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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Continuity_of_substance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bodily_substance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodily_substance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bodily substance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodily_substance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_substance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_substance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mental substance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_substance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuity_of_consciousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuity_of_consciousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Continuity of consciousness</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Continuity_of_consciousness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Continuity of consciousness subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Continuity_of_consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locke's_conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locke's_conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Locke's conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locke's_conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_intuition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_intuition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Philosophical intuition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_intuition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_continuity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_continuity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Psychological continuity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_continuity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity_continuum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity_continuum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Identity continuum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity_continuum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bundle_theory_of_the_self" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bundle_theory_of_the_self"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bundle theory of the self</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bundle_theory_of_the_self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No-self_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No-self_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>No-self theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No-self_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Experimental philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Experimental_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Experimental philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Experimental_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moral_self_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_self_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Moral self theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_self_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerical_and_qualitative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerical_and_qualitative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Numerical and qualitative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerical_and_qualitative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Continuity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Online articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Personal identity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هوية شخصية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوية شخصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99xsiyy%C9%99tin_eyniliyi" title="Şəxsiyyətin eyniliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəxsiyyətin eyniliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="شخصی کیملیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شخصی کیملیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Ідэнтычнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ідэнтычнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Самоличност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самоличност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitat_personal" title="Identitat personal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Identitat personal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95" title="Харкамлăх çавахлăхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Харкамлăх çавахлăхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personlig_identitet" title="Personlig identitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Personlig identitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isikuidentsus" title="Isikuidentsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isikuidentsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identidad_personal" title="Identidad personal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Identidad personal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identeco" title="Identeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Identeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="هویت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هویت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identit%C3%A9_personnelle" title="Identité personnelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Identité personnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B2%B4%EC%84%B1" title="정체성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정체성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osobni_identitet" title="Osobni identitet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osobni identitet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhlonzi_bomuntu" title="Ubuhlonzi bomuntu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubuhlonzi bomuntu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identit%C3%A0_personale" title="Identità personale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Identità personale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Тұлғалық идентити – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұлғалық идентити" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identit%C3%A8%C3%A8t" title="Identitèèt – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Identitèèt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoonsidentiteit" title="Persoonsidentiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Persoonsidentiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E3%81%AE%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7" title="人格の同一性 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人格の同一性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C5%BCsamo%C5%9B%C4%87_osobista" title="Tożsamość osobista – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tożsamość osobista" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identidade_pessoal" title="Identidade pessoal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Identidade pessoal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitate_personal%C4%83_(filozofie)" title="Identitate personală (filozofie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Identitate personală (filozofie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Тождество личности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тождество личности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Проблем личног идентитета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Проблем личног идентитета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personlig_identitet" title="Personlig identitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Personlig identitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அங்க அடையாளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அங்க அடையாளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Шәхси кемлек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шәхси кемлек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%9Fisel_kimlik" title="Kişisel kimlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kişisel kimlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_s%E1%BA%AFc_c%C3%A1_nh%C3%A2n" title="Bản sắc cá nhân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bản sắc cá nhân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7" title="人格同一性 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人格同一性" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7" title="人格同一性 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人格同一性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical idea of a person having a unique existence</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the topic in philosophy. For a person's self-identity or sense of self, see <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">Self-concept</a> and <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity (social science)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Personal identity (disambiguation)">Personal identity (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Identity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Identity (disambiguation)">Identity (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Self" title="Category:Self">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">The Self</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Constructs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">Self-knowledge (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">Self-image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">Self-concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-schema" title="Self-schema">Self-schema</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Theories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_basis_of_self" title="Neural basis of self">Neural basis of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-categorization_theory" title="Self-categorization theory">Self-categorization theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-perception_theory" title="Self-perception theory">Self-perception theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">Self-consciousness</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Value judgment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">True self and false self</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> As applied to activities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-assessment" title="Self-assessment">Self-assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">Self-efficacy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Interpersonal</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-disclosure" title="Self-disclosure">Self-disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concealment" title="Self-concealment">Self-concealment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Social</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Personal identity (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity (social science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Respectability_politics" title="Respectability politics">Respectability politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_identity" title="Political identity">Political identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_personal_identity" title="Right to personal identity">Right to personal identity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Self_sidebar" title="Template:Self sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Self_sidebar" title="Template talk:Self sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Self_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Self sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Personal identity</b> is the unique <a href="/wiki/Numerical_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical identity">numerical identity</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">person</a> over time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussions regarding personal identity typically aim to determine the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a person at one time and a person at another time can be said to be the <em>same</em> person, persisting through time. