CINXE.COM

満洲語 - Wikipedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>満洲語 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )jawikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"ja", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"9efa8847-990c-4328-a6c0-2fdfe07e485b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"満洲語","wgTitle":"満洲語","wgCurRevisionId":101624431,"wgRevisionId":101624431,"wgArticleId":12905,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["出典を必要とする記事/2014年1月","独自研究の除去が必要な記事/2014年1月","出典を必要とする記述のある記事/2021年1月","独自研究の除去が必要な記述のある記事/2023年7月-12月","説明が求められている文章がある記事","BNF識別子が指定されている記事","BNFdata識別子が指定されている記事","GND識別子が指定されている記事","J9U識別子が指定されている記事","LCCN識別子が指定されている記事", "NDL識別子が指定されている記事","NKC識別子が指定されている記事","ISBNマジックリンクを使用しているページ","危機に瀕する言語","極めて深刻 (危機に瀕する言語)","満洲民族の文化","中国の言語","アルタイ諸語","ツングース語族","母音調和言語","膠着語","SOV型言語"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ja","wgPageContentLanguage":"ja","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"満洲語","wgRelevantArticleId":12905,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ja","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ja"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample": false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q33638","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.PDFLinkIcon":"ready","ext.gadget.RedirectColor":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles" :"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.NormalizeCharWidth","ext.gadget.suppressEnterAtSummaryBox","ext.gadget.checkSignature","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.protectionIndicator","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ja&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ja&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ja&amp;modules=ext.gadget.PDFLinkIcon%2CRedirectColor&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ja&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Sealeg25.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sealeg25.png/800px-Sealeg25.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sealeg25.png/640px-Sealeg25.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="満洲語 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="編集" href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ja)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ja.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ja"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="WikipediaのAtomフィード" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-満洲語 rootpage-満洲語 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">コンテンツにスキップ</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="サイト"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="メインメニュー" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">メインメニュー</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">メインメニュー</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 案内 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="メインページに移動する [z]" accesskey="z"><span>メインページ</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB" title="このプロジェクトについて、できること、情報を入手する場所"><span>コミュニティ・ポータル</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E3%81%AE%E5%87%BA%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%8B" title="最近の出来事の背景を知る"><span>最近の出来事</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%B0%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="最近新規に作成されたページの一覧"><span>新しいページ</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0" title="このウィキにおける最近の更新の一覧 [r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近の更新</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%81%8A%E3%81%BE%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9B%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="無作為に選択されたページを読み込む [x]" accesskey="x"><span>おまかせ表示</span></a></li><li id="n-sandbox" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="練習用のページ"><span>練習用ページ</span></a></li><li id="n-commonsupload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ja" title="画像やメディアファイルをウィキメディア・コモンズにアップロード"><span>アップロード (ウィキメディア・コモンズ)</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ヘルプ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E6%AC%A1" title="情報を得る場所"><span>ヘルプ</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%95%E6%88%B8%E7%AB%AF" title="プロジェクトについての意見交換"><span>井戸端</span></a></li><li id="n-notice" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%81%8A%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%9B" title="プロジェクトについてのお知らせ"><span>お知らせ</span></a></li><li id="n-bugreportspage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%81%AE%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A" title="ウィキペディア・ソフトウェアのバグ報告"><span>バグの報告</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1%E5%85%88" title="ウィキペディアやウィキメディア財団に関する連絡先"><span>ウィキペディアに関するお問い合わせ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ja.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ja.svg" width="100" height="14" style="width: 6.25em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia内を検索 [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>検索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia内を検索" aria-label="Wikipedia内を検索" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia内を検索 [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="特別:検索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">検索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="個人用ツール"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="表示"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="ページのフォントサイズ、幅、色の外観を変更する" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="表示" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">表示</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ja.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ja" class=""><span>寄付</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%90&amp;returnto=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="アカウントを作成してログインすることをお勧めしますが、必須ではありません" class=""><span>アカウント作成</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3&amp;returnto=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="ログインすることを推奨します。ただし、必須ではありません。 [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ログイン</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="その他の操作" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="個人用ツール" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">個人用ツール</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="利用者メニュー" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ja.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ja"><span>寄付</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%90&amp;returnto=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="アカウントを作成してログインすることをお勧めしますが、必須ではありません"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>アカウント作成</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3&amp;returnto=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="ログインすることを推奨します。ただし、必須ではありません。 [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ログイン</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ログアウトした編集者のページ <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%B8%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%93%E3%81%9D" aria-label="編集の詳細"><span>もっと詳しく</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E8%87%AA%E5%88%86%E3%81%AE%E6%8A%95%E7%A8%BF%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%B2" title="このIPアドレスからなされた編集の一覧 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>投稿記録</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="このIPアドレスからなされた編集についての議論 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>トーク</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="サイト"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ページ先頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概要" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概要"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概要</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概要-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>系統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-方言および変種" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#方言および変種"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>方言および変種</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-方言および変種-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>方言および変種サブセクションを切り替えます</span> </button> <ul id="toc-方言および変種-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-北部方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#北部方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>北部方言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-北部方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-南部方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#南部方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>南部方言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-南部方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音韻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音韻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>音韻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-音韻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>音韻サブセクションを切り替えます</span> </button> <ul id="toc-音韻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-母音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#母音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>母音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-母音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-単母音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#単母音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>単母音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-単母音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-二重母音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#二重母音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>二重母音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-二重母音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-母音調和" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#母音調和"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>母音調和</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-母音調和-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-子音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>子音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-子音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音素配列上の特徴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音素配列上の特徴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>音素配列上の特徴</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音素配列上の特徴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-表記" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#表記"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>表記</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-表記-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>文法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語彙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語彙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>語彙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語彙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究者および研究機関" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究者および研究機関"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>研究者および研究機関</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究者および研究機関-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>研究者および研究機関サブセクションを切り替えます</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究者および研究機関-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-研究者" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究者"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>研究者</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究者-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究機関" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究機関"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>研究機関</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究機関-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脚注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脚注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>脚注</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脚注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-書籍および参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#書籍および参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>書籍および参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-書籍および参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-関連項目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#関連項目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>関連項目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-関連項目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部リンク" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部リンク"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>外部リンク</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部リンク-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="目次の表示・非表示を切り替え" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">目次の表示・非表示を切り替え</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">満洲語</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="特定の記事の別の言語版に移動します。 