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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">查看“︁核糖體核糖核酸”︁的源代码</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="这篇条目只存在于此语言中。添加其他语言的条目" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">添加语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit" title="编辑该页面"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E7%25B3%2596%25E9%25AB%2594%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E7%25B3%2596%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E9%2585%25B8%26action%3Dedit"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E7%25B3%2596%25E9%25AB%2594%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E7%25B3%2596%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E9%2585%25B8%26action%3Dedit"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215980" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">←<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖體核糖核酸">核糖體核糖核酸</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>根据以下的原因，您并无权限去编辑该页面： </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <table id="mw-blocked-text" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,rgba(0,0,0,0.4)); border-radius: 3px; width:100%; margin:0 auto 6px auto; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin: 1.3em 0 1.3em 0;"><div style="font-size:1.6em; color:var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1));"><b>您現在使用的IP地址目前不能編輯維基百科</b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; padding: 0 2em; border-radius: 3px;"><b>您可以瀏覽頁面</b>，但不能編輯或建立頁面</div></div> </div> <div style="margin:auto; width:70%;"> <div style="text-align:justify;"> <p>目前，IP地址區段「<u>8.222.0.0/16</u>」已被‪Jimmy-abot‬<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLOCK">封禁</a></b>，而您所使用的IP地址正位於被封禁的範圍內。該IP地址區段被封禁的 </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666) solid; border-radius: 3px;" id="mw-blocked-text-reason"> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">封禁理由：</div> <div style="color: var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1)); margin:0.5em 1em"> <table class="user-block" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banned_proxys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/50px-Banned_proxys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/75px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/100px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>您正在使用的<a href="/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="IP位址">IP地址</a>被判定用于代理工具，因此这一IP已经被封禁。 <p>为防止破坏，<b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/No_open_proxies/zh" class="extiw" title="m:No open proxies/zh">维基媒体基金会禁止使用部分代理工具来编辑维基百科</a></b>。 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <p><b>为什么？</b> </p><p>您当前访问维基百科使用的IP被我们判定为代理（包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="突破网络审查">突破网络审查</a>）工具所使用的IP。因代理工具可以隐藏用户的真实IP，使破坏者可以以人工或程序对维基百科进行破坏，故禁止使用公共代理工具进行编辑。 </p><p><b>怎么办？</b> </p> <ul><li>直接访问维基百科，不经过代理服务。</li> <li>如果您在中国大陆而必须使用代理服务器，或是有特殊需要，请您 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked proxy"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用网站</span></a></span> 或者 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用电邮</span></a></span> 申请IP封禁豁免。带有此权限的用户可以使用被封禁的代理编辑维基百科。</li> <li>如果您相信自己并未运行或使用代理，那很可能是因为上一个从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>分配到此IP地址的用户运行了代理。那么请在您的<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:讨论页">讨论页</a>使用{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>}}模板申请解除封禁。极少数情况下，您的网络设备或服务提供商可能未进行正确配置，或已被恶意软件（如病毒）入侵。</li> <li>您如果无法自行解决问题，可至<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" title="Wikipedia:IRC聊天频道">IRC聊天频道</a>寻求其他编者的帮助。</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">這次封禁的結束時間是：<b>2025年7月23日 (三) 10:52 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>)</b></div> </div> <p>如您对此封禁有疑问或异议，您可以： </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1)); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666 solid); border-radius: 3px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>网站申诉</b>：前往<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp">-{R|https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp}-</a>，如果您没有账户，请选择“无法创建账户”。