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, the <b>problem of personal identity</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is concerned with how one is able to identify a single person over a time interval, dealing with such questions as, "What makes it true that a person at one time is the same thing as a person at another time?" or "What kinds of things are we persons?" </p><p>In contemporary <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, the matter of personal identity is referred to as the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diachronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:diachronic">diachronic</a> problem</i> of personal identity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synchronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:synchronic">synchronic</a> problem</i> concerns the question of what features and traits characterize a person at a given time. <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental philosophy</a> both inquire about the nature of identity. Continental philosophy deals with conceptually maintaining identity when confronted by different philosophic <a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">propositions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postulate">postulates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">presuppositions</a> about the world and its nature.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuity_of_substance"><a href="/wiki/Continuity_equation" title="Continuity equation">Continuity</a> of substance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Continuity of substance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodily_substance">Bodily substance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bodily substance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Further_facts" title="Further facts">Further facts</a></div> <p>One way to explain how persons persist over time is to say that identity consists in physical or bodily continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are problems with this view. As the <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus" title="Ship of Theseus">Ship of Theseus</a> thought experiment illustrates, even for inanimate objects there are difficulties in determining whether one physical body at one time is the same thing as a physical body at another time. With humans, over time our bodies age and grow, losing and gaining matter, and over sufficient years will not consist of most of the matter they once consisted of. It is thus problematic to ground the persistence of personal identity over time in the continuous existence of our bodies. Nevertheless, this approach has its supporters, who define humans as biological organisms. They <a href="/wiki/Logical_assertion" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical assertion">assert</a> the <a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">proposition</a> that a <a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">psychological relation</a> is not necessary for personal continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This personal identity <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> assumes the <a href="/wiki/Relational_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational theory">relational theory</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">life-sustaining processes</a> instead of bodily continuity. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Teletransportation_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletransportation problem">teletransportation problem</a> proposed by <a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a> is designed to bring out <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (philosophy)">intuitions</a> about corporeal continuity. The thought experiment discusses cases in which a person is <a href="/wiki/Teleported" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleported">teleported</a> from Earth to Mars. Ultimately, the inability to specify where on a spectrum the transmitted person stops being identical to the initial person on Earth appears to show that having a numerically identical physical body is not the criterion for personal identity.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_substance">Mental substance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mental substance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mind-body_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind-body dualism">Mind-body dualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">Pluralism (philosophy)</a></div> <p>In another concept of <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>, the set of <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive faculties</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are considered to consist of an <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">immaterial substance</a>, separate from and independent of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a person is then identified with their mind, rather than their body—if a person is considered to <em>be</em> their mind—and their mind is such a non-physical substance, then personal identity over time may be grounded in the persistence of this non-physical substance, despite the continuous change in the substance of the body it is associated with. </p><p>The mind-body problem<sup id="cite_ref-Descartes1641_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descartes1641-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Young_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lagerlund_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagerlund-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concerns the explanation of the relationship, if any, that exists between minds, or <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">mental processes</a>, and bodily states or processes. One of the aims of philosophers who work in this area is to explain how a non-material mind can influence a material body and vice versa. </p><p>This is controversial and problematic, and adopting it as a solution raises questions. <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perceptual</a> experiences depend on <a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">stimuli</a> which arrive at various <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">sensory organs</a> from the external world and these stimuli cause changes in <a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">mental states</a>; ultimately causing <a href="/wiki/Sensation_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensation (psychology)">sensation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">desire</a> for food, for example, will tend to cause a person to move their body in a manner and in a direction to obtain food. The question, then, is how it can be possible for conscious experiences to arise out of an organ (the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a>) possessing electrochemical properties. A related problem is to explain how <a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitude" title="Propositional attitude">propositional attitudes</a> (e.g. beliefs and desires) can cause <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> of the brain to fire and muscles to contract in the correct manner. These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophers of mind</a> from at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuity_of_consciousness">Continuity of consciousness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Continuity of consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locke's_conception"><span id="Locke.27s_conception"></span>Locke's conception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Locke's conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locke_Essay_1690.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Locke_Essay_1690.jpg/220px-Locke_Essay_1690.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Locke_Essay_1690.jpg/330px-Locke_Essay_1690.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Locke_Essay_1690.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i> in four books (1690) by <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1632–1704)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> considered personal identity (or the <a href="/wiki/Self_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self (philosophy)">self</a>) to be founded on <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> (viz. <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>), and not on the <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a> of either the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 27 of Book II of his <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i> (1689), entitled "On Identity and Diversity", has been said to be one of the first modern conceptualizations of consciousness as the repeated self-identification of <a href="/wiki/Self_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self (philosophy)">oneself</a>. Through this identification, <a href="/wiki/Moral_responsibility" title="Moral responsibility">moral responsibility</a> could be attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a> and punishment and <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a> could be justified, as critics such as <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> would point out. </p><p>According to Locke, personal identity (the self) "depends on consciousness, not on substance" nor on the soul. We are the same person to the extent that we are conscious of the past and future thoughts and actions in the same way as we are conscious of present thoughts and actions. If consciousness is this "thought" which "goes along with the substance…which makes the same person," then personal identity is only founded on the repeated act of consciousness: "This may show us wherein personal identity consists: not in the identity of substance, but…in the identity of consciousness." For example, one may claim to be a <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> of Plato, therefore having the same soul substance. One would be the same person as Plato only if one had the same consciousness of Plato's thoughts and actions that he himself did. Therefore, self-identity is not based on the soul. One soul may have various personalities. </p><p>Neither is self-identity founded on the body substance, argues Locke, as the body may change while the person remains the same. Even the identity of animals is not founded on their body: "animal identity is preserved in identity of life, and not of substance," as the body of the animal grows and changes during its life. On the other hand, identity of humans is based on their consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This border case leads to this problematic thought that since personal identity is based on consciousness, and only oneself can be aware of one's consciousness, exterior human judges may never know if they are really judging—and punishing—the same person, or simply the same body. In other words, Locke argues that one may be judged only for the acts of the body, as this is what is apparent to all but God. We are only responsible for the acts of which we are conscious. This forms the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">insanity defense</a>—one cannot be held accountable for acts of which one was <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">unconscious</a>—and therefore leads to philosophical questions: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>personal identity consists [not in the identity of substance] but in the identity of consciousness, wherein if Socrates and the present mayor of Queenborough agree, they are the same person: if the same Socrates waking and sleeping do not partake of the same consciousness, Socrates waking and sleeping is not the same person. And to punish Socrates waking for what sleeping Socrates thought, and waking Socrates was never conscious of, would be no more right, than to punish one twin for what his brother-twin did, whereof he knew nothing, because their outsides were so like, that they could not be distinguished; for such twins have been seen.