利用可能な言語80件" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80の言語版</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="アブハズ語: Аманчжур бызшәа" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аманчжур бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="アブハズ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantsjoe" title="アフリカーンス語: Mantsjoe" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mantsjoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="アフリカーンス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88" title="アラビア語: لغة المانشو" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة المانشو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88" title="エジプト・アラビア語: لغه مانشو" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه مانشو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="エジプト・アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_manch%C3%BA" title="アストゥリアス語: Idioma manchú" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma manchú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="アストゥリアス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancur_dili" title="アゼルバイジャン語: Mancur dili" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mancur dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="アゼルバイジャン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="South Azerbaijani: مانجور دیلی" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مانجور دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="ベラルーシ語: Маньчжурская мова" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маньчжурская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ベラルーシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography): Маньчжурская мова" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маньчжурская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="ブルガリア語: Манджурски език" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Манджурски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ブルガリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchoueg" title="ブルトン語: Manchoueg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manchoueg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ブルトン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx%C3%BA" title="カタロニア語: Manxú" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manxú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="カタロニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%81ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="閩東語: Muāng-ngṳ̄" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Muāng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="閩東語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEu%C5%A1tina" title="チェコ語: Mandžuština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandžuština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="チェコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandschurische_Sprache" title="ドイツ語: Mandschurische Sprache" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mandschurische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7uki" title="ザザキ語: Mançuki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mançuki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="ザザキ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEuska_r%C4%9Bc" title="低地ソルブ語: Mandžuska rěc" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mandžuska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="低地ソルブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="ギリシャ語: Γλώσσα Μαντσού" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Μαντσού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ギリシャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_language" title="英語: Manchu language" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Manchu language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%89ura_lingvo" title="エスペラント語: Manĉura lingvo" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manĉura lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="エスペラント語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_manch%C3%BA" title="スペイン語: Idioma manchú" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma manchú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="スペイン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEu_keel" title="エストニア語: Mandžu keel" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mandžu keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="エストニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantxuera" title="バスク語: Mantxuera" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mantxuera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="バスク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88" title="ペルシア語: زبان منچو" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان منچو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ペルシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C5%A1un_kieli" title="フィンランド語: Mantšun kieli" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mantšun kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="フィンランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandchou" title="フランス語: Mandchou" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mandchou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="フランス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandschuurisk_spriak" title="北フリジア語: Mandschuurisk spriak" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mandschuurisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北フリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7u_dili" title="ガガウズ語: Mançu dili" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Mançu dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="ガガウズ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E8%AA%9E" title="贛語: 满語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="满語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_manch%C3%BA" title="ガリシア語: Lingua manchú" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua manchú" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ガリシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Manchu" title="ハウサ語: Yaren Manchu" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Manchu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ハウサ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BB-ng%C3%AE" title="客家語: Mân-chû-ngî" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mân-chû-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ヘブライ語: מנצ&#039;ורית" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנצ&#039;ורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ヘブライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ヒンディー語: मांचु भाषा" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मांचु भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_bhasa" title="フィジー・ヒンディー語: Manchu bhasa" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Manchu bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="フィジー・ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandzsu_nyelv" title="ハンガリー語: Mandzsu nyelv" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mandzsu nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ハンガリー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Manchu" title="イバン語: Jaku Manchu" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Manchu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="イバン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Manchu" title="インドネシア語: Bahasa Manchu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Manchu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="インドネシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansj%C3%BA" title="アイスランド語: Mansjú" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mansjú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="アイスランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_mancese" title="イタリア語: Lingua mancese" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua mancese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="イタリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Manchu" title="Komering: Bahasa Manchu" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Manchu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%96%B4" title="韓国語: 만주어" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만주어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="コミ語: Маньчжур кыв" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Маньчжур кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="コミ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="キルギス語: Манжур тили" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Манжур тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="キルギス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Mandshurica" title="ラテン語: Lingua Mandshurica" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Mandshurica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ラテン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandju_(lingua)" title="リングア・フランカ・ノバ: Mandju (lingua)" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mandju (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="リングア・フランカ・ノバ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_manciu" title="Ladin: Lingaz manciu" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz manciu" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEi%C5%ABr%C5%B3_kalba" title="リトアニア語: Mandžiūrų kalba" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mandžiūrų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="リトアニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BE%C5%ABru_valoda" title="ラトビア語: Mandžūru valoda" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mandžūru valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ラトビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="マケドニア語: Манџурски јазик" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Манџурски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="マケドニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="モンゴル語: Манж хэл" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манж хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="モンゴル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Mancu" title="マレー語: Bahasa Mancu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Mancu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="マレー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantsjoe_(taal)" title="オランダ語: Mantsjoe (taal)" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mantsjoe (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="オランダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandsju" title="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク): Mandsju" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mandsju" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandsjuisk" title="ノルウェー語(ブークモール): Mandsjuisk" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mandsjuisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ブークモール)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manch%C3%B3" title="オック語: Manchó" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manchó" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="オック語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="パンジャブ語: ਮਾਂਚੂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਂਚੂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="パンジャブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_mand%C5%BCurski" title="ポーランド語: Język mandżurski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język mandżurski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ポーランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_manchu" title="ピエモンテ語: Lenga manchu" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga manchu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="ピエモンテ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="Western Punjabi: مانچو بولی" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مانچو بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_manchu" title="ポルトガル語: Língua manchu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua manchu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ポルトガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="ロシア語: Маньчжурский язык" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маньчжурский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ロシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_leid" title="スコットランド語: Manchu leid" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Manchu leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="スコットランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_language" title="シンプル英語: Manchu language" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manchu language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="シンプル英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="セルビア語: Манџурски језик" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манџурски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="セルビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuiska" title="スウェーデン語: Manchuiska" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manchuiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="スウェーデン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimanchu" title="スワヒリ語: Kimanchu" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimanchu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="スワヒリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BCursk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="シレジア語: Mandżurskŏ gŏdka" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mandżurskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="シレジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9" title="タイ語: ภาษาแมนจู" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาแมนจู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="タイ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7uca" title="トルコ語: Mançuca" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mançuca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="トルコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="タタール語: Маньчжур теле" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Маньчжур теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="タタール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%87_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ウイグル語: مانجۇ تىلى" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مانجۇ تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ウイグル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="ウクライナ語: Маньчжурська мова" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маньчжурська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ウクライナ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ウルドゥー語: مانچو زبان" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مانچو زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ウルドゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_M%C3%A3n" title="ベトナム語: Tiếng Mãn" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Mãn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ベトナム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="呉語: 满语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="满语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="呉語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="中国語: 满语" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="满语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E8%AA%9E" title="漢文: 滿語" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="滿語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="漢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%A1n-chiu-g%C3%AD" title="閩南語: Boán-chiu-gí" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Boán-chiu-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%96%87" title="広東語: 滿文" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="滿文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="広東語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33638#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="言語間リンクを編集" class="wbc-editpage">リンクを編集</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名前空間"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="本文を閲覧 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ページ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E" rel="discussion" title="本文ページについての議論 [t]" accesskey="t"><span>ノート</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="別の言語に切り替える" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">日本語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="表示"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span>閲覧</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する [e]" accesskey="e"><span>編集</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=history" title="このページの過去の版 [h]" accesskey="h"><span>履歴表示</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ツール" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ツール</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ツール</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="その他の操作" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span>閲覧</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する [e]" accesskey="e"><span>編集</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=history"><span>履歴表示</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 全般 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E5%85%83/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="ここにリンクしている全ウィキページの一覧 [j]" accesskey="j"><span>リンク元</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E7%8A%B6%E6%B3%81/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E" rel="nofollow" title="このページからリンクしているページの最近の更新 [k]" accesskey="k"><span>関連ページの更新状況</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ファイルをアップロードする [u]" accesskey="u"><span>ファイルをアップロード</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="特別ページの一覧 [q]" accesskey="q"><span>特別ページ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;oldid=101624431" title="このページのこの版への固定リンク"><span>この版への固定リンク</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=info" title="このページについての詳細情報"><span>ページ情報</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%81%93%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%92%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&amp;page=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;id=101624431&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="このページの引用方法"><span>このページを引用</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25BA%2580%25E6%25B4%25B2%25E8%25AA%259E"><span>短縮URLを取得する</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25BA%2580%25E6%25B4%25B2%25E8%25AA%259E"><span>QRコードをダウンロード</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 印刷/書き出し </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span>ブックの新規作成</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF 形式でダウンロード</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;printable=yes" title="このページの印刷用ページ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>印刷用バージョン</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 他のプロジェクト </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manchu_language" hreflang="en"><span>コモンズ</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E" hreflang="ja"><span>ウィキブックス</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33638" title="関連付けられたデータリポジトリ項目へのリンク [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ウィキデータ項目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="表示"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">表示</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">非表示</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ja" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101346560">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{margin:0.5em 0;padding:3px 2em;background-color:transparent;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:90%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}}</style><div class="hatnote dablink noprint"><table style="width:100%; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:25px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Disambig_gray.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="曖昧さ回避"><img alt="曖昧さ回避" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></td> <td>この項目では、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="満洲族">満洲族</a>の話すツングース諸語の一種について説明しています。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD" title="満洲国">満洲国</a>の言語(満語)については「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語">中国語</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="東北官話">東北官話</a>」をご覧ください。</td> </tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101304250">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-複数の問題 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Achtung-orange.svg/40px-Achtung-orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Achtung-orange.svg/60px-Achtung-orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Achtung-orange.svg/80px-Achtung-orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">この記事には<b>複数の問題があります</b>。<a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit">改善</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="ノート:満洲語">ノートページ</a>での議論にご協力ください。 <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%82%92%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%98%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B" title="Wikipedia:出典を明記する">出典</a></b>がまったく示されていないか不十分です。内容に関する<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%A1%E9%A0%BC%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:信頼できる情報源">文献や情報源</a>が必要です。<small>(<span title="2014年1月">2014年1月</span>)</small><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%8B%AC%E8%87%AA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%81%AF%E8%BC%89%E3%81%9B%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84" title="Wikipedia:独自研究は載せない">独自研究</a></b>が含まれているおそれがあります。<small>(<span title="2014年1月">2014年1月</span>)</small><br /><small><span class="plainlinks">出典検索<a href="/wiki/Template:Find_sources_mainspace" title="Template:Find sources mainspace"><sup>?</sup></a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.co.jp/search?hl=ja&amp;as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%22&amp;num=50">"満洲語"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.co.jp/search?hl=ja&amp;q=%22%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%22&amp;tbm=nws">ニュース</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.co.jp/search?hl=ja&amp;tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%22">書籍</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?num=100&amp;hl=ja&amp;q=%22%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%22">スカラー</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/opensearch/search?lang=ja&amp;q=%22%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%22&amp;range=2&amp;count=200&amp;sortorder=1&amp;type=0">CiNii</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/result/global/-char/ja?globalSearchKey=%22%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%22">J-STAGE</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/api/openurl?any=%22%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%22">NDL</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlib.jp/?q=%22%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%22">dlib.jp</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpsearch.go.jp/csearch/jps-cross?csid=jps-cross&amp;keyword=%22%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%22">ジャパンサーチ</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/">TWL</a></span></small></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r94202605">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right" style="width:22em;&quot; id=&quot;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">この記事の<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:項目名">項目名</a>には以下のような表記揺れがあります。 <small>(<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E2%80%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD#記事名に「満州」を含むページの改名提案" title="プロジェクト‐ノート:中国">詳細</a>)</small> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:large">満洲語</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size:large">滿洲語</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="font-size:large">満州語</span></b></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right" style="width:22em;&quot; id=&quot;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">この項目には、一部のコンピュータや<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%96%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B6" title="ウェブブラウザ">閲覧ソフト</a>で表示できない文字(<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="満洲文字">満洲文字</a>)が含まれています<span class="noprint selfreference">(<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="Help:特殊文字">詳細</a>)</span>。</div></div> </div> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;" itemprop="">満洲語<br /><small></small></th></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;" itemprop=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r96973695">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span lang="mnc" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ<br />ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ</span><br /><span style="font-weight:normal !important;"><i>manju gisun</i></span></td></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;" itemprop=""> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Sealeg25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sealeg25.png/200px-Sealeg25.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sealeg25.png/300px-Sealeg25.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sealeg25.png/400px-Sealeg25.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="満洲文字">満洲文字</a>で書かれた 「<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ<br />ᠠᠯᡳᠨ<br />ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ<br />ᠮᡠᡴᡝ<br />ᠰᡝᡴᡳᠶᡝᠨ<br />ᡤᠣᡵᠣ<br />ᡝᠶᡝᠨ<br />ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ</span>」 (šanyan alin sahaliyan muke sekiyen goro eyen golmin、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="長白山">白山</a><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9D" title="アムール川">黒水</a>源遠流長)の印章</div></td></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;">話される国</th><td class="" style="" itemprop=""> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="中華人民共和国の旗"><img alt="中華人民共和国の旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中華人民共和国">中華人民共和国</a></td></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;">地域</th><td class="" style="" itemprop=""> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E7%AB%9C%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81" title="黒竜江省">黒竜江省</a></td></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;">民族</th><td class="" style="" itemprop=""> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="満洲族">満洲族</a></td></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;">話者数</th><td class="" style="" itemprop=""> 母語話者: 15人(2019年)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />第二言語話者: およそ数千人<sup id="cite_ref-takungpao_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-takungpao-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chinanews_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinanews-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ifeng_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifeng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="語族の一覧">言語系統</a></th><td class="" style="" itemprop=""> <div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="ツングース語族">ツングース語族</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li> 南ツングース語派<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="満洲語群">満洲語群</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>満洲語</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="表記体系">表記体系</a></th><td class="" style="" itemprop=""> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="満洲文字">満洲文字</a></td></tr><tr style=""><th scope="col" colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">言語コード</th></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="" style="" itemprop=""> <code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=">--</a></span></code></td></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="" style="" itemprop=""> <code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=299">mnc</a></span></code></td></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="" style="" itemprop=""> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mnc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mnc">mnc</a></code></td></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="" style="" itemprop=""> <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/manc1252">manc1252</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bala1242">bala1242</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jing1263">jing1263</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lali1241">lali1241</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style=""><th scope="col" colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">消滅危険度評価</th></tr><tr class="" style="" itemprop=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;" itemprop=""> <span style="color:#c00;"><b>Critically endangered</b></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026">Moseley 2010</a>)<div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Status-unesco-critically.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Status-unesco-critically.svg/288px-Status-unesco-critically.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Status-unesco-critically.svg/432px-Status-unesco-critically.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Status-unesco-critically.svg/576px-Status-unesco-critically.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_Language" title="Template:Infobox Language">テンプレートを表示</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>満洲語</b>(まんしゅうご、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語">中国語</a>&#58; <span lang="zh">满语</span>、<a class="mw-selflink selflink">満洲語</a>&#58; <span lang="mnc"><span lang="mnc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span lang="mnc-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ<br />ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ</span></span></span>、<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="zh:满文转写方案">転写</a>: <span title="満文転写"><i>manju gisun</i></span>)は、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="ツングース語族">ツングース語族</a>に属する<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="言語">言語</a>の一つである。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85" title="清">清王朝</a>の支配民族にあたる<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="満州族">満州族</a>の母語で、「清語」「国語」などとも呼ばれていた。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概要"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.A6.81"></span>概要</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="節を編集: 概要"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Manchu_chinese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Manchu_chinese.jpg/220px-Manchu_chinese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Manchu_chinese.jpg/330px-Manchu_chinese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Manchu_chinese.jpg/440px-Manchu_chinese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E" title="紫禁城">紫禁城</a>・乾清門の扁額。左が漢文(ピンイン:qián qīng mén)、右が満洲語(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡴᡳᠶᠠᠨ<br />ᠴᡳᠩ<br />ᠮᡝᠨ</span>、ローマ字転写: kiyan cing men)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Dulimbai_gurun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Dulimbai_gurun.svg/220px-Dulimbai_gurun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Dulimbai_gurun.svg/330px-Dulimbai_gurun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Dulimbai_gurun.svg/440px-Dulimbai_gurun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>満洲語で表記された「中国」(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩ᠋ᡠ᠋ᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ</span>, dulimbai gurun, 「中央の国」の意)</figcaption></figure> <p>満洲族は中国の統計で、1千万人を超える人口を有する<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201949_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201949-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。