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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_his_parents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_his_parents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Relationship with his parents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_his_parents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_Beats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_Beats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 New York Beats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_Beats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Blake_vision"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Blake_vision""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 The "Blake vision" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Blake_vision"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Francisco_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Francisco_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 San Francisco Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Francisco_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographical_references_in_"Howl"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_references_in_"Howl""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Biographical references in "Howl" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_references_in_"Howl"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_Paris_and_the_"Beat_Hotel",_Tangier_and_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_Paris_and_the_"Beat_Hotel",_Tangier_and_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 To Paris and the "Beat Hotel", Tangier and India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_Paris_and_the_"Beat_Hotel",_Tangier_and_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_the_International_Poetry_Incarnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_the_International_Poetry_Incarnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 England and the International Poetry Incarnation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_the_International_Poetry_Incarnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing_literary_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_literary_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Continuing literary activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_literary_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_and_Krishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_and_Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Buddhism and Krishna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_and_Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Illness and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Social and political activism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_political_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social and political activism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Free speech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_Vietnam_War_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Vietnam_War_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Role in Vietnam War protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Vietnam_War_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Relationship to communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Gay rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_NAMBLA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_NAMBLA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Association with NAMBLA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_NAMBLA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Recreational drugs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CIA_drug_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIA_drug_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 CIA drug trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIA_drug_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Pop culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Work </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Work subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inspiration_from_friends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspiration_from_friends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Inspiration from friends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspiration_from_friends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inspiration_from_mentors_and_idols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspiration_from_mentors_and_idols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Inspiration from mentors and idols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspiration_from_mentors_and_idols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inspiration_from_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspiration_from_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Inspiration from music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspiration_from_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_and_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_and_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Style and technique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_and_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Selected discography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_recordings_and_interviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_recordings_and_interviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Audio recordings and interviews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_recordings_and_interviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Other links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Allen Ginsberg</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="ألن غينسبرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألن غينسبرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="এলেন গিঞ্চবাৰ্গ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এলেন গিঞ্চবাৰ্গ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Qinzberq" title="Allen Qinzberq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Allen Qinzberq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="آلن قینزبرق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلن قینزبرق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="অ্যালেন গিন্সবার্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালেন গিন্সবার্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Аллен Гинзберг – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аллен Гинзберг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Ален Гінзберг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ален Гінзберг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Ален Гінзбэрг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ален Гінзбэрг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Алън Гинсбърг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алън Гинсбърг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Άλλεν Γκίνσμπεργκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλλεν Γκίνσμπεργκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="آلن گینزبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلن گینزبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EB%9F%B0_%EA%B8%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8" title="앨런 긴즈버그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨런 긴즈버그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Ալեն Գինզբերգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեն Գինզբերգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="एलेन गिन्सबर्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एलेन गिन्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="אלן גינסברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלן גינסברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ალენ გინზბერგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალენ გინზბერგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Аллен Гинзберг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аллен Гинзберг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alens_Ginsbergs" title="Alens Ginsbergs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alens Ginsbergs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Ален Гинсберг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ален Гинсберг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ალენ გინზბერგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალენ გინზბერგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="الن جينسبرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الن جينسبرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0" title="アレン・ギンズバーグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレン・ギンズバーグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਐਲਨ ਗਿਨਜ਼ਬਰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲਨ ਗਿਨਜ਼ਬਰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="آلین جنسبرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آلین جنسبرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%AB%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="الن ګېنزبرګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الن ګېنزبرګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гинзберг, Аллен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гинзберг, Аллен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alen_Ginsberg" title="Alen Ginsberg – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ئەلن گینزبێرگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلن گینزبێرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Ален Гинзберг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ален Гинзберг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Аллен Гінзберг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аллен Гінзберг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="آلین جنسبرگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آلین جنسبرگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Allen Ginsberg" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="艾伦·金斯堡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="艾伦·金斯堡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E5%A0%85%E5%A3%AB%E5%A0%A1" title="艾倫·堅士堡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾倫·堅士堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="艾伦·金斯堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾伦·金斯堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American businessman, see <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ginsburg" title="Alan Ginsburg">Alan Ginsburg</a>. For the serial killer who was born Allen Ginsberg, see <a href="/wiki/William_MacDonald_(serial_killer)" title="William MacDonald (serial killer)">William MacDonald (serial killer)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Allen Ginsberg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ginsberg in 1979"><img alt="Ginsberg in 1979" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg/220px-Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg/330px-Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg/440px-Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="3119" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Ginsberg in 1979</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Irwin Allen Ginsberg (1926-06-03)June 3, 1926 <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">April 5, 1997(1997-04-05) (aged 70) New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer, poet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Montclair_State_University" title="Montclair State University">Montclair State University</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>) <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat literature</a> <a href="/wiki/Confessional_poetry" title="Confessional poetry">Confessional poetry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> (1974) <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Frost Medal">Robert Frost Medal</a> (1986)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Orlovsky" title="Peter Orlovsky">Peter Orlovsky</a> (1954–1997)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Ginsberg_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Allen_Ginsberg_signature.svg/150px-Allen_Ginsberg_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Allen_Ginsberg_signature.svg/225px-Allen_Ginsberg_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Allen_Ginsberg_signature.svg/300px-Allen_Ginsberg_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="128" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Irwin Allen Ginsberg (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡɪnzbɜːrɡ/</a>; June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet and writer. As a student at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in the 1940s, he began friendships with <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Carr" title="Lucien Carr">Lucien Carr</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>, forming the core of the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a>. He vigorously opposed <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">economic materialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">sexual repression</a>, and he embodied various aspects of this <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a> with his views on drugs, sex, <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, hostility to <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, and openness to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-glbtq.com-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Best known for his poem "<a href="/wiki/Howl_(poem)" title="Howl (poem)">Howl</a>", Ginsberg denounced what he saw as the destructive forces of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> San Francisco police and US Customs seized copies of "Howl" in 1956, and a subsequent obscenity trial in 1957 attracted widespread publicity due to the poem's language and descriptions of heterosexual and homosexual sex at a time when <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">sodomy laws</a> made (male) homosexual acts a crime in every state.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The poem reflected Ginsberg's own sexuality and his relationships with a number of men, including <a href="/wiki/Peter_Orlovsky" title="Peter Orlovsky">Peter Orlovsky</a>, his lifelong partner.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Judge Clayton W. Horn ruled that "Howl" was not obscene, asking: "Would there be any freedom of press or speech if one must reduce his vocabulary to vapid innocuous euphemisms?"<a href="#cite_note-lean-8">[8]</a> Ginsberg was a Buddhist who extensively studied <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern religious disciplines</a>. He lived modestly, buying his clothing in second-hand stores and residing in apartments in New York City's <a href="/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan" title="East Village, Manhattan">East Village</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> One of his most influential teachers was Tibetan Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Naropa_University" title="Naropa University">Naropa Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> At Trungpa's urging, Ginsberg and poet <a href="/wiki/Anne_Waldman" title="Anne Waldman">Anne Waldman</a> started <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_School" title="Jack Kerouac School">The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics</a> there in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> For decades, Ginsberg was active in political protests across a range of issues from the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> to the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> His poem "<a href="/wiki/September_on_Jessore_Road" title="September on Jessore Road">September on Jessore Road</a>" drew attention to refugees fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">1971 Bangladeshi genocide</a>, exemplifying what literary critic <a href="/wiki/Helen_Vendler" title="Helen Vendler">Helen Vendler</a> described as Ginsberg's persistent opposition to "imperial politics" and the "persecution of the powerless".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> His collection The Fall of America shared the annual <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Poetry" title="National Book Award for Poetry">National Book Award for Poetry</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-nba1974-14">[14]</a> In 1979, he received the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Club" title="National Arts Club">National Arts Club</a> gold medal and was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters">American Academy of Arts and Letters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He was a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> finalist in 1995 for his book Cosmopolitan Greetings: Poems 1986–1992.<a href="#cite_note-The_Pulitzer_Prizes_{{pipe}}_Poetry-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and family">edit</a>]</div> Ginsberg was born into a Jewish<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, and grew up in nearby <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-18">[18]</a> He was the second son of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginsberg" title="Louis Ginsberg">Louis Ginsberg</a>, also born in Newark, a schoolteacher and published poet, and the former Naomi Levy, born in <a href="/wiki/Nevel_(town)" title="Nevel (town)">Nevel</a> (Russia) and a fervent <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-19">[19]</a> As a teenager, Ginsberg began to write letters to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> about political issues, such as <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' rights">workers' rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BioProject-20">[20]</a> He published his first poems in the Paterson Morning Call.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> While in high school, Ginsberg became interested in the works of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, inspired by his teacher's passionate reading.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1943, Ginsberg graduated from <a href="/wiki/Eastside_High_School_(Paterson,_New_Jersey)" title="Eastside High School (Paterson, New Jersey)">Eastside High School</a> and briefly attended <a href="/wiki/Montclair_State_University" title="Montclair State University">Montclair State College</a> before entering <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> on a scholarship from the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Center" title="Jewish Community Center">Young Men's Hebrew Association</a> of Paterson. Ginsberg intended to study <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> but later changed his major to <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>. <a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-19">[19]</a> In 1945, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">Merchant Marine</a> to earn money to continue his education at Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> While at Columbia, Ginsberg contributed to the Columbia Review literary journal, the <a href="/wiki/Jester_of_Columbia" title="Jester of Columbia">Jester</a> humor magazine, won the Woodberry Poetry Prize, served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Philolexian_Society" title="Philolexian Society">Philolexian Society</a> (literary and debate group), and joined <a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Society" title="Boar's Head Society">Boar's Head Society</a> (poetry society).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-columbiareview-25">[25]</a> He was a resident of <a href="/wiki/Hartley_Hall" title="Hartley Hall">Hartley Hall</a>, where other Beat Generation poets such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gold" title="Herbert Gold">Herbert Gold</a> also lived.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Ginsberg has stated that he considered his required freshman seminar in Great Books, taught by <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a>, to be his favorite Columbia course. In 1948, he graduated from Columbia with a B.A in English and American Literature.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> According to The Poetry Foundation, Ginsberg spent several months in a mental institution after he pleaded insanity during a hearing. He was allegedly being prosecuted for harboring stolen goods in his dorm room. It was noted that the stolen property was not his, but belonged to an acquaintance.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Ginsberg also took part in public readings at the Episcopal <a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Church_in-the-Bowery" title="St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery">St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery</a> which would later hold a memorial service for him after his death.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_his_parents">Relationship with his parents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship with his parents">edit</a>]</div> Ginsberg referred to his parents in a 1985 interview as "old-fashioned delicatessen philosophers".<a href="#cite_note-NYT-18">[18]</a> His mother was also an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a> and took Ginsberg and his brother Eugene to party meetings. Ginsberg later said that his mother "made up bedtime stories that all went something like: 'The good king rode forth from his castle, saw the suffering workers and healed them.'"<a href="#cite_note-BioProject-20">[20]</a> Of his father Ginsberg said: "My father would go around the house either reciting <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a> under his breath or attacking <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> for ruining poetry with his '<a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">obscurantism</a>.' I grew suspicious of both sides."<a href="#cite_note-NYT-18">[18]</a> Naomi Ginsberg had <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> which often manifested as <a href="/wiki/Paranoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranoid">paranoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Delusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Delusions">delusions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thought_disorder" title="Thought disorder">disordered thinking</a> and multiple <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide attempts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> She would claim, for example, that the president had implanted listening devices in their home and that her mother-in-law was trying to kill her.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Her suspicion of those around her caused Naomi to draw closer to young Allen, "her little pet," as Bill Morgan says in his biography of Ginsberg, titled I Celebrate Myself: The Somewhat Private Life of Allen Ginsberg.