a> in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first journals in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> appeared in <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a>, once it had become independent of Ottoman rule, towards the end of World War I. One of the earliest women to sign her articles in the Arab press was the female medical practitioner <a href="/wiki/Galila_Tamarhan" title="Galila Tamarhan">Galila Tamarhan</a>, who contributed articles to a medical magazine called "<i>Ya'asub al-Tib</i>" (Leader in Medicine) in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_front_page_of_the_Helsingin_Sanomat_for_July_7,_1904_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_front_page_of_the_Helsingin_Sanomat_for_July_7%2C_1904_%282%29.png/220px-The_front_page_of_the_Helsingin_Sanomat_for_July_7%2C_1904_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_front_page_of_the_Helsingin_Sanomat_for_July_7%2C_1904_%282%29.png/330px-The_front_page_of_the_Helsingin_Sanomat_for_July_7%2C_1904_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_front_page_of_the_Helsingin_Sanomat_for_July_7%2C_1904_%282%29.png/440px-The_front_page_of_the_Helsingin_Sanomat_for_July_7%2C_1904_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="3912" /></a><figcaption>Front page of the <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a></i></span> (<i>Helsinki Times</i>) on July 7, 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advances in printing technology related to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication, as new printing technologies made printing less expensive and more efficient. In 1814, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, this press was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population. </p><p>In 1830, the first inexpensive "<a href="/wiki/Penny_press" title="Penny press">penny press</a>" newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter's Boston <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Evening_Transcript" title="Boston Evening Transcript">Transcript</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience, including less educated and lower-income people.<sup id="cite_ref-bird_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bird-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_de_Girardin" title="Émile de Girardin">Émile de Girardin</a> started <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(French_newspaper)" title="La Presse (French newspaper)">La Presse</a></i></span> in 1836, introducing cheap, advertising-supported dailies to France. In 1848, <a href="/wiki/August_Zang" title="August Zang">August Zang</a>, an Austrian who knew Girardin in Paris, returned to Vienna to introduce the same methods with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Presse" title="Die Presse">Die Presse</a></i></span> (which was named for and frankly copied Girardin's publication).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> and <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>) and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited regional areas; these may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, the local <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a> community or <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> enthusiasts within a city or region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency">Frequency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Frequency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daily">Daily</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Daily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Daily paper" redirects here. For the brand, see <a href="/wiki/Daily_Paper_(clothing)" title="Daily Paper (clothing)">Daily Paper (clothing)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sunday editions" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Edition_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sunday Edition (disambiguation)">Sunday Edition (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>daily newspaper</b> is printed every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and occasionally Saturdays (and some major holidays). Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections (e.g., on arts, films, entertainment) and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the majority of these newspapers' staff members work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content made in advance or content that is syndicated. </p><p>Most daily newspapers are sold in the morning. Afternoon or evening papers, once common but now scarce, are aimed more at commuters and office workers. In practice (though this may vary according to country), a morning newspaper is available in early editions from before midnight on the night before its <a href="/wiki/Cover_date" title="Cover date">cover date</a>, further editions being printed and distributed during the night. The later editions can include <a href="/wiki/Breaking_news" title="Breaking news">breaking news</a> which was first revealed that day, after the morning edition was already printed. Previews of tomorrow's newspapers are often a feature of late night news programs, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Newsnight" title="Newsnight">Newsnight</a></i> in the United Kingdom. In 1650, the first daily newspaper appeared, <i>Einkommende Zeitung</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published by Timotheus Ritzsch in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries, unlike most other countries, daily newspapers do not publish on Sundays. In the past there were independent Sunday newspapers; nowadays the same publisher often produces a Sunday newspaper, distinct in many ways from the daily, usually with a related name; e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> are distinct newspapers owned by the same company, and an article published in the latter would never be credited to <i>The Times</i>. </p><p>In some cases a Sunday edition is an expanded version of a newspaper from the same publisher; in other cases, particularly in Britain, it may be a separate enterprise, e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>, not affiliated with a daily newspaper from its founding in 1791 until it was acquired by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in 1993. Usually, it is a specially expanded edition, often several times the thickness and weight of the weekday editions and containing generally special sections not found in the weekday editions, such as <a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday comics</a> and Sunday magazines (such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_Magazine" title="The Sunday Times Magazine">The Sunday Times Magazine</a></i>). </p><p>In some countries daily newspapers are not published on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a>, but weekly newspapers would change their day e.g. Sunday newspapers are published on Saturday December 24, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> when <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a> falls on Sunday. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Semi-weekly">Semi-weekly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Semi-weekly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some newspapers are published two times a week and are known as semi-weekly publications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Triweekly">Triweekly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Triweekly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the name suggests, a <b>triweekly</b> publishes three times a week. The <i><a href="/wiki/The_Meridian_Star" title="The Meridian Star">Meridian Star</a></i> is an example of such a publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter-to-readers-and-advertisers_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter-to-readers-and-advertisers-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weekly">Weekly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Weekly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weekly_newspaper" title="Weekly newspaper">Weekly newspaper</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Weekly_newspaper" title="Weekly newspaper">Weekly newspapers</a> are published once a week, and tend to be smaller than daily papers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biweekly">Biweekly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biweekly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some publications are published, for example, fortnightly (or biweekly in American parlance). They may have a change from normal weekly day of the week during the Christmas period depending the day of the week <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a> is falling on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_scope_and_distribution">Geographical scope and distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Geographical scope and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_or_regional">Local or regional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Local or regional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Newspaper" title="Special:EditPage/Newspaper">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>local newspaper</b> serves a region such as a city, or part of a large city. Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Large metropolitan newspapers often have large distribution networks, and can be found outside their normal area, sometimes widely, sometimes from fewer sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National">National</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_newspapers" title="List of national newspapers">List of national newspapers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_old_man_in_newsagent%27s_shop,_Paris_September_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/An_old_man_in_newsagent%27s_shop%2C_Paris_September_2011.jpg/220px-An_old_man_in_newsagent%27s_shop%2C_Paris_September_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/An_old_man_in_newsagent%27s_shop%2C_Paris_September_2011.jpg/330px-An_old_man_in_newsagent%27s_shop%2C_Paris_September_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/An_old_man_in_newsagent%27s_shop%2C_Paris_September_2011.jpg/440px-An_old_man_in_newsagent%27s_shop%2C_Paris_September_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3844" data-file-height="2671" /></a><figcaption>International newspapers on sale in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a <b>national newspaper</b>. Some national newspapers, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, are specialised (in these examples, on financial matters). There are many <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom">national newspapers in the United Kingdom</a>, but only a <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_newspapers#United_States" title="List of national newspapers">few in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Canada" title="List of newspapers in Canada">Canada</a>. In Canada, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> is sold throughout the country. In the United States, in addition to national newspapers as such, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> is available throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterized as <b>international newspapers</b>. Some, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_International_Edition" title="The New York Times International Edition">The New York Times International Edition</a></i>, (formerly The International Herald Tribune) have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or "international editions" of national or large metropolitan newspapers. In some cases, articles that might not interest the wider range of readers are omitted from international editions; in others, of interest to <a href="/wiki/Expatriates" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriates">expatriates</a>, significant national news is retained. As English became the international language of business and technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as varied as <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, newspapers are printed for a local and international English-speaking public, and for tourists. The advent of the Internet has also allowed non-English-language newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach. </p><p>Similarly, in many countries with a large foreign-language-speaking population or many tourists, newspapers in languages other than the national language are both published locally and imported. For example, newspapers and magazines from many countries, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom#Non-English-language_newspapers" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom">locally published newspapers in many languages</a>, are ready to be found on news-stands in central London. In the US state of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, so many tourists from the French-speaking Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> visit for long stays during the winter ("<a href="/wiki/Snowbird_(person)" title="Snowbird (person)">snowbirds</a>") that some newsstands and stores sell French-language newspapers such as <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Droit" title="Le Droit">Le Droit</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subject_matter">Subject matter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Subject matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General newspapers cover all topics, with different emphasis. While at least mentioning all topics, some might have good coverage of international events of importance; others might concentrate more on national or local entertainment or sports. Specialised newspapers might concentrate more specifically on, for example, financial matters. There are publications covering exclusively sports, or certain sports, horse-racing, theatre, and so on, although they may no longer be called newspapers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-85461-0005,_Berlin,_Mauerbau,_NVA-Panzersoldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-85461-0005%2C_Berlin%2C_Mauerbau%2C_NVA-Panzersoldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-85461-0005%2C_Berlin%2C_Mauerbau%2C_NVA-Panzersoldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-85461-0005%2C_Berlin%2C_Mauerbau%2C_NVA-Panzersoldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-85461-0005%2C_Berlin%2C_Mauerbau%2C_NVA-Panzersoldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-85461-0005%2C_Berlin%2C_Mauerbau%2C_NVA-Panzersoldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-85461-0005%2C_Berlin%2C_Mauerbau%2C_NVA-Panzersoldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers in an <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> tank unit reading about the erection of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1961 in <i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Print">Print</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Print"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a></div> <p>For centuries newspapers were printed on paper and supplied physically to readers either by the local distribution or in some cases by mail, for example for British expatriates living in India or Hong Kong who subscribed to British newspapers. Newspapers can be delivered to subscribers homes and/or businesses by a paper's own delivery people, sent via the <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail</a>, sold at <a href="/wiki/Newsagent%27s_shop" title="Newsagent's shop">newsstands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grocery_store" title="Grocery store">grocery stores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">convenience stores</a>, and delivered to <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">bookstores</a>. Newspaper organizations need a large distribution system to deliver their papers to these different distributors, which typically involves delivery trucks and delivery people. In recent years, newspapers and other media have adapted to the changing technology environment by starting to offer online editions to cater to the needs of the public. In the future, the trend towards more electronic delivery of the news will continue with more emphasis on the Internet, social media and other electronic delivery methods. However, while the method of delivery is changing, the newspaper and the industry still have a niche in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online">Online</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Online newspaper</a></div> <p>As of 2007, virtually all major printed newspapers produced online editions distributed over the Internet, which, depending on the country, may be regulated by journalism organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Press_Complaints_Commission" title="Press Complaints Commission">Press Complaints Commission</a> in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as some publishers find their print-based models increasingly unsustainable,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Web-based "newspapers" have also started to appear, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Southport_Reporter" title="Southport Reporter">Southport Reporter</a></i> in the UK and the <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i>, which stopped publishing in print after 149 years in March 2009 and became an online-only