如果您有账户，请选择“已有账户，但无法编辑”。在页面下方的“IP地址和IPBE”一节，请您选择“检测并提供我的IP地址信息，同时申请IPBE权限”。如果您使用代理/翻墙工具，请确保您开启全局模式，以保证我们获得您的准确IP信息。管理员将手工处理您的请求。</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>邮件申诉</b>：将您的用户名和申诉理由写入电子邮件，发送至 <b><samp>unblock-zh<span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="@"><img alt="@" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/12px-Nospam_at.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/18px-Nospam_at.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/24px-Nospam_at.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span>lists.wikimedia.org</samp></b>。管理员将在收到邮件后考虑您的请求。请注意邮件发送可能会有延时，请勿重复多次发送。</div> <div class="user-show"><b>联络管理员</b>：聯絡<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%94%B5%E9%82%AE%E8%81%94%E7%B3%BB/Jimmy-abot" title="Special:电邮联系/Jimmy-abot">执行封禁的管理员‪Jimmy-abot‬</a>或者其他的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%91%98%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95#在任管理员" title="Wikipedia:管理员名单">管理員</a>，討論這次封禁。如果您希望使用「電郵用戶」功能聯絡管理員，請注意您必须已于您的<a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE" title="Special:参数设置">参数设置</a>中設定了一個有效的電子郵件地址，并且在管理员执行封禁时没有被禁止发送电子邮件。</div></div> <p>您目前的IP地址是8.222.208.146，而該封鎖ID是#566341。請您在所有申訴中註明此IP地址及封鎖ID。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="height: 2em;"></div> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>您的IP地址属于已<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">在所有维基媒体基金会维基受到封禁</a>的地址段。</b> <p>封禁执行者是<a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a>。封禁原因是<i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>。 </p> <ul><li>封禁开始时间：2023年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li> <li>封禁期满时间：2028年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li></ul> <p>您当前的IP地址是8.222.208.146。封禁的地址段是8.222.128.0/17。 </p> 请在进行咨询时提供上面所有详情。如果您认为您受到错误封禁，您可以在<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">禁止公开代理</a>全域方针里找到更多信息和说明。您也可以<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">到元维基发布复查申请</a>讨论该封禁。您还可以给<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">监管员</a><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a>队列（<kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd>）发送提供上面所有详情的电子邮件。</li></ul><hr /> <p>您可以查看和复制此页面的源代码。 </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="zh" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Veil|time=2015-09-12T05:42:23+00:00}} '''核糖體RNA'''（{{lang|en|'''r'''ibosomal '''RNA''', '''rRNA'''}}）是[[生物]][[细胞]]中主要的[[核糖核酸]]之一，是一种具有催化能力的[[核糖酶]]，但其单独存在时不能如其他[[核糖核酸]]那樣发挥作用，仅在与多种[[核糖体蛋白质]]共同构成[[核糖體]]（一种无膜[[细胞器]]）后才能执行其功能。23S和28S rRNA在[[轉译 (遗传学)|轉译]]过程中作为[[肽酰转移酶]]催化[[多肽]]（包括[[蛋白质]]）中[[氨基酸]]之间[[肽键]]的形成。rRNA是[[单链RNA]]，但通过折叠形成了广泛的双链区域。 ==原核生物与真核生物中的rRNA== [[原核生物]]与[[真核生物]]的核糖体都能被分为两个可相互分离的亚基： {| class="wikitable" | '''生物种类''' || '''类型''' || '''大亚基''' || '''小亚基''' |- | 原核生物 || 70S || [[50S核糖体亚基|50S]]（[[5S 核糖体RNA|5S]]、[[23S 核糖体RNA|23S]]） || [[30S核糖体亚基|30S]]（[[16S 核糖体RNA|16S]]） |- | 真核生物 || 80S || [[60S核糖体亚基|60S]]（[[5S 核糖体RNA|5S]]、[[5.8S 核糖体RNA|5.8S]]和[[28S 核糖体RNA|28S]]）|| [[40S核糖体亚基|40S]]（[[18S 核糖体RNA|18S]]） |} 注意：“S”（沉降速度）这个单位是不能直接简单相加的，因为它代表沉降速度的度量而不是质量。每个亚基的沉降速度既受到其形状的影响，又受到其质量的影响。 ===70S核糖体中的rRNA=== [[原核细胞]]及[[真核细胞]][[内共生体]]的70S核糖体中包含3种沉降系数不同的rRNA，其中[[30S核糖体亚基]]中包含[[16S rRNA]]，[[50S核糖体亚基]]中包含[[5S rRNA]]和[[23S rRNA]]。<ref name="生物化学第三版-核糖体组成">{{Cite book | author = 王镜岩、朱圣庚、徐长法 | title = 生物化学第三版 | location = 北京市西城区德外大街4号 | publisher = 高等教育出版社 | date = 2002年 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/shengwuhuaxue0000unse_f0h4/page/n493 474] |ISBN = 7-04-011088-1 | accessdate = 2011年2月9日 | url =https://archive.org/details/shengwuhuaxue0000unse_f0h4| language= zh-hans }}</ref>这3种rRNA在结构上有明显的不同。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Secondary Structure of Ribosomal RNA | author = K. A. Hartman and G. J. Thomas Jr. | journal = Science | year = 1970 | volume= 170 | pmid = | issue = | pages = 740-741 | doi = 10.1126/science.170.3959.740 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/170/3959/740.abstract?sid=ef169952-0e53-4196-a471-6610dbd5dc1b }}</ref> 编码[[细菌]]三种rRNA的基因常被按16S-23S-5S的顺序组合在同一[[操纵子]]中共同[[转录]]。