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> She also tried to kill herself by slitting her wrists and was soon taken to <a href="/wiki/Greystone_Park_Psychiatric_Hospital" title="Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital">Greystone</a>, a mental hospital; she would spend much of Ginsberg's youth in mental hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> His experiences with his mother and her mental illness were a major inspiration for his two major works, "<a href="/wiki/Howl_(poem)" title="Howl (poem)">Howl</a>" and his long autobiographical poem "<a href="/wiki/Kaddish_(poem)" title="Kaddish (poem)">Kaddish for Naomi Ginsberg (1894–1956)</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Breslin-38">[38]</a> When he was in junior high school, he accompanied his mother by bus to her therapist. The trip deeply disturbed Ginsberg—he mentioned it and other moments from his childhood in "Kaddish".<a href="#cite_note-Modern-39">[39]</a> His experiences with his mother's mental illness and her institutionalization are also frequently referred to in "Howl." For example, "Pilgrim State, Rockland, and Grey Stone's foetid halls" is a reference to institutions frequented by his mother and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Solomon" title="Carl Solomon">Carl Solomon</a>, ostensibly the subject of the poem: Pilgrim State Hospital and <a href="/wiki/Rockland_Psychiatric_Center" title="Rockland Psychiatric Center">Rockland State Hospital</a> in New York and <a href="/wiki/Greystone_Park_Psychiatric_Hospital" title="Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital">Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-orig-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This is followed soon by the line "with mother finally ******." Ginsberg later admitted the deletion was the expletive "fucked."<a href="#cite_note-orig-41">[41]</a> He also says of Solomon in section three, "I'm with you in Rockland where you imitate the shade of my mother," once again showing the association between Solomon and his mother.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Ginsberg received a letter from his mother after her death responding to a copy of "Howl" he had sent her. It admonished Ginsberg to be good and stay away from drugs; she says, "The key is in the window, the key is in the sunlight at the window—I have the key—Get married Allen don't take drugs—the key is in the bars, in the sunlight in the window."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In a letter she wrote to Ginsberg's brother Eugene, she said, "God's informers come to my bed, and God himself I saw in the sky. The sunshine showed too, a key on the side of the window for me to get out. The yellow of the sunshine, also showed the key on the side of the window."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> These letters and the absence of a facility to recite <a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">kaddish</a> inspired Ginsberg to write "Kaddish", which makes references to many details from Naomi's life, Ginsberg's experiences with her, and the letter, including the lines "the key is in the light" and "the key is in the window."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_Beats">New York Beats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New York Beats">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Special:EditPage/Allen Ginsberg">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In Ginsberg's first year at Columbia he met fellow undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Carr" title="Lucien Carr">Lucien Carr</a>, who introduced him to a number of future Beat writers, including <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Clellon_Holmes" title="John Clellon Holmes">John Clellon Holmes</a>. They bonded, because they saw in one another an excitement about the potential of American youth, a potential that existed outside the strict conformist confines of post–World War II, <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthy</a>-era America.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Ginsberg and Carr talked excitedly about a "New Vision" (a phrase adapted from Yeats' "A Vision"), for literature and America. Carr also introduced Ginsberg to <a href="/wiki/Neal_Cassady" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a>, for whom Ginsberg had a long infatuation.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In the first chapter of his 1957 novel <a href="/wiki/On_the_Road" title="On the Road">On the Road</a> Kerouac described the meeting between Ginsberg and Cassady.<a href="#cite_note-Modern-39">[39]</a> Kerouac saw them as the dark (Ginsberg) and light (Cassady) side of their "New Vision", a perception stemming partly from Ginsberg's association with communism, of which Kerouac had become increasingly distrustful. Though Ginsberg was never a member of the Communist Party, Kerouac named him "Carlo Marx" in On the Road. This was a source of strain in their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Also, in New York, Ginsberg met <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a> in the Pony Stable Bar. Corso, recently released from prison, was supported by the Pony Stable patrons and was writing poetry there the night of their meeting. Ginsberg claims he was immediately attracted to Corso, who was straight, but understood homosexuality after three years in prison. Ginsberg was even more struck by reading Corso's poems, realizing Corso was "spiritually gifted." Ginsberg introduced Corso to the rest of his inner circle. In their first meeting at the Pony Stable, Corso showed Ginsberg a poem about a woman who lived across the street from him and sunbathed naked in the window. Amazingly, the woman happened to be Ginsberg's girlfriend that he was living with during one of his forays into heterosexuality. Ginsberg took Corso over to their apartment. There the woman proposed sex with Corso, who was still very young and fled in fear. Ginsberg introduced Corso to Kerouac and Burroughs and they began to travel together. Ginsberg and Corso remained lifelong friends and collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] Shortly after this period in Ginsberg's life, he became romantically involved with <a href="/wiki/Elise_Cowen" title="Elise Cowen">Elise Nada Cowen</a> after meeting her through Alex Greer, a philosophy professor at <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> whom she had dated for a while during the burgeoning Beat generation's period of development. As a Barnard student, Elise Cowen extensively read the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, when she met <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Johnson_(author)" title="Joyce Johnson (author)">Joyce Johnson</a> and Leo Skir, among other Beat players.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As Cowen had felt a strong attraction to darker poetry most of the time, Beat poetry seemed to provide an allure to what suggests a shadowy side of her persona. While at Barnard, Cowen earned the nickname "Beat Alice" as she had joined a small group of anti-establishment artists and visionaries known to outsiders as beatniks, and one of her first acquaintances at the college was the beat poet Joyce Johnson who later portrayed Cowen in her books, including "Minor Characters" and Come and Join the Dance, which expressed the two women's experiences in the Barnard and Columbia Beat community.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Through his association with Elise Cowen, Ginsberg discovered that they shared a mutual friend, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Solomon" title="Carl Solomon">Carl Solomon</a>, to whom he later dedicated his most famous poem "Howl." This poem is considered an autobiography of Ginsberg up to 1955, and a brief history of the Beat Generation through its references to his relationship to other Beat artists of that time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Blake_vision"">The "Blake vision"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The "Blake vision"">edit</a>]</div> In 1948, in an apartment in <a href="/wiki/East_Harlem" title="East Harlem">East Harlem</a>, Ginsberg experienced an <a href="/wiki/Auditory_hallucination" title="Auditory hallucination">auditory hallucination</a> while masturbating and reading the poetry of <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> which he later referred to as his "Blake vision". Ginsberg claimed to have heard the voice of God—also described as the "voice of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a>"—or of Blake himself reading "<a href="/wiki/Ah!_Sun-flower" title="Ah! Sun-flower">Ah! Sun-flower</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Sick_Rose" title="The Sick Rose">The Sick Rose</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Girl_Lost" title="The Little Girl Lost">The Little Girl Lost</a>". The experience lasted several days, with him believing that he had witnessed the interconnectedness of the universe; Ginsberg recounted that after looking at latticework on the <a href="/wiki/Fire_escape" title="Fire escape">fire escape</a> of the apartment and then at the sky, he intuited that one had been crafted by human beings, while the other had been crafted by itself.<a href="#cite_note-On_the_Poetry_of_Allen_Ginsberg-52">[52]</a> He explained that this hallucination was not inspired by drug use, but said he sought to recapture the feeling of interconnectedness later with various drugs.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="San_Francisco_Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: San Francisco Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> Ginsberg moved to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> during the 1950s. Before <a href="/wiki/Howl_and_Other_Poems" title="Howl and Other Poems">Howl and Other Poems</a> was published in 1956 by <a href="/wiki/City_Lights_Bookstore" title="City Lights Bookstore">City Lights</a>, he worked as a market researcher.<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher,_Michael_2002-54">[54]</a> In 1954, in San Francisco, Ginsberg met <a href="/wiki/Peter_Orlovsky" title="Peter Orlovsky">Peter Orlovsky</a> (1933–2010), with whom he fell in love and who remained his lifelong partner.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Selections from their <a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">correspondence</a> have been published.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Also in San Francisco, Ginsberg met members of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a> (James Broughton, Robert Duncan, Madeline Gleason and Kenneth Rexroth) and other poets who would later be associated with the Beat Generation in a broader sense. Ginsberg's mentor <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a> wrote an introductory letter to San Francisco Renaissance figurehead <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rexroth" title="Kenneth Rexroth">Kenneth Rexroth</a>, who then introduced Ginsberg into the San Francisco poetry scene.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> There, Ginsberg also met three budding poets and <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> enthusiasts who had become friends at <a href="/wiki/Reed_College" title="Reed College">Reed College</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Whalen" title="Philip Whalen">Philip Whalen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lew_Welch" title="Lew Welch">Lew Welch</a>. In 1959, along with poets John Kelly, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kaufman" title="Bob Kaufman">Bob Kaufman</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._D._Winans" title="A. D. Winans">A. D. Winans</a>, and William Margolis, Ginsberg was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Beatitude_(magazine)" title="Beatitude (magazine)">Beatitude</a> poetry magazine. <a href="/wiki/Wally_Hedrick" title="Wally Hedrick">Wally Hedrick</a>—a painter and co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Gallery_reading" title="Six Gallery reading">Six Gallery</a>—approached Ginsberg in mid-1955 and asked him to organize a poetry reading at the <a href="/wiki/Six_Gallery_reading" title="Six Gallery reading">Six Gallery</a>. At first, Ginsberg refused, but once he had written a rough draft of "Howl," he changed his "fucking mind," as he put it.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Ginsberg advertised the event as "Six Poets at the Six Gallery." One of the most important events in Beat mythos, known simply as "The <a href="/wiki/Six_Gallery_reading" title="Six Gallery reading">Six Gallery reading</a>" took place on October 7, 1955.<a href="#cite_note-npr-59">[59]</a> The event, in essence, brought together the East and West Coast factions of the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a>. Of more personal significance to Ginsberg, the reading that night included the first public presentation of "Howl," a poem that brought worldwide fame to Ginsberg and to many of the poets associated with him. An account of that night can be found in Kerouac's novel <a href="/wiki/The_Dharma_Bums" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a>, describing how change was collected from audience members to buy jugs of wine, and Ginsberg reading passionately, drunken, with arms outstretched. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howl_and_Other_Poems_(first_edition).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Howl_and_Other_Poems_%28first_edition%29.jpg/220px-Howl_and_Other_Poems_%28first_edition%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Howl_and_Other_Poems_%28first_edition%29.jpg/330px-Howl_and_Other_Poems_%28first_edition%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Howl_and_Other_Poems_%28first_edition%29.jpg/440px-Howl_and_Other_Poems_%28first_edition%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>First edition cover of Ginsberg's landmark poetry collection, <a href="/wiki/Howl_and_Other_Poems" title="Howl and Other Poems">Howl and Other Poems</a> (1956)</figcaption></figure> Ginsberg's principal work, "Howl," is well known for its opening line: "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked [...]." "Howl" was considered scandalous at the time of its publication, because of the rawness of its language. Shortly after its 1956 publication by San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/City_Lights_Bookstore" title="City Lights Bookstore">City Lights Bookstore</a>, it was banned for obscenity. The ban became a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" class="extiw" title="wikt:cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a> among defenders of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>, and was later lifted, after Judge Clayton W. Horn declared the poem to possess redeeming artistic value.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Ginsberg and <a href="/wiki/Shig_Murao" title="Shig Murao">Shig Murao</a>, the City Lights manager who was jailed for selling "Howl," became lifelong friends.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biographical_references_in_"Howl"">Biographical references in "Howl"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biographical references in "Howl"">edit</a>]</div> Ginsberg claimed at one point that all of his work was an extended biography (like Kerouac's <a href="/wiki/Duluoz_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Duluoz Legend">Duluoz Legend</a>). "Howl" is not only a biography of Ginsberg's experiences before 1955, but also a history of the Beat Generation. Ginsberg also later claimed that at the core of "Howl" were his unresolved emotions about his schizophrenic mother. Though <a href="/wiki/Kaddish_(poem)" title="Kaddish (poem)">"Kaddish"</a> deals more explicitly with his mother, "Howl" in many ways is driven by the same emotions. "Howl" chronicles the development of many important friendships throughout Ginsberg's life. He begins the poem with "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness", which sets the stage for Ginsberg to describe Cassady and Solomon, immortalizing them into American literature.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> This madness was the "angry fix" that society needed to function—madness was its disease. In the poem, Ginsberg focused on "Carl Solomon! I'm with you in Rockland", and, thus, turned Solomon into an archetypal figure searching for freedom from his "straightjacket". Though references in most of his poetry reveal much about his biography, his relationship to other members of the Beat Generation, and his own political views, "Howl," his most famous poem, is still perhaps the best place to start.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_Paris_and_the_"Beat_Hotel",_Tangier_and_India">To Paris and the "Beat Hotel", Tangier and India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: To Paris and the "Beat Hotel", Tangier and India">edit</a>]</div> In 1957, Ginsberg surprised the literary world by abandoning San Francisco. After a spell in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, he and Peter Orlovsky joined Gregory Corso in Paris. Corso introduced them to a shabby lodging house above a bar at 9 <a href="/wiki/Rue_G%C3%AEt-le-C%C5%93ur" title="Rue Gît-le-Cœur">rue Gît-le-Cœur</a> that was to become known as the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Hotel" title="Beat Hotel">Beat Hotel</a>. They were soon joined by Burroughs and others. It was a productive, creative time for all of them. There, Ginsberg began his epic poem "Kaddish", Corso composed Bomb and Marriage, and Burroughs (with help from Ginsberg and Corso) put together <a href="/wiki/Naked_Lunch" title="Naked Lunch">Naked Lunch</a> from previous writings. This period was documented by the photographer <a href="/wiki/Harold_Chapman_(photographer)" title="Harold Chapman (photographer)">Harold Chapman</a>, who moved in at about the same time, and took pictures constantly of the residents of the "hotel" until it closed in 1963. During 1962–1963, Ginsberg and Orlovsky travelled extensively across India, living half a year at a time in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> (now Kolkata) and <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a> (Varanasi). On his road to India he stayed two months in Athens ( August 29, 1961 – October 31, 1961) where he visited various sites such as <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykines,_Greece" title="Mykines, Greece">Mycines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, and then continued his journey to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Also during this time, he formed friendships with some of the prominent young <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> poets of the time including <a href="/wiki/Shakti_Chattopadhyay" title="Shakti Chattopadhyay">Shakti Chattopadhyay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunil_Gangopadhyay" title="Sunil Gangopadhyay">Sunil Gangopadhyay</a>. Ginsberg had several political connections in India; most notably <a href="/wiki/Pupul_Jayakar" title="Pupul Jayakar">Pupul Jayakar</a> who helped him extend his stay in India when the authorities were eager to expel him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_the_International_Poetry_Incarnation">England and the International Poetry Incarnation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: England and the International Poetry Incarnation">edit</a>]</div> In May 1965, Ginsberg arrived in London, and offered to read anywhere for free.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-64">[64]</a> Shortly after his arrival, he gave a reading at <a href="/wiki/Better_Books" title="Better Books">Better Books</a>, which was described by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Nuttall" title="Jeff Nuttall">Jeff Nuttall</a> as "the first healing wind on a very parched collective mind."<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McGrath_(poet)" title="Thomas McGrath (poet)">Tom McGrath</a> wrote: "This could well turn out to have been a very significant moment in the history of England—or at least in the history of English Poetry."<a href="#cite_note-Ref-2-65">[65]</a> Soon after the bookshop reading, plans were hatched for the <a href="/wiki/International_Poetry_Incarnation" title="International Poetry Incarnation">International Poetry Incarnation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ref-2-65">[65]</a> which was held at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> in London on June 11, 1965. The event attracted an audience of 7,000, who heard readings and live and tape performances by a wide variety of figures, including Ginsberg, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Mitchell" title="Adrian Mitchell">Adrian Mitchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trocchi" title="Alexander Trocchi">Alexander Trocchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Fainlight" title="Harry Fainlight">Harry Fainlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Hollo" title="Anselm Hollo">Anselm Hollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Logue" title="Christopher Logue">Christopher Logue</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_MacBeth" title="George MacBeth">George MacBeth</a>, Gregory Corso, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ferlinghetti" title="Lawrence Ferlinghetti">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Horovitz" title="Michael Horovitz">Michael Horovitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Vinkenoog" title="Simon Vinkenoog">Simon Vinkenoog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spike_Hawkins" title="Spike Hawkins">Spike Hawkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McGrath_(poet)" title="Thomas McGrath (poet)">Tom McGrath</a>. The event was organized by Ginsberg's friend, the filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rubin" title="Barbara Rubin">Barbara Rubin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ginsbergproject-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-osterweil-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Whitehead_(filmmaker)" title="Peter Whitehead (filmmaker)">Peter Whitehead</a> documented the event on film and released it as <a href="/wiki/Wholly_Communion" title="Wholly Communion">Wholly Communion</a>. A book featuring images from the film and some of the poems that were performed was also published under the same title by Lorrimer in the UK and Grove Press in US. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuing_literary_activity">Continuing literary activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Continuing literary activity">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Ginsberg_und_Peter_Orlowski_ArM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Allen_Ginsberg_und_Peter_Orlowski_ArM.jpg/250px-Allen_Ginsberg_und_Peter_Orlowski_ArM.