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Or again: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>PERSON, as I take it, is the name for this self. Wherever a man finds what he calls himself, there, I think, another may say is the same person. It is a forensic term, appropriating actions and their merit; and so belong only to intelligent agents, capable of a law, and happiness, and misery. This personality extends itself beyond present existence to what is past, only by consciousness,—whereby it becomes concerned and accountable; owns and imputes to itself past actions, just upon the same ground and for the same reason as it does the present. All which is founded in a concern for happiness, the unavoidable concomitant of consciousness; that which is conscious of pleasure and pain, desiring that that self that is conscious should be happy. And therefore whatever past actions it cannot reconcile or APPROPRIATE to that present self by consciousness, it can be no more concerned in it than if they had never been done: and to receive pleasure or pain, i.e. reward or punishment, on the account of any such action, is all one as to be made happy or miserable in its first being, without any demerit at all. For, supposing a MAN punished now for what he had done in another life, whereof he could be made to have no consciousness at all, what difference is there between that punishment and being CREATED miserable? And therefore, conformable to this, the apostle tells us, that, at the great day, when every one shall 'receive according to his doings, the secrets of all hearts shall be laid open.' The sentence shall be justified by the consciousness all person shall have, that THEY THEMSELVES, in what bodies soever they appear, or what substances soever that consciousness adheres to, are the SAME that committed those actions, and deserve that punishment for them.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Henceforth, Locke's conception of personal identity founds it not on the substance or the body, but in the "same continued consciousness", which is also distinct from the soul since the soul may have no consciousness of itself (as in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>). He creates a third term between the soul and the body. For Locke, the body may change, while consciousness remains the same.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, personal identity, for Locke, is not in the body but in consciousness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_intuition">Philosophical intuition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophical intuition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a> presents a thought experiment appealing to the <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (philosophy)">intuitions</a> about what it is to be the same person in the <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thought experiment consists of two approaches to the same experiment. </p><p>For the <i>first approach</i> Williams suggests that suppose that there is some process by which subjecting two persons to it can result in the two persons have "<a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">exchanged</a>" bodies. The process has put into the body of person B the <a href="/wiki/Memories" class="mw-redirect" title="Memories">memories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dispositional_affect" title="Dispositional affect">behavioral dispositions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits" title="Big Five personality traits">psychological characteristics</a> of the person who prior to undergoing the process belonged to <a href="/wiki/Research_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Research subject">person A</a>; and conversely with <a href="/wiki/Research_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Research subject">person B</a>. To show this one is to suppose that before undergoing the process person A and B are asked to which resulting person, A-Body-Person or B-Body-Person, they wish to receive a punishment and which a reward. Upon undergoing the process and receiving either the punishment or reward, it appears to that A-Body-Person expresses the memories of choosing who gets which treatment as if that person was person B; conversely with B-Body-Person. </p><p>This sort of approach to the thought experiment appears to show that since the person who expresses the psychological characteristics of person A to be person A, then intuition is that <i>psychological continuity</i> is the criterion for personal identity. </p><p>The <i>second approach</i> is to suppose that someone is told that one will have <a href="/wiki/Memory_erasure" title="Memory erasure">memories erased</a> and then one will be <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a>. Does one need to be <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">afraid</a> of being tortured? The intuition is that people will be afraid of being tortured, since it will still be one despite not having one's memories. Next, Williams asked one to consider several similar <a href="/wiki/Scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenarios">scenarios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intuition is that in all the scenarios one is to be afraid of being tortured, that it is still one's self despite having one's memories erased and receiving new memories. The last scenario is <a href="/wiki/Law_of_identity" title="Law of identity">identical</a> to the first.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first approach, intuition is to show that one's <i>psychological continuity</i> is the criterion for personal identity, but in second approach, intuition is that it is one's <i>bodily continuity</i> that is the criterion for personal identity. To resolve this conflict Williams feels one's intuition in the second approach is stronger and if he was given the choice of distributing a punishment and a reward he would want his body-person to receive the reward and the other body-person to receive the punishment, even if that other body-person has his memories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_continuity">Psychological continuity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Psychological continuity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, personal continuity, also called <b>personal persistence</b> or <b>self-continuity</b>, is the uninterrupted connection concerning a particular person of their private life and <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a>. Personal continuity is the union affecting the facets arising from personality in order to avoid <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/discontinuity" class="extiw" title="wikt:discontinuity">discontinuities</a> from one moment of <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> to another time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personal continuity is an important part of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>; this is the process of ensuring that the qualities of the mind, such as <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapience" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapience">sapience</a>, and the ability to <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceive</a> the relationship between oneself and one's environment, are consistent from one moment to the next. Personal continuity is the property of a continuous and connected period of time<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is intimately related to do with a person's body or physical being in a single <a href="/wiki/Four-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-dimensional">four-dimensional</a> <a href="/wiki/Continuum_(measurement)" title="Continuum (measurement)">continuum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Associationism" title="Associationism">Associationism</a>, a theory of how ideas combine in the mind, allows events or views to be associated with each other in the mind, thus leading to a form of learning. Associations can result from <a href="/wiki/Contiguity_(psychology)" title="Contiguity (psychology)">contiguity</a>, similarity, or contrast. Through contiguity, one associates ideas or events that usually happen to occur at the same time. Some of these events form an <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_memory" title="Autobiographical memory">autobiographical memory</a> in which each is a personal representation of the general or specific events and personal facts. </p><p>Ego integrity is the psychological concept of the <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego,_and_super-ego#Ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego, and super-ego">ego</a>'s accumulated assurance of its capacity for order and meaning. Ego identity is the accrued <a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">confidence</a> that the inner <a href="/wiki/Sameness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sameness">sameness</a> and continuity prepared in the past are matched by the sameness and continuity of one's meaning for others, as evidenced in the promise of a career. <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">Body and ego</a> control organ expressions<sup id="cite_ref-PersonalityCritical_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PersonalityCritical-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the other attributes of the dynamics of a physical system to face the <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ego_death" title="Ego death">ego death</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in circumstances which can summon, sometimes, anti-<a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonymistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Abandonment_(existentialism)" title="Abandonment (existentialism)">self-abandonment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PersonalityCritical_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PersonalityCritical-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity_continuum">Identity continuum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Identity continuum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Self-discovery" title="Self-discovery">Self-discovery</a></div> <p>It has been argued from the nature of <a href="/wiki/Sensation_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensation (psychology)">sensations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a> that there is no such thing as a permanent identity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel Shapiro asserts that one of four major views on identity does not recognize a "permanent identity" and instead thinks of "thoughts without a thinker"—"a consciousness shell with drifting emotions and thoughts but no essence". According to him this view is based on the Buddhist concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">anatta</a></i>, "a continuously evolving flow of awareness."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_David_Eckel" title="Malcolm David Eckel">Malcolm David Eckel</a> states that "the self changes at every moment and has no permanent identity"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—it is a "constant process of changing or becoming;" a "fluid ever-changing self."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bundle_theory_of_the_self">Bundle theory of the self</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bundle theory of the self"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature_by_David_Hume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature_by_David_Hume.jpg/220px-A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature_by_David_Hume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature_by_David_Hume.jpg/330px-A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature_by_David_Hume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature_by_David_Hume.jpg/440px-A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature_by_David_Hume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>A Treatise Of Human Nature: Being An Attempt To Introduce The Experimental Method Of Reasoning Into Moral Subjects</i>. For John Noon, 1739</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> undertook looking at the <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body problem</a>. Hume also investigated a person's character, the relationship between human and animal nature, and the nature of <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency</a>. Hume pointed out that we tend to think that we are the same person we were five years ago. Though we've changed in many respects, the same person appears present now as was present then. We might start thinking about which features can be changed without changing the underlying self. Hume denied a distinction between the various features of a person and the mysterious self that supposedly bears those features. When we begin <a href="/wiki/Introspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Introspect">introspecting</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>[We] always stumble on some particular perception or other.… I may venture to affirm of the rest of mankind, that they are nothing but a <a href="/wiki/Bundle_theory" title="Bundle theory">bundle</a> or collection of different perceptions which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity and are in perpetual flux and movement.