しかし、一方で<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85" title="清">清</a>代の長年にわたり、人口の上では圧倒的な少数派でありながら支配者として<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="漢民族">漢民族</a>を含む中国全体に君臨した結果、満洲族の文化は中国文化と融合・同化していった。そして清が滅び、漢民族が主体の時代に入ると、その同化速度は加速していくこととなり、多くの固有の文化が失われていった。 </p><p>満洲語もそのようにして失われていった文化の一つであり、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85" title="清">清朝</a>末期には、ほとんどの満洲族は満洲語を使用しなくなった<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201958_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201958-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。満洲語の話者は満洲族の間でも極めて少なく、2023年現在、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E3%81%AB%E7%80%95%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="危機に瀕する言語">消滅危険度</a>が最も高い「極めて深刻」と評価されることもある<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201949–50_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201949–50-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。2019年時点で満洲語を<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>(第一言語)とする者は15人ほどしかいないとされる<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(但し後天的に満州語を習得した<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="第二言語">第二言語</a>話者は数千人いるとされており、満洲語の分岐である<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E8%AA%9E" title="シベ語">シベ語</a>も3万人ほどの第一言語話者を抱えている<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201950_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201950-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。 </p><p>清朝では、民間の漢人による満洲語と<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="満洲文字">満洲文字</a>の習得が禁止されていた<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201951_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201951-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。漢人で満洲語と満洲文字を学ぶことを許されたのは、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99" title="科挙">科挙</a>合格者のうち第一等及び第二等を獲得し中央政治への参加を認められた者(<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B6%E5%85%83" title="状元">状元</a>・<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%9C%E7%9C%BC" title="榜眼">榜眼</a>)のみであった。 </p><p>満洲語は中国の歴史学者にとっては高い歴史的価値を有し、特に清朝の研究については、漢文の文献には表記されていない内容を提供することが可能である。漢文と共に併記されている場合は、それを理解するための補助言語になり得る<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。満洲語は限られた母音調和がみられる膠着語で、単語は主に女真語に対応することが実証されている。モンゴル語と中国語からの借用語が存在する。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="満洲文字">満洲文字</a>は<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="アラム文字">アラム文字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%89%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ソグド文字">ソグド文字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ウイグル文字">ウイグル文字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="モンゴル文字">モンゴル文字</a>などを親の文字体系とし、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%A6%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8D%E3%81%A8%E6%A8%AA%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8D" title="縦書きと横書き">縦書き</a>専用の文字で、行は左から右に進む。各文字は、語頭・語中・語尾により異なった字形を持つ。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᠮᠠ</span> (ama, 「父親」)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᡧᠠ</span> (aša, 「叔父(母方の兄弟)」)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡝᠮᡝ</span> (eme, 「母親」)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡝᡧᡝ</span> (eše, 「叔母(母方の兄弟の妻)」)のように、母音の違いにより性別を区別することがある。満洲語版の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="ネルチンスク条約">ネルチンスク条約</a>では、「中国の書」を意味する <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩ᠋ᡠ᠋ᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍ᡳ<br />ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ</span> (dulimbai gurun -i bithe)と表記される。 </p><p>アイデンティティを維持すべく、清朝は<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="旗人">旗人</a>に向けて満洲語の授業と試験を行い、秀でた者を奨励した。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87" title="漢文">漢文</a>の儒学に関する書籍が満洲語に翻訳され、満洲語の文学は発展を遂げた。 </p><p>満洲語の辞書を作ることも行われ、特に1787-94年(乾隆52-59)頃には乾隆帝の勅命により満洲語、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="チベット語">チベット語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="モンゴル語">モンゴル語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="ウイグル語">ウイグル語</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="アラビア文字">アラビア文字</a>表記)、漢語に対応した辞書の「御製五体清文鑑」 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡥᠠᠨ ‍ᡳ<br />ᠠᡵᠠᡥᠠ<br />ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ<br />ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ ‍ᡳ<br />ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ<br />ᡴᠠᠮᠴᡳᡥᠠ<br />ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ<br />ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ‍ᡳ<br />ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ<br />ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ</span>han-i araha sunja hacin-i hergen kamciha manju gisun-i buleku bithe) が編纂された。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg/200px-Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg/300px-Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg/400px-Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>「御製五体清文鑑」の一部。上から満洲語、チベット語、チベット語の発音を満洲文字で示したもの、モンゴル語、ウイグル語(アラビア文字表記)、ウイグル語の発音を満洲文字で示したもの、漢文</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BA%E3%82%B9%E4%BC%9A" title="イエズス会">イエズス会</a>士も満洲語と満洲文字を習得し、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="フェルディナント・フェルビースト">フェルディナント・フェルビースト</a>が<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D" title="康熙帝">康熙帝</a>に天文学・数学・地理学を満洲語で講義を行った。漢文書籍でヨーロッパに紹介されたものは満洲語訳から<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="フランス語">フランス語</a>に翻訳されたものが多く、ヨーロッパの科学知識も満洲語訳を介して漢文にされたものも多い。 </p><p>しかし、旗人の間における満洲語の使用は、少なくとも18世紀、即ち乾隆帝の時代から減少する兆しがあった。記録によると、盛京(現: <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7%E7%9C%81" title="遼寧省">遼寧省</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%8B%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="瀋陽">瀋陽</a>)の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%88%E3%83%98%E3%82%B7" title="ビトヘシ">筆帖式</a>ゴルミン(果爾敏)は、乾隆帝が満洲語で話した内容を理解することができず、漢文で乾隆帝とコミュニケーションを取った。 </p><p>清王朝中後期に至ると満洲族は徐々に<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語">漢語</a>を使用するようになり、現在満洲語及び満洲文字を解す人は少ないとされている。しかし、21世紀に入るとインターネットが普及し、満洲語も僅かだが回復する兆しが見えた。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中華人民共和国">中華人民共和国</a>の満洲族自治地域では消印や公文書、政府機関の標識などに満洲文字が<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>と併記されている。 </p><p>21世紀初頭の中国では一部の学生の間にも満洲語が広まっており、部活やサークルなどが次々と生まれた。2005年10月1日には<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「ハルピン工程大学」 (存在しないページ)">ハルピン工程大学</a>で満洲-<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ツングース諸語">ツングース</a>言語研究会が成立し、同年10月23日には当大学で初心者向けの第1期満洲語義務教育初級クラスが開講した。同年11月には<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E7%AB%9C%E6%B1%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="黒竜江大学">黒竜江大学</a>の趙阿平教授がハルピン工程大学にて満洲語の現状に関する学術報告を行った。2006年4月9日、第2期義務教育初級クラスが開講した。 </p><p>2006年5月15日、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「東北農業大学」 (存在しないページ)">東北農業大学</a>で満洲語協会が成立し、同月27日に第1期満洲語義務教育初級クラスが開講した。 </p><p>2008年6月、ハルピン市<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA" title="阿城区">阿城区</a>のハルピン科学技術職業学院が満洲語専門を生徒募集範囲内に置き、中国国内初の満洲語を学べる専門学校となった。第1期は生徒を30人募集する計画であった。 </p><p>メディアの報道によると、2009年4月、ハルピン市<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E5%9D%8A%E5%8C%BA" title="香坊区">香坊区</a>莫力街村小学校が満洲語クラスを初めてから2年間で、生徒不足に陥ったという。 </p><p>2010年6月、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="東北師範大学">東北師範大学</a>が満洲文字書法協会を設置、会員登録者数は70人、当大学の満洲文字クラスの学習者数は32人に登った。同年9月、吉林建築工程学院にて満洲語クラスが開講し、学習者は20人であった。吉林大学の学生が自発的に開設した満洲語のクラスには学習者が80人余りおり、長春市の民間人や<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E7%9C%81" title="吉林省">吉林省</a>社会科学院は満洲語のクラス及び満洲語の読書会を設けている。 </p><p>定かでは無いが、2011年6月、中国大陸で満洲語使用者の人数は2000人を超えているとされている(シベ族を除く)。その中でも吉林省<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%98%A5%E5%B8%82" title="長春市">長春市</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82_(%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E7%9C%81)" title="白山市 (吉林省)">白山市</a>には200人余りが満洲文字を解すことができる。学習者の人数は既に見積もることはできないとされている。 </p><p>2011年2月、吉林省白山市満洲族学堂が18日にわたる満洲語の特訓を行い、吉林省と遼寧省の満洲族自治地方に満洲語の教師を提供した。その後、毎年の夏休みと冬休みに特訓クラスが開催されている。 </p><p>2012年9月、「満族在線(満洲族オンライン)」サイトの会員が吉林省<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%90%89%E5%B8%82" title="延吉市">延吉市</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82" title="天津市">天津市</a>で満洲語のクラスを開設した。 </p><p>現在、中国大陸では<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%8B%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="瀋陽">瀋陽</a>、長春、ハルピン、天津、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西安">西安</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="成都">成都</a>などで固定の時間帯で受講する満洲語のクラスが存在する。受講者の人数も少なくはない。 </p><p>2012年12月、北京市索倫珠(ソロンジュ)満洲語文トレーニングセンター(中国語:索伦珠满语文培训中心)の協力のもとで、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="中国人民大学">中国人民大学</a>附属中学校が満洲語の部活を開始した。その後<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%AB%E9%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="撫順">撫順</a>第一中学校、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="北京大学">北京大学</a>附属中学校でも満洲語関連の部活や選択科目が設置された。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="系統"><span id=".E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>系統</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="節を編集: 系統"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>満洲語は、言語学的には<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ツングース諸語">ツングース諸語</a>に分類される<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E7%9D%80%E8%AA%9E" title="膠着語">膠着語</a>である。<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="アルタイ諸語">アルタイ語族</a>があるとすれば<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ツングース語派">ツングース語派</a>に分類されることになる<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201947_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201947-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E8%AA%9E" title="シベ語">シベ語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="ナナイ語">ナナイ語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E8%AA%9E" title="ウリチ語">ウリチ語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E8%AA%9E" title="ウィルタ語">ウィルタ語</a>と同じく南ツングース語群に属する。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="女真語">女真語</a>とは対応する単語が多数存在し、近縁とされるが、親子関係にはない。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="方言および変種"><span id=".E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80.E3.81.8A.E3.82.88.E3.81.B3.E5.A4.89.E7.A8.AE"></span>方言および変種</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="節を編集: 方言および変種"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>南北2つの方言があるとされる。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="北部方言"><span id=".E5.8C.97.E9.83.A8.E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>北部方言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="節を編集: 北部方言"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>北音:<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9D" title="アムール川">黒龍江</a>一帯の方言。</li> <li>東音:<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A7%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94" title="寧古塔">寧古塔</a>を中心に東は<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7" title="日本海">日本海</a>に至る地域の方言。</li></ul> <p>2021年現在、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" title="中国東北部">中国東北部</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="黒龍江省">黒龍江省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E8%A3%95%E7%9C%8C" title="富裕県">富裕県</a>友誼<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%97%8F" title="ダウール族">ダウール族</a>満洲族<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="ハカス人">キルギス族</a>郷三家子村など)で継承されている満洲語は、東音を主体として北音の影響を受けた変種である。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="南部方言"><span id=".E5.8D.97.E9.83.A8.E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>南部方言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="節を編集: 南部方言"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>南音:<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="長白山">長白山</a>一帯の方言。盛京(<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%8B%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="瀋陽">瀋陽</a>)でも話されていた方言であり、この方言(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="女真語">女真語</a>建州方言)を基に満洲語文語(満洲文字)が作られた。</li> <li>西音:入関(清の中原支配開始)後、北京で話されていた方言。「京語」ともいう。南音を基盤に北音と東音の影響を受けて成立した。</li></ul> <p>西音は北京にて消失した。南音は中国東北部では既に消滅したものの、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-disambig" title="新疆">新疆</a>にて<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E8%AA%9E" title="シベ語">シベ語</a>として継承されている。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音韻"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E9.9F.BB"></span>音韻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="節を編集: 音韻"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以下に満洲文語の音韻を概観する(ローマ字は<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95" title="パウル・ゲオルク・フォン・メレンドルフ">メレンドルフ</a>方式による満洲文字の翻字である)。必要に応じて<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E5%A3%B0%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7" title="国際音声記号">国際音声記号</a>による補足説明を加える。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="母音"><span id=".E6.AF.8D.E9.9F.B3"></span>母音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="節を編集: 母音"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="単母音"><span id=".E5.8D.98.E6.AF.8D.E9.9F.B3"></span>単母音</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="節を編集: 単母音"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>以下の7つがある。