paper. </p><p>Since 2005 in the UK more than 200 regional newspapers have closed down resulting in a 50% decline in the number of regional journalists. A 2016 study by King's College, London, found that the towns that lost their local newspapers receded from democratic values and experienced the loss of public faith in the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new trend in newspaper publishing is the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Personalization" title="Personalization">personalization</a> through <a href="/wiki/On-demand_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="On-demand printing">on-demand printing</a> technologies or with online news aggregator websites like <a href="/wiki/Google_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Google news">Google news</a>. Customized newspapers allow the reader to create their individual newspaper through the selection of individual pages from multiple publications. This "Best of" approach allows revival of the print-based model and opens up a new distribution channel to increase coverage beneath the usual boundaries of distribution. Customized newspapers online have been offered by <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">MyYahoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGoogle" title="IGoogle">I-Google</a>, CRAYON, ICurrent.com, Kibboko.com, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. times and many others. With these <a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">online newspapers</a>, the reader can select how much of each section (politics, sports, arts, etc.) they wish to see in their news. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_personnel">Organization and personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Organization and personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Street,_at_Cherry,_Telegraph_Building,_etc.,_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_0e54921bd7d86f5d18b1f786cd7750f1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Second_Street%2C_at_Cherry%2C_Telegraph_Building%2C_etc.%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_0e54921bd7d86f5d18b1f786cd7750f1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Second_Street%2C_at_Cherry%2C_Telegraph_Building%2C_etc.%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_0e54921bd7d86f5d18b1f786cd7750f1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Second_Street%2C_at_Cherry%2C_Telegraph_Building%2C_etc.%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_0e54921bd7d86f5d18b1f786cd7750f1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Second_Street%2C_at_Cherry%2C_Telegraph_Building%2C_etc.%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_0e54921bd7d86f5d18b1f786cd7750f1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Second_Street%2C_at_Cherry%2C_Telegraph_Building%2C_etc.%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_0e54921bd7d86f5d18b1f786cd7750f1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><i>The Telegraph</i> printing house in <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon, Georgia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1876</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newsboy_in_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Newsboy_in_1905.jpg/220px-Newsboy_in_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Newsboy_in_1905.jpg/330px-Newsboy_in_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Newsboy_in_1905.jpg/440px-Newsboy_in_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper delivery">newsboy</a> selling the <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Telegram" title="Toronto Telegram">Toronto Telegram</a></i> in Canada in 1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gazeta_Lubuska_newsroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gazeta_Lubuska_newsroom.jpg/220px-Gazeta_Lubuska_newsroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gazeta_Lubuska_newsroom.jpg/330px-Gazeta_Lubuska_newsroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gazeta_Lubuska_newsroom.jpg/440px-Gazeta_Lubuska_newsroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>The newsroom of <i>Gazeta Lubuska</i> in <a href="/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyrv%C3%A4%C3%A4n_sanomat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tyrv%C3%A4%C3%A4n_sanomat.JPG/220px-Tyrv%C3%A4%C3%A4n_sanomat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tyrv%C3%A4%C3%A4n_sanomat.JPG/330px-Tyrv%C3%A4%C3%A4n_sanomat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tyrv%C3%A4%C3%A4n_sanomat.JPG/440px-Tyrv%C3%A4%C3%A4n_sanomat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The office building of <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrv%C3%A4%C3%A4n_Sanomat" title="Tyrvään Sanomat">Tyrvään Sanomat</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Sastamala" title="Sastamala">Sastamala</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm/220px--A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="314" data-mwtitle="A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm/A_Night_in_the_Newsroom_at_Daily_Nebraskan.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A night in the newsroom at <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Nebraskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Nebraskan">Daily Nebraskan</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the U.S., the overall manager or chief executive of the newspaper is the publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In small newspapers, the owner of the publication (or the largest shareholder in the corporation that owns the publication) is usually the publisher.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span class="anchor" id="Department"></span>Most newspapers have four main departments devoted to publishing the newspaper itself—editorial, production/printing, circulation, and advertising, although they are frequently referred to by a variety of other names. Most papers also have the non-newspaper-specific departments found in other businesses of comparable size, such as accounting, marketing, human resources, and IT. </p><p>Throughout the English-speaking world, the person who selects the content for the newspaper is usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief, executive editor, and so on are common. For small newspapers, a single editor may be responsible for all content areas. At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area, such as local news or sports. These divisions are called <a href="/wiki/News_bureau" title="News bureau">news bureaus</a> or "desks", and each is supervised by a designated editor. Most newspaper editors <a href="/wiki/Copy_edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy edit">copy edit</a> the stories for their part of the newspaper, but they may share their workload with <a href="/wiki/Proofreader" class="mw-redirect" title="Proofreader">proofreaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fact_checker" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact checker">fact checkers</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporter">Reporters</a> are journalists who primarily report facts that they have gathered, and those who write longer, less news-oriented articles may be called feature writers. Photographers and <a href="/wiki/Graphic_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic artist">graphic artists</a> provide images and illustrations to support articles. Journalists often specialize in a subject area, called a <a href="/wiki/Beat_reporting" title="Beat reporting">beat</a>, such as sports, religion, or science. Columnists are journalists who write regular articles recounting their personal opinions and experiences. <a href="/wiki/Printer_(publishing)" title="Printer (publishing)">Printers</a> and press operators physically print the newspaper. Printing is outsourced by many newspapers, partly because of the cost of an <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset web press</a> (the most common kind of press used to print newspapers), and also because a small newspaper's <a href="/wiki/Print_run" class="mw-redirect" title="Print run">print run</a> might require less than an hour of operation, meaning that if the newspaper had its own press it would sit idle most of the time. If the newspaper offers information online, <a href="/wiki/Webmaster" title="Webmaster">webmasters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Web designer">web designers</a> may be employed to upload stories to the newspaper's website. </p><p>The staff of the <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper circulation">circulation department</a> liaise with retailers who sell the newspaper; sell subscriptions; and supervise distribution of the printed newspapers through the mail, by <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper carrier">newspaper carriers</a>, at retailers, and through vending machines. <a href="/wiki/Free_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Free newspapers">Free newspapers</a> do not sell subscriptions, but they still have a circulation department responsible for distributing the newspapers. Sales staff in the advertising department not only sell ad space to clients such as local businesses, but also help clients design and plan their advertising campaigns. Other members of the advertising department may include <a href="/wiki/Graphic_designer" title="Graphic designer">graphic designers</a>, who design ads according to the customers' specifications and the department's policies. In an <a href="/wiki/Advertising-free_media" title="Advertising-free media">advertising-free newspaper</a>, there is no advertising department. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoned_and_other_editions">Zoned and other editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Zoned and other editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newspapers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Newspapers.jpg/220px-Newspapers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Newspapers.jpg/330px-Newspapers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Newspapers.jpg/440px-Newspapers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Israeli daily newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i> in its <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a> editions</figcaption></figure> <p>Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising—the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial—or may contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often produced in parallel. Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. The advertising is usually the same in each edition (with the exception of zoned regionals, in which it is often the 'B' section of local news that undergoes advertising changes). As each edition represents the latest news available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press. For example, both <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> offer a regional edition, printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. The Journal's global advertising <a href="/wiki/Rate_card" title="Rate card">rate card</a> provides a good example of editioning.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>See also <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_suburban_sections" title="Los Angeles Times suburban sections">Los Angeles Times suburban sections</a>.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format">Format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newspapers_of_Japan_20090831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Newspapers_of_Japan_20090831.jpg/220px-Newspapers_of_Japan_20090831.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Newspapers_of_Japan_20090831.jpg/330px-Newspapers_of_Japan_20090831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Newspapers_of_Japan_20090831.jpg/440px-Newspapers_of_Japan_20090831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a></i>, a broadsheet in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> credited with having the largest newspaper circulation in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>Most modern newspapers<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are in one of three sizes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">Broadsheets</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>600 mm × 380 mm (<span class="frac">23<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in × 15 in), generally associated with more <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a> newspapers, although a trend towards "compact" newspapers is changing this. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> in the United Kingdom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">Tabloids</a>: half the size of broadsheets at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">380 mm × 300 mm (15 in × <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in), and often perceived as <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalist</a> in contrast to broadsheets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Enquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Enquirer">The National Enquirer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_(magazine)" title="Star (magazine)">The Star Magazine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_(tabloid)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Globe (tabloid)">The Globe</a></i>. <ul><li>"Microdaily" is infrequently used to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a>-sized <a href="/wiki/Free_daily_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Free daily newspaper">free daily newspaper</a> that offers lower ad rates than its <a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">broadsheet</a> competitors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The content of a microdaily can range from intense local news coverage to a combination of local and national stories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_(format)" title="Berliner (format)">Berliner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Midi_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midi (newspaper)">Midi</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">470 mm × 315 mm (<span class="frac">18<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in × <span class="frac">12<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) used by European papers such as <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> in France, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a></i> in Italy, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> in Spain and, from 2005 until 2018, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in the United Kingdom.</li></ul> <p>Newspapers are usually printed on cheap, off-white paper known as <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a>. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality <a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">letterpress printing</a> to higher-quality, <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">four-color process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset printing</a>. In addition, desktop computers, <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processing software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphics_software" title="Graphics software">graphics software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and digital <a href="/wiki/Prepress" title="Prepress">prepress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative <a href="/wiki/Page_layout" title="Page layout">layouts</a> and better design. </p><p>To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint. For example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>'s weekly sports publication derives its name, the <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Un" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Un">Green 'Un</a></i>, from the traditional colour of its paper. The Italian sports newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport" title="La Gazzetta dello Sport">La Gazzetta dello Sport</a></i> is also printed on pink paper while <i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe" title="L'Équipe">L'Équipe</a></i> (formerly <i>L'Auto</i>) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; for example the leader in the <a href="/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia" title="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a> wears a pink jersey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circulation_and_readership">Circulation and readership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Circulation and readership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_World_by_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of newspapers in the World by circulation">List of newspapers in the World by circulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper circulation">Newspaper circulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_newspaper_readership" title="Ageing of newspaper readership">Ageing of newspaper readership</a></div> <p>The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically Sunday), is called the newspaper's circulation and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation figures, because many copies are read by more than one person, although this is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read (especially for those distributed free). In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Audited_Media" title="Alliance