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>It is plain, that in the course of our thinking, and in the constant revolution of our ideas, our imagination runs easily from one idea to any other that resembles it, and that this quality alone is to the fancy a sufficient bond and association. It is likewise evident that as the senses, in changing their objects, are necessitated to change them regularly, and take them as they lie contiguous to each other, the imagination must by long custom acquire the same method of thinking, and run along the parts of space and time in conceiving its objects.<sup id="cite_ref-bond-of-union_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond-of-union-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Note in particular that, in Hume's view, these perceptions do not <i>belong to</i> anything. Hume, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compares the soul to a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth#Etymology" title="Commonwealth">commonwealth</a>, which retains its identity not by virtue of some enduring core substance, but by being composed of many different, related, and yet <a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">constantly changing elements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of personal identity then becomes a matter of characterizing the <a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(computer_science)" title="Cohesion (computer science)">loose cohesion</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of one's personal experience.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In short, what matters for Hume is not that 'identity' exists, but the fact that the relations of causation, contiguity, and resemblances obtain among the perceptions. <a href="/wiki/Bundle_theory#Compresence_objection" title="Bundle theory">Critics</a> of Hume state that in order for the various states and processes of the mind to seem unified, there must be something which perceives their unity, the existence of which would be no less mysterious than a personal identity. Hume solves this by considering substance as engendered by the <i>togetherness</i> of its properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="No-self_theory">No-self theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: No-self theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy#Self-theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left anarchy § Self-theory</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a>.</div> <p>The "no-self theory" holds that the self <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">cannot be reduced</a> to a bundle because the concept of a self is incompatible with the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Bundle_theory" title="Bundle theory">bundle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Propositionally</a>, the idea of a bundle implies the notion of bodily or psychological relations that do not in fact exist. <a href="/wiki/James_Giles_(philosopher)" title="James Giles (philosopher)">James Giles</a>, a principal exponent of this view, argues that the <i>no-self</i> or <i>eliminativist theory</i> and the bundle or <a href="/wiki/Reductionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductionist">reductionist</a> theory agree about the non-existence of a <a href="/wiki/Substantive" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive">substantive</a> self. The reductionist theory, according to Giles, mistakenly resurrects the idea<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the self<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in terms of various accounts about <a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">psychological relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The no-self theory, on the other hand, "lets the self lie where it has fallen".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because the no-self theory rejects all theories of the self, even the bundle theory. On Giles' reading, Hume is actually a no-self theorist and it is a mistake to attribute to him a reductionist view like the bundle theory. Hume's <a href="/wiki/Speech_act#Classifying_illocutionary_speech_acts" title="Speech act">assertion</a> that personal identity is a <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> supports this reading, according to Giles. </p><p>The Buddhist view of personal identity is also a no-self theory rather than a reductionist theory, because <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a> rejects attempts to <a href="/wiki/Anatta#Developing_the_self" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">reconstructions in terms of consciousness, feelings, or the body in notions of an eternal/permanent, unchanging Self</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since our thoughts, personalities and bodies are never the same from moment to moment, as specifically explained in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to this line of criticism, the <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">sense of self</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Biocultural_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocultural evolution">evolutionary artifact</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which saves time in the circumstances it evolved for. But sense of self breaks down when considering some events such as <a href="/wiki/Memory_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory loss">memory loss</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">dissociative identity disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When presented with <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">imperfections</a> in the intuitive sense of self and the consequences to this concept which rely on the <a href="/wiki/Strictly_positive_measure" title="Strictly positive measure">strict concept</a> of self, a tendency to <a href="/wiki/Thesis,_antithesis,_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesis, antithesis, synthesis">mend the concept</a> occurs, possibly because of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Open_individualism" title="Open individualism">Open individualism</a> is a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kolak" title="Daniel Kolak">Daniel Kolak</a> that refers to the view in the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">philosophy of self</a> that there exists only one numerically <a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">identical</a> <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a>, who is everyone at all times, in the past, present and future.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 617">: 617 </span></sup> It is a theoretical solution to the question of personal identity, being contrasted with "Empty individualism", the view that personal identities correspond to a fixed pattern that instantaneously disappears with the passage of time, and "Closed individualism", the common view that personal identities are particular to subjects and yet survive over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: xxii">: xxii </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_philosophy">Experimental philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Experimental philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Personal_identity#Disputed" title="Talk:Personal identity">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the 21st century, philosophers have also been using the methods of psychological science to better understand philosophical intuitions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This empirical approach to philosophy is known as <a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a> or "xPhi" for short. Studies in xPhi have found various psychological factors predict variance even in philosophers views about personal identity.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_self_theory">Moral self theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Moral self theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Findings from xPhi suggest that moral intuitions may have a major influence on our intuitions about personal identity. For example, some experimental philosophers have found that when a person undergoes a dramatic change (e.g., traumatic brain injury), people are less likely to think that the person is the "same" after their dramatic change if the person became morally worse (as opposed to morally better).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data like this support the "moral self hypothesis", that "moral traits are essential" to personal identity,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some going as far as saying that, "When someone undergoes dramatic mental change, their numerical identity—whether they're the same person as they were before—can seem to become disrupted". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerical_and_qualitative">Numerical and qualitative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Numerical and qualitative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the direction of change (e.g., moral improvement vs. moral deterioration) has been found to cause substantial shifts in peoples' judgments about personal identity, multiple studies find that none of these shifts constitute thinking that someone is numerically non-identical to the person they were before the change—such that the person before the change is one person and the person after the change is an entirely separate second person: when people were asked how many people are described in cases of dramatic moral change, the vast majority of answers were "one" (rather than two or more).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aligns with more recent evidence that these shifts in intuitions about personal identity are about qualitative identity (i.e., how similar one is to a prior version of themselves) rather than numerical identity (i.e., whether there are two or more people described by cases in which a person undergoes a dramatic change).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a> – Concept in philosophy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_personal_identity" title="Right to personal identity">Right to personal identity</a> – human right<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity">Identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract and concrete</a> – Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity and change">Identity and change</a> – Study of fundamental reality<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_identity" title="Nominal identity">Nominal identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_individualism" title="Open individualism">Open individualism</a> – Philosophical view that a single subject embodies all individuals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life" title="Personal life">Personal life</a> – Course or state of an individual's life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertiginous_question" title="Vertiginous question">Vertiginous question</a> – Philosophical argument by Benj Hellie</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuity">Continuity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Continuity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a> – Japanese Zen buddhist teacher (1200-1253)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbian_theory" title="Hebbian theory">Hebbian theory</a> – Neuroscientific theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information-theoretic_death" title="Information-theoretic death">Information-theoretic death</a> – Term of art in cryonics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a> – Cultural idea which spreads through imitation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a> – Buddhist concept of continuity of mind</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noumenon" title="Noumenon">Noumenon</a> – Object or event that exists independently of the senses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a> – Ability of the brain to continuously change (<a href="/wiki/Spike-timing-dependent_plasticity" title="Spike-timing-dependent plasticity">Spike-timing-dependent plasticity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a> – Theory that an object does not exist except only as different "time slices"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a> – Fundamental Buddhist teaching otherwise known as dependent origination</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process philosophy</a> – Philosophical approach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a> – Jungian concept of the meaningfulness of acausal coincidences</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_language_learning" title="Identity and language learning">Identity and language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Metaphysical necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otium" title="Otium">Otium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_system" title="Gender system">Gender system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Persistence_of_Memory_(short_story)" title="The Persistence of Memory (short story)">The Persistence of Memory (short story)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Persistence_of_Memory" title="The Persistence of Memory">The Persistence of Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Διαχρονικός</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Diachronikos</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_syllogism" title="Disjunctive syllogism">Disjunctive syllogism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affirming_a_disjunct" title="Affirming a disjunct">Affirming a disjunct</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proof_by_assertion" title="Proof by assertion">Proof by assertion</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Those faculties that enable <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinking">thinking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">judgement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This may be pleasant, unpleasant, or <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(philosophy)" title="Neutrality (philosophy)">neutral</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Take for example a prince's mind which enters the body of a cobbler: to all exterior eyes, the cobbler would remain a cobbler. But to the prince himself, the cobbler would be himself, as he would be conscious of the prince's thoughts and acts, and not those of the cobbler. A prince's consciousness in a cobbler's body: thus the cobbler is, in fact, a prince.