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<li id="toc-End_of_the_independent_Kingdom_of_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_independent_Kingdom_of_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>End of the independent Kingdom of Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_independent_Kingdom_of_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_the_Principality_of_Transylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_the_Principality_of_Transylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Separation of the Principality of Transylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_the_Principality_of_Transylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_prince_and_his_prerogatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_prince_and_his_prerogatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The prince and his prerogatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_prince_and_his_prerogatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The prince and his prerogatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_prince_and_his_prerogatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Style_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Style and titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>International status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_and_regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_and_regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Succession and regency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_and_regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prerogatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prerogatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Prerogatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prerogatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_institution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> 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navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the rulers of the Principality of Transylvania in the 16th and 17th centuries. For the royal officials responsible for the administration of Transylvania within the Kingdom of Hungary between the 11th and 16th centuries, see <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania" title="Voivode of Transylvania">Voivode of Transylvania</a>. For the members of the Hungarian royal family bearing the title Duke of Transylvania in the 13th or 14th century, see <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Transylvania" title="Duke of Transylvania">Duke of Transylvania</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Prince of Transylvania</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">erdélyi fejedelem</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Fürst von Siebenbürgen</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">princeps Transsylvaniae</i>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">principele Transilvaniei</i><sup id="cite_ref-Fallenbüchl_77_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fallenbüchl_77-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was the head of state of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> from the late-16th century until the mid-18th century. <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Sigismund Zápolya">John Sigismund Zápolya</a> was the first to adopt the title in 1570, but its use only became stable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> from 1576. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Administrative division of Transylvania in the early 16th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG/150px-Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG/225px-Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG/300px-Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Administrative division of Transylvania in the early 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The integration of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> into the newly established <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> began around 1003.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province became subject to intensive colonization,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the arrival and settlement of colonists of diverse origin, including the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Germans">Ethnic Germans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory of Transylvania was divided for administrative reasons within territorial units known as "<a href="/wiki/County_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (Kingdom of Hungary)">counties</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Seat_(territorial-administrative_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat (territorial-administrative unit)">seats</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seven Transylvanian counties (<a href="/wiki/Doboka_County" title="Doboka County">Doboka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feh%C3%A9r_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Fehér County">Fehér</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunyad_County" title="Hunyad County">Hunyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolozs_County" title="Kolozs County">Kolozs</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCk%C3%BCll%C5%91_County" title="Küküllő County">Küküllő</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szolnok_County" title="Szolnok County">Szolnok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torda_County" title="Torda County">Torda County</a>) were institutions primarily run by <a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary">local noblemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their heads or <i><a href="/wiki/Isp%C3%A1ns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispáns">ispáns</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Makkai_207_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makkai_207-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were subject to the authority of a higher official, the <i><a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a></i> who was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">kings of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania" title="Voivode of Transylvania">Voivode of Transylvania</a> had a number of administrative, military and judicial responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, joint general assemblies of the seven counties were convoked and headed by the voivode or his deputy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, customarily at <a href="/wiki/Turda" title="Turda">Torda</a> (today Turda).<sup id="cite_ref-Makkai_207_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makkai_207-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These assemblies primarily functioned as courts-of-justice,<sup id="cite_ref-Pop_2005_230_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop_2005_230-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but judges for the counties were also elected by them.<sup id="cite_ref-Makkai_207_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makkai_207-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxons_Transylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Saxons_Transylvania.svg/150px-Saxons_Transylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Saxons_Transylvania.svg/225px-Saxons_Transylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Saxons_Transylvania.svg/300px-Saxons_Transylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Saxon sees and districts in 17th century Transylvania.