for Audited Media">Alliance for Audited Media</a> maintains historical and current data on average circulation of daily and weekly newspapers and other periodicals. </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a></i>, the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Trud_(Russian_newspaper)" title="Trud (Russian newspaper)">Trud</a></i> exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Argumenty_i_Fakty" title="Argumenty i Fakty">Argumenty i Fakty</a></i> boasted a circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991. According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers—the <i><a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a></i> with circulations well above 5.5 million. Germany's <i><a href="/wiki/Bild-Zeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bild-Zeitung">Bild</a></i>, with a circulation of 1.15 million, was the only other paper in that category. In the United Kingdom, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i> is the top seller, with around 1.2 million copies distributed daily. In the U.S., <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> has a daily circulation of approximately 2.02 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While paid readership of print newspapers has been steadily declining in the developed <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> nations, it has been rising in the chief developing nations (Brazil, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), whose paid daily circulation exceeded those of the developed nations for the first time in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i> is the largest-circulation English newspaper, with 3.14 million copies daily. According to the 2009 Indian Readership Survey, the <i>Dainik Jagran</i> is the most-read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 55.7 million readers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Tom_Standage" title="Tom Standage">Tom Standage</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, India currently has daily newspaper circulation of 110 million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common measure of a newspaper's health is market penetration, expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the paper's market area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market penetration of 123 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.23 newspapers). As other media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It was not until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent and still falling.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a <a href="/wiki/Workweek" class="mw-redirect" title="Workweek">workweek</a> subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription. Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks, or for a certain number of viewed articles, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newspaper_vendor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newspaper vendor, Paddington, London, February 2005"><img alt="Newspaper vendor, Paddington, London, February 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Newspaper_vendor.jpg/200px-Newspaper_vendor.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Newspaper_vendor.jpg/300px-Newspaper_vendor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Newspaper_vendor.jpg/400px-Newspaper_vendor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Newspaper vendor, <a href="/wiki/Paddington" title="Paddington">Paddington</a>, London, February 2005</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/USA_Today_newsracks.webm/200px--USA_Today_newsracks.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="150" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="USA_Today_newsracks.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/USA_Today_newsracks.webm/USA_Today_newsracks.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/USA_Today_newsracks.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/USA_Today_newsracks.webm/USA_Today_newsracks.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/USA_Today_newsracks.webm/USA_Today_newsracks.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/USA_Today_newsracks.webm/USA_Today_newsracks.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Attempting to buy a newspaper</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advertising">Advertising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contrast584.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Contrast584.jpg/220px-Contrast584.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Contrast584.jpg/330px-Contrast584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Contrast584.jpg/440px-Contrast584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Newspaper and advertisement, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A newspaper typically generates 70–80% of its revenue from advertising, and the remainder from sales and subscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-business_model_1996_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business_model_1996-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called <i>editorial content</i>, <i>editorial matter</i>, or simply <i>editorial</i>, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions. (This distinction, however, developed over time – early publishers like Girardin (France) and Zang (Austria) did not always distinguish paid items from editorial content.). The <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a> of having advertising subsidize the cost of printing and distributing newspapers (and, it is always hoped, the making of a profit) rather than having subscribers cover the full cost was first done, it seems, in 1833 by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun (New York)">The Sun</a></i>, a daily paper that was published in New York City. Rather than charging 6 cents per copy, the price of a typical New York daily at the time, they charged 1-cent, and depended on advertising to make up the difference.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newspapers in countries with easy access to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a> have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers. Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, newspapers are seeing traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category is shifting to sites including <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a>, employment websites, and auto sites. National advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including websites, rich media platforms, and mobile. </p><p>In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Advertorial" title="Advertorial">advertorial</a> emerged. Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Editorial" title="Editorial">opposite-editorial</a> which third parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of a <a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">press release</a> than of an objective <a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)#News_articles" title="Article (publishing)">news story</a>. Such articles are often clearly distinguished from editorial content through either the design and layout of the page or with a label declaring the article as an advertisement. However, there has been growing concern over the blurring of the line between editorial and advertorial content.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_%26_A_Speciale_Mantel-Aanbieding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1938 Dutch newspaper advertisement for women's clothing sold at C&A stores"><img alt="1938 Dutch newspaper advertisement for women's clothing sold at C&A stores" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/C_%26_A_Speciale_Mantel-Aanbieding.jpg/147px-C_%26_A_Speciale_Mantel-Aanbieding.