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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with a <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> without women.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Comic all-male performance of a wedding</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Womanless_Wedding_in_a_Methodist_Church_in_Cincinnati,_Ohio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Womanless_Wedding_in_a_Methodist_Church_in_Cincinnati%2C_Ohio.jpg/220px-Womanless_Wedding_in_a_Methodist_Church_in_Cincinnati%2C_Ohio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Womanless_Wedding_in_a_Methodist_Church_in_Cincinnati%2C_Ohio.jpg/330px-Womanless_Wedding_in_a_Methodist_Church_in_Cincinnati%2C_Ohio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Womanless_Wedding_in_a_Methodist_Church_in_Cincinnati%2C_Ohio.jpg/440px-Womanless_Wedding_in_a_Methodist_Church_in_Cincinnati%2C_Ohio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>A womanless wedding taking place at a Methodist church in Cincinnati, Ohio in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>womanless wedding</b> is a traditional community "ritual of inversion" performance, popular in the United States in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-npr-20150616_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-20150616-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this comic ritual, the all male cast would act out all roles of a traditional <a href="/wiki/Wedding_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding party">wedding party</a> – including those of <a href="/wiki/Bridesmaid" title="Bridesmaid">bridesmaids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flower_girl" title="Flower girl">flower girls</a>, and the mother of the bride – while dressed in gowns and dresses.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event often raised money for charities, civic organizations, and churches.<sup id="cite_ref-npr-20150616_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-20150616-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copy%2Bof%2BSweets%2Bin%2Bwedding%2Bdress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photo of the drag queen Sweet Evening Breeze in a wedding dress and veil holding a bouquet of flowers and standing in a garden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copy%2Bof%2BSweets%2Bin%2Bwedding%2Bdress.jpg/220px-Copy%2Bof%2BSweets%2Bin%2Bwedding%2Bdress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copy%2Bof%2BSweets%2Bin%2Bwedding%2Bdress.jpg/330px-Copy%2Bof%2BSweets%2Bin%2Bwedding%2Bdress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copy%2Bof%2BSweets%2Bin%2Bwedding%2Bdress.jpg/440px-Copy%2Bof%2BSweets%2Bin%2Bwedding%2Bdress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Sweet Evening Breeze (born James Herndon) in a wedding dress for a womanless wedding. Collection of the Faulkner Morgan Archive.</figcaption></figure> <p>The performances were so popular that <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">scripts</a> were developed around the idea, and the <a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself" class="mw-redirect" title="Do-it-yourself">do-it-yourself</a> <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_production" title="Theatrical production">theatrical productions</a> were passed along from city to city.<sup id="cite_ref-npr-20150616_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-20150616-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the stagings included <a href="/wiki/Impersonation" class="mw-redirect" title="Impersonation">impersonations</a> of notable people, such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npr-20150616_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-20150616-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The performances were often performed by known groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanless_wedding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early modern Europe, and America prior to the 20th century, used womanless weddings as a way to safely express social strains between <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">classes</a>. The actors were lower-class; would ridicule the social position of the upper-class through skits for entertainment purposes. The upper-class citizens benevolently approved of these acts as cultural acknowledgement of their status in society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Womanless weddings were performed throughout the United States, but most prominently in the upper Midwest and the South.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern towns were already staging <a href="/wiki/Burlesque_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlesque shows">burlesque shows</a>, and womanless weddings gave another opportunity to raise funds in the form of an admission fee.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Womanless weddings traditionally raised funds for causes and organizations, such as a North Carolina womanless wedding which was attended by more than 1000 people to raise funds for the <a href="/wiki/Parent-Teacher_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent-Teacher Association">Parent Teacher Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ForestCity_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForestCity-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_implications">Social implications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanless_wedding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A womanless wedding would include a skit of a wedding ceremony, sometimes followed by a reception. The skits would elaborately make fun of <a href="/wiki/Gender_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender stereotypes">gender stereotypes</a> or other gendered qualities that went against the cultural norms of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common themes included opinionated women, premarital pregnancies, males who expressed more feminine qualities than societal standards, <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">racial minorities</a>, and “rural folk.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent male members of a community would typically be the actors of the womanless performances.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their status would allow for their outlandish performances of stereotypical imitations of the minorities of a community, and the conditions of a community that went against the <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norms</a> of the culture in the spirit of entertainment to be accepted by the community with humor, rather than backlash and their <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> being questioned by a community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanless_wedding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_show" title="Drag show">Drag show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">Proxy marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Weddings in the United States">Weddings in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanless_wedding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Womanless_wedding" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Womanless wedding">Womanless wedding</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-npr-20150616-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr-20150616_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr-20150616_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr-20150616_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr-20150616_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Linton Weeks. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/06/16/413633022/when-womanless-weddings-were-trendy">When 'Womanless Weddings' Were Trendy</a>", npr.org, 16 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Southern masculinity : perspectives on manhood in the South since Reconstruction</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pantagraph&rft.atitle=Staged+%27womanless+weddings%27+once+drew+crowds&rft.date=2015-07-12&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pantagraph.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fstaged-womanless-weddings-once-drew-crowds%2Farticle_90cb4423-5c36-59b3-b03a-df3896124409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomanless+wedding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Colin R. (Summer 2007). 