</figcaption></figure> <p>Instead of counties, the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian Saxon">Transylvanian Saxon</a> community was primarily organized into seats and districts.<sup id="cite_ref-Popp_233_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popp_233-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were independent of the authority of the voivodes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1469, King <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> of Hungary authorized all Saxons' seats to elect their own heads.<sup id="cite_ref-Makkai_235_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makkai_235-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven years later, the same monarch set up the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxon_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxon University (page does not exist)">Saxon University</a>" unifying all Saxon seats and districts in Transylvania, which was headed by the elected major of <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Nagyszeben</a> (German: Hermannstadt, Romanian: Sibiu).<sup id="cite_ref-Makkai_235_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makkai_235-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the Székelys were likewise independent of the authority of the voivodes, since they were led by <a href="/wiki/Count_of_the_Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Count of the Székelys">their own count</a>, an official appointed by the sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-Popp_233_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popp_233-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Saxons and the Székelys endeavoured to preserve their direct connection to the monarchs, "the first institutional contacts between the nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons were established through the voivode" from the early 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Makkai_223_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makkai_223-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the representatives of the Saxons and the Székelys were often present at the general assemblies of the noblemen headed by the voivodes.<sup id="cite_ref-Makkai_223_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makkai_223-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, voivodes were also appointed Count of the Székelys by the monarch from the middle of the 15th century, thus the two offices were united by custom.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast with the representatives of the noblemen, the Saxons and the Székelys, Romanian <i><a href="/wiki/Cneazes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cneazes">cneazes</a></i> were only twice (in 1291 and in 1355) invited to the general assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-Pop_2005_230_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop_2005_230-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaders of the noblemen from the seven counties, the Saxons, and the Székelys formed an alliance against "all internal and external threat to the province"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the days of the <a href="/wiki/Budai_Nagy_Antal_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Budai Nagy Antal Revolt">Budai Nagy Antal Revolt</a> in 1437.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This formal alliance of the "<a href="/wiki/Unio_Trium_Nationum" title="Unio Trium Nationum">Three Nations of Transylvania</a>" was confirmed in 1459, aimed primarily against <a href="/wiki/Michael_Szil%C3%A1gyi" title="Michael Szilágyi">Michael Szilágyi</a>, the regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the rebellion of peasants led by <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_D%C3%B3zsa" title="György Dózsa">György Dózsa</a> in 1514, Voivode <a href="/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Zápolya">John Zápolya</a> convoked the assembly of the Three Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_independent_Kingdom_of_Hungary">End of the independent Kingdom of Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: End of the independent Kingdom of Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1526, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> defeated the royal army of Hungary and killed <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary_and_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia">King Louis II</a>. The Ottomans then withdrew.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The throne was claimed by Louis' brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Ferdinand of Austria</a>, and by John Zápolya, both backed by factions of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_magnates" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian magnates">Hungarian magnates</a>. Ferdinand drove John out of Hungary, whereupon John offered allegiance to Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> in return for support. Suleiman invaded <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> while John regained his throne. Suleiman was repulsed from Austria, and by a treaty in 1538, Ferdinand became King of Hungary, holding the western parts, while John became King, holding the eastern parts, including Transylvania (called by historians the "<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a>").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thus from being a fully sovereign kingdom, Hungary had become either a possession of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> or an Ottoman vassal state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_the_Principality_of_Transylvania">Separation of the Principality of Transylvania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Separation of the Principality of Transylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg/200px-John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg/300px-John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg/400px-John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption>King John Sigismund of Hungary with <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> in 1556.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1538, John named Ferdinand his successor as King. But he had a son, <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Sigismund Zápolya">John Sigismund Zápolya</a>, just before he died in 1540. The Hungarian Diet elected him King as John II Sigismund, and when Ferdinand invaded, the Regent <a href="/wiki/George_Martinuzzi" title="George Martinuzzi">Bishop Martinuzzi</a> called on Suleiman to protect his vassal. Suleiman drove out Ferdinand, then put central Hungary under direct Turkish rule. He allocated Transylvania and eastern <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Royal Hungary</a> to John II Sigismund. </p><p>In 1551, Bishop Martinuzzi arranged for John II Sigismund to abdicate his royal title in favor of Ferdinand, in return for being recognized as vassal lord of the "East Hungarian" lands. </p><p>All the territories of the Kingdom of Hungary which had remained free of direct Ottoman occupation were thus reunited under Ferdinand's rule in 1551.