</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>文字 </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>位置及び備考 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">a </td> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ɑ]</span></span> </td> <td>大部分 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[a]</span></span> </td> <td>t,d,n,l,mの前 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ɛ]</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%93%8B%E5%8C%96" title="口蓋化">口蓋化</a>子音の後 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">e </td> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ɤ]</span></span> </td> <td>大部分(現代<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語">中国語</a>と同じ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ə]</span></span> </td> <td>アクセントのない音節の場合 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[e]</span></span> </td> <td>口蓋化子音の後 </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>[i] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">o </td> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ɔ]</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[o]</span></span> </td> <td>アクセントのない音節と語頭は<span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[o]</span></span>になることがある </td></tr> <tr> <td>u </td> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[u]</span></span> </td> <td>円唇 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ū </td> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ʊ]</span></span> </td> <td>通常g, k, hの直後にのみ現れ、<span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ʊ]</span></span>のような音であるとみられる </td></tr> <tr> <td>ioi </td> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[y]</span></span> </td> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[y]</span></span>のような音であるとみられる(外来音) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="二重母音"><span id=".E4.BA.8C.E9.87.8D.E6.AF.8D.E9.9F.B3"></span>二重母音</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="節を編集: 二重母音"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>文字 </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>備考 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">-i系統 </td> <td>ai </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ei </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oi </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ui </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ūi </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">-o系統 </td> <td>ao </td> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ɑu]</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eo </td> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ɤu]</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>io </td> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[iu]</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oo </td> <td> </td> <td>ooはoの長母音ではなくむしろaoに近く発音 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="母音調和"><span id=".E6.AF.8D.E9.9F.B3.E8.AA.BF.E5.92.8C"></span>母音調和</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="節を編集: 母音調和"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>男性(陽性)母音・女性(陰性)母音・中性母音による<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%BF%E5%92%8C" title="母音調和">母音調和</a>が存在するが、厳格ではない。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>男性母音 </th> <td>a, o, ū </td></tr> <tr> <th>女性母音 </th> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <th>中性母音 </th> <td>i, u </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="子音"><span id=".E5.AD.90.E9.9F.B3"></span>子音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="節を編集: 子音"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>唇音 </th> <th>歯茎音 </th> <th>後部歯茎音 </th> <th>そり舌音 </th> <th>硬口蓋音 </th> <th>軟口蓋音 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%93%8B%E5%9E%82%E9%9F%B3" title="口蓋垂音">口蓋垂音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>鼻音 </th> <td>m[m] </td> <td>n[n] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ng[ŋ] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>破裂音 </th> <td>p[p], b[b] </td> <td>t[t], d[d] </td> <td>c[tʃ], j[dʒ] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>k[k], g[ɡ] </td> <td>k[q], g[ɢ] </td></tr> <tr> <th>破擦音 </th> <td> </td> <td>(ts[ts], dz[dz]) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>摩擦音 </th> <td>f[f] </td> <td>s[s] </td> <td>š[ʃ] </td> <td>(ž[ʐ]) </td> <td> </td> <td>h[x] </td> <td>h[χ] </td></tr> <tr> <th>震え音 </th> <td> </td> <td>r[r] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>側面音 </th> <td> </td> <td>l[l] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>接近音(半母音) </th> <td>w[w] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>y[j] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>p―bなど無声・有声の対立は、かつて有気・無気(<span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">/pʰ/</span>―<span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">/p/</span>など)の対立だったという見方もある。</li> <li>sは<span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[s]</span></span>であるがiの直前でのみ<span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ʃ]</span></span>であった。</li> <li>c, jは硬口蓋破擦音<span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ʧ, ʤ]</span></span>であった。</li> <li>šは<span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ʃ]</span></span>であるがiの直前でのみ<span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ʂ]</span></span>であった。šiは固有の満洲語にはなく、漢文を音訳する際に用いる。</li> <li>k, g, hは男性母音a, o, ūの直前では口蓋垂音<span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[q, ɢ, χ]</span></span>、女性母音・中性母音e, u, iの直前では軟口蓋音<span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[k, ɡ, x]</span></span>であったと見られる。</li> <li>ngはnとgの2音ではなく軟口蓋鼻音<span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span></span>を表す。</li> <li>ts, dz, žは中国語を音訳するときに用いる。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音素配列上の特徴"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E7.B4.A0.E9.85.8D.E5.88.97.E4.B8.8A.E3.81.AE.E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B4"></span>音素配列上の特徴</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="節を編集: 音素配列上の特徴"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>音素の配列において以下のような特徴があり、それらの中には日本語と類似するものも少なくない。ただしrとlの区別がある。 </p> <ul><li>wの直後にはa, e以外の母音が来ない。</li> <li>借用語を除いてt, dの直後にはiが来ない。</li> <li>yの直後には母音iが来ない。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r86009555">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .fix-domain{border-bottom:dashed 1px}}</style><span class="fix-domain" title="この記述には信頼できる情報源の提示が求められています。(2021年1月25日)">またこの特色は<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" title="普通話">普通話</a>にも影響を与えており、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="拼音">拼音</a>では母音iで始まる単語には発音されないyを付けて表記される。</span><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%80%8C%E8%A6%81%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%80%8D%E3%82%92%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E6%96%B9%E3%81%B8" title="Wikipedia:「要出典」をクリックされた方へ"><span title="この記述には信頼できる情報源の提示が求められています。(2021年1月25日)">要出典</span></a></i>&#93;</sup></li> <li>ūは通常k, g, hの直後にのみ来うる。</li> <li>固有語においてrは語頭に立たない。</li> <li>ngは音節頭に立たない。語中のngはk, gの直前にのみ現れる。</li> <li>音節末に立ちうる<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3" title="子音">子音</a>はb, m, t, n, r, l, s, k, ngである。</li> <li>語末に来うる子音はnのみである(ただし外来語はこの限りでない)。</li> <li>通常、音節頭あるいは音節末に子音が連続しない(ただし、音節末子音と音節頭子音が連続することはありうる)。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="表記"><span id=".E8.A1.A8.E8.A8.98"></span>表記</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="節を編集: 表記"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>満洲語の表記は、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="モンゴル文字">モンゴル文字</a>を改良して作られた<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="満洲文字">満洲文字</a>を使う<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201948_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201948-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。一方で<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ラテン文字">ラテン文字</a>転写も盛んに行われている。主な転写法に<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95" title="パウル・ゲオルク・フォン・メレンドルフ">メレンドルフ</a>式と漢語<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="拼音">拼音</a>式があり、違いは以下の通りである。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>音素 </th> <th>メレンドルフ式 </th> <th>漢語拼音式 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="国際音声記号 (IPA)"><span title="国際音声記号(IPA)における表記" class="IPA">[ʊ]</span></span> </td> <td>ū </td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʃ] </td> <td>š </td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>[tʃ] </td> <td>c </td> <td>q </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ts] </td> <td>ts </td> <td>c </td></tr> <tr> <td>[dz] </td> <td>dz </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʐ] </td> <td>ž </td> <td>ŕ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[y] </td> <td>ioi </td> <td>iui </td></tr> <tr> <td>二重母音 </td> <td>ao,eo,io,oo </td> <td>au,eu,iu,ou </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文法"><span id=".E6.96.87.E6.B3.95"></span>文法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="節を編集: 文法"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>満洲語は類型論的に<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E7%9D%80%E8%AA%9E" title="膠着語">膠着語</a>に分類され、語順は<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="日本語">日本語</a>と同じく「主語―補語―述語 (SOV)」の順である。修飾語は被修飾語の前に置かれる。 </p> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td>&#160;&#160;&#160; </td> <td align="center"><u>&#160;si&#160;</u> </td> <td>&#160; </td> <td align="center" nowrap=""><u>manju</u> &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<u>bithe</u>&#160;&#160;&#160; </td> <td>&#160; </td> <td align="center"><u>tacimbi</u>. </td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>(汝は満洲の書を学ぶ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160; </td> <td align="center" valign="top">主語 </td> <td>&#160; </td> <td align="center" nowrap=""><u>修飾語&#160;&#160;被修飾語</u><br />補&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 語 </td> <td>&#160; </td> <td align="center" valign="top">述語 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>また、関係代名詞がなく代わりに<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="動詞">動詞</a>が<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%A2" title="連体形">連体形</a>を取って名詞を修飾する。 </p> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td>&#160;&#160;&#160; </td> <td align="center"><u>soktoho</u> </td> <td>&#160; </td> <td align="center"><u>niyalma</u> </td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>(酔った人) </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;&#160;&#160; </td> <td align="center">連体形 </td> <td>&#160; </td> <td align="center">名詞 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>さらに、動詞を活用する(動詞語幹に接尾辞を付ける)ことで、日本語で言う過去形や連用形と同じ働きを、動詞に持たせることができる。 </p><p>例えば、動詞 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡤᡝᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳ</span> genembi(行く)の語幹 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡤᡝᠨᡝ᠊</span> gene- に、過去を表す hV (Vは母音)をつけ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ</span> gene-he とすると"行った"となる。大抵の場合、"hV"で過去を表せるが、例外もある。 </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡠ᠋ᠴᡳᠮᠪᡳ</span> tucimbi(出る), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ</span> jalambi(止める), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠵᠣᠮᠪᡳ</span> jombi(思い出す), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠠᠮᠪᡳ</span> sambi(知る), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ</span> sembi(言う), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡠᡴᠠᠮᠪᡳ</span> ukambi(逃げる), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᡠᠩᡴᡝ</span> sumbi(脱ぐ)などには-kVを付け、其々<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡠ᠋ᠴᡳᡴᡝ</span> tucike (出た), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠵᠠᠯᠠᡴᠠ</span> jalaka (止めた), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠵᠣᠩᡴᠣ</span> jongko (思い出した), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠠᡥᠠ</span> saha (知った), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᡝᡥᡝ</span> sehe (言った), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡠᡴᠠᡴᠠ</span> ukaka (逃げた), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᡠᠩᡴᡝ</span> sungke(脱いだ) とするのが一般的である。 </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡝ᠋ᡵᡝ<br />ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ<br />ᠵᡠᡳ<br />ᡥᠣᡨ᠋ᠣᠨ<br />ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋<br />ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ᠉</span> tere sargan jui hoton de gene-he.(その娘は町へ行った)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡝ᠋᠋ᡵᡝ<br />ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ<br />ᠵᡠᡳ<br />ᠪᠣᠣ<br />ᠴᡳ<br />ᡨᡠ᠋ᠴᡳᡴᡝ᠉</span> tere sargan jui boo ci tuci-ke.(その娘は家から出た)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡝ᠋ᡵᡝ<br />ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ<br />ᠵᡠᡳ<br />ᠪᠣᠣ<br />ᠴᡳ<br />ᡨᡠ᠋ᠴᡳᠮᡝ᠈<br />ᡥᠣᡨ᠋ᠣᠨ<br />ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋<br />ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ᠉</span> tere sargan jui boo ci tuci-me, hoton de gene+he.(その娘は家から出て、町へ行った)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡝ᠋ᡵᡝ<br />ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ<br />ᠵᡠᡳ<br />ᠪᠣᠣ<br />ᠴᡳ<br />ᡨᡠ᠋ᠴᡳᡶ᠋ᡳ᠈<br />ᡥᠣᡨ᠋ᠣᠨ<br />ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋<br />ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ᠉</span> tere sargan jui boo ci tuci-fi, hoton de gene+he.(その娘は家から出た後、町へ行った)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡝ᠋ᡵᡝ<br />ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ<br />ᠵᡠᡳ<br />ᠪᠣᠣ<br />ᠴᡳ<br />ᡨᡠ᠋ᠴᡳᠴᡳᠪᡝ᠈<br />ᡥᠣᡨ᠋ᠣᠨ<br />ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋<br />ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ᠉</span> tere sargan jui boo ci tuci-cibe, hoton de gene+he.(あの娘は家から出たが、町へ行った)</li> <li>体言の<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E7%94%A8" title="曲用">曲用</a>は語幹の後ろに膠着的な語尾(助詞)が付くことによって表される。体言の格は主格(語尾なし)・属格 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;"> ‍ᡳ</span> -i/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;"> ᠨᡳ</span> -ni)・対格 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᡝ</span> -be)・与位格 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋</span> -de)・具格 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;"> ‍ᡳ</span> -i/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;"> ᠨᡳ</span> -ni)・奪格 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᡳ</span> -ci)・沿格 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ᡵᡳ</span> -deri) がある。終格 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">᠊ᡨ᠋ᠠᠯᠠ</span> -tala/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">᠊ᡨᡝ᠋ᠯᡝ</span> -tele/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">᠊ᡨ᠋ᠣᠯᠣ</span> -tolo) を認める場合もある。</li> <li>人称代名詞には1人称単数 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᡳ</span> bi、1人称複数 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᡝ</span> be および <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᡠᠰᡝ</span> muse、2人称単数 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᡳ</span> si、2人称複数 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᡠᠸᡝ</span> suwe、3人称単数 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡳ</span> i、3人称複数 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᡝ</span> ce がある。1人称複数 be は聞き手を除外した形、muse は聞き手を含めた形である。</li> <li>指示詞は近称と遠称の2系列からなる。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡝᡵᡝ</span> ere(これ)― <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡝ᠋ᡵᡝ</span> tere(それ)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡠᠪᠠ</span> uba(ここ)― <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡠ᠋ᠪᠠ</span> tuba(そこ)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡝᠨ᠋ᡨᡝ᠋ᡴᡝ</span> enteke(こんな)― <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡝ᠋ᠨ᠋ᡨᡝ᠋ᡴᡝ</span> tenteke(そんな)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡠᡨ᠌ᡨᡠ᠋</span> uttu(このように)― <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡠ᠋ᡨ᠌ᡨᡠ᠋</span> tuttu(そのように)などがある。