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Allen_Ginsberg_und_Peter_Orlowski_ArM.jpg/375px-Allen_Ginsberg_und_Peter_Orlowski_ArM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Allen_Ginsberg_und_Peter_Orlowski_ArM.jpg/500px-Allen_Ginsberg_und_Peter_Orlowski_ArM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Ginsberg with his partner, poet <a href="/wiki/Peter_Orlovsky" title="Peter Orlovsky">Peter Orlovsky</a>. Photo taken in 1978</figcaption></figure> Though the term "Beat" is most accurately applied to Ginsberg and his closest friends (Corso, Orlovsky, Kerouac, Burroughs, etc.), the term "Beat Generation" has become associated with many of the other poets Ginsberg met and became friends with in the late 1950s and early 1960s. A key feature of this term seems to be a friendship with Ginsberg. Friendship with Kerouac or Burroughs might also apply, but both writers later strove to disassociate themselves from the name "<a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a>." Part of their dissatisfaction with the term came from the mistaken identification of Ginsberg as the leader. Ginsberg never claimed to be the leader of a movement. He claimed that many of the writers with whom he had become friends in this period shared many of the same intentions and themes. Some of these friends include: <a href="/wiki/David_Amram" title="David Amram">David Amram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kaufman" title="Bob Kaufman">Bob Kaufman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Diane_di_Prima" title="Diane di Prima">Diane di Prima</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cohn" title="Jim Cohn">Jim Cohn</a>; poets associated with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_College" title="Black Mountain College">Black Mountain College</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Creeley" title="Robert Creeley">Robert Creeley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denise_Levertov" title="Denise Levertov">Denise Levertov</a>; poets associated with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Hara" title="Frank O'Hara">Frank O'Hara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Koch" title="Kenneth Koch">Kenneth Koch</a>. LeRoi Jones before he became <a href="/wiki/Amiri_Baraka" title="Amiri Baraka">Amiri Baraka</a>, who, after reading "Howl", wrote a letter to Ginsberg on a sheet of toilet paper. Baraka's independent publishing house Totem Press published Ginsberg's early work.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] Through a party organized by Baraka, Ginsberg was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a> while <a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a> played saxophone.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Ginsberg_and_Bob_Dylan_by_Elsa_Dorfman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Allen_Ginsberg_and_Bob_Dylan_by_Elsa_Dorfman.jpg/250px-Allen_Ginsberg_and_Bob_Dylan_by_Elsa_Dorfman.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Allen_Ginsberg_and_Bob_Dylan_by_Elsa_Dorfman.jpg/375px-Allen_Ginsberg_and_Bob_Dylan_by_Elsa_Dorfman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Allen_Ginsberg_and_Bob_Dylan_by_Elsa_Dorfman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Portrait with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, taken in 1975</figcaption></figure> Later in his life, Ginsberg formed a bridge between the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">beat movement</a> of the 1950s and the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a> of the 1960s, befriending, among others, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Kesey" title="Ken Kesey">Ken Kesey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>. Ginsberg gave his last public reading at <a href="/wiki/Booksmith" title="Booksmith">Booksmith</a>, a bookstore in the <a href="/wiki/Haight-Ashbury" title="Haight-Ashbury">Haight-Ashbury</a> neighborhood of San Francisco, a few months before his death.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In 1993, Ginsberg visited the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine_at_Orono" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maine at Orono">University of Maine at Orono</a> to pay homage to the 90-year-old great <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rakosi" title="Carl Rakosi">Carl Rakosi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism_and_Krishna">Buddhism and Krishna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buddhism and Krishna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantra-Rock_Dance" title="Mantra-Rock Dance">Mantra-Rock Dance</a></div> In 1950, Kerouac began studying Buddhism<a href="#cite_note-tyger-72">[72]</a> and shared what he learned from <a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States#Dwight_Goddard" title="Zen in the United States">Dwight Goddard's</a> Buddhist Bible with Ginsberg.<a href="#cite_note-tyger-72">[72]</a> Ginsberg first heard about the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> and such sutras as the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a> at this time.<a href="#cite_note-tyger-72">[72]</a> Ginsberg's endorsement helped establish the Krishna movement within New York's <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Ginsberg's spiritual journey began early on with his spontaneous visions, and continued with an early trip to India with <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tyger-72">[72]</a> Snyder had previously spent time in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> to study at the First Zen Institute at <a href="/wiki/Daitoku-ji" title="Daitoku-ji">Daitoku-ji</a> Monastery.<a href="#cite_note-tyger-72">[72]</a> At one point, Snyder chanted the <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajnaparamita</a>, which in Ginsberg's words "blew my mind."<a href="#cite_note-tyger-72">[72]</a> His interest piqued, Ginsberg traveled to meet <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">the Dalai Lama</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a> at Rumtek Monastery.<a href="#cite_note-tyger-72">[72]</a> Continuing on his journey, Ginsberg met <a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje" title="Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje">Dudjom Rinpoche</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a>, who taught him: "If you see something horrible, don't cling to it, and if you see something beautiful, don't cling to it."<a href="#cite_note-tyger-72">[72]</a> After returning to the United States, a chance encounter on a New York City street with <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a> <a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a> (they both tried to catch the same cab),<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> master, led to Trungpa becoming his friend and lifelong teacher.<a href="#cite_note-tyger-72">[72]</a> Ginsberg helped Trungpa and New York poet <a href="/wiki/Anne_Waldman" title="Anne Waldman">Anne Waldman</a> in founding the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at <a href="/wiki/Naropa_University" title="Naropa University">Naropa University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>. Ginsberg was also involved with <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnaism</a>. He had started incorporating chanting the <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna mantra</a> into his religious practice in the mid-1960s. After learning that <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Hare Krishna</a> movement in the Western world had rented a store front in New York, he befriended him, visiting him often and suggesting publishers for his books, and a fruitful relationship began. This relationship is documented by <a href="/wiki/Satsvarupa_dasa_Goswami" title="Satsvarupa dasa Goswami">Satsvarupa dasa Goswami</a> in his biographical account Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta. Ginsberg donated money, materials, and his reputation to help the Swami establish the first temple, and toured with him to promote his cause.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prabhupada%27s_arrival_in_San_Francisco_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Prabhupada%27s_arrival_in_San_Francisco_1967.jpg/220px-Prabhupada%27s_arrival_in_San_Francisco_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Prabhupada%27s_arrival_in_San_Francisco_1967.jpg/330px-Prabhupada%27s_arrival_in_San_Francisco_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Prabhupada%27s_arrival_in_San_Francisco_1967.jpg/440px-Prabhupada%27s_arrival_in_San_Francisco_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Allen Ginsberg greeting <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco International Airport</a>. January 17, 1967</figcaption></figure> Despite disagreeing with many of Bhaktivedanta Swami's <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness#Four_regulative_principles" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">required prohibitions</a>, Ginsberg often sang the Hare Krishna mantra publicly as part of his philosophy<a href="#cite_note-Brooks_1992_78–9-76">[76]</a> and declared that it brought a state of ecstasy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> He was glad that Bhaktivedanta Swami, an authentic <a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">swami</a> from India, was now trying to spread the chanting in America. Along with other <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a> ideologists like <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a>, Ginsberg hoped to incorporate Bhaktivedanta Swami and his chanting into the hippie movement, and agreed to take part in the Mantra-Rock Dance concert and to introduce the swami to the Haight-Ashbury hippie community.<a href="#cite_note-Brooks_1992_78–9-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[nb 1]</a> On January 17, 1967, Ginsberg helped plan and organize a reception for Bhaktivedanta Swami at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco International Airport</a>, where fifty to a hundred hippies greeted the Swami, chanting Hare Krishna in the airport lounge with flowers in hands.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[nb 2]</a> To further support and promote Bhaktivendata Swami's message and chanting in San Francisco, Allen Ginsberg agreed to attend the <a href="/wiki/Mantra-Rock_Dance" title="Mantra-Rock Dance">Mantra-Rock Dance</a>, a musical event 1967 held at the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Ballroom" title="Avalon Ballroom">Avalon Ballroom</a> by the San Francisco <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">Hare Krishna</a> temple. It featured some leading rock bands of the time: <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_and_the_Holding_Company" title="Big Brother and the Holding Company">Big Brother and the Holding Company</a> with <a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moby_Grape" title="Moby Grape">Moby Grape</a>, who performed there along with the Hare Krishna founder <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktivedanta Swami">Bhaktivedanta Swami</a> and donated proceeds to the Krishna temple. Ginsberg introduced Bhaktivedanta Swami to some three thousand hippies in the audience and led the chanting of the <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna mantra">Hare Krishna mantra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967_Mantra-Rock_Dance_Avalon_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1967_Mantra-Rock_Dance_Avalon_poster.jpg/170px-1967_Mantra-Rock_Dance_Avalon_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1967_Mantra-Rock_Dance_Avalon_poster.jpg/255px-1967_Mantra-Rock_Dance_Avalon_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1967_Mantra-Rock_Dance_Avalon_poster.jpg/340px-1967_Mantra-Rock_Dance_Avalon_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2935" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mantra-Rock_Dance" title="Mantra-Rock Dance">Mantra-Rock Dance</a> promotional poster featuring Allen Ginsberg along with leading rock bands.</figcaption></figure> Music and chanting were both important parts of Ginsberg's live delivery during poetry readings.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> He often accompanied himself on a <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a>, and was often accompanied by a guitarist. It is believed that the Hindi and Buddhist poet <a href="/wiki/Nagarjun" title="Nagarjun">Nagarjun</a> had introduced Ginsberg to the harmonium in Banaras. According to <a href="/wiki/Malay_Roy_Choudhury" title="Malay Roy Choudhury">Malay Roy Choudhury</a>, Ginsberg refined his practice while learning from his relatives, including his cousin Savitri Banerjee.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> When Ginsberg asked if he could sing a song in praise of Lord <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> on <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley, Jr.">William F. Buckley, Jr.</a>'s TV show <a href="/wiki/Firing_Line_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing Line (TV series)">Firing Line</a> on September 3, 1968, Buckley acceded and the poet chanted slowly as he played dolefully on a harmonium. According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brookhiser" title="Richard Brookhiser">Richard Brookhiser</a>, an associate of Buckley's, the host commented that it was "the most unharried Krishna I've ever heard."<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> At the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a> in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, and the 1970 Black Panther rally at Yale campus Allen chanted "Om" repeatedly over a sound system for hours on end.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Ginsberg further brought mantras into the world of rock and roll when he recited the <a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a> in the song "<a href="/wiki/Ghetto_Defendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto Defendant">Ghetto Defendant</a>". The song appears on the 1982 album <a href="/wiki/Combat_Rock" title="Combat Rock">Combat Rock</a> by British first wave punk band <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a>. Ginsberg came in touch with the <a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungryalist</a> poets of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, especially Malay Roy Choudhury, who introduced Ginsberg to the three fish with one head of Indian emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar</a>. The three fish symbolised coexistence of all thought, philosophy, and religion.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> In spite of Ginsberg's attraction to Eastern religions, the journalist <a href="/wiki/Jane_Kramer" title="Jane Kramer">Jane Kramer</a> argues that he, like Whitman, adhered to an "American brand of mysticism" that was "rooted in humanism and in a romantic and visionary ideal of harmony among men."<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The Allen Ginsberg Estate and Jewel Heart International partnered to present "Transforming Minds: Kyabje Gelek Rimpoche and Friends", a gallery and online exhibition of images of <a href="/wiki/Gelek_Rimpoche" title="Gelek Rimpoche">Gelek Rimpoche</a> by Allen Ginsberg, a student with whom he had an "indissoluble bond," in 2021 at <a href="/wiki/Tibet_House_US" title="Tibet House US">Tibet House US</a> in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Fifty negatives from Ginsberg's Stanford University photo archive celebrated "the unique relationship between Allen and Rimpoche." The selection of never-before presented images, featuring great Tibetan masters including the Dalai Lama, Tibetologists, and students were "guided by Allen's extensive notes on the contact sheets and images he'd circled with the intention to print."<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Illness and death">edit</a>]</div> In 1960, he was treated for a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">tropical disease</a>, and it is speculated that he contracted <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> from an unsterilized needle administered by a doctor, which played a role in his death 37 years later.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Ginsberg was a lifelong smoker, and though he tried to quit for health and religious reasons, his busy schedule in later life made it difficult, and he always returned to smoking. In the 1970s, Ginsberg had two minor strokes which were first diagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_palsy" title="Bell's palsy">Bell's palsy</a>, which gave him significant paralysis and stroke-like drooping of the muscles in one side of his face. Later in life, he also had constant minor ailments such as <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>. Many of these symptoms were related to stress, but he never slowed down his schedule.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_ginsberg_675.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Allen_ginsberg_675.jpg/220px-Allen_ginsberg_675.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Allen_ginsberg_675.jpg/330px-Allen_ginsberg_675.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Allen_ginsberg_675.jpg/440px-Allen_ginsberg_675.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1779" /></a><figcaption>Allen Ginsberg, 1979</figcaption></figure> Ginsberg won a 1974 <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_America:_Poems_of_These_States" title="The Fall of America: Poems of These States">The Fall of America</a> (split with <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Rich" title="Adrienne Rich">Adrienne Rich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diving_into_the_Wreck:_Poems_1971%E2%80%931972" title="Diving into the Wreck: Poems 1971–1972">Diving into the Wreck</a>).<a href="#cite_note-nba1974-14">[14]</a> In 1986, Ginsberg was awarded the Golden Wreath by the <a href="/wiki/Struga_Poetry_Evenings" title="Struga Poetry Evenings">Struga Poetry Evenings</a> International Festival in Macedonia, the second American poet to be so awarded since <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>. At Struga, Ginsberg met with the other Golden Wreath winners, <a href="/wiki/Bulat_Okudzhava" title="Bulat Okudzhava">Bulat Okudzhava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Voznesensky" title="Andrei Voznesensky">Andrei Voznesensky</a>. In 1989, Ginsberg appeared in <a href="/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim" title="Rosa von Praunheim">Rosa von Praunheim</a>'s award-winning film <a href="/wiki/Silence_%3D_Death_(film)" title="Silence = Death (film)">Silence = Death</a> about the fight of gay artists in New York City for AIDS-education and the rights of HIV infected people.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> In 1993, the French Minister of Culture appointed Ginsberg a <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres</a>. Ginsberg continued to help his friends as much as he could: he gave money to <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Huncke" title="Herbert Huncke">Herbert Huncke</a> out of his own pocket, regularly supplied neighbor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Russell_(musician)" title="Arthur Russell (musician)">Arthur Russell</a> with an extension cord to power his home recording setup,<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> and housed a broke, drug-addicted <a href="/wiki/Harry_Everett_Smith" title="Harry Everett Smith">Harry Smith</a>. With the exception of a special guest appearance at the <a href="/wiki/NYU" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU">NYU</a> Poetry <a href="/wiki/Poetry_slam" title="Poetry slam">Slam</a> on February 20, 1997, Ginsberg gave what is thought to be his last reading at The <a href="/wiki/Booksmith" title="Booksmith">Booksmith</a> in San Francisco on December 16, 1996. After returning home from the hospital for the last time, where he had been unsuccessfully treated for <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, Ginsberg continued making phone calls to say goodbye to nearly everyone in his address book. Some of the phone calls were sad and interrupted by crying, and others were joyous and optimistic.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Ginsberg continued to write through his final illness, with his last poem, "Things I'll Not Do (Nostalgias)", written on March 30.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> He died on April 5, 1997, surrounded by family and friends in his <a href="/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan" title="East Village, Manhattan">East Village</a> loft in Manhattan, succumbing to <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a> via complications of <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> at the age of 70.<a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a> and others came by to pay their respects.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> He was cremated, and his ashes were buried in his family plot in Gomel Chesed Cemetery in Newark.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1-102">[100]</a> He was survived by Orlovsky. In 1998, various writers, including <a href="/wiki/Catfish_McDaris" title="Catfish McDaris">Catfish McDaris</a> read at a gathering at Ginsberg's farm to honor Allen and the Beats.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Good_Will_Hunting" title="Good Will Hunting">Good Will Hunting</a> (released in December 1997) was dedicated to Ginsberg, as well as Burroughs, who died four months later.<a href="#cite_note-ES-19980303-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_activism">Social and political activism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social and political activism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_speech">Free speech</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Free speech">edit</a>]</div> Ginsberg's willingness to talk about taboo subjects made him a controversial figure during the conservative 1950s, and a significant figure in the 1960s. In the mid-1950s, no reputable publishing company would even consider publishing Howl. At the time, such "sex talk" employed in Howl was considered by some to be vulgar or even a form of pornography, and could be prosecuted under law.