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Ottoman attacks continued, and Ferdinand could not protect "Eastern Hungary". In 1556, the Diet invited "King John's son" (that is, John II Sigismund) and his mother to resume the government of the territories east of the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John II Sigismund continued to style himself "elected king" of Hungary until 1570. </p><p>In 1570, John II Sigismund again abdicated as King in favor of Ferdinand's successor, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Maximilian II</a>. This was expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Speyer_(1570)" title="Treaty of Speyer (1570)">treaty of Speyer</a>. John II Sigismund adopted the new style "Prince of Transylvania and Lord of parts of Hungary".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Szegedi_101_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szegedi_101-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Sigismund's successor, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a>, however, adopted the title the one-time royal governors of Transylvania used and styled himself <i>voivode</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Szegedi_101_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szegedi_101-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barta_260_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barta_260-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, he secretly swore allegiance to King Maximilian I of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-Barta_260_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barta_260-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen Báthory only adopted the style <i>Prince</i> when he was elected <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> in 1576.<sup id="cite_ref-Szegedi_101_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szegedi_101-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barta_265_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barta_265-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death in 1586, his princely title was inherited by his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Szegedi_101_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szegedi_101-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barta_265_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barta_265-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new style of the <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of Transylvania">rulers of Transylvania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Partium" title="Partium">Partium</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was also confirmed by King Maximilian I's successor, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Rudolph II</a> on January 28, 1595.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_prince_and_his_prerogatives">The prince and his prerogatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The prince and his prerogatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trachten-Kabinett_von_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Gabriel_Bethlen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Trachten-Kabinett_von_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Gabriel_Bethlen.jpg/180px-Trachten-Kabinett_von_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Gabriel_Bethlen.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Trachten-Kabinett_von_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Gabriel_Bethlen.jpg/270px-Trachten-Kabinett_von_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Gabriel_Bethlen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Trachten-Kabinett_von_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Gabriel_Bethlen.jpg/360px-Trachten-Kabinett_von_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Gabriel_Bethlen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen" title="Gabriel Bethlen">Gabriel Bethlen</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style_and_titles">Style and titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Style and titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Transylvanian monarchs used the following style and titles: "His Excellency, by the grace of God,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Prince of Transylvania, Lord of parts of Hungary, and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_the_Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Count of the Székelys">Count of the Székelys</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Szegedi_101_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szegedi_101-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a> adopted the title of "<a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wallachia">Prince of Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Moldavia">Moldavia</a>" in 1595.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_status">International status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1570 to 1699, the princes of Transylvania were not recognized as independent monarchs. At times they acknowledged Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, and at other times accepted the rule of the Kingdom of Hungary. According to the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a>, Transylvania was part of the "House of Agreement" <i>(<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2r_al_ahd%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Dâr al ahd'">Dâr al ahd'</a>)</i>, that is a territory with a transitory status between the lands fully integrated in the Ottoman Empire and independent states.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, when ascending the throne each prince received an official document from the sultan which described the prince's rights and obligations. These documents or <i><a href="/wiki/Ahidn%C3%A2me" title="Ahidnâme">ahidnâmes</a></i> confirmed the right of the Transylvanian estates to elect their princes freely, "guaranteed the territorial integrity of the principality", and promised military assistance to the Prince in case of invasion by his enemies. On the other hand, the princes were obliged to pay a yearly tribute and to assist the Ottomans in their military operations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_and_regency">Succession and regency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Succession and regency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prerogatives">Prerogatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prerogatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_institution">End of the institution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: End of the institution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a> the princes were effectively replaced with <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Transylvania" title="Governor of Transylvania">governors</a>. The last prince <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="Francis II Rákóczi">Francis II Rákóczi</a> spent the rest of his life in exile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">List of princes of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Transylvania">List of rulers of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of Transylvania">List of consorts of Transylvania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fallenbüchl_77-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fallenbüchl_77_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgescu 1991, pp. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pop 1999, pp. 40-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgescu 1991, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai 1994, pp. 178-183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pop 1999, pp. 53-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pop 1999, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makkai_207-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Makkai_207_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makkai_207_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makkai_207_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai 1994, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pop 1999, pp. 50., 50-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pop 1999, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pop_2005_230-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pop_2005_230_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pop_2005_230_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pop 2005, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popp_233-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Popp_233_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popp_233_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pop 2005, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pop 1999, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makkai_235-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Makkai_235_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makkai_235_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai 1994, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makkai_223-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Makkai_223_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makkai_223_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai 1994, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bán 1989, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai 1994, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgescu 1991, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai 1994, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai 1994, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felezeu 2009, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barta 1994, pp. 258-259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felezeu 2009, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szegedi_101-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szegedi_101_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szegedi_101_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szegedi_101_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szegedi_101_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szegedi_101_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Szegedi 2009, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barta_260-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barta_260_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barta_260_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barta 1994, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barta_265-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barta_265_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barta_265_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barta 1994, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barta 1994, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deák 2009, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pop 2009, pp. 78-79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pop 2009, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felezeu 2009, pp. 49-50, 52-53.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Hungarian)</span> Bán, Péter (1989). Entry <i>székely ispán</i> in: Bán, Péter; <i>Magyar történelmi fogalomtár, II. kötet: L–Zs</i> ("Thesaurus of Terms of Hungarian History, Volume I: A–Zs"). Gondolat. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-282-204-8" title="Special:BookSources/963-282-204-8">963-282-204-8</a>.</li> <li>Barta, Gábor (1994). <i>The Emergence of the Principality and its First Crises (1526–1606)</i>. In: Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit; <i>History of Transylvania</i>; Akadémiai Kiadó; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2">963-05-6703-2</a>.</li> <li>Deák, Éva (2009). "Princeps non Principissa"<i>: Catherine of Brandenburg, Elected Prince of Transylvania (1630–1648)</i>. In: Cruz, Anne J.; Suzuki, Mihoko; <i>The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe; University of Illinois Press</i>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07616-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07616-9">978-0-252-07616-9</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Hungarian)</span> Fallenbüchl, Zoltán (1988). <i>Magyarország főméltóságai</i> ("Great Officers of State in Hungary"). Maecenas Könyvkiadó. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-02-5536-7" title="Special:BookSources/963-02-5536-7">963-02-5536-7</a>.</li> <li>Felezeu, Călin (2009). <i>The International Political Background (1541–1699)</i> and <i>The Legal Status of the Principality of Transylvania in Its Relations with the Ottoman Porte</i>. In: Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas; Magyari, András;</li> <li>Georgescu, Vlad (1991). <i>The Romanians: A History</i>. Ohio State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8142-0511-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8142-0511-9">0-8142-0511-9</a>.</li> <li>Makkai, László (1994). <i>The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)</i>. In: Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit; <i>History of Transylvania</i>; Akadémiai Kiadó; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2">963-05-6703-2</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Hungarian)</span> Markó, László (2000). <i>A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon</i> ("Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia"). Magyar Könyvklub. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-547-085-1" title="Special:BookSources/963-547-085-1">963-547-085-1</a></li> <li>Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1999). <i>Romanians and Romania: A Brief History</i>. Boulder (distributed by Columbia University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-440-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-440-1">0-88033-440-1</a>.</li> <li>Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). <i>Romanians in the 14th–16th Centuries: From the "Christian Republic" to the "Restoration of Dacia"</i>. In: Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan; <i>History of Romania: Compendium</i>; Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-12-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-12-4">978-973-7784-12-4</a>.</li> <li>Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2009). <i>Michael the Brave and Transylvania</i>. In: Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas; Magyari, András; <i>The History of Transylvania, Vol. II. (From 1541 to 1711)</i>; Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-43-8">978-973-7784-43-8</a>.</li> <li>Szegedi, Edit (2009). <i>The birth and evolution of the Principality of Transylvania (1541–1690)</i>. In: Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas; Magyari, András; <i>The History of Transylvania, Vol. II. (From 1541 to 1711)</i>; Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-43-8">978-973-7784-43-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Transylvania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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