</li> <li>疑問詞には <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠸᡝ</span> we(誰)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠶᠠ</span> ya(どれ、誰)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᡳ</span> ai(何)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᡳ᠌ᠪᠠ</span> aiba(どこ)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠶᠠᠪᠠ</span> yaba(どこ)、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᠨ᠋ᡨ᠋ᠠᡴᠠ</span> antaka(どう)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᡳ᠌ᠨᡠ</span> ainu(なぜ)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᡨ᠋ᠠᠩᡤᡳ</span> atanggi(いつ)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᡩ᠋ᠠᡵᠠᠮᡝ</span> adarame(どのように)などがある。</li> <li>満洲語の<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>は語形変化をしない<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%A4%89%E5%8C%96%E8%A9%9E" title="不変化詞">不変化詞</a>である。</li> <li>動詞は終止形・連体形・副動詞形(接続形)がある。連体形は文末に来て終止形として用いられることが少なくない。</li> <li>後置詞は、ある種の単語の後ろに来て様々な文法的意味を付け加える付属語である。大きく分けて、体言の格形の後ろに来て格関係を表すもの、用言の後ろに来て副動詞的に用いられるもの、文末について様々なニュアンスを表すもの(日本語の<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="終助詞">終助詞</a>に似る)がある。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語彙"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E5.BD.99"></span>語彙</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="節を編集: 語彙"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>満洲語の語彙には以下の特徴がある。 </p> <ul><li>漁労、採集、畜産、騎射に関する語彙が非常に豊富である。これは満洲族が本来は狩猟民族であったことに由来する。</li> <li>ツングース諸語の一種であるため、他のツングース系言語と共通する語彙が多い。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r86009555"><span class="fix-domain" title="この記述には「独自研究」が含まれているおそれがあります。(2023年11月15日)">満洲語の語彙の3分の1は外来語であるとみられる</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template nowrap">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%8B%AC%E8%87%AA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%81%AF%E8%BC%89%E3%81%9B%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84" title="Wikipedia:独自研究は載せない"><span title="この記述には「独自研究」が含まれているおそれがあります。(2023年11月15日)">独自研究?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>。最も多いのは中国語(北京官話)からの借用であるが、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="モンゴル語">モンゴル語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="チベット語">チベット語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="サンスクリット語">サンスクリット語</a>由来とみられる単語もある。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究者および研究機関"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E8.80.85.E3.81.8A.E3.82.88.E3.81.B3.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E6.A9.9F.E9.96.A2"></span>研究者および研究機関</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="節を編集: 研究者および研究機関"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="研究者"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E8.80.85"></span>研究者</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="節を編集: 研究者"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%86%99%E6%98%A5" title="愛新覚羅烏拉熙春">烏拉熙春(愛新覚羅氏)</a>:満洲語、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="女真語">女真語</a>・<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="女真文字">女真文字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="契丹語">契丹語</a>・<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="契丹文字">契丹文字</a>を研究。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%95%93%E5%AD%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「金啓孮」 (存在しないページ)">金啓孮</a>:満洲語、女真語・女真文字を研究。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%89%E5%8E%9A%E7%94%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「劉厚生」 (存在しないページ)">劉厚生</a>:『漢満詞典』の作者。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%89%E5%85%83%E8%B1%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「呉元豊」 (存在しないページ)">呉元豊</a>:中国第一歴史檔案館の研究員。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%86%85%E8%89%AF%E5%BC%98" title="河内良弘">河内良弘</a>:『満洲語辞典』の作者。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%80%AC%E7%BE%A9%E4%B8%89%E9%83%8E%E5%89%87%E5%BA%9C" title="清瀬義三郎則府">清瀬義三郎則府</a>:『満洲語文語入門』の作者。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%8C%E6%88%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「安双成」 (存在しないページ)">安双成</a>:『満漢大辞典』の作者。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A3%E6%B0%B8%E6%B5%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「季永海」 (存在しないページ)">季永海</a>:『満洲語文法』の作者。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%A5%E6%9B%B2%E6%95%8F%E9%83%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「津曲敏郎」 (存在しないページ)">津曲敏郎</a>:『満洲語入門20講』の作者。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E5%A2%97%E7%9B%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「胡増益」 (存在しないページ)">胡増益</a>:『新満漢大詞典』の作者。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A3%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「廣定遠」 (存在しないページ)">廣定遠</a>:満洲語の専門家。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="研究機関"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E6.A9.9F.E9.96.A2"></span>研究機関</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="節を編集: 研究機関"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manchu.hlju.edu.cn/index.htm">黒龍江省満洲語研究所(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ <br />ᡠᠯᠠ <br />ᡤᠣᠯᠣ <br />ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ <br />ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ <br />ᠪᡝ <br />ᠰᡳᠪᡴᡳᡵᡝ <br />ᡶᠠᠯᡤᠠᠩᡤᠠ</span>, sahaliyan ula golo manju gisun be sibkire falgangga)と黒龍江大学満学研究院(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ <br />ᡠᠯᠠ <br />ᠠᠮᠪᠠ <br />ᡨ᠋ᠠᠴᡳᡴᡡᡳ <br />ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ <br />ᡨ᠋ᠠᠴᡳᠨ <br />ᠪᡝ <br />ᠰᡳᠪᡴᡳᡵᡝ <br />ᡴᡠᡵᡝᠨ</span>, sahaliyan ula amba tacikūi manju tacin be sibkire kuren)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="中央民族大学">中央民族大学</a>中国少数民族語言文学学院少数民族語言文学系</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="日本大学">日本大学</a>文理学部史学科加藤研究室</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="脚注"><span id=".E8.84.9A.E6.B3.A8"></span>脚注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="節を編集: 脚注"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="float:right; font-size:90%;">[<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8/%E8%AA%AD%E8%80%85%E5%90%91%E3%81%91" title="Help:脚注/読者向け"><span title="この欄の操作法">脚注の使い方</span></a>]</div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-454.html">“UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger”</a>.&#32;(27 October 2015)<span style="display:none;">.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-454.html">http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-454.html</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=27+October+2015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Fen%2Fatlasmap%2Flanguage-id-454.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-takungpao-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-takungpao_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108152605/http://news.takungpao.com/paper/q/2015/0426/2982819.html">“抢救满语振兴满族文化”</a>&#32;(中国語).&#32;(2015年4月26日).&#32;&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.takungpao.com/paper/q/2015/0426/2982819.html">オリジナル</a>の2017年11月8日時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108152605/http://news.takungpao.com/paper/q/2015/0426/2982819.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20171108152605/http://news.takungpao.com/paper/q/2015/0426/2982819.html</a></span>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2020年5月14日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%8A%A2%E6%95%91%E6%BB%A1%E8%AF%AD%E6%8C%AF%E5%85%B4%E6%BB%A1%E6%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2015%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20171108152605%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fnews.takungpao.com%2Fpaper%2Fq%2F2015%2F0426%2F2982819.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinanews-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chinanews_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409052318/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2012/03-06/3720158.shtml">China News (originally Beijing Morning Post): Manchu Classes in Remin University (Simplified Chinese)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ifeng-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ifeng_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402064400/http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_12/12/11251077_0.shtml">Phoenix Television: Jinbiao's 10-year Manchu Dreams</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald&#59;&#32;Forkel, Robert&#59;&#32;Haspelmath, Martin&#32;et al., eds&#32;(2016).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/manc1252">“満洲語”</a>.&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a></i>.&#32;Jena:&#32;Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<span style="display:none;">.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/manc1252">http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/manc1252</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BGlottolog%7CGlottolog+2.7%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.place=Jena&amp;rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&amp;rft_id=&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog2-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog2_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald&#59;&#32;Forkel, Robert&#59;&#32;Haspelmath, Martin&#32;et al., eds&#32;(2016).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bala1242">“満洲語”</a>.&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a></i>.&#32;Jena:&#32;Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<span style="display:none;">.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bala1242">http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bala1242</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BGlottolog%7CGlottolog+2.7%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.place=Jena&amp;rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&amp;rft_id=&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog3-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog3_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald&#59;&#32;Forkel, Robert&#59;&#32;Haspelmath, Martin&#32;et al., eds&#32;(2016).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jing1263">“満洲語”</a>.&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a></i>.&#32;Jena:&#32;Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<span style="display:none;">.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jing1263">http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jing1263</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BGlottolog%7CGlottolog+2.7%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.place=Jena&amp;rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&amp;rft_id=&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog4-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog4_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald&#59;&#32;Forkel, Robert&#59;&#32;Haspelmath, Martin&#32;et al., eds&#32;(2016).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lali1241">“満洲語”</a>.&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a></i>.&#32;Jena:&#32;Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<span style="display:none;">.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lali1241">http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lali1241</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BGlottolog%7CGlottolog+2.7%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.place=Jena&amp;rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&amp;rft_id=&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201949-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201949_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF鋤田2019">鋤田 2019</a>, p.&#160;49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201958-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201958_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF鋤田2019">鋤田 2019</a>, p.&#160;58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">現在の中国で識別されている「満族」のうち、満洲語を母語として話す(または話していた)ことが確認されているのは<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E7%AB%9C%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81" title="黒竜江省">黒竜江省</a>の農村部に分布するごく少数である。それ以外、特に都市部に居住する「満族」は中国語を母語としている。満洲語と満洲文字は清朝の第一公用語で行政言語であり<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85" title="清">清朝</a>は満洲族に対し満洲語の学習をたびたび奨励したが、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E8%A8%98%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="書記言語">書記言語</a>は公用文として使用されたものの、音声言語の使用は次第にすたれた。最後の<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="皇帝 (中国)">皇帝</a>であった<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80" title="愛新覚羅溥儀">愛新覚羅溥儀</a>は幼少時にイクタン(<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%8B%E5%9D%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「伊克坦」 (存在しないページ)">伊克坦</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">(<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%8B%E5%9D%A6_(%E7%B9%99%E8%AD%AF%E9%80%B2%E5%A3%AB)" class="extiw" title="zh:伊克坦 (繙譯進士)">中国語版</a>)</span></span>)という教師から満洲語を学んだが、習得できたのは、宮中儀礼の際、平伏しご機嫌伺いをした満洲人大臣に対し発する「イリ」(「ili」、立つを意味する「ilimbi」の命令形)のみだった。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201949–50-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201949–50_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF鋤田2019">鋤田 2019</a>, pp.&#160;49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.townnews.co.jp/0304/2019/03/07/472203.html">“絵画・映像・音楽で魅せる世界 「アルル。」で金大偉さんの展示”</a>.&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E7%A4%BE" title="タウンニュース社">タウンニュース社</a></i>.&#32;(2019年3月7日)<span style="display:none;">.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.townnews.co.jp/0304/2019/03/07/472203.html">https://www.townnews.co.jp/0304/2019/03/07/472203.html</a></span>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2019年3月17日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%B5%B5%E7%94%BB%E3%83%BB%E6%98%A0%E5%83%8F%E3%83%BB%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E3%81%A7%E9%AD%85%E3%81%9B%E3%82%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C+%E3%80%8C%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%80%82%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A7%E9%87%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%81%89%E3%81%95%E3%82%93%E3%81%AE%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2019%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%887%E6%97%A5&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.townnews.co.jp%2F0304%2F2019%2F03%2F07%2F472203.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201950-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201950_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF鋤田2019">鋤田 2019</a>, p.&#160;50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201951-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201951_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF鋤田2019">鋤田 2019</a>, p.&#160;51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Joseph,&#32;Fletcher&#32;(1973).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885/115137">“xv: Manchu Sources”</a>.&#32;In&#32;Donald D. Leslie, Colin Mackerras &amp; Wang Gungwu.&#32;<i>Essays on the sources for Chinese history</i>.