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Ginsberg used phrases such as "cocksucker", "fucked in the ass", and "cunt" as part of the poem's depiction of different aspects of American culture. Numerous books that discussed sex were banned at the time, including <a href="/wiki/Lady_Chatterley%27s_Lover" title="Lady Chatterley's Lover">Lady Chatterley's Lover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The sex that Ginsberg described did not portray the sex between heterosexual married couples, or even longtime lovers. Instead, Ginsberg portrayed <a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">casual sex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> For example, in Howl, Ginsberg praises the man "who sweetened the snatches of a million girls." Ginsberg used gritty descriptions and explicit sexual language, pointing out the man "who lounged hungry and lonesome through Houston seeking jazz or sex or soup." In his poetry, Ginsberg also discussed the then-taboo topic of homosexuality. The explicit sexual language that filled Howl eventually led to an important trial on <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> issues. Ginsberg's publisher was brought up on charges for publishing pornography, and the outcome led to a judge going on record dismissing charges, because the poem carried "redeeming social importance,"<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-108">[106]</a> thus setting an important legal precedent. Ginsberg continued to broach controversial subjects throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. From 1970 to 1996, Ginsberg had a long-term affiliation with <a href="/wiki/PEN_American_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="PEN American Center">PEN American Center</a> with efforts to defend free expression. When explaining how he approached controversial topics, he often pointed to <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Huncke" title="Herbert Huncke">Herbert Huncke</a>: he said that when he first got to know Huncke in the 1940s, Ginsberg saw that he was sick from his heroin addiction, but at the time heroin was a taboo subject and Huncke was left with nowhere to go for help.<a href="#cite_note-Deliberate-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_Vietnam_War_protests">Role in Vietnam War protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Role in Vietnam War protests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poet_and_activist_Allen_Ginsberg_with_the_protestors_-_Miami_Beach,_Florida_1_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Poet_and_activist_Allen_Ginsberg_with_the_protestors_-_Miami_Beach%2C_Florida_1_%28cropped1%29.jpg/220px-Poet_and_activist_Allen_Ginsberg_with_the_protestors_-_Miami_Beach%2C_Florida_1_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Poet_and_activist_Allen_Ginsberg_with_the_protestors_-_Miami_Beach%2C_Florida_1_%28cropped1%29.jpg/330px-Poet_and_activist_Allen_Ginsberg_with_the_protestors_-_Miami_Beach%2C_Florida_1_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Poet_and_activist_Allen_Ginsberg_with_the_protestors_-_Miami_Beach%2C_Florida_1_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Protesting at the <a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 Republican National Convention</a></figcaption></figure> Ginsberg was a signer of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a> manifesto "A Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority", circulated among draft resistors in 1967 by members of the radical intellectual collective <a href="/wiki/RESIST_(non-profit)" title="RESIST (non-profit)">RESIST</a>. Other signers and RESIST members included <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Goodman" title="Mitchell Goodman">Mitchell Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Braun" title="Henry Braun">Henry Braun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denise_Levertov" title="Denise Levertov">Denise Levertov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Sloane_Coffin" title="William Sloane Coffin">William Sloane Coffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Macdonald" title="Dwight Macdonald">Dwight Macdonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Robert Lowell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> In 1968, Ginsberg signed the "<a href="/wiki/Writers_and_Editors_War_Tax_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers and Editors War Tax Protest">Writers and Editors War Tax Protest</a>" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> and later became a sponsor of the War Tax Resistance project, which practiced and advocated <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a> as a form of anti-war protest.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> He was present the night of the <a href="/wiki/Tompkins_Square_Park_riot_(1988)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tompkins Square Park riot (1988)">Tompkins Square Park riot (1988)</a> and provided an eyewitness account to The New York Times.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_communism">Relationship to communism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relationship to communism">edit</a>]</div> Ginsberg talked openly about his connections with communism and his admiration for past communist heroes and the labor movement at a time when the <a href="/wiki/Second_Red_Scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Red Scare">Red Scare</a> and <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> were still raging. He admired <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and many other Marxist figures from the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> In "<a href="/wiki/America_(poem)" title="America (poem)">America</a>" (1956), Ginsberg writes: "America, I used to be a communist when I was a kid I'm not sorry". Biographer <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Raskin" title="Jonah Raskin">Jonah Raskin</a> has claimed that, despite his often stark opposition to communist orthodoxy, Ginsberg held "his own <a href="/wiki/Idiosyncratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiosyncratic">idiosyncratic</a> version of communism."<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> On the other hand, when <a href="/wiki/Donald_Manes" title="Donald Manes">Donald Manes</a>, a New York City politician, publicly accused Ginsberg of being a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a>, Ginsberg objected: "I am not, as a matter of fact, a member of the Communist party, nor am I dedicated to the overthrow of the U.S. government or any government by violence ... I must say that I see little difference between the armed and violent governments both Communist and Capitalist that I have observed".<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Ginsberg travelled to several communist countries to promote free speech. He claimed that communist countries, such as China, welcomed him because they thought he was an enemy of capitalism, but often turned against him when they saw him as a troublemaker. For example, in 1965 Ginsberg was deported from <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> for publicly protesting the persecution of homosexuals.<a href="#cite_note-english.illinois.edu-119">[117]</a> The Cubans sent him to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, where one week after being named the Král majálesu ("King of May",<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> a students' festivity, celebrating spring and student life), Ginsberg was arrested for alleged drug use and public drunkenness, and the security agency <a href="/wiki/StB" title="StB">StB</a> confiscated several of his writings, which they considered to be lewd and morally dangerous. Ginsberg was then deported from Czechoslovakia on May 7, 1965,<a href="#cite_note-english.illinois.edu-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> by order of the StB.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> points to Ginsberg as an important inspiration.<a href="#cite_note-Spontaneous-123">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_rights">Gay rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gay rights">edit</a>]</div> One contribution that is often considered his most significant and most controversial was his openness about homosexuality. Ginsberg was an early proponent of freedom for gay people. In 1943, he discovered within himself "mountains of homosexuality." He expressed this desire openly and graphically in his poetry.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> He also struck a note for gay marriage by listing <a href="/wiki/Peter_Orlovsky" title="Peter Orlovsky">Peter Orlovsky</a>, his lifelong companion, as his spouse in his <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who" title="Who's Who">Who's Who</a> entry. Subsequent gay writers saw his frank talk about homosexuality as an opening to speak more openly and honestly about something often before only hinted at or spoken of in metaphor.<a href="#cite_note-Deliberate-109">[107]</a> In writing about sexuality in graphic detail and in his frequent use of language seen as indecent, he challenged—and ultimately changed—obscenity laws.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He was a staunch supporter of others whose expression challenged obscenity laws (<a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Bruce" title="Lenny Bruce">Lenny Bruce</a>, for example).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_with_NAMBLA">Association with NAMBLA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Association with NAMBLA">edit</a>]</div> Ginsberg was a supporter and member of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Man/Boy_Love_Association" title="North American Man/Boy Love Association">North American Man/Boy Love Association</a> (NAMBLA), a <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">pederasty</a> advocacy organization in the United States that works to abolish age of consent laws and legalize sexual relations between adults and children.<a href="#cite_note-PedIJN-125">[123]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Saying that he joined the organization "in defense of free speech",<a href="#cite_note-donnell-milner-126">[124]</a> Ginsberg stated: "Attacks on NAMBLA stink of politics, witchhunting for profit, humorlessness, vanity, anger and ignorance ... I'm a member of NAMBLA because I love boys too—everybody does, who has a little humanity".<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> In 1994, Ginsberg appeared in a documentary on NAMBLA called <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Hawk:_Men_Who_Love_Boys" title="Chicken Hawk: Men Who Love Boys">Chicken Hawk: Men Who Love Boys</a> (playing on the gay male slang term '<a href="/wiki/Chickenhawk_(gay_slang)" title="Chickenhawk (gay slang)">chickenhawk</a>'), in which he read a "graphic ode to youth".<a href="#cite_note-PedIJN-125">[123]</a> He read his poem "Sweet Boy, Gimme Yr Ass" from the book Mind Breaths.<a href="#cite_note-Mind_Breaths-128">[126]</a> In her 2002 book Heartbreak, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a> claimed Ginsberg had ulterior motives for allying with NAMBLA: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In 1982, newspapers reported in huge headlines that the Supreme Court had ruled child pornography illegal. I was thrilled. I knew Allen would not be. I did think he was a civil libertarian. But, in fact, he was a pedophile. He did not belong to the North American Man/Boy Love Association out of some mad, abstract conviction that its voice had to be heard. He meant it. I take this from what Allen said directly to me, not from some inference I made. He was exceptionally aggressive about his right to fuck children and his constant pursuit of underage boys.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a></blockquote>In reference to his onetime friend Dworkin,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Ginsberg stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I've known Andrea since she was a student. I had a conversation with her when I said I've had many young affairs, [with men who were] 16, 17, or 18. I said, 'What are you going to do, send me to jail?' And she said, 'You should be shot.' The problem is, she was molested when she was young, and she hasn't recovered from the trauma, and she's taking it out on ordinary lovers.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational_drugs">Recreational drugs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Recreational drugs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginsberg-leary-lilly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ginsberg-leary-lilly.jpg/220px-Ginsberg-leary-lilly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ginsberg-leary-lilly.jpg/330px-Ginsberg-leary-lilly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ginsberg-leary-lilly.jpg/440px-Ginsberg-leary-lilly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Allen Ginsberg, Timothy Leary, and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Lilly" title="John C. Lilly">John C. Lilly</a> in 1991</figcaption></figure> Ginsberg talked often about drug use. He organized the New York City chapter of LeMar (Legalize Marijuana).<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Throughout the 1960s he took an active role in the demystification of <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, and, with <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a>, worked to promote its common use. He remained for many decades an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">marijuana legalization</a>, and, at the same time, warned his audiences against the hazards of tobacco in his Put Down Your Cigarette Rag (Don't Smoke): "Don't Smoke Don't Smoke Nicotine Nicotine No / No don't smoke the official Dope Smoke Dope Dope."<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIA_drug_trafficking">CIA drug trafficking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: CIA drug trafficking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of CIA drug trafficking">Allegations of CIA drug trafficking</a></div> Ginsberg worked closely with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._McCoy" title="Alfred W. McCoy">Alfred W. McCoy</a><a href="#cite_note-convo-134">[132]</a> on the latter's book <a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Heroin_in_Southeast_Asia" title="The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia">The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia</a>, which claimed that the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> was knowingly involved in the production of heroin in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>, Thailand, and Laos.<a href="#cite_note-Boca_Raton_News;_October_1,_1972-135">[133]</a> In addition to working with McCoy, Ginsberg personally confronted <a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a>, the director of the CIA in the 1970s, about the matter, but Helms denied that the CIA had anything to do with selling illegal drugs.<a href="#cite_note-convo-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Ginsberg wrote many essays and articles, researching and compiling evidence of the CIA's alleged involvement in drug trafficking, but it took ten years, and the publication of McCoy's book in 1972, before anyone took him seriously.<a href="#cite_note-convo-134">[132]</a> In 1978, Ginsberg received a note from the chief editor of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, apologizing for not having taken his allegations seriously.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The political subject is dealt with in his song/poem "CIA Dope calypso". The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> responded to McCoy's initial allegations stating that they were "unable to find any evidence to substantiate them, much less proof."<a href="#cite_note-Daytona_Beach_Morning_Journal;_June_3,_1972-138">[136]</a> Subsequent investigations by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="Central Intelligence Agency Office of Inspector General">Inspector General of the CIA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> and United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a.k.a. the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinal_Report_of_the_Select_Committee_to_Study_Governmental_Operations_with_Respect_to_Intelligence_Activities1976205,_227-141">[139]</a> also found the charges to be unsubstantiated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop_culture">Pop culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pop culture">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_season_10#Episodes" title="The Simpsons season 10">season 10</a>, episode 6 of <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>, a hippie mixed-breed dog is named Ginsberg.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Work">edit</a>]</div> Most of Ginsberg's very early poetry was written in formal rhyme and meter like that of his father, and of his idol <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>. His admiration for the writing of <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a> inspired him to take poetry more seriously. In 1955, upon the advice of a psychiatrist, Ginsberg dropped out of the working world to devote his entire life to poetry.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Soon after, he wrote Howl, the poem that brought him and his <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> contemporaries to national attention and allowed him to live as a professional poet for the rest of his life. Later in life, Ginsberg entered academia, teaching poetry as Distinguished Professor of English at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a> from 1986 until his death.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inspiration_from_friends">Inspiration from friends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Inspiration from friends">edit</a>]</div> Ginsberg claimed throughout his life that his biggest inspiration was Kerouac's concept of "<a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_prose" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous prose">spontaneous prose</a>." He believed literature should come from the soul without conscious restrictions. Ginsberg was much more prone to revise than Kerouac. For example, when Kerouac saw the first draft of Howl, he disliked the fact that Ginsberg had made editorial changes in pencil (transposing "negro" and "angry" in the first line, for example). Kerouac only wrote out his concepts of spontaneous prose at Ginsberg's insistence because Ginsberg wanted to learn how to apply the technique to his poetry.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> The inspiration for Howl was Ginsberg's friend, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Solomon" title="Carl Solomon">Carl Solomon</a>, and Howl is dedicated to him. Solomon was a <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> enthusiast (he introduced Ginsberg to <a href="/wiki/Artaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaud">Artaud</a>) who had bouts of clinical depression. Solomon wanted to commit suicide, but he thought a form of suicide appropriate to dadaism would be to go to a mental institution and demand a <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">lobotomy</a>. The institution refused, giving him many forms of <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">therapy</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroshock therapy</a>. Much of the final section of the first part of Howl is a description of this. Ginsberg used Solomon as an example of all those ground down by the machine of "<a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a>." Moloch, to whom the second section is addressed, is a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic gods">Levantine god</a> to whom children were sacrificed. Ginsberg may have gotten the name from the <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rexroth" title="Kenneth Rexroth">Kenneth Rexroth</a> poem "Thou Shalt Not Kill," a poem about the death of one of Ginsberg's heroes, <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a>. Moloch is mentioned a few times in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and references to Ginsberg's Jewish background are frequent in his work. Ginsberg said the image of Moloch was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</a> visions he had of the Francis Drake Hotel in San Francisco which appeared to him as a skull; he took it as a symbol of the city (not specifically San Francisco, but all cities).<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Ginsberg later acknowledged in various publications and interviews that behind the visions of the Francis Drake Hotel were memories of the Moloch of <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> (1927) and of the woodcut novels of <a href="/wiki/Lynd_Ward" title="Lynd Ward">Lynd Ward</a>.<a href="#cite_note-orig-41">[41]</a> Moloch has subsequently been interpreted as any system of control, including the conformist society of post-World War II America, focused on material gain, which Ginsberg frequently blamed for the destruction of all those outside of societal norms.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> He also made sure to emphasize that Moloch is a part of humanity in multiple aspects, in that the decision to defy socially created systems of control—and therefore go against Moloch—is a form of self-destruction. Many of the characters Ginsberg references in Howl, such as Neal Cassady and Herbert Huncke, destroyed themselves through excessive substance abuse or a generally wild lifestyle. The personal aspects of Howl are perhaps as important as the political aspects. Carl Solomon, the prime example of a "best mind" destroyed by defying society, is associated with Ginsberg's schizophrenic mother: the line "with mother finally fucked" comes after a long section about Carl Solomon, and in Part III, Ginsberg says: "I'm with you in Rockland where you imitate the shade of my mother." Ginsberg later admitted that the drive to write Howl was fueled by sympathy for his ailing mother, an issue which he was not yet ready to deal with directly. He dealt with it directly with 1959's Kaddish,<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> which had its first public reading at a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker</a> Friday Night meeting, possibly due to its associations with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inspiration_from_mentors_and_idols">Inspiration from mentors and idols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Inspiration from mentors and idols">edit</a>]</div> Ginsberg's poetry was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> (most importantly the American style of Modernism pioneered by William Carlos Williams), <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> (specifically William Blake and <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>), the beat and cadence of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> (specifically that of <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bop</a> musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>), and his <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> Buddhist practice and Jewish background. He considered himself to have inherited the visionary poetic mantle handed down from the English poet and artist <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, the American poet <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> and the Spanish poet <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a>. The power of Ginsberg's verse, its searching, probing focus, its long and lilting lines, as well as its <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> exuberance, all echo the continuity of inspiration that he claimed.