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The synoptical collage of an event or series of actions and events are: <ul><li>One has memories erased, and are given new <a href="/wiki/False_memory" title="False memory">"fake" memories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a>), and then one is to be tortured;</li> <li>have one's memories erased, are given copies of another's memories, and then are to be tortured;</li> <li>have one's memories erased, are given another's genuine memories, and then one is to be tortured;</li> <li>have one's memories erased, are given another's genuine memories, that person is given one's memories, and then one is to be tortured.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the supposed superfluous information included in the last scenario.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more, see: <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/Structural_cohesion" title="Structural cohesion">structural cohesion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Appendix to the <i>Treatise</i>, Hume stated that he was dissatisfied with his account of the self, yet he never returned to the issue.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">And, presumably, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/Psychological_entropy" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological entropy">Psychological entropy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">Phenotypic traits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_artifact" class="mw-redirect" title="Social artifact">Social artifact</a>), <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a>), <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Criticism of evolutionary psychology">criticism of evolutionary psychology</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though, this does not address the <i>loose cohesion of self</i> and other similar <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> views.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/">Personal Identity</a> (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity/">Identity</a> (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/person-i/">"Personal Identity - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <i>www.iep.utm.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903032724/http://www.iep.utm.edu/person-i/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iep.utm.edu&rft.atitle=Personal+Identity+-+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fperson-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding; Volumes 1–3. By <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Self and Subjectivity; "Identity, Sex, and the Metaphysics of Substance". Edited by Kim Atkins. p257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultural Theory: An Anthology. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Imre_Szeman" title="Imre Szeman">Imre Szeman</a>, Timothy Kaposy. p481. "Identity, Sex, and the Metaphysics of Substance"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2023" class="citation cs2">Olson, Eric T. (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2023/entries/identity-personal/">"Personal Identity"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+Identity&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2023&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Eric+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2023%2Fentries%2Fidentity-personal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_T._Olson_(philosopher)" title="Eric T. Olson (philosopher)">Olson, Eric T.</a> 1997. <i>The Human Animal: Personal Identity Without Psychology</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_T._Olson_(philosopher)" title="Eric T. Olson (philosopher)">Olson, Eric T.</a> 2007. <i>What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Durante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Durante (page does not exist)">Durante, Chris</a>. 2013. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophynow.org/issues/97/A_Philosophical_Identity_Crisis">A Philosophical Identity Crisis</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Now" title="Philosophy Now">Philosophy Now</a></i> 97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806075708/http://philosophynow.org/issues/97/A_Philosophical_Identity_Crisis">Archived</a> 2013-08-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Going&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Going (page does not exist)">Going, Jonathan</a>. 1835. <i>The Christian Library</i>, Vols. 3-4. p. 786+. <a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aOkWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA803">p. 803</a>: "Now all would believe in the separate existence of the soul if they had experience of its existing apart from the body. But the facts referred to proves that it does exist apart from one body with which it once was united, and though it is in union with another, yet as it is not adherent to the same, it is shown to have an existence separate from, and independent of that body."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Descartes1641-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Descartes1641_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDescartes,_R.2008" class="citation book cs1">Descartes, R. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meditationsonfir0000desc"><i>Meditations on First Philosophy</i></a></span> (Michael Moriarity translation of 1641 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191604942" title="Special:BookSources/9780191604942"><bdi>9780191604942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditations+on+First+Philosophy&rft.edition=Michael+Moriarity+translation+of+1641&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780191604942&rft.au=Descartes%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeditationsonfir0000desc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_M._Young1996" class="citation book cs1">Robert M. Young (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://human-nature.com/rmyoung/papers/pap102h.html">"The mind-body problem"</a>. In RC Olby; GN Cantor; JR Christie; MJS Hodges (eds.). <i>Companion to the History of Modern Science</i> (Paperback reprint of Routledge 1990 ed.). Taylor and Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">702–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415145783" title="Special:BookSources/0415145783"><bdi>0415145783</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614061431/http://human-nature.com/rmyoung/papers/pap102h.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+mind-body+problem&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+History+of+Modern+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E702-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.edition=Paperback+reprint+of+Routledge+1990&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0415145783&rft.au=Robert+M.+Young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhuman-nature.com%2Frmyoung%2Fpapers%2Fpap102h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Howard2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robinson, Howard (Nov 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/dualism/">"Dualism"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dualism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Winter+2011+Edition%29&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2011%2Fentries%2Fdualism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagerlund-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lagerlund_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenrik_Lagerlund2010" class="citation book cs1">Henrik Lagerlund (2010). "Introduction". In Henrik Lagerlund (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IV-dcQAACAAJ"><i>Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment</i></a> (Paperback reprint of 2007 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9048175307" title="Special:BookSources/978-9048175307"><bdi>978-9048175307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Forming+the+Mind%3A+Essays+on+the+Internal+Senses+and+the+Mind%2FBody+Problem+from+Avicenna+to+the+Medical+Enlightenment&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=Paperback+reprint+of+2007&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9048175307&rft.au=Henrik+Lagerlund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIV-dcQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Locke, John. <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i>, Vols 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10615/10615-h/10615-h.htm#link2HCH0030">"An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, Volume I., by John Locke"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Essay+Concerning+Humane+Understanding%2C+Volume+I.%2C+by+John+Locke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F10615%2F10615-h%2F10615-h.htm%23link2HCH0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica. Volume 18. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Hugh Chisholm</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IycqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225">p225</a>+253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNimbalkar2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nimbalkar, N (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115296">"John locke on personal identity"</a>. <i>Mens Sana Monogr</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">268–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-1229.77443">10.4103/0973-1229.77443</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115296">3115296</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21694978">21694978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mens+Sana+Monogr&rft.atitle=John+locke+on+personal+identity&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3115296%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21694978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0973-1229.77443&rft.aulast=Nimbalkar&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3115296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Bernard. 1970. "The Self and the Future." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophical_Review" title="The Philosophical Review">Philosophical Review</a></i> 79(2):161–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frost, Martin. March 2009. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/mar2009/identity-self-image.html">Identity and self-image</a>." <i>martinfrost.ws</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827233126/http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/mar2009/identity-self-image.html">Archived</a> 2013-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1739" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume, David</a> (1739). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4705/pg4705-images.html#link2H_4_0079">"Of contiguity and distance in space and time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i>. Book 2, part 3, § 7, pp. 427, 432.