CINXE.COM
Pragmatic, Semantic and Sociopolitical Facets in TV News Subtitling | International Journal of Language and Literary Studies
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title> Pragmatic, Semantic and Sociopolitical Facets in TV News Subtitling | International Journal of Language and Literary Studies </title> <link rel="icon" href="https://ijlls.org/public/journals/1/favicon_en_US.png"> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.3.0.8"> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Merzouk Farahi"/> <meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-02"/> <meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-09-21"/> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-02"/> <meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2025-01-04"/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="Audiovisual translation has gained substantial attention over the past decade. Subtitling has played dynamic roles for all multimedia outlets, connecting narratives to a diverse global audience and allowing worldwide people to enjoy the same audiovisual experience. The current study focuses on a comprehensive scrutiny of pragmatic, semantic, and sociopolitical facets of televisual news interviews in ‘The Real News Network’ (2011-2012). The first underscores the political rift within the Democratic Party as well as between the Democrats and the Republicans while the second accentuates the presumed war on Iran trying to build a nuclear facility. The study aims to identify the effect of conversational implicature, cohesion, coherence, deixis, ambiguity, and figurative interpretation on the conveyance of connotative meaning in context, seeking to investigate the fluently elusive nature of news statements wherein ideologically bound microscopic language is operative. Part of the analysis equally aims to control the intricate hindrances encountered in the subtitling process. The study investigates the way cognitive, social, and ideological dimensions function in the process of subtitling TV news, adopting a critical discourse analysis method (Van Dijk, 1998). The data of the study which comprise a corpus of the interviews’ script and 379 subtitles were analysed to unveil the power of the devices implemented to accurately convey the intended beliefs. The findings which showed noteworthy discrepancies between the source and intended utterances can be valuable for audiovisual translators at large and for news subtitling specialists in particular. &nbsp;"/> <meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="1879"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.pageNumber" content="83-104"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.DOI" content="10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1879"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1879"/> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2024 Merzouk Farahi"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"/> <meta name="DC.Source" content="International Journal of Language and Literary Studies"/> <meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="2704-7156"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Issue" content="4"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Volume" content="6"/> <meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Discourse analysis; Pragmatic-semantic-sociopolitical facets; TV news subtitling; Rendition strategies."/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="Pragmatic, Semantic and Sociopolitical Facets in TV News Subtitling"/> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Serial.Journal"/> <meta name="DC.Type.articleType" content="Articles"/> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Language and Literary Studies"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="IJLLS"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2704-7156"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Merzouk Farahi"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Merzouk Farahi Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Pragmatic, Semantic and Sociopolitical Facets in TV News Subtitling: A Critical Discourse Analysis of American Televised Interviews in The Real News Network"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2024/11/02"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="6"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="83"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="104"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1879"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1879"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Discourse analysis; Pragmatic-semantic-sociopolitical facets; TV news subtitling; Rendition strategies."/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/download/1879/740"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/$$$call$$$/page/page/css?name=stylesheet" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/styles/fontawesome/fontawesome.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/basic/styles/stylesheet.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/plugins/generic/orcidProfile/css/orcidProfile.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /> </head> <body class="pkp_page_article pkp_op_view has_site_logo" dir="ltr"> <div class="pkp_structure_page"> <header class="pkp_structure_head" id="headerNavigationContainer" role="banner"> <nav class="cmp_skip_to_content" aria-label="Jump to content links"> <a href="#pkp_content_main">Skip to main content</a> <a href="#siteNav">Skip to main navigation menu</a> <a href="#pkp_content_footer">Skip to site footer</a> </nav> <div class="pkp_head_wrapper"> <div class="pkp_site_name_wrapper"> <button class="pkp_site_nav_toggle"> <span>Open Menu</span> </button> <div class="pkp_site_name"> <a href=" https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/index " class="is_img"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/public/journals/1/pageHeaderLogoImage_en_US.png" width="2000" height="597" /> </a> </div> </div> <nav class="pkp_site_nav_menu" aria-label="Site Navigation"> <a id="siteNav"></a> <div class="pkp_navigation_primary_row"> <div class="pkp_navigation_primary_wrapper"> <ul id="navigationPrimary" class="pkp_navigation_primary pkp_nav_list"> <li class=""> <a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/index"> Home </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about"> About </a> <ul> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about"> About the Journal </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/FocusandScope"> Focus and Scope </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/AbstractingandIndexing"> Abstracting and Indexing </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PublicationEthics"> Publication Ethics </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PublicationFrequency"> Publication Frequency </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/APC"> Article Processing Charges (APC) </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/privacy"> Privacy Statement </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/editorialTeam"> Editorial Team </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/current"> Current </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/archive"> Archives </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/announcement"> Announcements </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/Policies"> Policies </a> <ul> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/OpenAccessPolicy"> Open Access Policy </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/CopyrightandlicensingPolicy"> Copyright and licensing Policy </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PeerReviewProcess"> Peer Review Process </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PlagiarismPolicy"> Plagiarism Policy </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/DigitalArchivingPolicy"> Digital Archiving Policy </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions"> Submissions </a> </li> </ul> <div class="pkp_navigation_search_wrapper"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/search" class="pkp_search pkp_search_desktop"> <span class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></span> Search </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_navigation_user_wrapper" id="navigationUserWrapper"> <ul id="navigationUser" class="pkp_navigation_user pkp_nav_list"> <li class="profile"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/user/register"> Register </a> </li> <li class="profile"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/login"> Login </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div><!