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deliberate-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spontaneous-123">[121]</a> He corresponded with <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, who was then in the middle of writing his epic poem <a href="/wiki/Paterson_(poem)" title="Paterson (poem)">Paterson</a> about the industrial city near his home. After attending a reading by Williams, Ginsberg sent the older poet several of his poems and wrote an introductory letter. Most of these early poems were rhymed and metered and included archaic pronouns like "thee." Williams disliked the poems and told Ginsberg, "In this mode perfection is basic, and these poems are not perfect."<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deliberate-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spontaneous-123">[121]</a> Though he disliked these early poems, Williams loved the exuberance in Ginsberg's letter. He included the letter in a later part of Paterson. He encouraged Ginsberg not to emulate the old masters, but to speak with his own voice and the voice of the common American. From Williams, Ginsberg learned to focus on strong visual images, in line with Williams' own motto "No ideas but in things." Studying Williams' style led to a tremendous shift from the early formalist work to a loose, colloquial <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a> style. Early breakthrough poems include Bricklayer's Lunch Hour and Dream Record.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spontaneous-123">[121]</a> Carl Solomon introduced Ginsberg to the work of <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a> (To Have Done with the Judgement of God and Van Gogh: The Man Suicided by Society), and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Jean Genet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Flowers" title="Our Lady of the Flowers">Our Lady of the Flowers</a>). <a href="/wiki/Philip_Lamantia" title="Philip Lamantia">Philip Lamantia</a> introduced him to other <a href="/wiki/Surrealists" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealists">Surrealists</a> and Surrealism continued to be an influence (for example, sections of "Kaddish" were inspired by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>'s Free Union). Ginsberg claimed that the anaphoric repetition of Howl and other poems was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Smart" title="Christopher Smart">Christopher Smart</a> in such poems as Jubilate Agno. Ginsberg also claimed other more traditional influences, such as: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deliberate-109">[107]</a> Ginsberg also made an intense study of <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a> and the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, from which he adapted a concept important to his work, which he called the Eyeball Kick. He noticed in viewing Cézanne's paintings that when the eye moved from one color to a contrasting color, the eye would <a href="/wiki/Saccade" title="Saccade">spasm</a>, or "kick." Likewise, he discovered that the contrast of two seeming opposites was a common feature in haiku. Ginsberg used this technique in his poetry, putting together two starkly dissimilar images: something weak with something strong, an artifact of high culture with an artifact of low culture, something holy with something unholy. The example Ginsberg most often used was "hydrogen jukebox" (which later became the title of a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_Jukebox" title="Hydrogen Jukebox">song cycle</a> composed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> with lyrics drawn from Ginsberg's poems). Another example is Ginsberg's observation on Bob Dylan during Dylan's hectic and intense 1966 electric-guitar tour, fueled by a cocktail of amphetamines,<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> opiates,<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> alcohol,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> and psychedelics,<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Dexedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexedrine">Dexedrine</a> Clown. The phrases "eyeball kick" and "hydrogen jukebox" both show up in Howl, as well as a direct quote from Cézanne: "Pater Omnipotens Aeterna Deus".<a href="#cite_note-Deliberate-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inspiration_from_music">Inspiration from music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Inspiration from music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence_and_Experience_(Allen_Ginsberg_album)" title="Songs of Innocence and Experience (Allen Ginsberg album)">Songs of Innocence and Experience (Allen Ginsberg album)</a></div> Allen Ginsberg also found inspiration in music. He frequently included music in his poetry, invariably composing his tunes on an old Indian harmonium, which he often played during his readings.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> He wrote and recorded music to accompany <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence" class="mw-redirect" title="Songs of Innocence">Songs of Innocence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Songs of Experience">Songs of Experience</a>. He also recorded a handful of other albums. To create music for Howl and Wichita Vortex Sutra, he worked with the minimalist composer, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>. Ginsberg worked with, drew inspiration from, and inspired artists such as <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Phil Ochs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Fugs" title="The Fugs">The Fugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher,_Michael_2002-54">[54]</a> He worked with Dylan on various projects and maintained a friendship with him over many years.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> In 1981, Ginsberg recorded a song called "Birdbrain." He was backed by the Gluons, and the track was released as a single.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> In 1996, he recorded a song co-written with <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> and Philip Glass, "The Ballad of the Skeletons",<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> which reached number 8 on the <a href="/wiki/Triple_J_Hottest_100,_1996" title="Triple J Hottest 100, 1996">Triple J Hottest 100</a> for that year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style_and_technique">Style and technique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Style and technique">edit</a>]</div> From the study of his idols and mentors and the inspiration of his friends—not to mention his own experiments—Ginsberg developed an individualistic style that's easily identified as Ginsbergian.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Ginsberg stated that Whitman's long line was a dynamic technique few other poets had ventured to develop further, and Whitman is also often compared to Ginsberg because their poetry sexualized aspects of the male form.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deliberate-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spontaneous-123">[121]</a> Many of Ginsberg's early long line experiments contain some sort of <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(rhetoric)" title="Anaphora (rhetoric)">anaphora</a>, repetition of a "fixed base" (for example "who" in Howl, "America" in America) and this has become a recognizable feature of Ginsberg's style.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> He said later this was a crutch because he lacked confidence; he did not yet trust "free flight."<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> In the 1960s, after employing it in some sections of Kaddish ("caw" for example) he, for the most part, abandoned the anaphoric form. 'Latter-Day Beat' Bob Dylan is known for using anaphora, as in 'Tangled Up in Blue' where the phrase, returned to at the end of every verse, takes the place of a chorus.<a href="#cite_note-Deliberate-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spontaneous-123">[121]</a> Several of his earlier experiments with methods for formatting poems as a whole became regular aspects of his style in later poems. In the original draft of Howl, each line is in a "stepped triadic" format reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-166">[164]</a> He abandoned the "stepped triadic" when he developed his long line although the stepped lines showed up later, most significantly in the travelogues of The Fall of America.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Howl and Kaddish, arguably his two most important poems, are both organized as an inverted pyramid, with larger sections leading to smaller sections. In America, he also experimented with a mix of longer and shorter lines.<a href="#cite_note-Deliberate-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spontaneous-123">[121]</a> Ginsberg's mature style made use of many specific, highly developed techniques, which he expressed in the "poetic slogans" he used in his Naropa teaching. Prominent among these was the inclusion of his unedited mental associations so as to reveal the mind at work ("First thought, best thought." "Mind is shapely, thought is shapely.") He preferred expression through carefully observed physical details rather than abstract statements ("Show, don't tell." "No ideas but in things.")<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> In these he carried on and developed traditions of modernism in writing that are also found in Kerouac and Whitman. In Howl and in his other poetry, Ginsberg drew inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a> style of the 19th-century American poet <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Both wrote passionately about the promise (and betrayal) of American democracy, the central importance of erotic experience, and the spiritual quest for the truth of everyday existence. <a href="/wiki/J._D._McClatchy" title="J. D. McClatchy">J. D. McClatchy</a>, editor of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Review">Yale Review</a>, called Ginsberg "the best-known American poet of his generation, as much a social force as a literary phenomenon." McClatchy added that Ginsberg, like Whitman, "was a bard in the old manner—outsized, darkly prophetic, part exuberance, part prayer, part rant. His work is finally a history of our era's psyche, with all its contradictory urges." McClatchy's barbed eulogies define the essential difference between Ginsberg ("a beat poet whose writing was [...] journalism raised by combining the recycling genius with a generous mimic-empathy, to strike audience-accessible chords; always lyrical and sometimes truly poetic") and Kerouac ("a poet of singular brilliance, the brightest luminary of a 'beat generation' he came to symbolise in popular culture [...] [though] in reality he far surpassed his contemporaries [...] Kerouac is an originating genius, exploring then answering—like <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Rimbaud</a> a century earlier, by necessity more than by choice—the demands of authentic self-expression as applied to the evolving quicksilver mind of America's only literary virtuoso [...]").<a href="#cite_note-NYT-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howl_and_Other_Poems" title="Howl and Other Poems">Howl and Other Poems</a> (1956), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-017-9">978-0-87286-017-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish_and_Other_Poems" title="Kaddish and Other Poems">Kaddish and Other Poems</a> (1961), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-019-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-019-3">978-0-87286-019-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empty_Mirror:_Early_Poems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empty Mirror: Early Poems (page does not exist)">Empty Mirror: Early Poems</a> (1961), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87091-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87091-030-2">978-0-87091-030-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_Sandwiches" title="Reality Sandwiches">Reality Sandwiches</a> (1963), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-021-6">978-0-87286-021-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yage_Letters" title="The Yage Letters">The Yage Letters</a> (1963) – with William S. Burroughs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_News" title="Planet News">Planet News</a> (1968), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-020-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-020-9">978-0-87286-020-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Journals" title="Indian Journals">Indian Journals</a> (1970), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3475-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3475-0">0-8021-3475-0</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Blues:_Rags,_Ballads_%26_Harmonium_Songs_1971_-_1974&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Blues: Rags, Ballads & Harmonium Songs 1971 - 1974 (page does not exist)">First Blues: Rags, Ballads & Harmonium Songs 1971 - 1974</a> (1975), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916190-05-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-916190-05-6">0-916190-05-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Gates_of_Wrath:_Rhymed_Poems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Gates of Wrath: Rhymed Poems (page does not exist)">The Gates of Wrath: Rhymed Poems</a> 1948–1951 (1972), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912516-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912516-01-1">978-0-912516-01-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_America:_Poems_of_These_States" title="The Fall of America: Poems of These States">The Fall of America: Poems of These States</a> (1973), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-063-6">978-0-87286-063-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Horse_(poem)" title="Iron Horse (poem)">Iron Horse</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Verbatim:_Lectures_on_Poetry,_Politics,_Consciousness_by_Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allen Verbatim: Lectures on Poetry, Politics, Consciousness by Allen Ginsberg (page does not exist)">Allen Verbatim: Lectures on Poetry, Politics, Consciousness by Allen Ginsberg</a> (1974), edited by Gordon Ball, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-023285-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-023285-7">0-07-023285-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sad_Dust_Glories:_poems_during_work_summer_in_woods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sad Dust Glories: poems during work summer in woods (page does not exist)">Sad Dust Glories: poems during work summer in woods</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_Breaths" title="Mind Breaths">Mind Breaths</a> (1978), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-092-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-092-6">978-0-87286-092-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutonian_Ode:_Poems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plutonian Ode: Poems (page does not exist)">Plutonian Ode: Poems</a> 1977–1980 (1981), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-125-1">978-0-87286-125-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collected_Poems_1947%E2%80%931980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collected Poems 1947–1980 (page does not exist)">Collected Poems 1947–1980</a> (1984), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015341-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015341-0">978-0-06-015341-0</a>. Republished with later material added as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collected_Poems_1947-1997&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collected Poems 1947-1997 (page does not exist)">Collected Poems 1947-1997</a>, New York, HarperCollins, 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Shroud_Poems" title="White Shroud Poems">White Shroud Poems</a>: 1980–1985 (1986), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091429-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091429-5">978-0-06-091429-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_Greetings_Poems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmopolitan Greetings Poems (page does not exist)">Cosmopolitan Greetings Poems</a>: 1986–1993 (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howl_Annotated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howl Annotated (page does not exist)">Howl Annotated</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_Poems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illuminated Poems (page does not exist)">Illuminated Poems</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selected_Poems:_1947%E2%80%931995&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selected Poems: 1947–1995 (page does not exist)">Selected Poems: 1947–1995</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_and_Fame:_Poems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death and Fame: Poems (page does not exist)">Death and Fame: Poems</a> 1993–1997 (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberate_Prose" title="Deliberate Prose">Deliberate Prose</a> 1952–1995 (2000)</li> <li>Howl & Other Poems 50th Anniversary Edition (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-113745-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-113745-7">978-0-06-113745-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Martyrdom_and_Artifice:_First_Journals_and_Poems_1937-1952&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Book of Martyrdom and Artifice: First Journals and Poems 1937-1952 (page does not exist)">The Book of Martyrdom and Artifice: First Journals and Poems 1937-1952</a> (Da Capo Press, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Selected_Letters_of_Allen_Ginsberg_and_Gary_Snyder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Selected Letters of Allen Ginsberg and Gary Snyder (page does not exist)">The Selected Letters of Allen Ginsberg and Gary Snyder</a> (Counterpoint, 2009)</li> <li>I Greet You at the Beginning of a Great Career: The Selected Correspondence of Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Allen Ginsberg, 1955–1997 (City Lights, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Best_Minds_of_My_Generation:_A_Literary_History_of_the_Beats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Best Minds of My Generation: A Literary History of the Beats (page does not exist)">The Best Minds of My Generation: A Literary History of the Beats</a> (Grove Press, 2017)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_discography">Selected discography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Selected discography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Howl And Other Poems (1959) Fantasy - 7006</li> <li>None (1965) with <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ferlinghetti" title="Lawrence Ferlinghetti">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Voznesensky" title="Andrei Voznesensky">Andrei Voznesensky</a> Lovebooks - LB0001</li> <li>Allen Ginsberg Reading at Better Books (1965) Better Books – 16156/57</li> <li>Reads Kaddish (A 20th Century American Ecstatic Narrative Poem) (1966) Atlantic – 4001</li> <li>The Ginsbergs At The ICA (1967) with Louise Ginsberg Saga Psyche – PSY 3000</li> <li>Consciousness & Practical Action (1967) Liberation Records – DL 16</li> <li>Challenge Seminar (1968) with <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R.D. Laing</a> Liberation Records – DL 23</li> <li>Ginsberg's Thing (1969) Transatlantic Records – TRA 192</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence_and_Experience_(Allen_Ginsberg_album)" title="Songs of Innocence and Experience (Allen Ginsberg album)">Songs Of Innocence And Experience</a> (1970) MGM Records – FTS-3083, Verve Forecast – FTS-3083</li> <li>America Today! (The World's Greatest Poets Vol. I) (1971) with <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ferlinghetti" title="Lawrence Ferlinghetti">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</a> CMS – CMS 617</li> <li>Gate, Two Evenings With Allen Ginsberg Vol.1 Songs (1980) Loft – LOFT 1001</li> <li>First Blues: Rags, Ballads & Harmonium Songs (1981) Folkways Records – FSS 37560</li> <li>First Blues (1983) John Hammond Records – W2X 37673</li> <li>Allen Ginsberg With Still Life (1983) with Still Life Local Anesthetic Records – LA LP-001</li> <li>Üvöltés (1987) with Hobo Krém – SLPM 37048</li> <li>The Lion For Real (1989) Great Jones – GJ-6004</li> <li>September On Jessore Road (1992) with the Mondriaan Quartet Soyo Records – 0001</li> <li>Cosmopolitan Greetings (1993) with <a href="/wiki/George_Gruntz" title="George Gruntz">George Gruntz</a> Schweiz – MGB CD 9203, Migros-Genossenschafts-Bund – MGB CD 9203</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_Jukebox" title="Hydrogen Jukebox">Hydrogen Jukebox</a> (1993) with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> Elektra Nonesuch – 9 79286-2</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Honors">edit</a>]</div> His collection The Fall of America shared the annual U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Poetry" title="National Book Award for Poetry">National Book Award for Poetry</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-nba1974-14">[14]</a> In 1979, he received the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Club" title="National Arts Club">National Arts Club</a> gold medal and was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters">American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Ginsberg was a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> finalist in 1995 for his book Cosmopolitan Greetings: Poems 1986–1992.<a href="#cite_note-The_Pulitzer_Prizes_{{pipe}}_Poetry-16">[16]</a> In 1993, he received a <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jay Award">John Jay Award</a> posthumously from Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> In 2014, Ginsberg was one of the inaugural honorees in the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Honor_Walk" title="Rainbow Honor Walk">Rainbow Honor Walk</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_halls_and_walks_of_fame" title="List of halls and walks of fame">walk of fame</a> in San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Castro_District,_San_Francisco" title="Castro District, San Francisco">Castro neighborhood</a> noting <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> people who have "made significant contributions in their fields."