在细菌[[基因组]]中，往往有多个rRNA操纵子（例如[[大肠杆菌]]有七个：rrnA、B、C、D、E、G和H<ref>{{cite journal | title = The seven E. coli ribosomal RNA operon upstream regulatory regions differ in structure and transcription factor binding efficiencies | author = Hillebrand A,Wurm R,Menzel A,Wagner R. | journal = Biol Chem | year = 2005 | volume= | pmid = 16006239 | issue = | doi = | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16006239&wsi=a0c237c0c4f2782d&ei=KRFSTavhI4uwcMOy0YgM&wsc=ho&ct=np&whp=3290 }}</ref> ），当其中一部分被敲除后，仍可通过[[基因转换]]的方式从其他操纵子上获得。<ref>{{cite journal | title = An E. coli 5S rRNA Deletion Mutant Useful for the Study of5SrRNAStructure/Function Relationships | author = David Ammons and Joanne Rampersad | journal = | year = 2000 | volume = 43 | pmid = | issue = | pages = | doi = 10.1007/s002840010266 | url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/YPGBJH81E10F4GX8.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=2020年2月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>[[古菌]]则存在只有单组rRNA操纵子的情况。 ====30S rRNA前体==== {{main|30S rRNA前体}} 70S核糖体中的16S和23S rRNA由[[30S rRNA前体]]经加工产生，30S rRNA前体的相对分子质量约为2 MDa。在该加工过程中，30S rRNA前体的特定碱基被[[甲基化]]，然后经[[水解]]断裂产生17S和25S rRNA中间产物，再经[[核酸酶]]的作用去除少量核苷酸残基才最终分别得到16S和23S rRNA。而5S rRNA是从30S rRNA的3'端分离的。<ref name="生物化学简明教程-前体">{{Cite book | author = 聂剑出、吴国利、张翼伸、杨绍钟、刘鸿铭 | title = 生物化学简明教程 | location = 北京市东城区沙滩后街55号 | publisher = 高等教育出版社 | date = 2002年 | pages = 265-266 |ISBN = 7-04-007259-9 | accessdate = 2011年2月9日 | url = | language= zh-hans }}</ref> ====16S rRNA==== {{main|16S rRNA}} [[原核生物]]的30S核糖体亚基中含有16S rRNA。16S rRNA的相对分子质量约为0.6 MDa，<ref name="核糖体相关信息">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bioon.com/biology/molecular/53328.shtml |title=核糖体相关信息 |access-date=2011-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724064016/http://www.bioon.com/biology/molecular/53328.shtml |archive-date=2008-07-24 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>长度约为1540 nt。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Complete nucleotide sequence of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene from Escherichiacoli (recombinant plasmids/DNA sequence analysis/rrnB cistron) | author = Jurgen Brosius, Margaret L. Palmer, Poindexter J. Kennedy, and Harry F. Noller | journal = Biochemistry | year = 1978 | volume = | pmid = | issue = | pages = 4801-4805 | doi = | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/75/10/4801.full.pdf | access-date = 2011-02-10 | archive-date = 2015-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164521/http://www.pnas.org/content/75/10/4801.full.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>在30S核糖体亚基组装过程中，16S rRNA与其核糖体蛋白质[[RPS4|S4]]、[[RPS7|S7]]、[[RPS8|S8]]、[[RPS15|S15]]、[[RPS17|S17]]和[[RPS20|S20]]结合先行成初级复合物。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Dependency Map of Proteins in the Small Ribosomal Subunit | author = Hamacher K, Trylska J, McCammon JA | journal = PLoS Comput. Biol | year=2006 |volume=2 | pmid = 16485038}}</ref> 16S rRNA约有一半的核苷酸形成[[链内碱基对]]，使其具有约60个螺旋；分子中未配对部分则形成[[突环]]。在[[浓度]]足够的[[镁离子|Mg<sup>2+</sup>]]存在下分离得到的16S rRNA处于紧密状态，与30S核糖体亚基的结构相似。已发现16S rRNA中的一些序列与蛋白质合成时30S核糖体亚基、mRNA及一些[[翻译因子]]的结合有关。<ref name="生物化学简明教程-rRNA">{{Cite book | author = 聂剑出、吴国利、张翼伸、杨绍钟、刘鸿铭 | title = 生物化学简明教程 | location = 北京市东城区沙滩后街55号 | publisher = 高等教育出版社 | date = 2002年 | pages = 59-60 |ISBN = 7-04-007259-9 | accessdate = 2011年2月9日 | url = | language= zh-hans }}</ref>核糖体16S rRNA的3'端能识别待翻译mRNA的5'端的[[夏因-达尔加诺序列]]，<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shine J, Dalgarno L |title=Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes |journal=Nature |volume=254 |issue=5495 |pages=34–8 |year=1975 |pmid=803646 |doi=10.1038/254034a0 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/803646 |access-date=2011-02-10 |archive-date=2012-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601124003/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/803646 |dead-url=no }}</ref>[[原核翻译#起始|起始翻译]]。另有研究表明，16S rRNA也能与进入核糖体P位点的tRNA相互作用。