-- .pkp_head_wrapper --> </header><!-- .pkp_structure_head --> <div class="pkp_structure_content has_sidebar"> <div class="pkp_structure_main" role="main"> <a id="pkp_content_main"></a> <div class="page page_article"> <nav class="cmp_breadcrumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="You are here:"> <ol> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/index"> Home </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/archive"> Archives </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/view/27"> Vol. 6 No. 4 (2024): 2024 (4) In Press </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li class="current" aria-current="page"> <span aria-current="page"> Articles </span> </li> </ol> </nav> <article class="obj_article_details"> <h1 class="page_title"> Pragmatic, Semantic and Sociopolitical Facets in TV News Subtitling </h1> <h2 class="subtitle"> A Critical Discourse Analysis of American Televised Interviews in The Real News Network </h2> <section class="item doi"> <span class="value"> <em class="ai ai-doi ai-2x" style="color: orange;"><!-- icon --></em><a href="https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1879"> https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1879 </a> </span> </section> <div class="row"> <div class="main_entry"> <section class="item authors"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">Authors</h2> <ul class="authors"> <li> <span class="name"> Merzouk Farahi </span> <div class="email"> <a href="mailto:merzouk.farahi@usmba.ac.ma" >merzouk.farahi@usmba.ac.ma</a> </div> <span class="affiliation"> Merzouk Farahi Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes </span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="item keywords"> <h2 class="label"> Keywords: </h2> <span class="value"> Discourse analysis; Pragmatic-semantic-sociopolitical facets; TV news subtitling; Rendition strategies. </span> </section> <section class="item abstract"> <h2 class="label">Abstract</h2> <p><em>Audiovisual translation has gained substantial attention over the past decade. Subtitling has played dynamic roles for all multimedia outlets, connecting narratives to a diverse global audience and allowing worldwide people to enjoy the same audiovisual experience. The current study focuses on a comprehensive scrutiny of pragmatic, semantic, and sociopolitical facets of televisual news interviews in ‘The Real News Network’ (2011-2012). The first underscores the political rift within the Democratic Party as well as between the Democrats and the Republicans while the second accentuates the presumed war on Iran trying to build a nuclear facility. The study aims to identify the effect of conversational implicature, cohesion, coherence, deixis, ambiguity, and figurative interpretation on the conveyance of connotative meaning in context, seeking to investigate the fluently elusive nature of news statements wherein ideologically bound microscopic language is operative. Part of the analysis equally aims to control the intricate hindrances encountered in the subtitling process. The study investigates the way cognitive, social, and ideological dimensions function in the process of subtitling TV news, adopting a critical discourse analysis method</em><em> (Van Dijk, 1998)</em><em>. The data of the study which comprise a corpus of the interviews’ script and 379 subtitles were analysed to unveil the power of the devices implemented to accurately convey the intended beliefs. The findings which showed noteworthy discrepancies between the source and intended utterances can be valuable for audiovisual translators at large and for news subtitling specialists in particular. </em></p> </section> <div class="item downloads_chart"> <h3 class="label"> Downloads </h3> <div class="value"> <canvas class="usageStatsGraph" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="1879"></canvas> <div class="usageStatsUnavailable" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="1879"> Download data is not yet available. </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- .main_entry --> <div class="entry_details"> <div class="item galleys"> <ul class="value galleys_links"> <li> <a class="obj_galley_link pdf" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1879/740"> PDF </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="item published"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Published </h2> <div class="value"> <span>2024-11-02</span> </div> </section> </div> <div class="item citation"> <section class="sub_item citation_display"> <h2 class="label"> How to Cite </h2> <div class="value"> <div id="citationOutput" role="region" aria-live="polite"> <div class="csl-bib-body"> <div class="csl-entry">Farahi, M. (2024). Pragmatic, Semantic and Sociopolitical Facets in TV News Subtitling: A Critical Discourse Analysis of American Televised Interviews in The Real News Network. <i>International Journal of Language and Literary Studies</i>, <i>6</i>(4), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1879</div> </div> </div> <div class="citation_formats"> <button class="cmp_button citation_formats_button" aria-controls="cslCitationFormats" aria-expanded="false" data-csl-dropdown="true"> More Citation Formats </button> <div id="cslCitationFormats" class="citation_formats_list" aria-hidden="true"> <ul class="citation_formats_styles"> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788&return=json" > ACM </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788&return=json" > ACS </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788&return=json" > APA </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788&return=json" > ABNT </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788&return=json" > Chicago </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788&return=json" > Harvard </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788&return=json" > IEEE </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788&return=json" > MLA </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788&return=json" > Turabian </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788&return=json" > Vancouver </a> </li> </ul> <div class="label"> Download Citation </div> <ul class="citation_formats_styles"> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/download/ris?