<a href="#cite_note-:022-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/56px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Times_of_Allen_Ginsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="The Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg">The Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Allen_Ginsberg" title="Category:Works by Allen Ginsberg">Category:Works by Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg_Live_in_London" title="Allen Ginsberg Live in London">Allen Ginsberg Live in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howl_(2010_film)" title="Howl (2010 film)">Howl</a> (2010 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">LGBT culture in New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT people from New York City">List of LGBT people from New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Be-In" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Park Be-In">Central Park Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Carolan" title="Trevor Carolan">Trevor Carolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_(film)" title="Burroughs (film)">Burroughs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Brookner" title="Howard Brookner">Howard Brookner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Your_Darlings_(2013_film)" title="Kill Your Darlings (2013 film)">Kill Your Darlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Jewish Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_poetry" title="American poetry">American poetry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> (from the "Houseboat Summit" panel discussion, <a href="/wiki/Sausalito,_California" title="Sausalito, California">Sausalito CA</a>. February 1967)(<a href="#CITEREFCohen1991">Cohen 1991</a>, p. 182): Ginsberg: So what do you think of Swami Bhaktivedanta pleading for the acceptance of Krishna in every direction? Snyder: Why, it's a lovely positive thing to say Krishna. It's a beautiful mythology and it's a beautiful practice. Leary: Should be encouraged. Ginsberg: He feels it's the one uniting thing. He feels a monopolistic unitary thing about it. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Watts</a>: I'll tell you why I think he feels it. The mantras, the images of Krishna have in this culture no foul association [...] [W]hen somebody comes in from the Orient with a new religion which hasn't got any of [horrible] associations in our minds, all the words are new, all the rites are new, and yet, somehow it has feeling in it, and we can get with that, you see, and we can dig that! </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Addressing speculations that he was Allen Ginsberg's guru, Bhaktivedanta Swami answered a direct question in a public program, "Are you Allen Ginsberg's guru?" by saying, "I am nobody's guru. I am everybody's servant. Actually I am not even a servant; a servant of God is no ordinary thing." (<a href="#CITEREFGreene2007">Greene 2007</a>, p. 85; <a href="#CITEREFGoswami2011">Goswami 2011</a>, pp. 196–7) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-glbtq.com-1"><a href="#cite_ref-glbtq.com_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003635/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/ginsberg_a.html">"Ginsberg, Allen (1926–1997)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">glbtq.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/literature/ginsberg_a.html">the original</a> on March 13, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glbtq.com&rft.atitle=Ginsberg%2C+Allen+%281926%E2%80%931997%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtq.com%2Fliterature%2Fginsberg_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Ginsberg, Allen (July 1, 2009). Howl, Kaddish and Other Poems. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> Ltd. p. 0. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-119016-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-119016-7"><bdi>978-0-14-119016-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Howl%2C+Kaddish+and+Other+Poems&rft.place=London&rft.pages=0&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-14-119016-7&rft.aulast=Ginsberg&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Ginsberg, Allen (March 20, 2001). Deliberate Prose: Selected Essays 1952–1995. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. xx–xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093081-3"><bdi>978-0-06-093081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deliberate+Prose%3A+Selected+Essays+1952%E2%80%931995&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xx-xxi&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093081-3&rft.aulast=Ginsberg&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/allen-ginsberg/about-allen-ginsberg/613/">"About Allen Ginsberg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. December 29, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Allen+Ginsberg&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2002-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Famericanmasters%2Fepisodes%2Fallen-ginsberg%2Fabout-allen-ginsberg%2F613%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2015" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Derek, ed. (2015). Censorship: a world encyclopedia. Volume 1–4. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. p. 955. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-00400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-00400-2"><bdi>978-1-135-00400-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910523065">910523065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Censorship%3A+a+world+encyclopedia.+Volume+1%E2%80%934&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=955&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910523065&rft.isbn=978-1-135-00400-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsSkover2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_K._L._Collins" title="Ronald K. L. Collins">Collins, Ronald K. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Skover" title="David Skover">Skover, David</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA185">The People v. Ferlinghetti: The Fight to Publish Allen Ginsberg's Howl</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2590-8"><bdi>978-1-5381-2590-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+v.+Ferlinghetti%3A+The+Fight+to+Publish+Allen+Ginsberg%27s+Howl&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2590-8&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Ronald+K.+L.&rft.au=Skover%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNEaEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1968" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Jane (1968). Allen Ginsberg in America. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. 43–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-299-40095-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-299-40095-5"><bdi>978-1-299-40095-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allen+Ginsberg+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43-46&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-1-299-40095-5&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lean-8"><a href="#cite_ref-lean_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Grazia1993" class="citation book cs1">de Grazia, Edward (March 2, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/girlsleanbackeve00degr_0">Girls Lean Back Everywhere: The Law of Obscenity and the Assault on Genius</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74341-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74341-5"><bdi>978-0-679-74341-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girls+Lean+Back+Everywhere%3A+The+Law+of+Obscenity+and+the+Assault+on+Genius&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1993-03-02&rft.isbn=978-0-679-74341-5&rft.aulast=de+Grazia&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgirlsleanbackeve00degr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allenginsberg.org/index.php?page=bio">"Allen Ginsberg Project – Bio"</a>. allenginsberg.org. Retrieved February 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allen+Ginsberg+Project+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BBio&rft.pub=allenginsberg.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allenginsberg.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiles2001">Miles 2001</a>, pp. 440–444 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiles2001">Miles 2001</a>, pp. 454–455 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Ginsberg, Allen, Deliberate Prose, the foreword by Edward Sanders, p. xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Vendler, Helen (January 13, 1986), "Books: A Lifelong Poem Including History", The New Yorker, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-nba1974-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nba1974_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nba1974_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nba1974_14-2">c</a> In 1993, Ginsberg visited the University of Maine at Orono for a conference, to pay homage to the 90-year-old great <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/carl-rakosi">Carl Rakosi</a> and to read poems as well. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1974">"National Book Awards – 1974"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Foundation" title="National Book Foundation">National Book Foundation</a>. Retrieved April 7, 2012 (with acceptance speech by Ginsberg and essay by John Murillo from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog). </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiles2001">Miles 2001</a>, p. 484 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pulitzer_Prizes_{{pipe}}_Poetry-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pulitzer_Prizes_{{pipe}}_Poetry_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pulitzer_Prizes_{{pipe}}_Poetry_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Poetry">"The Pulitzer Prizes | Poetry"</a>. Pulitzer.org. Retrieved October 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pulitzer+Prizes+%26%23124%3B+Poetry&rft.pub=Pulitzer.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulitzer.org%2Fbycat%2FPoetry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Pacernick, Gary. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Allan+Ginsberg%3A+an+interview+by+Gary+Pacernick.-a019918392">Allen Ginsberg: An interview by Gary Pacernick</a>" (February 10, 1996), <a href="/wiki/The_American_Poetry_Review" title="The American Poetry Review">The American Poetry Review</a>, July/August 1997. "Yeah, I am a Jewish poet. I'm Jewish." </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_18-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampton,_Willborn1997" class="citation news cs1">Hampton, Willborn (April 6, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/06/nyregion/allen-ginsberg-master-poet-of-beat-generation-dies-at-70.html">"Allen Ginsberg, Master Poet Of Beat Generation, Dies at 70"</a>. 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November 6, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312154310/https://www.literarymanhattan.org/place/st-marks-church-in-the-bowery/">"St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery"</a>. www.literarymanhattan.org. Archived from the original on March 12, 2022. 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City Lights Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-325-5"><bdi>978-0-87286-325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beat+Generation+in+New+York%3A+A+Walking+Tour+of+Jack+Kerouac%27s+City&rft.pub=City+Lights+Books&rft.date=1997-11&rft.isbn=978-0-87286-325-5&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nt1xVR4SrAC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHADDA2008" class="citation journal cs1">HADDA, JANET (2008). "Ginsberg in Hospital". 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Detroit: Gale. </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharters" class="citation web cs1">Charters, Ann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511185747/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm">"Allen Ginsberg's Life"</a>. Modern American Poetry website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm">the original</a> on May 11, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allen+Ginsberg%27s+Life&rft.pub=Modern+American+Poetry+website&rft.aulast=Charters&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.uiuc.edu%2Fmaps%2Fpoets%2Fg_l%2Fginsberg%2Flife.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2007">Morgan 2007</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-orig-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orig_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orig_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orig_41-2">c</a> Ginsberg, Allen (1995). Howl: Original Draft Facsimile, Transcript & Variant Versions, Fully Annotated by Author, with Contemporaneous Correspondence, Account of First Public Reading, Legal Skirmishes, Precursor Texts & Bibliography. Barry Miles (Ed.). 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"Allen Ginsberg Project". </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiles2001">Miles 2001</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Straight Hearts' Delight: Love Poems and Selected Letters, by Allen Ginsberg and Peter Orlovsky, edited by Winston Leyland. Gay Sunshine Press, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-917342-65-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-917342-65-8">0-917342-65-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartlaub2015" class="citation web cs1">Hartlaub, Peter (December 4, 2015) [December 4, 2015]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/oursf/article/Our-SF-The-Beats-help-build-city-s-progressive-6676634.php">"How the Beats helped build San Francisco's progressive future"</a>. 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Retrieved October 2, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&rft.atitle=Birth+of+the+Beat+Generation%3A+50+Years+of+%27Howl%27&rft.date=2005-10-07&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4950578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiles2001">Miles 2001</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Ball, Gordon, "'Howl' and Other Victories: A friend remembers City Lights' Shig Murao", San Francisco Chronicle, November 28, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaskin2004">Raskin 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifo.gr/now/athens/otan-o-poiitis-alen-gkinsmpergk-episkeftike-perama">"Όταν ο ποιητής Άλεν Γκίνσμπεργκ επισκέφτηκε το Πέραμα. | LiFO"</a>. www.lifo.gr (in Greek). January 28, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lifo.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD+%CE%BF+%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BD+%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA+%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%86%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BA%CE%B5+%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1.+%7C+LiFO&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifo.gr%2Fnow%2Fathens%2Fotan-o-poiitis-alen-gkinsmpergk-episkeftike-perama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-1-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_64-1">b</a> Nuttall, J (1968) Bomb Culture MacGibbon & Kee, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-261-62617-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-261-62617-5">0-261-62617-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-2-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-2_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-2_65-1">b</a> Fountain, N: Underground: the London alternative press, 1966–1974, p. 16. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00728-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00728-3">0-415-00728-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ginsbergproject-66"><a href="#cite_ref-ginsbergproject_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2014" class="citation web cs1">Hale, Peter (March 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ginsbergblog.blogspot.com/2014/03/barbara-rubin-1945-1980.html">"Barbara Rubin (1945–1980)"</a>. 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African American Review. 47 (2/3): 357–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fafa.2014.0042">10.1353/afa.2014.0042</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24589759">24589759</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160151597">160151597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+American+Review&rft.atitle=LeRoi+Jones%27s+Radio+and+the+Literary+%22Break%22+from+Ellison+to+Burroughs&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=357-374&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160151597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24589759%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fafa.2014.0042&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140634/http://fora.tv/2008/10/23/Bill_Morgan_The_Letters_of_Allen_Ginsberg">Bill Morgan: The Letters of Allen Ginsberg</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>. Video at fora.tv. October 23, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPERLOFF2013" class="citation journal cs1">PERLOFF, MARJORIE (2013). "Allen Ginsberg". Poetry. 202 (4): 351–353. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23561794">23561794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poetry&rft.atitle=Allen+Ginsberg&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=351-353&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23561794%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=PERLOFF&rft.aufirst=MARJORIE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tyger-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tyger_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyger_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyger_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyger_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyger_72-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyger_72-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyger_72-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyger_72-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyger_72-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsberg2015" class="citation web cs1">Ginsberg, Allen (April 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionsroar.com/the-vomit-of-a-mad-tyger/">"The Vomit of a Mad Tyger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shambhala Sun">Lion's Roar</a>. Retrieved April 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vomit+of+a+Mad+Tyger&rft.pub=Lion%27s+Roar&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft.aulast=Ginsberg&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionsroar.com%2Fthe-vomit-of-a-mad-tyger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrideaux2019" class="citation news cs1">Prideaux, Ed (December 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/hare-krishna-sex-god-beatles-hindu-guru-chant-temple-message-a9226531.html">"The true story of Hare Krishna: Sex, drugs, The Beatles and 50 years of scandal"</a>. The Independent. 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(2007). Wills, D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501050535/http://www.beatdom.com/buddhism_and_the_beats.htm">"Buddhism and the Beats"</a>. Beatdom. Vol. 1. Dundee: Mauling Press. pp. 9–13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatdom.com/buddhism_and_the_beats.htm">the original</a> on May 1, 2010. 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New York: Villard Books. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-41605-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-41605-6"><bdi>0-679-41605-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love%2C+Janis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Villard+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-679-41605-6&rft.aulast=Joplin&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Chowka, Peter Barry, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/interviews.htm">This is Allen Ginsberg?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408084404/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/interviews.htm">Archived</a> April 8, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (Interview), <a href="/wiki/New_Age_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="New Age Journal">New Age Journal</a>, April 1976. 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California: City of Lights. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deliberate-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deliberate_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deliberate_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deliberate_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deliberate_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deliberate_109-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deliberate_109-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deliberate_109-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deliberate_109-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deliberate_109-8">i</a> Ginsberg, Allen. Deliberate Prose: Selected Essays 1952–1995. Harper Perennial, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-093081-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-093081-0">0-06-093081-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Barsky, Robert F. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/chomsky/chomsky/4/5.html">"Marching with the Armies of the Night"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116133359/http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/chomsky/chomsky/4/5.html">Archived</a> January 16, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Noam Chomsky: a life of dissent. 1st ed. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Mitford, Jessica (1969) The Trial of Dr. Spock, the Rev. William Sloane Coffin Jr., Michael Ferber, Mitchell Goodman, and Marcus Raskin [1st ed.]. New York: Knopf, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest", New York Post. 