&#32;Canberra&#160;: Australian National University Press.&#32;pp.&#160;141-146.&#32;<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101121245">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:var(--color-success,#3a3);margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0708103987" title="特別:文献資料/0708103987">0708103987</a><span style="display:none;">.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885/115137">https://hdl.handle.net/1885/115137</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=xv%3A+Manchu+Sources&amp;rft.atitle=Essays+on+the+sources+for+Chinese+history&amp;rft.aulast=Joseph&amp;rft.aufirst=Fletcher&amp;rft.au=Joseph%2C%26%2332%3BFletcher&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B141-146&amp;rft.pub=Canberra+%3A+Australian+National+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0708103987&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1885%2F115137&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201947-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201947_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF鋤田2019">鋤田 2019</a>, p.&#160;47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE鋤田201948-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE鋤田201948_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF鋤田2019">鋤田 2019</a>, p.&#160;48.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="書籍および参考文献"><span id=".E6.9B.B8.E7.B1.8D.E3.81.8A.E3.82.88.E3.81.B3.E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>書籍および参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="節を編集: 書籍および参考文献"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>著者不明 『満洲実録』(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ‍ᡳ<br />ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ<br />ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ</span>, manju -i yargiyan kooli)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%88%E5%95%93%E4%BA%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「沈啓亮」 (存在しないページ)">沈啓亮</a>『大清全書』(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍ᡳ<br />ᠶᠣᠣᠨᡳ<br />ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ</span>, daicing gurun -i yooni bithe) <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">京師</a>宛羽斎 1683年</li> <li>著者不明 『御製増訂清文鑑』(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡥᠠᠨ ‍ᡳ<br />ᠠᡵᠠᡥᠠ<br />ᠨᠣᠩᡤᡳᠮᡝ<br />ᡨ᠋ᠣᡴ᠋ᡨ᠋᠋ᠣᠪᡠᡥᠠ<br />ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ<br />ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ‍ᡳ<br />ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ<br />ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ</span>, han -i araha nonggime toktobuha manju gisun -i buleku bithe)</li> <li>『満漢字清文啓蒙』(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ<br />ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ<br />ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ‍ᡳ<br />ᠴᡳᠩ<br />ᠸᡝᠨ<br />ᡴᡳ<br />ᠮᡝᠩ<br />ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ</span>, manju nikan hergen -i cing wen ki meng bithe)</li> <li>『庸言知旨』(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᠨ ‍ᡳ<br />ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ<br />ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋<br />ᠠᠮᡨ᠋ᠠᠨ<br />ᠪᡝ<br />ᠰᠠᡵᠠ<br />ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ</span>, an -i gisun de amtan be sara bithe) 1802年</li> <li>著者不明 『<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E4%BC%9D" title="ニシャン・サマン伝">ニシャン・サマン伝</a>』(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">満洲語</a>&#58; <span lang="mnc"><span lang="mnc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span lang="mnc-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠨᡳᡧᠠᠨ<br />ᠰᠠᠮᠠᠨ ‍ᡳ<br />ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ</span></span></span>, nišan saman -i bithe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E7%94%B0%E4%BA%A8" title="羽田亨">羽田亨</a>著 『満和辞典』(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="京都大学">京都帝国大学</a>満蒙調査会) 1937年 <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9576142334" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9-576-14233-4</a>、または <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9789576142338" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-9-57614-233-8</a></li> <li>『ツングース-満洲(諸言)語比較辞典』(<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="ロシア語">ロシア語</a>&#58; <span lang="ru">Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков</span>) ツィンツィウス(<span lang="ru">Цинциус</span>)/編 <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6" title="ソビエト連邦">ソビエト連邦</a>科学出版社 (1975) ISBN 不明</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%8C%E6%88%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「安双成」 (存在しないページ)">安双成</a>編著 『満漢大辞典』(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語">中国語</a>&#58; <span lang="zh">满汉大辞典</span>) 遼寧民族出版社 <a href="/wiki/1993%E5%B9%B4" title="1993年">1993年</a>12月第1版発行 <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/7805273782" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 7-80527-378-2</a>、または <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9787805273785" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-7-80527-378-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E5%A2%97%E7%9B%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「胡増益」 (存在しないページ)">胡増益</a>編著 『新満漢大辞典』(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語">中国語</a>&#58; <span lang="zh">新满汉大辞典</span>、<b>満洲語</b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡳᠴᡝ<br />ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ<br />ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ<br />ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ<br />ᡴᠠᠮᠴᡳᠪᡠᡥᠠ<br />ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ<br />ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ</span>, ice manju nikan gisun kamcibuha buleku bithe/iche manzhu nikan gisun kamchibuha buleku bithe) 新疆人民出版社 1994年</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%A5%E6%9B%B2%E6%95%8F%E9%83%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「津曲敏郎」 (存在しないページ)">津曲敏郎</a>著 『満洲語入門20講』(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%9B%B8%E6%9E%97" title="大学書林">大学書林</a>) <a href="/wiki/2002%E5%B9%B4" title="2002年">2002年</a><a href="/wiki/1%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5" title="1月20日">1月20日</a>第1版発行 <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/4475018579" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 4-475-01857-9</a>、または <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784475018579" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-4-47501-857-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%86%85%E8%89%AF%E5%BC%98" title="河内良弘">河内良弘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%80%AC%E7%BE%A9%E4%B8%89%E9%83%8E%E5%89%87%E5%BA%9C" title="清瀬義三郎則府">清瀬義三郎則府</a>編著 『満洲語文語入門』(京都大学学術出版会) 2002年6月25日</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%8C%E6%88%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「安双成」 (存在しないページ)">安双成</a>編著 『漢満大辞典』(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語">中国語</a>&#58; <span lang="zh">汉满大辞典</span>、<b>満洲語</b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r96973695"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:&#39;Mongolian Baiti&#39;, &#39;Mongol Universal White&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Mongolian&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan LA&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan VT&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan XX&#39;, &#39;Abkai Xanyan SC&#39;, &#39;Abkai Buleku&#39;, &#39;Daicing White&#39;, &#39;Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Qagan Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Garqag Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Har_a Tig&#39;, &#39;Oyun Scnin Tig&#39;, &#39;Mongolian BT&#39;; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ<br />ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ<br />ᠶᠣᠩᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ<br />ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ<br />ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ</span>, nikan manju yongkiyangga buleku bithe) 遼寧民族出版社 2007年10月 <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/7807221607" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 7-80722-160-7</a>、または <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9787807221609" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-7-80722-160-9</a></li> <li>季永海編著『満洲語文法』(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語">中国語</a>&#58; <span lang="zh">满语语法</span>)(中央民族大学出版社)2011年3月第1版発行 <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/781108967X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 7-81108-967-X</a>、または <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9787811089677" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-7-81108-967-7</a></li> <li>瀛生(愛新覚羅氏)著『満洲語口語音典』(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語">中国語</a>&#58; <span lang="zh">满语口语音典</span>)(華芸出版社)2014年12月第1版発行 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/7-80252-445-8" title="特別:文献資料/7-80252-445-8">7-80252-445-8</a>、または <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-78025-244-53" title="特別:文献資料/978-78025-244-53">978-78025-244-53</a></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal" id="CITEREF鋤田2019">鋤田,&#32;智彦「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.nii.ac.jp/1399/00014650/">清代における言語接触</a>」『岩手大学人文社会科学部創立40周年記念国際シンポジウム報告書』、岩手大学人文社会科学部、2019年3月、47-58頁、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/NAID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (識別子)">NAID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120006705874">120006705874</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%A6&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%B2%A9%E6%89%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%83%A8%E5%89%B5%E7%AB%8B40%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E6%9B%B8&amp;rft.aulast=%E9%8B%A4%E7%94%B0&amp;rft.aufirst=%E6%99%BA%E5%BD%A6&amp;rft.au=%E9%8B%A4%E7%94%B0%2C%26%2332%3B%E6%99%BA%E5%BD%A6&amp;rft.date=2019-03&amp;rft.pages=47-58%E9%A0%81&amp;rft.pub=%E5%B2%A9%E6%89%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%83%A8&amp;rft_dat=naid/120006705874&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.nii.ac.jp%2F1399%2F00014650%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="関連項目"><span id=".E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE"></span>関連項目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="節を編集: 関連項目"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="満洲文字">満洲文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="満洲族">満洲族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E8%AA%9E" title="シベ語">シベ語</a>(シボ語、錫伯語) - 満洲語の一方言<sup class="noprint Template-Fact">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A6%81%E8%AA%AC%E6%98%8E" title="Template:要説明"><span title="このタグがつけられた文章には説明が求められています。(2022年3月19日)">要説明</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>から派生した言語(方言であるか言語であるかは研究者により見解が分かれる)。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="シベ文字">シベ文字</a>(シボ文字、錫伯文字)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E6%97%8F" title="シベ族">シベ族</a>(シボ族、錫伯族)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="女真語">女真語</a> - 満洲語の基となった。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="モンゴル文字">モンゴル文字</a> - 満洲文字の基となった。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%BC%93-KAMIYUMI-" title="神弓-KAMIYUMI-">神弓-KAMIYUMI-</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%9F%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「天命の城」 (存在しないページ)">天命の城</a> - 満洲語が劇中で登場する<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韓民国">韓国</a>の映画作品 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%94%BF" title="華政">華政</a>・<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84_-%E5%AE%AE%E5%BB%B7%E6%AE%8B%E9%85%B7%E5%8F%B2-" title="花たちの戦い -宮廷残酷史-">花たちの戦い -宮廷残酷史-</a>・<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%8A%83%E5%A3%AB_(2014%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E)" title="三銃士 (2014年のテレビドラマ)">三銃士</a>など<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="東北工程">一時期</a>の韓国ドラマでは女真・満洲人が出てくる。その中では満洲語を使っているものも存在する。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ラストエンペラー">ラストエンペラー</a> - 劇中で大幅に使用されている言語は英語だが、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="宣統帝">宣統帝</a>即位式で僅かに満洲語を用いた台詞が見られる。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部リンク"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E3.83.AA.E3.83.B3.E3.82.AF"></span>外部リンク</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="節を編集: 外部リンク"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="ウィキメディア・インキュベーター"><img alt="ウィキメディア・インキュベーター" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"><b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mnc?uselang=ja">満洲語版</a></span></b>のウィキペディアが<a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="incubator:">ウィキメディア・インキュベーター</a>で仮運用中です。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="ウィキメディア・インキュベーター"><img alt="ウィキメディア・インキュベーター" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"><b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/mnc?uselang=ja">満洲語版</a></span></b>のウィクショナリーが<a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="incubator:">ウィキメディア・インキュベーター</a>で仮運用中です。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="ウィキメディア・インキュベーター"><img alt="ウィキメディア・インキュベーター" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"><b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wq/mnc?uselang=ja">満洲語版</a></span></b>のウィキクォートが<a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="incubator:">ウィキメディア・インキュベーター</a>で仮運用中です。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"><i><b><a href="https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/oldwikisource:Main_Page/%E1%A0%AE%E1%A0%A0%E1%A0%A8%E1%A0%B5%E1%A1%A0_%E1%A1%A4%E1%A1%B3%E1%A0%B0%E1%A1%A0%E1%A0%A8" class="extiw" title="s:oldwikisource:Main Page/ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ">満洲語版</a></b></i>の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ウィキソース">ウィキソース</a>があります。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;">ウィキブックスに<b><a href="https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="b:満州語">満州語</a></b>関連の解説書・教科書があります。