<ref>{{cite journal | title = The 30S ribosomal P site: a function of 16S rRNA | author = Noller HF,Hoang L,Fredrick K | journal = FEBS Lett. | year = 2005 | volume = | pmid = 15680962 | issue = | pages = 855-858 | doi = | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680962 | access-date = 2014-03-02 | archive-date = 2019-06-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603101527/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680962 | dead-url = no }}</ref> 16S rRNA作为研究[[分类学]]和[[系统进化]]的分子<ref>{{cite journal | author = Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M | title = Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744 | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 87 | issue = 12 | pages = 4576–9 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2112744 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 | pmc = 54159 | access-date = 2011-02-10 | archive-date = 2020-04-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200413204239/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744 | dead-url = no }}</ref>受到很大重视，<ref>{{cite journal | title = 16S rRNA二级结构的研究进展及其在系统分类中的应用 | author = 陈国忠、李文均、徐丽华、姜成林 | journal = Journal of Microbiology | year = 2005年 | volume = 25 | pmid = | issue = | pages = | doi = | url = http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_wswxzz200505015.aspx | access-date = 2011-02-07 | archive-date = 2012-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120113034452/http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_wswxzz200505015.aspx | dead-url = no }}</ref>[[16S rRNA序列分析]]是当前对细菌进行分类学研究中较精确的一种技术。<ref>{{cite journal | title = 根据16S rRNA序列对假单胞菌属分类学的研究进展 | author = 郭亚辉 | journal = Journal of Microbiology | year = 2004年 | volume = 24 | pmid = | issue = | pages = | doi = | url = http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_wswxzz200402013.aspx | access-date = 2011-02-07 | archive-date = 2012-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120113034749/http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_wswxzz200402013.aspx | dead-url = no }}</ref>随着[[分子生物学]]的快速发展以及该技术在[[医学微生物]]研究中的应用，对16S rRNA作为[[微生物]]分类依据的研究也逐渐发展起来<ref>{{cite journal | title = RNA二级结构在微生物系统发育分析上的应用 | author = 刘杨、崔晓龙、李文均、彭谦 | journal = Microbiology | year = 2006年 | volume = 33 | pmid = | issue = | pages = | doi = | url = http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_wswxtb200602030.aspx | access-date = 2011-02-07 | archive-date = 2012-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120113035101/http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_wswxtb200602030.aspx | dead-url = no }}</ref>并已得到广泛认同。<ref>{{cite journal | title = 16S rRNA在医学微生物鉴定中的应用 | author = 张志明、孙海英、李建平 | journal = International Journal of Laboratory Medicine | year = 2010年 | volume = 31 | pmid = | issue = | pages = | doi = 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4130.2010.04.017 | url = http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_gwyx-lcsw201004017.aspx | access-date = 2011-02-07 | archive-date = 2012-01-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114052555/http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_gwyx-lcsw201004017.aspx | dead-url = no }}</ref> 位于原核生物70S核糖体A位点的16S rRNA部分的是[[氨基糖苷类抗生素]]的作用靶位，该类[[抗生素]]通过与16S rRNA的A位点结合而阻碍[[原核翻译]]。<ref>{{cite journal | title = 一种新的氨基糖苷类耐药决定因子:质粒介导的16S rRNA甲基化酶 | author = 吴琼、倪语星 | journal = Journal of Microbes and Infection | year = 2009年 | volume = 4 | pmid = | issue = | pages = | doi = | url = http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_gwyx-wswxfc200901011.aspx | access-date = 2011-02-07 | archive-date = 2012-01-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114052446/http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_gwyx-wswxfc200901011.aspx | dead-url = no }}</ref>但由[[质粒]]介导的[[16S rRNA甲基化酶]]能将16S rRNA[[甲基化]]，从而导致细菌产生对该类抗生素较高的[[抗药性]]。<ref>{{cite journal | title = 16S rRNA甲基化酶在氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药革兰阴性菌中的分布 | author = 周颖杰、余慧、郭庆兰、徐晓刚、叶信予、吴湜、郭燕、王明贵 | journal = 中国感染与化疗杂志 | year = 2010年 | volume = 10 | pmid = | issue = | pages = | doi = | url = http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_zgkgrhlzz201005009.aspx | access-date = 2011-02-07 | archive-date = 2012-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120113034421/http://so.