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Retrieved August 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFist+%E2%80%93+San+Francisco+News%2C+Restaurants%2C+Events%2C+%26+Sports&rft.atitle=Castro%27s+Rainbow+Honor+Walk+Dedicated+Today%3A+SFist&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfist.com%2F2014%2F09%2F02%2Fcastros_rainbow_honor_walk_dedicate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-174"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnivele2016" class="citation web cs1">Carnivele, Gary (July 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaysonoma.com/2016/07/second-lgbt-honorees-selected-for-san-franciscos-rainbow-honor-walk/">"Second LGBT Honorees Selected for San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk"</a>. We The People. Retrieved August 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=We+The+People&rft.atitle=Second+LGBT+Honorees+Selected+for+San+Francisco%27s+Rainbow+Honor+Walk&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft.aulast=Carnivele&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaysonoma.com%2F2016%2F07%2Fsecond-lgbt-honorees-selected-for-san-franciscos-rainbow-honor-walk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromleyShinn1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Bromley" title="David G. Bromley">Bromley, David G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Shinn" title="Larry Shinn">Shinn, Larry D.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-EuD3M2QYoC&pg=PA106">Krishna consciousness in the West</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bucknell_University_Press" title="Bucknell University Press">Bucknell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5144-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5144-2"><bdi>978-0-8387-5144-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+consciousness+in+the+West&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8387-5144-2&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft.au=Shinn%2C+Larry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-EuD3M2QYoC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1992" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Charles R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5tjtDZ438h4C">The Hare Krishnas in India</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a> Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0939-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0939-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0939-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hare+Krishnas+in+India&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0939-0&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5tjtDZ438h4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssidesWilkins2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Chryssides" title="George D. Chryssides">Chryssides, George D.</a>; Wilkins, Margaret Z. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFlebSZKLcC&pg=PA213">A reader in new religious movements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6168-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6168-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-6168-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+reader+in+new+religious+movements&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6168-1&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Margaret+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHgFlebSZKLcC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Cohen_(poet)" title="Allen Cohen (poet)">Cohen, Allen</a> (1991). Allen Cohen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2AkeAgAACAAJ">The San Francisco Oracle. The psychedelic newspaper of the Haight-Ashbury (1966–1968). Facsimile edition</a> (1st ed.). Regent Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916147-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916147-11-2"><bdi>978-0-916147-11-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+San+Francisco+Oracle.+The+psychedelic+newspaper+of+the+Haight-Ashbury+%281966%E2%80%931968%29.+Facsimile+edition&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Regent+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-916147-11-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2AkeAgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2001" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Barry (2001). Ginsberg: A Biography. London: Virgin Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0486-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0486-4"><bdi>978-0-7535-0486-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ginsberg%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Virgin+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-0486-4&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Morgan_(archivist)" title="Bill Morgan (archivist)">Morgan, Bill</a> (2007). I Celebrate Myself: The Somewhat Private Life of Allen Ginsberg. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311249-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311249-5"><bdi>978-0-14-311249-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Celebrate+Myself%3A+The+Somewhat+Private+Life+of+Allen+Ginsberg&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311249-5&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsbergMorgan1986" class="citation book cs1">Ginsberg, Allen; Morgan, Bill (1986). Kanreki: a tribute to Allen Ginsberg, Part 2. University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kanreki%3A+a+tribute+to+Allen+Ginsberg%2C+Part+2&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Ginsberg&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoswami2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mukunda_Goswami" title="Mukunda Goswami">Goswami, Mukunda</a> (2011). Miracle on Second Avenue. Torchlight Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9817273-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9817273-4-9"><bdi>978-0-9817273-4-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miracle+on+Second+Avenue&rft.pub=Torchlight+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9817273-4-9&rft.aulast=Goswami&rft.aufirst=Mukunda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2007" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Joshua M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BSZtZUWge-IC">Here somes the Sun: The spiritual and musical journey of George Harrison</a> (reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12780-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12780-3"><bdi>978-0-470-12780-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+somes+the+Sun%3A+The+spiritual+and+musical+journey+of+George+Harrison&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-12780-3&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Joshua+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBSZtZUWge-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuster1997" class="citation book cs1">Muster, Nori Jean (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw3-xD05wnoC">Betrayal of the spirit: my life behind the headlines of the Hare Krishna movement</a> (reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06566-8"><bdi>978-0-252-06566-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betrayal+of+the+spirit%3A+my+life+behind+the+headlines+of+the+Hare+Krishna+movement&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06566-8&rft.aulast=Muster&rft.aufirst=Nori+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDw3-xD05wnoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaskin2004" class="citation book cs1">Raskin, Jonah (2004). American Scream: Allen Ginsberg's Howl and the Making of the Beat Generation. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24015-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24015-4"><bdi>0-520-24015-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Scream%3A+Allen+Ginsberg%27s+Howl+and+the+Making+of+the+Beat+Generation&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-520-24015-4&rft.aulast=Raskin&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schumacher, Michael (ed.). Family Business: Selected Letters Between a Father and Son. Bloomsbury (2002), paperback, 448 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58234-216-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58234-216-4">1-58234-216-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzatmary1996" class="citation book cs1">Szatmary, David P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjzaAAAAMAAJ">Rockin' in time: a social history of rock-and-roll</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-440678-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-440678-7"><bdi>978-0-13-440678-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rockin%27+in+time%3A+a+social+history+of+rock-and-roll&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-13-440678-7&rft.aulast=Szatmary&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjzaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Boer, Charles. Charles Olson in Connecticut. North Carolina Wesleyan College Press, 1991, (1975). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933598-28-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-933598-28-9">0-933598-28-9</a>.</li> <li>Bullough, Vern L. Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. Harrington Park Press, 2002. pp 304–311.</li> <li>Charters, Ann (ed.). The Portable Beat Reader. Penguin Books. New York. 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-83885-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-83885-3">0-670-83885-3</a> (hc); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-015102-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-015102-8">0-14-015102-8</a> (pbk)</li> <li>Collins, Ronald & Skover, David. Mania: The Story of the Outraged & Outrageous Lives that Launched a Cultural Revolution (Top-Five books, March 2013)</li> <li>Gifford, Barry (ed.). As Ever: The Collected Letters of Allen Ginsberg & Neal Cassady. Berkeley: Creative Arts Books (1977).</li> <li>Ginsberg, Allen. Travels with Ginsberg: A Postcard Book. San Francisco: City Lights (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-397-2">978-0-87286-397-2</a></li> <li>Hrebeniak, Michael. Action Writing: Jack Kerouac's Wild Form, Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 2006.</li> <li>Kashner, Sam. <a href="/wiki/When_I_Was_Cool" title="When I Was Cool">When I Was Cool</a>, My Life at the Jack Kerouac School, New York: HarperCollins Perennial, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-000566-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-000566-1">0-06-000566-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_McBride_(poet)" title="Dick McBride (poet)">McBride, Dick</a>. Cometh With Clouds (Memory: Allen Ginsberg) Cherry Valley Editions, 1982 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916156-51-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-916156-51-6">0-916156-51-6</a></li> <li>Morgan, Bill (ed.), I Greet You at the Beginning of a Great Career: The Selected Correspondence of Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Allen Ginsberg, 1955–1997. San Francisco: City Lights Publishers, 2015.</li> <li>Schumacher, Michael. Dharma Lion: A Biography of Allen Ginsberg. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Trigilio" title="Tony Trigilio">Trigilio, Tony</a>. Allen Ginsberg's Buddhist Poetics. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-2755-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-2755-4">0-8093-2755-4</a></li> <li>Trigilio, Tony. "Strange Prophecies Anew": Rereading Apocalypse in Blake, H.D., and Ginsberg. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3854-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3854-6">0-8386-3854-6</a>.</li> <li>Tytell, John. Naked Angels: Kerouac, Ginsberg, Burroughs. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-683-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-683-3">1-56663-683-3</a></li> <li>Warner, Simon (ed.). Howl for Now: A 50th anniversary celebration of Allen Ginsberg's epic protest poem. West Yorkshire, UK: Route (2005), paperback, 144 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901927-25-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-901927-25-3">1-901927-25-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Allen Ginsberg at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allen_Ginsberg" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Allen Ginsberg">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" class="extiw" title="q:Allen Ginsberg">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6711" class="extiw" title="d:Q6711">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Archives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078710">George Dowden papers on the Allen Ginsberg bibliography, 1966–1971</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/rbml.html">Rare Book and Manuscripts Library, Columbia University Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.udel.edu/special/findaids/view?docId=ead/mss0481.xml">Materials related to Allen Ginsberg in the Robert A. Wilson collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319042455/https://library.udel.edu/special/findaids/view?docId=ead/mss0481.xml">Archived</a> March 19, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.udel.edu/special/">Special Collections, University of Delaware Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf5c6004hb/">Allen Ginsberg papers</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.stanford.edu/spc/manuscripts-division">Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford Libraries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104071043/https://library.stanford.edu/spc/manuscripts-division">Archived</a> November 4, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_recordings_and_interviews">Audio recordings and interviews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Audio recordings and interviews">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110170800/http://hcl.harvard.edu/poetryroom/listeningbooth/poets/ginsberg.cfm">Audio recordings of Allen Ginsberg</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Woodberry_Poetry_Room" title="Woodberry Poetry Room">Woodberry Poetry Room</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/micadeckerlibrary?and%5B%5D=allen%20ginsberg">Audio recordings of Allen Ginsberg</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Institute_College_of_Art" title="Maryland Institute College of Art">Maryland Institute College of Art</a>'s Decker Library, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/interviews.htm">Modern American Poetry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408084404/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/interviews.htm">Archived</a> April 8, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, interview</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_links">Other links</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Ginsberg&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allenginsberg.org/">The Allen Ginsberg Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?22260">Allen Ginsberg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Clark1966" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Thomas Clark (Spring 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4389/the-art-of-poetry-no-8-allen-ginsberg">"Allen Ginsberg, The Art of Poetry No. 8"</a>. The Paris Review. Spring 1966 (37).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Allen+Ginsberg%2C+The+Art+of+Poetry+No.+8&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=Spring+1966&rft.issue=37&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Thomas+Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F4389%2Fthe-art-of-poetry-no-8-allen-ginsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllen+Ginsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pen.org/nonfiction/case-histories-allen-ginsberg">Case Histories: Allen Ginsberg at PEN.org</a> honoring Ginsberg's work, from PEN American Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poets.org/agins">Allen Ginsberg on Poets.org</a> With audio clips, poems, and related essays, from the Academy of American Poets</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6393328">"After 50 Years, Ginsberg's Howl Still Resonates"</a> NPR October 27, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424181903/http://www.lensculture.com/ginsberg.html?thisPic=100">Allen Ginsberg photographs with hand-written captions</a> at <a href="/wiki/LensCulture" title="LensCulture">LensCulture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shambhalasun.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3003&Itemid=0">Autobiographical Article in Shambhala Sun Magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215164608/http://www.shambhalasun.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3003&Itemid=0">Archived</a> December 15, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223012327/https://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2015/apr/30/fbi-agents-instructed-not-interview-allen-ginsberg/">FBI agents were warned against interviewing Allen Ginsberg, fearing it would result in "embarrassment" from</a> <a href="/wiki/MuckRock" title="MuckRock">MuckRock</a>.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7477649">Allen Ginsberg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li>Allen Ginsberg materials in "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitions.lib.udel.edu/beat-visions-and-the-counterculture/">Beat Visions and the Counterculture</a>" (online exhibition) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.udel.edu/special/">Special Collections, University of Delaware Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allen_Ginsberg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allen_Ginsberg" title="Template:Allen Ginsberg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allen_Ginsberg" title="Template talk:Allen Ginsberg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allen_Ginsberg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allen Ginsberg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allen_Ginsberg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allen Ginsberg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howl_and_Other_Poems" title="Howl and Other Poems">Howl and Other Poems</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish_and_Other_Poems" title="Kaddish and Other Poems">Kaddish and Other Poems</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_Sandwiches" title="Reality Sandwiches">Reality Sandwiches</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_News" title="Planet News">Planet News</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_America:_Poems_of_These_States" title="The Fall of America: Poems of These States">The Fall of America: Poems of These States</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_Breaths" title="Mind Breaths">Mind Breaths</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Shroud_Poems" title="White Shroud Poems">White Shroud Poems</a>: 1980–1985 (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Pull_My_Daisy_(poem)" title="Pull My Daisy (poem)">Pull My Daisy</a>" (late 1940s)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Supermarket_in_California" title="A Supermarket in California">A Supermarket in California</a>" (1956)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_(poem)" title="America (poem)">America</a>" (1956)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Howl_(poem)" title="Howl (poem)">Howl</a>" (1956)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ignu" title="Ignu">Ignu</a>" (1958)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kaddish_(poem)" title="Kaddish (poem)">Kaddish</a>" (1961)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wichita_Vortex_Sutra" title="Wichita Vortex Sutra">Wichita Vortex Sutra</a>" (1966)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/September_on_Jessore_Road" title="September on Jessore Road">September on Jessore Road</a>" (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Horse_(poem)" title="Iron Horse (poem)">Iron Horse</a> (1973)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hadda_Be_Playing_on_the_Jukebox" title="Hadda Be Playing on the Jukebox">Hadda Be Playing on the Jukebox</a>" (1975)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Plutonian_Ode" title="Plutonian Ode">Plutonian Ode</a>" (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Yage_Letters" title="The Yage Letters">The Yage Letters</a> (1963, letters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence_and_Experience_(Allen_Ginsberg_album)" title="Songs of Innocence and Experience (Allen Ginsberg album)">Songs of Innocence and Experience</a> (1970 album)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberate_Prose" title="Deliberate Prose">Deliberate Prose</a> 1952–1995 (2000, essays)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pull_My_Daisy" title="Pull My Daisy">Pull My Daisy</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Times_of_Allen_Ginsberg" title="Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg">Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Source_(1999_film)" title="The Source (1999 film)">The Source</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(2000_film)" title="Beat (2000 film)">Beat</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg_Live_in_London" title="Allen Ginsberg Live in London">Allen Ginsberg Live in London</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corso:_The_Last_Beat" title="Corso: The Last Beat">Corso: The Last Beat</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_There" title="I'm Not There">I'm Not There</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_10_(film)" title="Chicago 10 (film)">Chicago 10</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Seven#Film" title="Chicago Seven">The Chicago 8</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howl_(2010_film)" title="Howl (2010 film)">Howl</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Your_Darlings_(2013_film)" title="Kill Your Darlings (2013 film)"> Kill Your Darlings</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Gallery_reading" title="Six Gallery reading">Six Gallery reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_Jukebox" title="Hydrogen Jukebox">Hydrogen Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Poetry_Incarnation" title="International Poetry Incarnation">International Poetry Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Hotel" title="Beat Hotel">Beat Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Road" title="Off the Road">Off the Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Orlovsky" title="Peter Orlovsky">Peter Orlovsky</a> (partner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginsberg" title="Louis Ginsberg">Louis Ginsberg</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Carr" title="Lucien Carr">Lucien Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Cassady" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ferlinghetti" title="Lawrence Ferlinghetti">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_S._Burroughs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_S._Burroughs" title="Template:William S. Burroughs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_S._Burroughs" title="Template talk:William S. Burroughs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_S._Burroughs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William S. Burroughs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_S._Burroughs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs_bibliography" title="William S. Burroughs bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels and novellas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/And_the_Hippos_Were_Boiled_in_Their_Tanks" title="And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks">And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkie_(novel)" title="Junkie (novel)">Junkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_(novel)" title="Queer (novel)">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_Lunch" title="Naked Lunch">Naked Lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Soft_Machine" title="The Soft Machine">The Soft Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ticket_That_Exploded" title="The Ticket That Exploded">The Ticket That Exploded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Fingers_Talk" title="Dead Fingers Talk">Dead Fingers Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Express" title="Nova Express">Nova Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Words_of_Dutch_Schultz" title="The Last Words of Dutch Schultz">The Last Words of Dutch Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Boys_(novel)" title="The Wild Boys (novel)">The Wild Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Saints" title="Port of Saints">Port of Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner_(a_movie)" title="Blade Runner (a movie)">Blade Runner (a movie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Red_Night" title="Cities of the Red Night">Cities of the Red Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Chance" title="Ghost of Chance">Ghost of Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Place_of_Dead_Roads" title="The Place of Dead Roads">The Place of Dead Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Lands" title="The Western Lands">The Western Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Education:_A_Book_of_Dreams" title="My Education: A Book of Dreams">My Education: A Book of Dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cat_Inside" title="The Cat Inside">The Cat Inside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interzone_(book)" title="Interzone (book)">Interzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exterminator!" title="Exterminator!">Exterminator!