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+contiguity+and+distance+in+space+and+time&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+of+Human+Nature&rft.pages=Book-2%2C+part-3%2C+%C2%A7-7%2C+pp.-427%2C-432&rft.date=1739&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F4705%2Fpg4705-images.html%23link2H_4_0079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Locke, John. "On Identity and Diversity." Ch. 27 in <i>An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</i> 1-3. pp. 46, 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens, Anthony</a>. 1990. "Modernity, Time, Space." In <i>The Consequences of Modernity</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PersonalityCritical-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PersonalityCritical_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PersonalityCritical_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_A._Pervin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence A. Pervin (page does not exist)">Pervin, Lawrence A.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cary_Cooper" title="Cary Cooper">Cary L. Cooper</a>, eds. <i>Personality: Critical Concepts</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thinking Bodies. Edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juliet_Flower_MacCannell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juliet Flower MacCannell (page does not exist)">Juliet Flower MacCannell</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Zakarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Zakarin (page does not exist)">Laura Zakarin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaudsley1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudsley" title="Henry Maudsley">Maudsley, Henry</a> (1884) [1883]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bodywillbeingess00mauduoft?view=theater"><i>Body and will: Metaphysical, physiological, and pathological aspects</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Body+and+will%3A+Metaphysical%2C+physiological%2C+and+pathological+aspects&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Maudsley&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbodywillbeingess00mauduoft%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner, Rudolf</a> (1968) [1909]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Steiner4Temperaments?view=theater"><i>The four temperaments</i></a>. Translated by Dawson, Frances E. (2nd ed.). Anthroposophic Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68023910">68023910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+four+temperaments&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Anthroposophic+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68023910&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSteiner4Temperaments%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Law" title="The Book of the Law">The Book of the Law</a>, or <i>Liber AL vel Legis</i>. By <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aiwass" title="Aiwass">Aiwass</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Dartington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Dartington (page does not exist)">Dartington, Tim</a>. <i>Managing Vulnerability: The Underlying Dynamics of Systems of Care</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_B._Ashford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José B. Ashford (page does not exist)">Ashford, José B.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Craig_Winston_LeCroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Craig Winston LeCroy (page does not exist)">Craig Winston LeCroy</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathy_L._Lortie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathy L. Lortie (page does not exist)">Kathy L. Lortie</a>. <i>Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Multidimensional Perspective</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Pierre_de_Caussade" title="Jean Pierre de Caussade">de Caussade, Jean-Pierre</a>. <i>Abandonment to Divine Providence</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James, William</a>. 1890. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_Psychology" title="The Principles of Psychology">The Principles of Psychology</a></i>, Vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donna_Cohen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donna Cohen (page does not exist)">Cohen, Donna</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Eisdorfer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Eisdorfer (page does not exist)">Carl Eisdorfer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YzkWTEtNq8C"><i>The Loss of Self</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J_Mahar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. J Mahar (page does not exist)">Mahar, A. J.</a> <i>The Legacy of Abandonment in Borderline Personality Disorder</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">Narayan, R. K.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guide" title="The Guide">The Guide</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquharGleig1797" class="citation book cs1">MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encbritannica11macf"><i>Encyclopædia britannica: or, A dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature</i></a>. A. Bell and C. 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Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101626962" title="Special:BookSources/9781101626962"><bdi>9781101626962</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504232258/https://books.google.de/books?id=nmdYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT83">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+the+Nonnegotiable%3A+How+to+Resolve+Your+Most+Emotionally+Charged+Conflicts&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.isbn=9781101626962&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnmdYCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckel2002" class="citation book cs1">Eckel, Malcolm David (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismoriginsb0000ecke"><i>Buddhism: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred Places</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195219074" title="Special:BookSources/9780195219074"><bdi>9780195219074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Origins%2C+Beliefs%2C+Practices%2C+Holy+Texts%2C+Sacred+Places&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780195219074&rft.aulast=Eckel&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhismoriginsb0000ecke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderPiersonBugental2014" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Kirk J.; Pierson, J. Fraser; Bugental, James F. T. (2014-02-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUcXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116"><i>The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice</i></a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483322827" title="Special:BookSources/9781483322827"><bdi>9781483322827</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116190737/https://books.google.de/books?id=vUcXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Humanistic+Psychology%3A+Theory%2C+Research%2C+and+Practice&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.isbn=9781483322827&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Kirk+J.&rft.au=Pierson%2C+J.+Fraser&rft.au=Bugental%2C+James+F.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUcXBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1739" class="citation book cs1">Hume, David (1739). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4705/pg4705-images.html#link2H_4_0043">"Of personal identity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i>. Book 1, part 4, § 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+personal+identity&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+of+Human+Nature&rft.pages=Book-1%2C+part-4%2C+%C2%A7-6&rft.date=1739&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F4705%2Fpg4705-images.html%23link2H_4_0043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bond-of-union-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bond-of-union_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1739" class="citation book cs1">Hume, David (1739). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4705/pg4705-images.html#link2H_4_0009">"Of the connexion or association of ideas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i>. Book 1, part 1, § 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+the+connexion+or+association+of+ideas&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+of+Human+Nature&rft.pages=Book-1%2C+part-1%2C+%C2%A7-4&rft.date=1739&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F4705%2Fpg4705-images.html%23link2H_4_0009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_Ross" title="Nancy Wilson Ross">Ross, Nancy Wilson</a>. <i>Buddhism: Way of Life & Thought</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eqdbDZaW1QAC&pg=PA29">p. 29</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1739" class="citation book cs1">Hume, David (1739). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4705/pg4705-images.html#link2H_4_0043">"Of personal identity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i>. Book 1, part 4, § 6. <q>In this respect, I cannot compare the soul more properly to any thing than to a republic or commonwealth, in which the several members are united by the reciprocal ties of government and subordination, and give rise to other persons, who propagate the same republic in the incessant changes of its parts. And as the same individual republic may not only change its members, but also its laws and constitutions; in like manner the same person may vary his character and disposition, as well as his impressions and ideas, without losing his identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+personal+identity&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+of+Human+Nature&rft.pages=Book-1%2C+part-4%2C+%C2%A7-6&rft.date=1739&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F4705%2Fpg4705-images.html%23link2H_4_0043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophy.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/The%20No-Self%20Theory%20-%20Hume,%20Buddhism,%20and%20Personal%20Identity%20-%20James%20Giles.pdf">The No-Self Theory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051956/https://philosophy.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/The%20No-Self%20Theory%20-%20Hume,%20Buddhism,%20and%20Personal%20Identity%20-%20James%20Giles.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Hume, Buddhism, and Personal Identity. James Giles</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> James Giles, <i>No Self to be Found: The Search for Personal Identity</i>, University Press of America, 1997, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/James_Giles_(philosopher)" title="James Giles (philosopher)">Giles, James</a>. 1993. "The No-Self Theory: Hume, Buddhism, and Personal Identity." <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_East_and_West" title="Philosophy East and West">Philosophy East and West</a></i> 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrasman2014" class="citation book cs1">Wrasman, Andy (2014-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dYkNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"><i>Contradict: They Can't All Be True</i></a>. WestBowPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490829814" title="Special:BookSources/9781490829814"><bdi>9781490829814</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116191138/https://books.google.de/books?id=dYkNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contradict%3A+They+Can%27t+All+Be+True&rft.pub=WestBowPress&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft.isbn=9781490829814&rft.aulast=Wrasman&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdYkNAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophersnet.com/games/identity.htm">"Staying alive game - Examples of thought experiments on personal identity"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011024327/http://www.philosophersnet.com/games/identity.htm">Archived</a> 2007-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolak2007" class="citation book cs1">Kolak, Daniel (2007-11-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_JD9NIWBVgC"><i>I Am You: The Metaphysical Foundations for Global Ethics</i></a>. 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href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-022-00628-y">"Great Minds do not Think Alike: Philosophers' Views Predicted by Reflection, Education, Personality, and Other Demographic Differences"</a>. <i>Review of Philosophy and Psychology</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">647–</span>684. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13164-022-00628-y">10.1007/s13164-022-00628-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247911367">247911367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Philosophy+and+Psychology&rft.atitle=Great+Minds+do+not+Think+Alike%3A+Philosophers%27+Views+Predicted+by+Reflection%2C+Education%2C+Personality%2C+and+Other+Demographic+Differences&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E647-%3C%2Fspan%3E684&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13164-022-00628-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247911367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs13164-022-00628-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobia2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tobia, Kevin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/anv041">"Personal identity and the Phineas Gage effect"</a>. <i>Analysis</i>. <b>75</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">396–</span>405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanalys%2Fanv041">10.1093/analys/anv041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analysis&rft.atitle=Personal+identity+and+the+Phineas+Gage+effect&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E396-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanalys%2Fanv041&rft.aulast=Tobia&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fanalys%2Fanv041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrohmingerNichols2014" class="citation journal cs1">Strohminger, Nina; Nichols, Shaun (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.12.005">"The Essential Moral Self"</a>. <i>Cognition</i>. <b>131</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2013.12.005">10.1016/j.cognition.2013.12.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24503450">24503450</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28462268">28462268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition&rft.atitle=The+Essential+Moral+Self&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28462268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24503450&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2013.12.005&rft.aulast=Strohminger&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2013.12.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwenklerByrdLambertTaylor2021" class="citation journal cs1">Schwenkler, John; Byrd, Nick; Lambert, Enoch; Taylor, Matthew (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-021-01739-5">"One: but not the same"</a>. <i>Philosophical Studies</i>. <b>179</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1939–</span>1951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11098-021-01739-5">10.1007/s11098-021-01739-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244191298">244191298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Studies&rft.atitle=One%3A+but+not+the+same&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1939-%3C%2Fspan%3E1951&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11098-021-01739-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244191298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schwenkler&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Byrd%2C+Nick&rft.au=Lambert%2C+Enoch&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11098-021-01739-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlayStarmans2022" class="citation journal cs1">Finlay, Melissa; Starmans, Christina (2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104953">"Not the same same: Distinguishing between similarity and identity in judgments of change"</a></span>. <i>Cognition</i>. <b>2018</b>: 104953. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2021.104953">10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104953</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34784500">34784500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244100585">244100585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition&rft.atitle=Not+the+same+same%3A+Distinguishing+between+similarity+and+identity+in+judgments+of+change&rft.volume=2018&rft.pages=104953&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244100585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34784500&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2021.104953&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.au=Starmans%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2021.104953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1736" class="citation cs2">Butler, Joseph (1736), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ummoss.org/self/butler.html">"Of personal identity"</a>, <i>The Analogy of Religion</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+personal+identity&rft.btitle=The+Analogy+of+Religion&rft.date=1736&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ummoss.org%2Fself%2Fbutler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted in <a href="#CITEREFPerry2008">Perry (2008)</a>.</li> <li>Vere Claiborne Chappell, <i>The Cambridge Companion to Locke</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1994. 343 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38772-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-38772-8">0-521-38772-8</a></li> <li>Shaun Gallagher, Jonathan Shear, <i>Models of the Self</i>. Imprint Academic, 1999. 524 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907845-09-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-907845-09-6">0-907845-09-6</a></li> <li>Brian Garrett, <i>Personal Identity and Self-Consciousness</i>. Routledge, 1998. 137 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16573-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16573-3">0-415-16573-3</a></li> <li>James Giles, <i>No Self to be Found: the Search for Personal Identity</i>. University Press of America, 1997.</li> <li>J. Kim & E. Sosa, <i> A Companion to Metaphysics</i>. Blackwell, 1995, Page 380, "persons and personal identity".</li> <li>G Kopf, <i>Beyond Personal Identity: Dogen, Nishida, and a Phenomenology of No-Self</i>. Routledge, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1217-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1217-8">0-7007-1217-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke1690" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke, John</a> (1690). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10615/pg10615.html#id01173">"Of identity and diversity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">An essay concerning humane understanding</a></i>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+identity+and+diversity&rft.btitle=An+essay+concerning+humane+understanding&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1690&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F10615%2Fpg10615.html%23id01173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>E. Jonathan Lowe, <i>An Introduction to Philosophy of the Mind</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2000.</li> <li>E. Jonathan Lowe, <i>The Possibility of Metaphysics: Substance, Identity, and Time</i>. Oxford University Press, 2001. 288 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924499-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924499-5">0-19-924499-5</a></li> <li>E. Jonathan Lowe, <i>A Survey of Metaphysics</i>. Oxford University Press, 2002, chapters 2,3, 4.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_View_from_Nowhere" title="The View from Nowhere">The View from Nowhere</a></i>.</li> <li>Harold W. Noonan, <i>Personal Identity</i>. Routledge, 2003. 296 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27315-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27315-3">0-415-27315-3</a></li> <li>Eric Todd Olson, <i>The Human Animal: Personal Identity Without Psychology</i>. Oxford University Press, 1997. 189 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513423-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513423-0">0-19-513423-0</a></li> <li>H. B. Paksoy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-7/"><i>Identities: How Governed, Who Pays?</i></a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9621379-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9621379-0-1">0-9621379-0-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a></i>, part 3.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2008" class="citation book cs1">Perry, John, ed. (2008) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PIE32PrcDzUC"><i>Personal identity</i></a>. Topics in Philosophy. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25642-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25642-2"><bdi>978-0-520-25642-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+identity&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=Topics+in+Philosophy&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25642-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIE32PrcDzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2002" class="citation book cs1">Perry, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54nvGHWVfqYC"><i>Identity, Personal Identity, and the Self</i></a>. Indianapolis: Hackett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-520-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-520-8"><bdi>978-0-87220-520-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity%2C+Personal+Identity%2C+and+the+Self&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-520-8&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54nvGHWVfqYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1978" class="citation book cs1">Perry, John (1978). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_on_Personal_Identity_and_Immortality" title="A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality">A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality</a></i>. Hackett Philosophical Dialogues. Indianapolis: Hackett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915144-53-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915144-53-2"><bdi>978-0-915144-53-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dialogue+on+Personal+Identity+and+Immortality&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.series=Hackett+Philosophical+Dialogues&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-915144-53-2&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a>, "Of identity. Of Mr. Locke's account of our personal identity". In <i>Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man</i>. Reprinted in John Perry (ed.), <i>Personal Identity</i>, (2008)</li> <li>Andrea Sauchelli, <i>Personal Identity and Applied Ethics</i>. London, Routledge, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138185692" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138185692">978-1138185692</a></li> <li>A. E. Pitson, <i>Hume's Philosophy of the Self</i>. Routledge, 2002. 224 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24801-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24801-9">0-415-24801-9</a></li> <li>Mark Siderits, <i>Personal Identity and Buddhist Philosophy</i>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003. 231 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3473-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3473-6">0-7546-3473-6</a></li> <li>Marc Slors, <i>The Diachronic Mind</i>. Springer, 2001. 234 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-6978-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-6978-5">0-7923-6978-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>N Agar, <i>Functionalism and Personal Identity</i>. Nous, 2003.</li> <li>E J Borowski, <i>Diachronic Identity as Relative Identity</i>. The Philosophical Quarterly, 1975.</li> <li>SD Bozinovski, <i>Self-Neglect Among the Elderly: Maintaining Continuity of Self</i>. DIANE Publishing, 1998. 434 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-7456-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7881-7456-8">0-7881-7456-8</a></li> <li>Andrew Brennan, <i>Personal identity and personal survival</i>. Analysis, 42, 44–50. 1982.</li> <li>M. Chandler, C. Lalonde, B. W. Sokol, D. (Editor) (eds.) <i>Personal Persistence, Identity Development, and Suicide</i>. Blackwell Publishing, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1879-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1879-2">1-4051-1879-2</a></li> <li>WE Conn, <i>Erikson's "identity": an essay on the psychological foundations of religious ethics</i>.</li> <li>J Copner,<i>The Faith of a Realist</i>. Williams and Norgate, 1890. 