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/ViewHTML/PeriodicalPaper_zgkgrhlzz201005009.aspx | dead-url = no }}</ref> ====5S rRNA==== {{main|5S rRNA}} 基本上所有70S核糖体与80S核糖体（除了少数[[真菌]]、少数[[原生动物]]和少数较高级动物的[[线粒体核糖体]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = Mitochondrial evolution | author = Gray, M.W., Burger, G.&Lang, B.F | journal = Science | year = 1999 | volume = | pmid = 10066161 | issue = | pages = 1476-1481 | doi = | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10066161 | access-date = 2011-02-10 | archive-date = 2012-07-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120717080334/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10066161 | dead-url = no }}</ref>）的大亚基中都含有5S rRNA。 5S rRNA相对分子质量约为40 kDa，<ref name="核糖体相关信息"/>长度约为120 nt，<ref>{{cite journal | title = Structure and functions of 5S rRNA | author = Barciszewska MZ,Szymański M,Erdmann VA,Barciszewski J | journal = Acta Biochim | year = 2001 | volume = | pmid = 11440169 | issue = | pages = 191-198 | doi = | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11440169 | access-date = 2014-03-02 | archive-date = 2020-04-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200410131732/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11440169 | dead-url = no }}</ref>分子中有5个螺旋。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Secondary Structure of Eukaryotic Cytoplasmic 5S Ribosomal RNA | author = Luehrsen, Kenneth R. ; Fox, George E. | journal = PNAS | year = 1981 | volume= 78 | pmid = | issue = 4 | pages = 2150-2154 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2150 | url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PNAS...78.2150L }}</ref>它在70S核糖体的50S核糖体亚基中与核糖体蛋白质[[RPL15|L5]]、[[RPL18|L18]]及[[RPL25|L25]]结合。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Nuclease protection analysis of ribonucleoprotein complexes: Use of the cytotoxic ribonucleasea-sarcinto determine the binding sites for Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins L5, L18, and L25 on 5S rRNA | author = Paulw. Huber and Ira G. Wool | journal = Biochemistry | year = 1984 | volume= | pmid = | issue = | pages = 322-326 | doi = | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/81/2/322.full.pdf }}</ref>5S rRNA约60%的核苷酸形成了链内碱基对。<ref name="生物化学简明教程-rRNA"/>已有研究表明，5S rRNA具有一个与tRNA特定序列互补的序列。<ref>{{cite journal | title = The architecture of 5S rRNA and its relation to function | author = George E. FoxandCarl R. Woese | journal = Journal of Molecular Olecular Evolution | year = | volume = 6 | pmid = | issue = | pages = 61-76 | doi = 10.1007/BF01732674 | url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/R67126153N330577.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=2020年2月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 70S核糖体中的5S rRNA被认为是一种传感装置，能促进核糖体中各功能中心的交流并组织翻译的进行。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Structure and function of 5S rRNA in the ribosome | author = Alexey A. Bogdanov, Olga A. Dontsova, Svetlana S. | journal = Biochem. Cell Biol. | year = 1995 | volume = | pmid = | issue = | pages = 869–876 | doi = 10.1139/o95-094 | url = http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_f?bcb_o95-094_73_ns_nf_bcb }}{{dead link|date=2018年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Loop IV of 5S ribosomal RNA has contacts both to domain II and to domain V of the 23S RNA | author = Dokudovskaya S,Dontsova O,Shpanchenko O,Bogdanov A,Brimacombe R | journal = RNA | year = 1996 | volume = | pmid = 8601281 | issue = | pages = 146-152 | doi = | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8601281 | access-date = 2011-02-10 | archive-date = 2019-06-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190604135735/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8601281 | dead-url = no }}</ref>缺少5S rRNA的核糖体的肽酰转移酶活性会下降。