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/C_%26_A_Speciale_Mantel-Aanbieding.jpg/221px-C_%26_A_Speciale_Mantel-Aanbieding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/C_%26_A_Speciale_Mantel-Aanbieding.jpg/294px-C_%26_A_Speciale_Mantel-Aanbieding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1938 Dutch newspaper advertisement for women's clothing sold at <a href="/wiki/C%26A" title="C&A">C&A</a> stores</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="US newspaper advertising revenue—Newspaper Association of America published data[57]"><img alt="US newspaper advertising revenue—Newspaper Association of America published data[57]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg/200px-Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg/300px-Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg/400px-Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">US newspaper advertising revenue—Newspaper Association of America published data<sup id="cite_ref-NAAdata_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAdata-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalism">Journalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Severnyi_krai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Severnyi_krai.jpg/220px-Severnyi_krai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Severnyi_krai.jpg/330px-Severnyi_krai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Severnyi_krai.jpg/440px-Severnyi_krai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>The editorial staff of <i>Severnyi Kray</i> in <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, Russia in 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called <i>journalism</i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a> era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a>; and scandals involving <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> and fabrication. </p><p>In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called <a href="/wiki/Press_baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Press baron">press barons</a>, and were used for gaining a political voice. After 1920 most major newspapers became parts of chains run by large media corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Gannett" title="Gannett">Gannett</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The McClatchy Company">The McClatchy Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearst Corporation">Hearst Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cox_Enterprises" title="Cox Enterprises">Cox Enterprises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landmark_Media_Enterprises_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmark Media Enterprises LLC">Landmark Media Enterprises LLC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Communications" title="Morris Communications">Morris Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune Company">The Tribune Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hollinger_Inc." title="Hollinger Inc.">Hollinger International</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_Communications" title="Swift Communications">Swift Communications</a>, etc. Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of freedom of expression. Whistle-blowers, and those who "leak" stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. However, there have been many circumstances of the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed. Recent research has examined the effects of a newspaper's closing on the reelection of incumbents, voter turnout, and campaign spending.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opinions of other writers and readers are expressed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a></i> ("opposite the editorial page") and <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_editor" title="Letter to the editor"><i>letters to the editors</i></a> sections of the paper. Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsmen</a>, developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_television_and_Internet">Impact of television and Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Impact of television and Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_newspapers" title="Decline of newspapers">Decline of newspapers</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Online_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Online newspapers">Online newspapers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_newspaper_press_France_5125942563.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2010_newspaper_press_France_5125942563.jpg/220px-2010_newspaper_press_France_5125942563.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2010_newspaper_press_France_5125942563.jpg/330px-2010_newspaper_press_France_5125942563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2010_newspaper_press_France_5125942563.jpg/440px-2010_newspaper_press_France_5125942563.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A newspaper press in <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 1990s, the availability of news via 24-hour television channels and the subsequent availability of <a href="/wiki/Online_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Online journalism">online journalism</a> posed an ongoing challenge to the business model of most newspapers in developed countries. Paid <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper circulation">newspaper circulation</a> has declined, while advertising revenue—the bulk of most newspapers' income—has been shifting from print to <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> and news websites, resulting in a general decline. One of the challenges is that a number of online news websites are free to access. Other online news sites have a <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywall</a> and require paid subscription for access. In less-developed countries, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, a growing middle class, and other factors have compensated for the emergence of electronic media, and newspaper circulation continues to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1995, <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Reporter">The American Reporter</a></i> became the first daily Internet-based newspaper with its own paid reporters and original content.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The future of newspapers in countries with high levels of Internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising, and precipitous drops in circulation. Since the late-1990s, the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy, or severe cutbacks has risen—especially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-E&P0316_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E&P0316-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A June 2022 report estimated that 2 newspapers die each week, and revealed that the US dropped from 8,891 newspapers in 2005 to 6,377 at the end of May 2022. Journalism jobs dropped from about 75,000 in 2006 to 31,000 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debate has become more urgent lately, as the 2008–2009 recession shaved newspapers' profits and as once-explosive growth in web revenue has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At issue is whether the newspaper industry faces a <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">cyclical</a> trough (or dip), or whether new technology has rendered print newspapers obsolete. As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, an increasing percentage of <a href="/wiki/Millennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennial">millennials</a> get their news from social media websites. In the 2010s, many traditional newspapers have begun offering "digital editions", accessible via computers and mobile devices. Online advertising allows news websites to show catered ads, based on a visitor's interests. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_archives" title="List of newspaper archives">List of newspaper archives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_the_United_States#Archives" title="Newspapers in the United States">Newspapers in the United States § Archives</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web era</a>, digital archives have been continually supplanting earlier <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">microform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_copy" title="Hard copy">hard copy</a> archives, and the latter two media have increasingly been <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitized</a> via <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">image scanning</a>, usually in concert with <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ambox_globe_Americas.svg/28px-Ambox_globe_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ambox_globe_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_globe_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ambox_globe_Americas.svg/56px-Ambox_globe_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/28px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/42px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/56px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips" title="List of newspaper comic strips">List of newspaper comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_newspaper_archives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of online newspaper archives">List of online newspaper archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_newspapers" title="Lists of newspapers">Lists of newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off_stone" title="Off stone">Off stone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219011952/http://www.nieworld.com/cc/NewspaperADailyMiracle.pdf">"<i>A Daily Miracle: A student guide to journalism and the newspaper business</i> (2007)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.nieworld.