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ah_Pook_Is_Here" title="Ah Pook Is Here">Ah Pook Is Here</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley_(book)" title="Tornado Alley (book)">Tornado Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Mind" title="The Third Mind">The Third Mind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essay collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Electronic_Revolution" title="The Electronic Revolution">The Electronic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Mind" title="The Third Mind">The Third Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali%27s_Smile" title="Ali's Smile">Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adding_Machine:_Collected_Essays" title="The Adding Machine: Collected Essays">The Adding Machine: Collected Essays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Yage_Letters" title="The Yage Letters">The Yage Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Job:_Interviews_with_William_S._Burroughs" title="The Job: Interviews with William S. Burroughs">The Job: Interviews with William S. Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Words:_The_Final_Journals_of_William_S._Burroughs" title="Last Words: The Final Journals of William S. Burroughs">Last Words: The Final Journals of William S. Burroughs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recordings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_Me_Burroughs" title="Call Me Burroughs">Call Me Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_City_Radio" title="Dead City Radio">Dead City Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You%27re_the_Guy_I_Want_to_Share_My_Money_With" title="You're the Guy I Want to Share My Money With">You're the Guy I Want to Share My Money With</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_Ass_Annie_and_Other_Tales" title="Spare Ass Annie and Other Tales">Spare Ass Annie and Other Tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_%22Priest%22_They_Called_Him" title="The "Priest" They Called Him">The "Priest" They Called Him</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Souls" title="Seven Souls">Seven Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turning_(album)" title="World Turning (album)">Tony Trischka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Hotel" title="Beat Hotel">Beat Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_(film)" title="Burroughs (film)">Burroughs (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Rider" title="The Black Rider">The Black Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Junky%27s_Christmas" title="The Junky's Christmas">The Junky's Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Valley_(suite)" title="The Valley (suite)">The Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_Lunch_(film)" title="Naked Lunch (film)">Naked Lunch (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(2000_film)" title="Beat (2000 film)">Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Advice:_William_S._Burroughs_on_the_Road" title="Words of Advice: William S. Burroughs on the Road">Words of Advice: William S. Burroughs on the Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corso:_The_Last_Beat" title="Corso: The Last Beat">Corso: The Last Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs:_A_Man_Within" title="William S. Burroughs: A Man Within">William S. Burroughs: A Man Within</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Your_Darlings_(2013_film)" title="Kill Your Darlings (2013 film)">Kill Your Darlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_(film)" title="Queer (film)">Queer (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_enigma" title="23 enigma">23 enigma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Vollmer" title="Joan Vollmer">Joan Vollmer (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs_Jr." title="William S. Burroughs Jr.">William S. Burroughs Jr. (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Seward_Burroughs_I" title="William Seward Burroughs I">William Seward Burroughs I (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Carr" title="Lucien Carr">Lucien Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grauerholz" title="James Grauerholz">James Grauerholz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brion_Gysin" title="Brion Gysin">Brion Gysin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poets_in_The_New_American_Poetry_1945–1960" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poets_in_The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="Template:Poets in The New American Poetry 1945–1960"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poets_in_The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="Template talk:Poets in The New American Poetry 1945–1960"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poets_in_The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poets in The New American Poetry 1945–1960"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poets_in_The_New_American_Poetry_1945–1960" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="The New American Poetry 1945–1960">Poets in The New American Poetry 1945–1960</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Adam" title="Helen Adam">Helen Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashbery" title="John Ashbery">John Ashbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blackburn_(poet)" title="Paul Blackburn (poet)">Paul Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Blaser" title="Robin Blaser">Robin Blaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bremser" title="Ray Bremser">Ray Bremser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Antoninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother Antoninus">Brother Antoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broughton" title="James Broughton">James Broughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Carroll_(poet)" title="Paul Carroll (poet)">Paul Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Creeley" title="Robert Creeley">Robert Creeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Dorn" title="Ed Dorn">Edward Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirby_Doyle" title="Kirby Doyle">Kirby Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)" title="Robert Duncan (poet)">Robert Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Eigner" title="Larry Eigner">Larry Eigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ferlinghetti" title="Lawrence Ferlinghetti">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Field_(poet)" title="Edward Field (poet)">Edward Field</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeline_Gleason" title="Madeline Gleason">Madeline Gleason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Guest" title="Barbara Guest">Barbara Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeRoi_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="LeRoi Jones">LeRoi Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Koch" title="Kenneth Koch">Kenneth Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lamantia" title="Philip Lamantia">Philip Lamantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Levertov" title="Denise Levertov">Denise Levertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Loewinsohn" title="Ron Loewinsohn">Ron Loewinsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McClure" title="Michael McClure">Michael McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Meltzer_(poet)" title="David Meltzer (poet)">David Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Hara" title="Frank O'Hara">Frank O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Oppenheimer" title="Joel Oppenheimer">Joel Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Orlovsky" title="Peter Orlovsky">Peter Orlovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Schuyler" title="James Schuyler">James Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sorrentino" title="Gilbert Sorrentino">Gilbert Sorrentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Spicer" title="Jack Spicer">Jack Spicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Welch" title="Lew Welch">Lew Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Whalen" title="Philip Whalen">Philip Whalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wieners" title="John Wieners">John Wieners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Williams_(poet)" title="Jonathan Williams (poet)">Jonathan Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chicago_Seven" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chicago_Seven" title="Template:Chicago Seven"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chicago_Seven" title="Template talk:Chicago Seven"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago_Seven" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago Seven"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chicago_Seven" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Seven" title="Chicago Seven">Chicago Seven</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defendants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rennie_Davis" title="Rennie Davis">Rennie Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dellinger" title="David Dellinger">David Dellinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Froines" title="John Froines">John Froines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Weiner" title="Lee Weiner">Lee Weiner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawyers/Judge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Kunstler" title="William Kunstler">William Kunstler</a> (defense lawyer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Weinglass" title="Leonard Weinglass">Leonard Weinglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hoffman" title="Julius Hoffman">Julius Hoffman</a> (judge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foran" title="Tom Foran">Tom Foran</a> (prosecutor)</li> <li>Richard Schultz</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Constitutional_Rights" title="Center for Constitutional Rights">Center for Constitutional Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew_Albert" title="Stew Albert">Stew Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Collins" title="Judy Collins">Judy Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Gumbo" title="Judy Gumbo">Judy Gumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Hoffman" title="Anita Hoffman">Anita Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krassner" title="Paul Krassner">Paul Krassner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kurshan" title="Nancy Kurshan">Nancy Kurshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Joe_McDonald" title="Country Joe McDonald">Country Joe McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Nash" title="Graham Nash">Graham Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Phil Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sanders" title="Ed Sanders">Ed Sanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party (Yippies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">1968 Democratic National Convention protests</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Mayor Richard J. Daley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_and_the_Siege_of_Chicago" title="Miami and the Siege of Chicago">Miami and the Siege of Chicago</a> (1968 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(Graham_Nash_song)" title="Chicago (Graham Nash song)">"Chicago"</a> (1970 song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy:_The_Trial_of_the_Chicago_8" title="Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8">Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8</a> (1987 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Movie!" title="Steal This Movie!">Steal This Movie!</a> (2000 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_10_(film)" title="Chicago 10 (film)">Chicago 10</a> (2007 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kunstler:_Disturbing_the_Universe" title="William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe">William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe</a> (2009 documentary)</li> <li>The Chicago 8 (2011 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_the_Chicago_7" title="The Trial of the Chicago 7">The Trial of the Chicago 7</a> (2020 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath_Laureates" title="Template:Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath_Laureates" title="Template talk:Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Struga_Poetry_Evenings" title="Struga Poetry Evenings">Struga Poetry Evenings</a> Golden Wreath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rozhdestvensky" title="Robert Rozhdestvensky">Robert Rozhdestvensky</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulat_Okudzhava" title="Bulat Okudzhava">Bulat Okudzhava</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Nagy_(poet)" title="László Nagy (poet)">László Nagy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_Dizdar" title="Mak Dizdar">Mak Dizdar</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miodrag_Pavlovi%C4%87" title="Miodrag Pavlović">Miodrag Pavlović</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%B1l_H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_Da%C4%9Flarca" title="Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca">Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Guillevic" title="Eugène Guillevic">Eugène Guillevic</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Lundkvist" title="Artur Lundkvist">Artur Lundkvist</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Alberti" title="Rafael Alberti">Rafael Alberti</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa" title="Miroslav Krleža">Miroslav Krleža</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BEe_Koneski" title="Blaže Koneski">Blaže Koneski</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichita_St%C4%83nescu" title="Nichita Stănescu">Nichita Stănescu</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachchidananda_Vatsyayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachchidananda Vatsyayan">Sachchidananda Vatsyayan 'Ajneya'</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Voznesensky" title="Andrei Voznesensky">Andrei Voznesensky</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiannis_Ritsos" title="Yiannis Ritsos">Yiannis Ritsos</a> (1985)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allen Ginsberg</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_R%C3%B3%C5%BCewicz" title="Tadeusz Różewicz">Tadeusz Różewicz </a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desanka_Maksimovi%C4%87" title="Desanka Maksimović">Desanka Maksimović </a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shapcott" title="Thomas Shapcott">Thomas Shapcott</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Jorge_Padr%C3%B3n" title="Justo Jorge Padrón">Justo Jorge Padrón</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Juh%C3%A1sz_(poet)" title="Ferenc Juhász (poet)">Ferenc Juhász</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennadiy_Aygi" title="Gennadiy Aygi">Gennadiy Aygi</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Amichai" title="Yehuda Amichai">Yehuda Amichai</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Ooka" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Ooka">Makoto Ooka</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adunis">Adunis</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Banjiu" title="Liu Banjiu">Liu Banjiu</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnefoy" title="Yves Bonnefoy">Yves Bonnefoy</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Sanguineti" title="Edoardo Sanguineti">Edoardo Sanguineti</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavko_Mihali%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavko Mihalić (page does not exist)">Slavko Mihalić</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_Gra%C3%A7a_Moura" title="Vasco Graça Moura">Vasco Graça Moura</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._S._Merwin" title="W. S. Merwin">William S. Merwin</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Morej%C3%B3n" title="Nancy Morejón">Nancy Morejón</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Darwish" title="Mahmoud Darwish">Mahmoud Darwish</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatos_Arapi" title="Fatos Arapi">Fatos Arapi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toma%C5%BE_%C5%A0alamun" title="Tomaž Šalamun">Tomaž Šalamun</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyubomir_Levchev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyubomir Levchev (page does not exist)">Lyubomir Levchev</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateja_Matevski" title="Mateja Matevski">Mateja Matevski</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongane_Wally_Serote" title="Mongane Wally Serote">Mongane Wally Serote</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Emilio_Pacheco" title="José Emilio Pacheco">José Emilio Pacheco</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Un" title="Ko Un">Ko Un</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bei_Dao" title="Bei Dao">Bei Dao</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Simic" title="Charles Simic">Charles Simic</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Zagajewski" title="Adam Zagajewski">Adam Zagajewski</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Blandiana" title="Ana Blandiana">Ana Blandiana</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Or" title="Amir Or">Amir Or</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuntar%C5%8D_Tanikawa" title="Shuntarō Tanikawa">Shuntarō Tanikawa</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlada_Uro%C5%A1evi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlada Urošević (page does not exist)">Vlada Urošević</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Sim%C3%A9on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Siméon (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Siméon</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6711#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6711#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6711#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109312869">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108417923">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/91549989">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/42980/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrRTX4fMgXKRtMVGyyBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11853940X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79109040">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119049903">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119049903">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440967">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV027487">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35125925">Australia</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35125919">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990002692&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1154822">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/34776">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068327838">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90063291">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000035561&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000002101&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000082637">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=69759">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201423915">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftww061472z4lh">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810550928005606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261885105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512347206706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14242433">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00621336?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/834085">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11853940X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11853940X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026892162">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64q7thm">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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