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Effect of antibiotics on large ribosomal subunit assembly reveals possible function of 5S rRNA. | author = Khaitovich P,Mankin AS | journal = J Mol Biol. | year = 1999 | volume = | pmid = 10518910 | issue = | pages = 1025-1034 | doi = | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10518910 | access-date = 2011-02-10 | archive-date = 2019-06-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190610063259/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10518910 | dead-url = no }}</ref> ====23S rRNA==== {{main|23S rRNA}} 23S rRNA的相对分子质量约为1.2 MDa，<ref name="核糖体相关信息"/>长度约为2900 nt，<ref name="核糖体相关信息2">[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/Ribosomes.html 核糖体相关信息2] {{Wayback|url=http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/Ribosomes.html |date=20110111093755 }}</ref>分子一半以上核苷酸以分子内双链形式存在，<ref name="生物化学简明教程-rRNA"/>产生超过100个螺旋。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Secondary structure model for 23S ribosomal RNA | author = H F Noller, J Kop, V Wheaton, J Brosius, R R Gutell, A M Kopylov, F Dohme, W Herr, D A Stahl, R Gupta, and C R Waese | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | year = 1981 | volume= | PMC=327592 |issue = | pages = 6167–6189 | doi = | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC327592 }}</ref> 它在70S核糖体的50S亚基中与核糖体蛋白质[[RPL1|L1]]、[[RPL2|L2]]、[[RPL3|L3]]、[[RP4|L4]]、[[RPL9|L9]]和[[RPL23|L23]]结合形成初级复合物。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Binding of Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins to 23SRNA under reconstitution conditions for the SOS subunit | author = Otfried Marquardt, Hans E.Roth, Gabriele Wystup and Knud H. | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | year = 1979 | volume= 6 | pmid = | issue = | pages = 3641-3650 | doi = | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC327962 }}</ref>对紧密状态下23S rRNA的电镜研究表明，23S rRNA的形状与50S核糖体亚基相似。<ref name="生物化学简明教程-rRNA"/> 23S rRNA是核糖体催化功能的核心，<ref>{{cite journal | title = Unusual resistance of peptidyl transferase to protein extraction procedures | author = HF Noller, V Hoffarth, and L Zimniak | journal = Science | year = 1992 | volume = | pmid = | issue = | pages = 1416-1419 | doi = | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/256/5062/1416 | access-date = 2011-02-12 | archive-date = 2008-04-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080422211655/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/256/5062/1416 | dead-url = no }}</ref>其结构域Ⅴ具有肽酰转移酶活性。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Functional interactions within 23S rRNA involving the peptidy ltransferase center | author = | journal = J Bacteriol | year = 1992 | volume = 174 | PMC = 206429 | issue = | pages = 1333-1338 | doi = | url = http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/174/4/1333 | access-date = 2011-02-12 | archive-date = 2008-10-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081011002051/http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/174/4/1333 | dead-url = no }}</ref>位于核糖体P位点的23S rRNA部分有特定区域能与进入核糖体的tRNA形成互补碱基对。<ref>{{cite journal | title = A base pair between tRNA and 23S rRNA in the peptidyl transferase centre of the ribosome | author = Samaha RR,Green R,Noller HF | journal = Nature | year = 1995 | volume = | pmid = 7566085 | issue = | pages = 309-314 | doi = | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7566085 | access-date = 2011-02-11 | archive-date = 2019-06-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190604020848/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7566085 | dead-url = no }}</ref> P位点的23S rRNA部分是[[大环内酯类抗生素]]的作用靶位，该类抗生素通过与23S rRNA阻碍[[原核翻译#延伸|肽链延伸]]。但一些细菌可利用erm基因介导[[23S rRNA甲基化酶]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = Resistance to macrolides and related antibiotics in Streptococcus pneumoniae | author = Leclercq R,Courvalin P | journal = Antimicrob Agents Chenmother | year = 2002 | volume= | pmid = | issue = | pages = 2727-2734 | doi = | url = }}</ref>使23S rRNA的甲基化，<ref>{{cite journal | title = Macrolide resistance mechanisms in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Belgium | author = Van Eldere J,Meekers E,Lagrou K,et al. | journal = Clin Microbiol Infect | year = 2005 | volume= | pmid = | issue = | pages = 332-334 | doi = | url = }}</ref>从而降低核糖体对抗生素的亲合性；也有细菌能通过[[核糖体变构]]来影响抗生素作用。