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nieworld.com/cc/NewspaperADailyMiracle.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The phenomenon of publishing was now born.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410191605/http://www.uni-leipzig.de/%7Ehsk/pgs/jahrbuch/2005/Weber_Strassburg1605.pdf">"Weber, Johannes: Straßburg 1605: Die Geburt der Zeitung, in: <i>Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte</i>, Vol. 7 (2005), S. 3–27"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+death+of+the+local+newspaper%3F&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-43106436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Labor_Statistics2009" class="citation web cs1">Bureau of Labor Statistics (17 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs013.htm">"Career Guide to Industries, 2010–11 Edition: Publishing, Except Software"</a>. U.S. Department of Labor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Career+Guide+to+Industries%2C+2010%E2%80%9311+Edition%3A+Publishing%2C+Except+Software&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Labor&rft.date=2009-12-17&rft.au=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Foco%2Fcg%2Fcgs013.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029083017/http://advertising.wsj.com/rates/index.html">"WSJ Advertising: Rates"</a>. Advertising.wsj.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://advertising.wsj.com/rates/index.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=WSJ+Advertising%3A+Rates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadvertising.wsj.com%2Frates%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See K.G. Barnhurst and J. Nerone, <i>The Form of News, A History</i> (2001) for an overview of newspaper form from the late 17th to late 20th centuries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedtke,_Michael2009" class="citation news cs1">Liedtke, Michael (26 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2010138873_apusnewspapercirculation.html">"Newspaper circulation drop accelerates April–Sept"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Newspaper+circulation+drop+accelerates+April%E2%80%93Sept&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft.au=Liedtke%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Fbusinesstechnology%2F2010138873_apusnewspapercirculation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD_Working_Party_on_the_Information_Economy2010" class="citation web cs1">OECD Working Party on the Information Economy (11 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/24/45559596.pdf">"The evolution of news and the internet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704230846/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/24/45559596.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+news+and+the+internet&rft.date=2010-06-11&rft.au=OECD+Working+Party+on+the+Information+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F30%2F24%2F45559596.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span>"Growth in the BIICS countries by about 35% from 2000 to 2008 very much contributed to this growth, most notably India with a 45% increase in circulation between 2000 and 2008, South Africa (34%) and China (an estimated 29%). Gains are not only occurring there but also in other countries and continents, including Africa and South America." p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.jagran.com/homepage.aspx">"Hindi Newspaper"</a>. Dainik Jagran<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindi+Newspaper&rft.pub=Dainik+Jagran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.jagran.com%2Fhomepage.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080116175549/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/001200608291820.htm">"Dailies add 12.6 million readers"</a>. NRS Chennai. 29 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dailies+add+12.6+million+readers&rft.pub=NRS+Chennai&rft.date=2009-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fthehindu%2Fholnus%2F001200608291820.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandage2011" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Standage" title="Tom Standage">Standage, Tom</a> (13 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thekojonnamdishow.org/shows/2011-07-13/technology-and-global-press">"Technology and the Global Press"</a>. <i>The Kojo Nnamdi Show</i> (Interview). Interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Kojo_Nnamdi" title="Kojo Nnamdi">Kojo Nnamdi</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/WAMU" title="WAMU">WAMU</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kojo+Nnamdi+Show&rft.atitle=Technology+and+the+Global+Press&rft.date=2011-07-13&rft.aulast=Standage&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthekojonnamdishow.org%2Fshows%2F2011-07-13%2Ftechnology-and-global-press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a href="/wiki/Print_media_in_India#Readership" class="mw-redirect" title="Print media in India">Print media in India#Readership</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828204802/http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2004/newspapers-intro/audience/">"Newspapers: Audience – State of the Media 2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stateofthemedia.org/2004/newspapers-intro/audience/">the original</a> on 28 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newspapers%3A+Audience+%E2%80%93+State+of+the+Media+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstateofthemedia.org%2F2004%2Fnewspapers-intro%2Faudience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-business_model_1996-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-business_model_1996_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMensing,_Donica2007" class="citation news cs1">Mensing, Donica (Spring 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4894990">"Online Revenue Business Model Has Changed Little Since 1996"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_Research_Journal" title="Newspaper Research Journal">Newspaper Research Journal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Online+Revenue+Business+Model+Has+Changed+Little+Since+1996&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Mensing%2C+Donica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4894990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18904178">"Reinventing the newspaper"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 7 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wallstreetcosmos.com/newspaper_iindustry_report.html">the original</a> on 21 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=wallstreetcosmos.com&rft.pub=wallstreetcosmos.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallstreetcosmos.com%2Fnewspaper_iindustry_report.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrédéric2011" class="citation news cs1">Frédéric, Filloux (16 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/may/16/blurring-lines-between-advertising-and-editorial">"Dangerous blend: how lines between editorial and advertising are blurring"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dangerous+blend%3A+how+lines+between+editorial+and+advertising+are+blurring&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.aufirst=Filloux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2011%2Fmay%2F16%2Fblurring-lines-between-advertising-and-editorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAAdata-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAAdata_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918094825/http://www.naa.org/Trends-and-Numbers/Advertising-Expenditures/Annual-All-Categories.aspx">"Trends & Numbers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper Association of America">Newspaper Association of America</a>. 14 March 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Editor+%26+Publisher&rft.atitle=Specifics+on+Newspapers+from+%27State+of+News+Media%27+Report&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft.aulast=Saba&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.editorandpublisher.com%2FPrintArticle%2FSpecifics-on-Newspapers-from-State-of-News-Media-Report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/journalism-united-states-39ef84c1131267233768bbb4dcaa181b">"US newspapers continuing to die at rate of 2 each week"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. 