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weddings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weddings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Weddings</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_wedding" title="Collective wedding">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">Elopement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wedding" title="White wedding">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-wedding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_proposal_planner" title="Marriage proposal planner">Marriage proposal planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_proposal" title="Marriage proposal">Marriage proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banns_of_marriage" title="Banns of marriage">Banns of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_planner" title="Wedding planner">Wedding planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridal registry">Bridal registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_shower" title="Bridal shower">Bridal shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement_party" title="Engagement party">Engagement party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_invitation" title="Wedding invitation">Wedding invitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_party" title="Bachelor party">Bachelor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelorette_party" title="Bachelorette party">Bachelorette party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_and_doe" title="Stag and doe">Stag and doe party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_license" title="Marriage license">Marriage license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal_dinner" title="Rehearsal dinner">Rehearsal dinner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_chapel" title="Wedding chapel">Wedding chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretna_Green#Marriage" title="Gretna Green">Gretna Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_weddings" title="Las Vegas weddings">Las Vegas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Western_dress_codes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western dress codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">White tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress" title="Morning dress">Morning dress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">Black tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lounge_suit" title="Black lounge suit">Black lounge suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">Wedding dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western_wedding_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Western wedding dress">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_crown" title="Bridal crown">Bridal crown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">Evening gown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_gown" title="Ball gown">Ball gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9butante_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Débutante dress">Debutante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera gloves">Opera gloves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_dress" title="Cocktail dress">Cocktail dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter_(stockings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garter (stockings)">Garters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">Chuppah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_arras" title="Las arras">Las arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebes_Gamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebes Gamikos">Lebes Gamikos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_cord" title="Wedding cord">Wedding cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_favors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding favors">Wedding favors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_mandap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding mandap">Wedding mandap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring_cushion" title="Wedding ring cushion">Wedding ring cushion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishing_well_(wedding)" title="Wishing well (wedding)">Wishing well</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wedding_ceremony_participants" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wedding ceremony participants">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride" title="Bride">Bride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_brides" title="List of child brides">child bride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridegroom" title="Bridegroom">Bridegroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_bridegrooms" title="List of child bridegrooms">child bridegroom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridesmaid" title="Bridesmaid">Bridesmaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridesman" title="Bridesman">Bridesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_girl" title="Flower girl">Flower girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groomsman" title="Groomsman">Groomsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_boy_(wedding_attendant)" title="Page boy (wedding attendant)">Page boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_officiant" title="Marriage officiant">Officiant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahesta_Bero" title="Ahesta Bero">Ahesta Bero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedding_ceremony" title="Bedding ceremony">Bedding ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_Chorus" title="Bridal Chorus">Bridal Chorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_dance" title="First dance">First dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Wedding_Blessing" title="Indian Wedding Blessing">"Indian" Wedding Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping_the_broom" title="Jumping the broom">Jumping the broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lychgate#Use_at_weddings" title="Lychgate">Lychgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_dance" title="Money dance">Money dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_music" title="Wedding music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polterabend" title="Polterabend">Polterabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounded_rice_ritual" title="Pounded rice ritual">Pounded rice ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyebaek" title="Pyebaek">Pyebaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trash_the_dress" title="Trash the dress">Trash the dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_candle" title="Unity candle">Unity candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walima" title="Walima">Walima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_March_(Mendelssohn)" title="Wedding March (Mendelssohn)">Wedding March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_reception" title="Wedding reception">Wedding reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_videography" title="Wedding videography">Wedding videography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_breakfast" title="Wedding breakfast">Wedding breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_cake" title="Wedding cake">Wedding cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_cake_topper" title="Wedding cake topper">Wedding cake topper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_table" title="Cookie table">Cookie table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom%27s_cake" title="Groom's cake">Groom's cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochzeitssuppe" title="Hochzeitssuppe">Hochzeitssuppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan almonds">Jordan almonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolach_(bread)" title="Kolach (bread)">Kolach (bread)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korovai" title="Korovai">Korovai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_cup" title="Loving cup">Loving cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_card" title="Place card">Place card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion<br />or culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj (Sikh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_wedding" title="Arab wedding">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayie" title="Ayie">Ayie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_wedding" title="Ayyavazhi wedding">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengali Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding" title="Bengali Muslim wedding">Bengali Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay_wedding" title="Brunei Malay wedding">Brunei Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese marriage">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pre-wedding_customs" title="Chinese pre-wedding customs">Pre-wedding customs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_marriage" title="Hajong marriage">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_practices" title="Islamic marital practices">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyer_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyer wedding">Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabin" title="Qabin">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon wedding">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Hindu_wedding" title="Odia Hindu wedding">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian wedding">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poruwa_ceremony" title="Poruwa ceremony">Poruwa ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_wedding_traditions" title="Punjabi wedding traditions">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrani_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasrani wedding">Saint Thomas Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_wedding" title="Shinto wedding">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_wedding_traditions" title="Timorese wedding traditions">Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%91f%C3%A9ly" title="Vőfély">Vőfély (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wedding_customs_by_country" title="Wedding customs by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_customs_in_Ethiopia" title="Wedding customs in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%91f%C3%A9ly" title="Vőfély">Vőfély (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_weddings" title="Icelandic weddings">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_India" title="Weddings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_Myanmar" title="Weddings in Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_wedding_customs_in_the_Philippines" title="Marriage and wedding customs in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poruwa_ceremony" title="Poruwa ceremony">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wedding_traditions" title="Ukrainian wedding traditions">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Weddings in the United States and Canada">United States and Canada</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_England_and_Wales" title="Marriage in England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Scotland" title="Marriage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_marriage_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of marriage in Great Britain and Ireland">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_wedding" title="Traditional Vietnamese wedding">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">Honeymoon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon_registry" title="Honeymoon registry">Honeymoon registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consummation" title="Consummation">Consummation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wedding" title="Black wedding">Black wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">Elopement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_vows" title="Marriage vows">Marriage vows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlywed" title="Newlywed">Newlywed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_weddings" title="List of royal weddings">Royal weddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-uniting_marriage" title="Self-uniting marriage">Self-uniting marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">Shotgun wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobstick_wedding" title="Knobstick wedding">Knobstick wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_crashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding crashing">Wedding crashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_vow_renewal_ceremony" title="Wedding vow renewal ceremony">Wedding vow renewal ceremony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Womanless wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cross-dressing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crossdressing_footer" title="Template:Crossdressing footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crossdressing_footer" title="Template talk:Crossdressing footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crossdressing_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crossdressing footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cross-dressing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="History of drag">History of drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_works_on_wartime_cross-dressing" title="Bibliography of works on wartime cross-dressing">Bibliography of works on wartime cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestism" title="Transvestism">Transvestism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_cross-dressing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartime cross-dressing">In wartime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Womanless wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebecca riots">Rebecca riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybristica" title="Hybristica">Hybristica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_dressing_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross dressing ball">Cross dressing ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Susanna" title="Casa Susanna">Casa Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeching_(boys)" title="Breeching (boys)">Breeching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trousers_as_women%27s_clothing" title="Trousers as women's clothing">Trousers as women's clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_Transvestite_Action_Revolutionaries" title="Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries">Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross-gender_acting" title="Cross-gender acting">Cross-gender acting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">Breeches role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)" title="Travesti (theatre)">Theatrical travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_(entertainment)" title="Drag (entertainment)">Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime_dame" title="Pantomime dame">Pantomime dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_boy" title="Principal boy">Principal boy</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Onnagata" title="Onnagata">Onnagata</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Egyptian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="arz-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Khawal" title="Khawal">Khawal</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shiraby%C5%8Dshi" title="Shirabyōshi">Shirabyōshi</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary organizations and gatherings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_Fair" title="Fantasia Fair">Fantasia Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottankulangara_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottankulangara Festival">Kottankulangara Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Ess" title="Tri-Ess">Tri-Ess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasileira_de_Gays,_L%C3%A9sbicas,_Bissexuais,_Travestis,_Transexuais_e_Intersexos" class="mw-redirect" title="Associação Brasileira de Gays, Lésbicas, Bissexuais, Travestis, Transexuais e Intersexos">ABGLT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultural slang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossplay_(cosplay)" title="Crossplay (cosplay)">Crossplay (cosplay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(gender)" title="Passing (gender)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_femme" class="mw-redirect" title="En femme">En femme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_homme" class="mw-redirect" title="En homme">En homme</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passing techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_binding" title="Breast binding">Breast binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_urination_device" title="Female urination device">Female urination device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packing_(phallus)" title="Packing (phallus)">Packing (phallus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast forms">Breast forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleavage enhancement">Cleavage enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_and_buttock_padding" title="Hip and buttock padding">Hip and buttock padding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucking" title="Tucking">Tucking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_(clothing)" title="Gaff (clothing)">Gaff (clothing)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing_in_film_and_television" title="Cross-dressing in film and television">In film and television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing_in_literature" title="Cross-dressing in literature">In literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing_in_music_and_opera" title="Cross-dressing in music and opera">In music and opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cross-dressing_characters_in_animated_series" title="List of cross-dressing characters in animated series">In animated series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominatrix" title="Dominatrix">Femdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(activity)" title="Feminization (activity)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoating" title="Petticoating">Petticoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestic_fetishism" title="Transvestic fetishism">Transvestic fetishism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_gender_incongruence" title="Causes of gender incongruence">Causes of gender incongruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cross-dressers" title="Lists of cross-dressers">Lists of cross-dressers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_cross-dressers" title="Wartime cross-dressers">Wartime cross-dressers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drag_queens" title="List of drag queens">List of drag queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drag_kings" title="List of drag kings">List of drag kings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femboy" title="Femboy">Femboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of transgender-related topics">List of transgender-related topics</a></li> <li><a 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