351 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields1987" class="citation journal cs1">Fields, Lloyd (1987). "Parfit on personal identity and desert". <i>Philosophical Quarterly</i>. <b>37</b> (149): <span class="nowrap">432–</span>441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2219573">10.2307/2219573</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2219573">2219573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Parfit+on+personal+identity+and+desert&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=149&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E441&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2219573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2219573%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulds1964" class="citation journal cs1">Foulds, GA (August 1964). "Personal Continuity and Psycho-Pathological Disruption". <i>Br J Psychol</i>. <b>55</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8295.1964.tb00910.x">10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00910.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14197795">14197795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Psychol&rft.atitle=Personal+Continuity+and+Psycho-Pathological+Disruption&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=1964-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8295.1964.tb00910.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14197795&rft.aulast=Foulds&rft.aufirst=GA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett1990" class="citation journal cs1">Garrett, Brian (1990). "Personal identity and extrinsicness". <i>Mind</i>. <b>97</b>: <span class="nowrap">105–</span>109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=Personal+identity+and+extrinsicness&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>W Greve, K Rothermund, D Wentura, <i>The Adaptive Self: Personal Continuity and Intentional Self-development</i>. 2005.</li> <li>J Habermas, <i>The paradigm shift in Mead</i>. In M. Aboulafia (Ed.), <i>Philosophy, social theory, and the thought of George Herbert Mead</i> 1991. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.</li> <li>GF Hellden, <i>Personal Context and Continuity of Human Thought: Recurrent Themes in a Longitudinal Study of Students' Conceptions</i>.</li> <li>J Jacobson, <i>Islam in Transition: Religion and Identity Among British Pakistani Youth</i>. Routledge, 1998. 177 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17085-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17085-0">0-415-17085-0</a></li> <li>M Kapstein, (Review) <i>Collins, Parfit, and the Problem of Personal Identity in Two Philosophical Traditions</i>. Philosophy East and West, 1986.</li> <li>Christine M. Korsgaard, <i>Personal Identity and the Unity of Agency: A Kantian Response to Parfit</i>. Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Spring, 1989), pp. 101–132.</li> <li>JC LaVoie, <i>Ego identity formation in middle adolescence</i>. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1976.</li> <li>Michael Metzeltin, <i>Wege zur Europäischen Identität. Individuelle, nationalstaatliche und supranationale Identitätskonstrukte</i>, Berlin, Frank & Timme, 2010. 285 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86596-297-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86596-297-3">978-3-86596-297-3</a></li> <li>D Mohr, <i>Development of attributes of personal identity</i>. Developmental Psychology, 1978.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfit1971" class="citation journal cs1">Parfit, Derek (1971). "Personal identity". <i>Philosophical Review</i>. <b>80</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2184309">10.2307/2184309</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2184309">2184309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Personal+identity&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2184309&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2184309%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Parfit&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>R W Perrett, C Barton, <i>Personal Identity, Reductionism and the Necessity of Origins</i>. Erkenntnis, 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a>, <i>Soi-même comme un autre</i>, 1990. Paris:Seuil. (en: Oneself as another)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1988" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, John (1988). "Personal identity and survival". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Philosophy">Journal of Philosophy</a></i>. <b>85</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2026722">10.2307/2026722</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2026722">2026722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Personal+identity+and+survival&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2026722&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2026722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>B Romero, <i>Self-maintenance therapy in Alzheimer's disease</i>. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2001.</li> <li>BM Ross, <i>Remembering the Personal Past: Descriptions of Autobiographical Memory</i>. Oxford University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506894-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506894-7">0-19-506894-7</a></li> <li>S Seligman, RS Shanok, <i>Subjectivity, Complexity and the Social World</i>. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 1995.</li> <li>JM Shorter, <i>More About Bodily Continuity and Personal Identity</i>. Analysis, 1962.</li> <li>J Sully, <i>Illusions: A Psychological Study</i>. Appleton, 1881. 372 pages.</li> <li>DG Thompson, <i>The Religious Sentiments of the Human Mind</i>. 1888.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Weber" title="Michel Weber">Michel Weber</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1849715/_Process_and_Individuality_2008_">Process and Individuality</a>" in Maria Pachalska and Michel Weber (eds.), <i>Neuropsychology and Philosophy of Mind in Process. Essays in Honor of Jason W. Brown</i>, Frankfurt / Lancaster, Ontos Verlag, 2008, pp. 401–415.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a>, <i>Bodily Continuity and Personal Identity</i>. Analysis, 1960.</li> <li>Bernard Williams, <i>The Self and the Future</i>, in <i>Philosophical Review</i> 79, 1970.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_articles">Online articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Online articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehigh.edu/~mhb0/Dennett-WhereAmI.pdf"><i>Where am I?</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polyarchy.org/paradigm/english/magic.html#roots">Roots, Identity, Nationality</a> A brief critical analysis of the concept of identity</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phineasquimby.com/personal_identity.html">Phineas Parkhurst Quimby on Personal Identity</a></li> <li>Max More, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maxmore.com/disscont.htm">The Diachronic Self</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040610182354/http://www.maxmore.com/disscont.htm">Archived</a> 2004-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> : Identity, Continuity, Transformation.</li> <li>Vakhtangi Makhniahvilim <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctr4process.org/publications/SeminarPapers/27-1Makhniashvili.pdf">Parfit and Whitehead on personal identity</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005455206904">Personal Identity, Reductionism and the Necessity of Origins</a>. <i>Erkenntnis</i>. Volume 51, Numbers 2-3 / November 1999.</li> <li>V. Chappell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.fas.nyu.edu/docs/IO/1650/chappell.pdf">Locke on Consciousness</a>. philosophy.fas.nyu.edu.</li> <li>James Giles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/james1.htm">The No-Self Theory: Hume, Buddhism, and Personal Identity</a>, Philosophy East and West, 1993.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/consciousness-unity/">The Unity of Consciousness</a>. science.uva.nl.</li> <li>D. Cole, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00413555">Artificial intelligence and personal identity</a>. Synthese, 1991.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd4.html">Nervous system development -- network origins</a>. benbest.com.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.changesurfer.com/Hlth/BD/Brain.html">'Brain Death and Technological Change:  Personal Identity, Neural Prostheses and Uploading'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/jstrout/identity/">Forum on Personal Identity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/supplement.html">The Immateriality of the Soul and Personal Identity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://service.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/ezpublish/index.php/article/articleview/157/1/19/">'Personal Identity and the Methodology of Imaginary Cases'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uky.edu/~cperring/PIsyl.html">Personal Identity Syllabus – 'The Metaphysics of Persons'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.ncsu.edu/~carroll/META-SYL-S00.htm">PHI 330 Homepage – Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courses.rochester.edu/uzquiano/PHL242/index02.html">PHL 242-442 – Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophers.co.uk/games/identity.htm">'Staying Alive   The Personal Identity Game</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lucs.lu.se/spinning/categories/moral/Tannsjo/">Tannsjo, Torbjorn – 'Morality and Personal Identity'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/philosophy/graduate/syllabi/phga6402_topics_metaphysics.htm">Topics in Metaphysics – Personal Identity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/wcp/MainPPer.htm">20th WCP:  Persons and Personal Identity</a></li> <li>William H. Swatos, Jr. (Editor), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/identity.htm">Identity</a></i>. Encyclopedia of Religion and Society.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01577250">Ego identity formation in middle adolescence</a></i>. springerlink.com.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://individual.utoronto.ca/weisberg/phl105/docs/lecture_notes/Personal_Identity.pdf">Personal Identity & Immortality</a>'. individual.utoronto.ca.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115296/">John Locke on Personal Identity</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siue.edu/~wlarkin/research/persons.html">Persons, Animals, And Bodies</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Olson, Eric T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/">"Personal Identity"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+Identity&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Eric+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fidentity-personal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon-Roth" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gordon-Roth, Jessica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-personal-identity/">"Locke on Personal Identity"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Locke+on+Personal+Identity&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Gordon-Roth&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flocke-personal-identity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/person-i/">Personal Identity</a> entry by Carsten Korfmacher in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andreasauchelli.weebly.com/personal-identity-and-applied-ethics.html">Teaching material on personal identity, self, and applied ethics</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&oldid=1276429572">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personal_identity&oldid=1276429572</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conceptions_of_self" title="Category:Conceptions of self">Conceptions of self</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Identity_(philosophy)" title="Category:Identity (philosophy)">Identity (philosophy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metaphysical_properties" title="Category:Metaphysical properties">Metaphysical properties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metaphysics_of_mind" title="Category:Metaphysics of mind">Metaphysics of mind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thought_experiments_in_philosophy" title="Category:Thought experiments in philosophy">Thought experiments in philosophy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_April_2024" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from April 2024">Accuracy disputes from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_wikidata_descriptions_as_a_fallback_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 February 2025, at 20:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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