29 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=US+newspapers+continuing+to+die+at+rate+of+2+each+week&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fjournalism-united-states-39ef84c1131267233768bbb4dcaa181b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford2008" class="citation news cs1">Clifford, Stephanie (12 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/business/media/13adco.html?src=linkedin">"Newspapers' Web Revenue is Stalling"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Newspapers%27+Web+Revenue+is+Stalling&rft.date=2008-10-12&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F10%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F13adco.html%3Fsrc%3Dlinkedin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Willings Press Guide</i> (134th ed. 3 vol. 2010), comprehensive guide to world press. Vol 1 UK, Vol 2 Europe and Vol 3 World. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-906035-17-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-906035-17-2">1-906035-17-2</a></li> <li><i>Editor and Publisher International Year Book</i> (90th ed. 2009), comprehensive guide to American newspapers</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Barnhurst_(media_studies_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kevin Barnhurst (media studies scholar) (page does not exist)">Kevin G. Barnhurst</a>, and John Nerone. <i>The Form of News, A History</i> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1572307919/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Bleyer, Willard Grosvenor. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65884">Newspaper Writing and Editing.</a></i> (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1913, 364pp.).</li> <li>Conley, David, and Stephen Lamble. <i>The Daily Miracle: An Introduction to Journalism</i> (3rd ed. 2006), 518pp; global viewpoint</li> <li>Harrower, Tim. <i>The Newspaper Designer's Handbook</i> (6th ed. 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0072996692/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex Jones (journalist)">Jones, Alex</a>. <i>Losing the News: The Future of the News That Feeds Democracy</i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pettegree" title="Andrew Pettegree">Pettegree, Andrew</a>. <i>The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself</i> (2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300212761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300212761">978-0300212761</a></li> <li>Shaw, Matthew J. <i>An Inky Business: A History of Newspapers from the English Civil Wars to the American Civil War</i> (2021) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789143867" title="Special:BookSources/978-1789143867">978-1789143867</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1980" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Anthony, ed. (1980). <i>Newspapers and Democracy: International Essays on a Changing Medium</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newspapers+and+Democracy%3A+International+Essays+on+a+Changing+Medium&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sousa, Jorge Pedro Sousa (Coord.); Maria do Carmo Castelo Branco; Mário Pinto; Sandra Tuna; Gabriel Silva; Eduardo Zilles Borba; Mônica Delicato; Carlos Duarte; Nair Silva; Patrícia Teixeira. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livroslabcom.ubi.pt/book/19">A Gazeta "da Restauração": Primeiro Periódico Português. Uma análise do discurso VOL. II — Reproduções</a></i>(2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-654-061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-654-061-6">978-989-654-061-6</a></li> <li>Walravens, Hartmut, ed. <i>Newspapers in Central And Eastern Europe</i> (2004) 251pp</li> <li>Williams, Kevin. <i>Read All About It!: A History of the British Newspaper</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0415346231/">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Newspaper&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewspaper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831221044/http://www.newstornado.com/map/">NewsTornado</a> – Worldwide Newspaper Circulation Map</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stars.library.ucf.edu/ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast/17/">Print Culture</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stars.library.ucf.edu/ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast/">A History of Central Florida Podcast</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/vanessa.otero.9619/posts/10155006385626062">Chart – Real and Fake News (2016)/Vanessa Otero</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708003907/http://www.allgeneralizationsarefalse.com/?p=65">basis</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boingboing.net/2016/12/14/an-attempt-to-chart-new-source.html">Mark Frauenfelder</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08/">Chart – Real and Fake News (2014)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08-2/">2016</a>)/<a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspaper_archives">Newspaper archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Newspaper archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu">Newspapercat – University of Florida Historical Digital Newspaper Catalog Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/">Historical newspapers from 1700s–Present</a>: <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newspaperarchive.com/">Historical newspaper database, from NewspaperARCHIVE.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers">More than 8m pages of Historic European newspapers</a> (Free)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/">Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers</a> from <a href="/wiki/National_Digital_Newspaper_Program" title="National Digital 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sleeve">Coffee cup sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cup" title="Paper cup">Paper cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hygiene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_tissue" title="Facial tissue">Facial tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napkin" title="Napkin">Napkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">Toilet paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wipe" title="Wet wipe">Wet wipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">Stationery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_stationery" title="Continuous stationery">Continuous stationery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">Greeting card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">Index card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_folder" title="Manila folder">Manila folder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">Postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-it_note" title="Post-it note">Post-it note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_card" title="Business card">Business card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passbook" title="Passbook">Passbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_card" title="Visiting card">Visiting card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingrain_wallpaper" title="Ingrain wallpaper">Ingrain wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_(picture_framing)" title="Mat (picture framing)">Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confetti" title="Confetti">Confetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_craft" title="Paper craft">Paper craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drink_coaster" title="Drink coaster">Drink coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filter paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_(document)" title="Form (document)">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_model" title="Paper model">Paper model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4067510-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99001641">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Journaux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119406699">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Journaux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119406699">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571004">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="noviny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115463&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000068153&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563889305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642998">NARA</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10635599">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=28151">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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