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Epidemiology ofmacrolide and/or lincosamide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates with ribosomal mutations | author = Doktor S Z,Shortridge V D,Beyer J M,et al. | journal = Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis | year = 2004 | volume= | pmid = | issue = | pages = 4752 | doi = | url = }}</ref> ===80S核糖体中的rRNA=== [[Image:RF00177.jpg|thumb|right|200px|小亚基核糖体RNA的5'端域，来自[[Rfam]]数据中。该例子是：[http://www.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Rfam/getacc?RF00177 RF00177] ]] 80S核糖体中包含4种沉降系数不同的rRNA，其中，[[40S核糖体亚基]]（小亚基）中包含[[18S rRNA]]，而[[60S核糖体亚基]]（大亚基）中包含[[5S rRNA]]、[[5.8S rRNA]]和[[28S rRNA]]。 28S、5.8S与18S rRNA由单独的一个转录单位（45S rDNA）所转录，它们之间被两个[[内转录间隔区]]分隔。<ref>{{cite journal | title = 不同寻常的贾第虫rDNA | author = 孙隽、文建凡 | journal = 《中国细胞生物学学会2005年学术大会、青年学术研讨会论文摘要集》 | year = 2005 | volume = | pmid = | issue = | pages = | doi = | url = http://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-ZGXK200510001157.htm | access-date = 2011-02-11 | archive-date = 2019-08-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190826221211/http://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-ZGXK200510001157.htm | dead-url = no }}</ref>45S rDNA被组织于5基因簇中，每个簇中大约有30-40次重复（真核生物在串联重复序列中通常拥有多个rDNA的备份），人类大概有300-400个rDNA重复段存在于五个基因簇中（分别在[[13号染色体 (人类)|13]]、[[14号染色体 (人类)|14]]、[[15号染色体 (人类)|15]]、[[21号染色体 (人类)|21]]和[[22号染色体 (人类)|22号染色体]]上）。 ====45S rRNA前体==== {{main|45S rRNA前体}} 80S核糖体中的28S rRNA、5.8S rRNA和18S rRNA由长度约为14,000 nt的[[45S rRNA前体]]在[[细胞核]]的[[核仁]]加工产生。加工过程中，该rRNA前体的100多个核苷酸会被甲基化，再经过一系列[[酶促反应]]被剪切成几条RNA链。<ref name="生物化学简明教程-前体"/> ====18S rRNA==== {{main|18S rRNA}} 18S rRNA是16S rRNA的同源RNA，其相对分子质量约为0.7 MDa，<ref name="核糖体相关信息"/>长度约为1900 nt。<ref name="核糖体相关信息2"/>18S rRNA除了比16S rRNA稍长且多一些臂和环结构外，两者空间结构十分相似，<ref name="生物化学简明教程-rRNA"/>在核糖体中起到的作用也基本相同。 ====5S rRNA==== {{main|5S rRNA}} 真核细胞中的5S rDNA存在于[[串联重复基因]]中（大约有200-300个真5S rDNA，且另有许多分散的假基因），人类的最大的一个位于[[1号染色体 (人类)|1号染色体]]长臂41号带-42号带上。5S rDNA与其余三种80S核糖体的rRNA的基因不同，该基因并不位于[[核仁组织区]]，且由[[RNA聚合酶III]]所转录。 ====5.8S rRNA==== {{main|5.8S rRNA}} 5.8S rRNA的相对分子质量约为40 kDa，<ref name="核糖体相关信息"/>长度约为160 nt。<ref name="核糖体相关信息2"/>也存在于古菌细胞中。核糖体中的5.8S rRNA被认为起到辅助核糖体易位的作用。<ref>{{cite journal | last = Abou | first = Elela S | coauthors = Nazar RN | year = 1997 | title = Role of the 5.8S rRNA in ribosome translocation | journal = Nucleic Acids Res | volume = 25 | pages = 1788–1794 | pmid = 9108162 | doi = 10.1093/nar/25.9.1788 | issue = 9 | pmc = 146658}}</ref> 5.8S rRNA可以用作探测[[miRNA]]的[[内参基因]]。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shi R, Chiang VL |title=Facile means for quantifying microRNA expression by real-time PCR |journal=BioTechniques |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=519–25 |pmid=16235564 |doi=10.2144/000112010 |url=http://www.biotechniques.com/article/000112010 |accessdate=2010-09-15 |date=October 2005 |archive-date=2012-07-31 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731010516/http://www.biotechniques.com/article/000112010 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ====28S rRNA==== {{main|28S rRNA}} 28S rRNA是23S rRNA的同源RNA，其相对分子质量约为1.7 MDa，<ref name="核糖体相关信息"/>长度约为4700 nt。<ref name="核糖体相关信息2"/>真核生物28S rRNA的结构与大肠杆菌23S rRNA的相似。<ref name="生物化学简明教程-rRNA"/> ===其他rRNA=== *[[哺乳动物]]细胞的[[线粒体]]中含有一种[[55S核糖体]]，其[[28S核糖体亚基]]（小亚基）中含有长度约为950 nt的[[12S rRNA]]，其[[39S核糖体亚基]]（大亚基）中则含有长度约为1560 nt的另一种[[16S rRNA (线粒体核糖体)|16S rRNA]]。<ref name="核糖体相关信息2"/> *部分[[植物]]细胞的[[叶绿体]]中也含有80S核糖体，故也拥有4种rRNA分子。 ==rRNA的重要性== rRNA的某些特征在[[物种]][[进化]]及[[医药]]方面的研究十分重要。 * rRNA是所有细胞中都会[[基因表达|表达]]的基因，即所有拥有细胞结构的生物都拥有rRNA<ref name="Smit2007">{{cite journal |author=Smit S, Widmann J, Knight R |title=Evolutionary rates vary among rRNA structural elements |journal=Nucleic Acids Res |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=3339–54 |year=2007 |pmc=1904297 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkm101 |pmid=17468501}}</ref>。因此可以通过对编码rRNA的基因进行测序来对某种生物进行分类学上的分类、计算出相关的[[种群]]或估测[[物种]]的差异度。