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788"> <span class="fa fa-download"></span> Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/download/bibtex?submissionId=1879&publicationId=1788"> <span class="fa fa-download"></span> BibTeX </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="item issue"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Issue </h2> <div class="value"> <a class="title" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/view/27"> Vol. 6 No. 4 (2024): 2024 (4) In Press </a> </div> </section> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Section </h2> <div class="value"> Articles </div> </section> </div> <div class="item copyright"> <div class="label"> Copyright & Licensing </div> <div class="value"> <p>Copyright (c) 2024 Merzouk Farahi</p> <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="//i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><p>This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div><!-- .entry_details --> </div><!-- .row --> </article> <div id="articlesBySameAuthorList"> </div> </div><!-- .page --> </div><!-- pkp_structure_main --> <div class="pkp_structure_sidebar left" role="complementary" aria-label="Sidebar"> <div class="pkp_block block_make_submission"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader"> Make a Submission </h2> <div class="content"> <a class="block_make_submission_link" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions"> Make a Submission </a> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_custom" id="customblock-pointofinterest"> <h2 class="title pkp_screen_reader">pointofinterest</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="content"> <ul> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <div><span class="title">POINTS OF INTEREST</span></div> <div class="content"> <ul> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about">About Journal</a></li> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/AbstractingandIndexing">Abstracting and Indexing</a></li> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions">Author Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/template.docs">Article Template</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_information"> <h2 class="title">Information</h2> <div class="content"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/information/readers"> For Readers </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/information/authors"> For Authors </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/information/librarians"> For Librarians </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_web_feed"> <h2 class="title">Current Issue</h2> <div class="content"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/atom"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/templates/images/atom.svg" alt="Atom logo"> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/rss2"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/templates/images/rss20_logo.svg" alt="RSS2 logo"> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/rss"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/templates/images/rss10_logo.svg" alt="RSS1 logo"> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_browse"> <h2 class="title"> Browse </h2> <nav class="content" role="navigation" aria-label="Browse"> <ul> </ul> </nav> </div><!-- .block_browse --> <div class="pkp_block block_custom" id="customblock-visitors"> <h2 class="title pkp_screen_reader">visitors</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="content bg-white text-center"> <p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/3fub"><img src="https://s11.flagcounter.com/count2/3fub/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_250/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_0/percent_0/" alt="Flag Counter" border="0"></a></p> <p>Visitor Statistics since 1 December 2020</p> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- pkp_sidebar.left --> </div><!-- pkp_structure_content --> <div class="pkp_structure_footer_wrapper" role="contentinfo"> <a id="pkp_content_footer"></a> <div class="pkp_structure_footer"> <div class="pkp_footer_content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Contact</h4> <p>International Journal of Language and Literary Studies <br />Rome, Italy.<br />editor@ijlls.org<br />http://ijlls.org</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Other Links</h4> <p><a href="http://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/editorialTeam">Editorial Board</a><br /><a href="http://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/EditorialPolicies">Editorial Policies</a><br /><a href="http://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions">Author Guidelines</a><br /><a href="https://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/privacy">Privacy statement</a></p> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Follow us</h4> <div class="text-center center-block"><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/IJLLS" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <em id="social-fb" class="fa fa-facebook-square fa-3x social"></em> </a> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/ijllsJ" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <em id="social-tw" class="fa fa-twitter-square fa-3x social"></em> </a> <em id="social-gp" class="fa fa-youtube-square fa-3x social"></em><a href="mailto:editor@ijlls.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <em id="social-em" class="fa fa-envelope-square fa-3x social"></em> </a></div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Publisher</h4> <p>© 2019-2021 Tawasul.</p> Tawasul International Centre for Publishing, Research and Dialogue. Rome, Italy.</div> </div> <hr /> <div class="row"> <div class=" text-left"> <p><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license"><img style="border-width: 0;" src="https://licensebuttons.net/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" alt="Creative Commons License" width="88" height="31" /></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_brand_footer" role="complementary"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/aboutThisPublishingSystem"> <img alt="More information about the publishing system, Platform and Workflow by OJS/PKP." src="https://ijlls.org/templates/images/ojs_brand.png"> </a> </div> </div> </div><!-- pkp_structure_footer_wrapper --> </div><!-- pkp_structure_page --> <script src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/components/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/components/jqueryui/jquery-ui.min.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/popper/popper.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/bootstrap/util.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/bootstrap/dropdown.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/main.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/generic/citationStyleLanguage/js/articleCitation.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">var pkpUsageStats = pkpUsageStats || {};pkpUsageStats.data = pkpUsageStats.data || {};pkpUsageStats.data.Submission = pkpUsageStats.data.Submission || {};pkpUsageStats.data.Submission[1879] = [];</script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Chart.js/2.0.1/Chart.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">var pkpUsageStats = pkpUsageStats || {};pkpUsageStats.locale = pkpUsageStats.locale || {};pkpUsageStats.locale.months = ["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"];pkpUsageStats.config = pkpUsageStats.config || {};pkpUsageStats.config.chartType = "bar";</script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/generic/usageStats/js/UsageStatsFrontendHandler.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>