</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401165652/http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/you-jiao-qi-meng-man-yu/id487071486?mt=8">幼教啓蒙滿語ipad版本世界首款滿語文教育軟件</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">ウェイバックマシン</a>(2015年4月1日アーカイブ分)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abkai.net/">太清 — Unicodeの満洲語、シボ語、ダフール語のフォントと入力メソッド</a>(中国語と英語)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alchemia.yamanoha.com/manchu.html#MAIN">満洲語 学習 Links</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchusoc.org/">中華民国満族協会</a></li> <li>オンライン満漢和辞典: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkuri.cneas.tohoku.ac.jp/p06/manchu/list?groupId=11">Manchu/満洲語辞典</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkuri.cneas.tohoku.ac.jp/">東北大学 東北アジア研究センター – モンゴル諸語・満州語の資料検索システム</a>内)</li></ul> <div class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ツングース語族" style="border-collapse:collapse;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="background:transparent;color:inherit;min-width:100%;border-spacing:0px;border-collapse:separate"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:60%;font-weight:normal;background-color:transparent;padding:0;color:#000;;border:none;"><ul style="display:inline"><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="Template:ツングース諸語"><span title="このテンプレートを表示します" style="font-size:125%;;;border:none;">表</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template%E2%80%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「Template‐ノート:ツングース諸語」 (存在しないページ)"><span title="このテンプレートのノートを表示します" style="font-size:125%;color:#002bb8;;;border:none;">話</span></a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3A%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit"><span title="このテンプレートを編集します。保存の前にプレビューを忘れずに。" style="font-size:125%;color:#002bb8;;;border:none;">編</span></a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3A%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=history"><span title="このテンプレートの過去の版を表示します" style="font-size:125%;color:#002bb8;;;border:none;">歴</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div id="ツングース語族" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 6em"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="ツングース語族">ツングース語族</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">祖語</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist hlist-hyphen" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E7%A5%96%E8%AA%9E" title="ツングース祖語">ツングース祖語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">北ツングース語派</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist hlist-hyphen" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="min-width:100%;border-spacing:0px;border-collapse:separate"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:10em">エヴェン語群</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="エヴェン語">エヴェン語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:10em"><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「エヴェンキ語群」 (存在しないページ)">エヴェンキ語群</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewenic_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Ewenic languages">英語版</a>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="エヴェンキ語">エヴェンキ語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="オロチョン語">オロチョン語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ソロン語">ソロン語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AE%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="ネギダール語">ネギダール語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="キリ語">キリ語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:10em"><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%83%81%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%87%E3%83%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「オロチ・ウデヘ語群」 (存在しないページ)">オロチ・ウデヘ語群</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udegheic_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Udegheic languages">英語版</a>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%83%81%E8%AA%9E" title="オロチ語">オロチ語</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%87%E3%83%98%E8%AA%9E" title="ウデヘ語">ウデヘ語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">南ツングース語派</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist hlist-hyphen" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="min-width:100%;border-spacing:0px;border-collapse:separate"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="満洲語群">満洲語群</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="女真語">女真語</a>†</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">満洲語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E8%AA%9E" title="シベ語">シベ語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E8%AA%9E_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「バラ語 (中国)」 (存在しないページ)">バラ語</a>†</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%AB%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「アルチュカ語」 (存在しないページ)">アルチュカ語</a>†</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「キャカラ語」 (存在しないページ)">キャカラ語</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:10em"><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「ナナイ語群」 (存在しないページ)">ナナイ語群</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaic_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Nanaic languages">英語版</a>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="ナナイ語">ナナイ語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E8%AA%9E" title="ウィルタ語">ウィルタ語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E8%AA%9E" title="ウリチ語">ウリチ語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%85%B8%E6%8B%A0%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="Help:典拠管理">典拠管理データベース</a>: 国立図書館 <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33638#identifiers" title="ウィキデータを編集"><img alt="ウィキデータを編集" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Mandchou (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963529x">フランス</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Mandchou (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963529x">BnF data</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4119929-7">ドイツ</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007545935205171">イスラエル</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Manchu language"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080397">アメリカ</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567463">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="mandžuština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph278601&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">チェコ</a></abbr></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐6bcd787d7f‐nsz7l Cached time: 20241126014133 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.751 seconds Real time usage: 0.943 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 17853/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 271489/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 41112/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 42/100 Expensive parser function count: 15/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 99178/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.182/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4916047/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 789.433 1 -total 22.18% 175.093 1 Template:Infobox_Language 21.36% 168.604 1 Template:Infobox 20.28% 160.077 8 Template:Citation/core 14.67% 115.827 5 Template:Cite_book 14.37% 113.449 1 Template:複数の問題 13.94% 110.051 1 Template:Ambox 7.80% 61.614 4 Template:Glottolog 7.74% 61.138 1 Template:Normdaten 7.30% 57.641 3 Template:Cite_news --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key jawiki:pcache:idhash:12905-0!canonical and timestamp 20241126014133 and revision id 101624431. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">「<a dir="ltr" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=満洲語&amp;oldid=101624431">https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=満洲語&amp;oldid=101624431</a>」から取得</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%82%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AA" title="特別:カテゴリ">カテゴリ</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E3%81%AB%E7%80%95%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="Category:危機に瀕する言語">危機に瀕する言語</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A5%B5%E3%82%81%E3%81%A6%E6%B7%B1%E5%88%BB_(%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E3%81%AB%E7%80%95%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E)" title="Category:極めて深刻 (危機に瀕する言語)">極めて深刻 (危機に瀕する言語)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="Category:満洲民族の文化">満洲民族の文化</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="Category:中国の言語">中国の言語</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="Category:アルタイ諸語">アルタイ諸語</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="Category:ツングース語族">ツングース語族</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%BF%E5%92%8C%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="Category:母音調和言語">母音調和言語</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%86%A0%E7%9D%80%E8%AA%9E" title="Category:膠着語">膠着語</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:SOV%E5%9E%8B%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="Category:SOV型言語">SOV型言語</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隠しカテゴリ: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%82%92%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E3%81%A8%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B/2014%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88" title="Category:出典を必要とする記事/2014年1月">出典を必要とする記事/2014年1月</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%8B%AC%E8%87%AA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%81%AE%E9%99%A4%E5%8E%BB%E3%81%8C%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E3%81%AA%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B/2014%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88" title="Category:独自研究の除去が必要な記事/2014年1月">独自研究の除去が必要な記事/2014年1月</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%82%92%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E3%81%A8%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E8%BF%B0%E3%81%AE%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B/2021%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88" title="Category:出典を必要とする記述のある記事/2021年1月">出典を必要とする記述のある記事/2021年1月</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%8B%AC%E8%87%AA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%81%AE%E9%99%A4%E5%8E%BB%E3%81%8C%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E3%81%AA%E8%A8%98%E8%BF%B0%E3%81%AE%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B/2023%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%88-12%E6%9C%88" title="Category:独自研究の除去が必要な記述のある記事/2023年7月-12月">独自研究の除去が必要な記述のある記事/2023年7月-12月</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AA%AC%E6%98%8E%E3%81%8C%E6%B1%82%E3%82%81%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E3%81%8C%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B" title="Category:説明が求められている文章がある記事">説明が求められている文章がある記事</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:BNF%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B" title="Category:BNF識別子が指定されている記事">BNF識別子が指定されている記事</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:BNFdata%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B" title="Category:BNFdata識別子が指定されている記事">BNFdata識別子が指定されている記事</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:GND%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B" title="Category:GND識別子が指定されている記事">GND識別子が指定されている記事</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:J9U%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B" title="Category:J9U識別子が指定されている記事">J9U識別子が指定されている記事</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LCCN%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B" title="Category:LCCN識別子が指定されている記事">LCCN識別子が指定されている記事</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NDL%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B" title="Category:NDL識別子が指定されている記事">NDL識別子が指定されている記事</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NKC%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B" title="Category:NKC識別子が指定されている記事">NKC識別子が指定されている記事</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISBN%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%92%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="Category:ISBNマジックリンクを使用しているページ">ISBNマジックリンクを使用しているページ</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 最終更新 2024年8月27日 (火) 06:09 (日時は<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E8%A8%AD%E5%AE%9A#mw-prefsection-rendering" title="特別:個人設定">個人設定</a>で未設定ならば<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%99%82" title="協定世界時">UTC</a>)。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">テキストは<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ja">クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-継承ライセンス</a>のもとで利用できます。追加の条件が適用される場合があります。詳細については<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">利用規約</a>を参照してください。</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/ja">プライバシー・ポリシー</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6">ウィキペディアについて</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B2%AC%E4%BA%8B%E9%A0%85">免責事項</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行動規範</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">開発者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ja.wikipedia.org">統計</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookieに関する声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ja.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">モバイルビュー</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d465dfd78-64nfg","wgBackendResponseTime":134,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.751","walltime":"0.943","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17853,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":271489,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":41112,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":42,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":99178,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 789.433 1 -total"," 22.18% 175.093 1 Template:Infobox_Language"," 21.36% 168.604 1 Template:Infobox"," 20.28% 160.077 8 Template:Citation/core"," 14.67% 115.827 5 Template:Cite_book"," 14.37% 113.449 1 Template:複数の問題"," 13.94% 110.051 1 Template:Ambox"," 7.80% 61.614 4 Template:Glottolog"," 7.74% 61.138 1 Template:Normdaten"," 7.30% 57.641 3 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.182","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4916047,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6bcd787d7f-nsz7l","timestamp":"20241126014133","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u6e80\u6d32\u8a9e","url":"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33638","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33638","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u30a6\u30a3\u30ad\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3078\u306e\u8ca2\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u30a6\u30a3\u30ad\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u8ca1\u56e3","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-10T21:47:24Z","dateModified":"2024-08-27T06:09:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/95\/Sealeg25.png","headline":"\u6e80\u6d32\u65cf\u304c\u8a71\u3059\u30c4\u30f3\u30b0\u30fc\u30b9\u8af8\u8a9e\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10