已有逾千种rRNA已被测序，测序的结果被储存在特殊的数据库（如RDP-II<ref>{{cite journal | last = Cole | first = JR | coauthors = Chai B, Marsh TL, Farris RJ, Wang Q, Kulam SA, Chandra S, McGarrell DM, Schmidt TM, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM | year = 2003 | title = The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP-II): previewing a new autoaligner that allows regular updates and the new prokaryotic taxonomy | journal = Nucleic Acids Res | volume = 31 | pages = 442–3 | pmid = 12520046 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkg039 | issue = 1 | pmc = 165486}}</ref>和[http://www.arb-silva.de SILVA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arb-silva.de/ |date=20190114153552 }}<ref>{{cite journal | last = Pruesse | first = E | coauthors = Quast C, Knittel K, Fuchs BM, Ludwig W, Peplies J, Gloeckner FO | year = 2007 | title = SILVA: a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible with ARB | journal = Nucleic Acids Res | volume = 35 | pages = 7188–7196 | pmid = 17947321| doi = 10.1093/nar/gkm864 | issue = 1 | pmc = 2175337}}</ref>）中。 * 核糖体中的rRNA是多种临床有关[[抗生素]]的靶位点，例如：[[巴龙霉素]]可特异性地与原核生物核糖体的30S[[小亚基]]的[[A区]]（该区存在[[16S rRNA]]）结合，干扰翻译过程的正常进行<ref>{{cite journal |author=张旭东 |title=两类氨基糖苷类抗生素与16S rRNA A位点相互作用的理论研究 |year=2005 }}</ref>。其他通过与rRNA反应起到杀菌作用的抗生素还有：[[氯霉素]]、[[红霉素]]、[[春雷霉素]]、[[微球菌素]]、[[蓖麻毒素]]、[[帚曲霉素]]、[[大观霉素]]、[[链霉素]]及[[硫链丝霉素]]。 ==rRNA的研究价值== 在近年的[[系統發育樹]]中，rRNA序列（尤其是小亞基rRNA，SSU rRNA）成爲最常用的做樹依據，因爲SSU rRNA具有以下特點： * 長度適中，通常为1200-1900 nt，能夠提供足夠的信息但又不過長。 * 完全廣泛分佈于所有具有细胞结构的生物，而且進化過程相對緩慢。其中保守區可用於構建所有生命的統一進化樹，而易變的區域可用來區別[[屬 (生物)|屬]]或者[[種 (生物)|種]]。 * rRNA基因的[[水平轉移]]非常難發生，因爲它們的功能十分基本且重要，需要翻譯機制的精細調控才能夠正常實現功能。 ==相关基因== {{HideH|细胞质基质核糖体大亚基核糖体蛋白基因}} [[RPL1]]、[[RPL2]]、[[RPL3]]、 [[RPL4]]、 [[RPL5]]、 [[RPL6]]、 [[RPL7]]、 [[RPL8]]、 [[RPL9]]、 [[RPL10]]、 [[RPL11]]、 [[RPL12]]、 [[RPL13]]、 [[RPL14]]、 [[RPL15]]、 [[RPL16]]、 [[RPL17]]、 [[RPL18]]、 [[RPL19]]、 [[RPL20]]、 [[RPL21]]、 [[RPL22]]、 [[RPL23]]、 [[RPL24]]、 [[RPL25]]、 [[RPL26]]、 [[RPL27]]、 [[RPL28]]、 [[RPL28]]、 [[RPL30]]、 [[RPL31]]、 [[RPL32]]、 [[RPL33]]、 [[RPL34]]、 [[RPL35]]、 [[RPL36]]、 [[RPL37]]、 [[RPL38]]、 [[RPL39]]、 [[RPL40]]、 [[RPL41]] {{HideF}} {{HideH|线粒体核糖体大亚基核糖体蛋白基因}} [[MRPL1]]、 [[MRPL2]]、 [[MRPL3]]、 [[MRPL4]]、 [[MRPL5]]、 [[MRPL6]]、 [[MRPL7]]、 [[MRPL8]]、 [[MRPL9]]、 [[MRPL10]]、 [[MRPL11]]、 [[MRPL12]]、 [[MRPL13]]、 [[MRPL14]]、 [[MRPL15]]、 [[MRPL16]]、 [[MRPL17]]、 [[MRPL18]]、 [[MRPL19]]、 [[MRPL20]]、 [[MRPL21]]、 [[MRPL22]]、 [[MRPL23]]、 [[MRPL24]]、 [[MRPL25]]、 [[MRPL26]]、 [[MRPL27]]、 [[MRPL28]]、 [[MRPL29]]、 [[MRPL30]]、 [[MRPL31]]、 [[MRPL32]]、 [[MRPL33]]、 [[MRPL34]]、 [[MRPL35]]、 [[MRPL36]]、 [[MRPL37]]、 [[MRPL38]]、 [[MRPL39]]、 [[MRPL40]]、 [[MRPL41]]、 [[MRPL42]] {{HideF}} {{HideH|细胞质基质核糖体小亚基核糖体蛋白基因}} [[RPS1]]、 [[RPS2]]、 [[RPS3]]、 [[RPS4]]、 [[RPS5]]、 [[RPS6]]、 [[RPS7]]、 [[RPS8]]、 [[RPS9]]、 [[RPS10]]、 [[RPS11]]、 [[RPS12]]、 [[RPS13]]、 [[RPS14]]、 [[RPS15]]、 [[RPS16]]、 [[RPS17]]、 [[RPS18]]、 [[RPS19]]、 [[RPS20]]、 [[RPS21]]、 [[RPS22]]、 [[RPS23]]、 [[RPS24]]、 [[RPS25]]、 [[RPS26]]、 [[RPS27]]、 [[RPS28]]、 [[RPS29]] {{HideF}} {{HideH|线粒体核糖体小亚基核糖体蛋白基因}} [[MRPS1]]、 [[MRPS2]]、 [[MRPS3]]、 [[MRPS4]]、 [[MRPS5]]、 [[MRPS6]]、 [[MRPS7]]、 [[MRPS8]]、 [[MRPS9]]、 [[MRPS10]]、 [[MRPS11]]、 [[MRPS12]]、 [[MRPS13]]、 [[MRPS14]]、 [[MRPS15]]、 [[MRPS16]]、 [[MRPS17]]、 [[MRPS18]]、 [[MRPS19]]、 [[MRPS20]]、 [[MRPS21]]、 [[MRPS22]]、 [[MRPS23]]、 [[MRPS24]]、 [[MRPS25]]、 [[MRPS26]]、 [[MRPS27]]、 [[MRPS28]]、 [[MRPS29]]、 [[MRPS30]]、 [[MRPS31]]、 [[MRPS32]]、 [[MRPS33]]、 [[MRPS34]]、 [[MRPS35]] {{HideF}} ==参见== *[[RNA]] *[[rDNA]] *[[转录]] *[[核糖体]] *[[核糖体分型]] *[[核糖核蛋白]] *[[核糖体蛋白质]] ==参考资料== {{reflist|2}} == 外部链接 == * [http://www.arb-silva.de “SILVA”rRNA数据库计划] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arb-silva.de/ |date=20190114153552 }}（包含真核细胞rRNA（18S）及核糖体大亚基rRNA（23S/28S）） * [http://www.psb.ugent.be/rRNA/ 欧洲核糖体小亚基rRNA数据库] {{Wayback|url=http://www.psb.ugent.be/rRNA/ |date=20070612220452 }} * [http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/ rRNA数据库计划Ⅱ] {{Wayback|url=http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/ |date=20200819061707 }} * [http://wiki.biomine.skelleftea.se/wiki/index.php/16S_ribosomal_RNA 16S rRNA，BioMineWiki] {{Wayback|url=http://wiki.biomine.skelleftea.se/wiki/index.php/16S_ribosomal_RNA |date=20190427124844 }} * {{Rfam|id=RF00177|name=Small subunit ribosomal RNA, 5' domain}} * {{MeshName|Ribosomal+RNA}} {{-}} {{Nucleic acids}} {{Ribosome subunits}} {{细胞结构}} [[Category:RNA]] [[Category:蛋白质生物合成]] [[Category:非编码RNA]] [[Category:核糖体RNA| ]] [[Category:核酶]] 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