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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مملكة ميسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة ميسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracene" title="Caracene – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caracene" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charakene" title="Charakene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charakene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Χαρακηνή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρακηνή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracene" title="Caracene – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caracene" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پادشاهی میشان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی میشان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charac%C3%A8ne" title="Characène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Characène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4" title="카라케네 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카라케네" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakene" title="Karakene – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karakene" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characene" title="Characene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Characene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charakene" title="Charakene – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charakene" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="カラケネ王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラケネ王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Caracena" title="Reino de Caracena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Caracena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Харакена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Харакена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakena" title="Harakena – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Harakena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakini" title="Harakini – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harakini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Харакена – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Харакена" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="查拉塞尼王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查拉塞尼王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1062946#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Characene</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">141 BC–222 AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Charakene.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of Characene."><img alt="A map of Characene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Karte_Charakene.png/250px-Karte_Charakene.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Karte_Charakene.png/375px-Karte_Charakene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Karte_Charakene.png/500px-Karte_Charakene.png 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="1414" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">A map of Characene.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Autonomous state, frequently a vassal of the Parthian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charax_Spasinu" title="Charax Spasinu">Charax Spasinu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> (cultural language)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1986201–203_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1986201–203-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 141–124 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 210–222 AD </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abinergaios_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abinergaios III (page does not exist)">Abinergaios III</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">141 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> conquest </div></th><td class="infobox-data">222 AD</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Characene</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: Χαρακηνή), also known as <b>Mesene</b> (Μεσσήνη)<sup id="cite_ref-GP_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Meshan</b>, was a kingdom founded by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> located at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> mostly within modern day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Its capital, <a href="/wiki/Charax_Spasinu" title="Charax Spasinu">Charax Spasinou</a> (Χάραξ Σπασινού), was an important port for trade between <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and also provided port facilities for the city of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> further up the <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun River</a>. The kingdom was frequently a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. Characene was mainly populated by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, who spoke <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> as their cultural language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1986201–203_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1986201–203-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All rulers of the principality had Iranian names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEilers1983487_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEilers1983487-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">Arsacid dynasty</a> also ruled the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoratti2017133_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoratti2017133-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Characene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Characene" originated from the name of the capital of the kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Charax_Spasinu" title="Charax Spasinu">Charax Spasinu</a>. The kingdom was also known by the older name of the region, "Mesene", which is seemingly of Persian origin, meaning "land of buffalos" or the "land of sheep."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnoli2022319_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli2022319-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Characene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capital of Characene, <a href="/wiki/Charax_Spasinu" title="Charax Spasinu">Alexandria</a>, was originally founded by the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, with the intention of using the town as a leading commercial port for his eastern capital of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region itself became the <i>Satrapy of the Erythraean Sea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1988137_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1988137-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the city never lived up to its expectations, and was destroyed in the mid 3rd-century BC by floods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 175 – 164 BC</span>) that the city was rebuilt and renamed Antiochia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the city was fully restored in 166/5 BC, Antiochus IV appointed <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> as governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Eparch" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparch">eparch</a></i>) of Antiochia and the <i>Satrapy of the Erythraean Sea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1988137–138_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1988137–138-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period Antiochia briefly flourished, until Antiochus IV's abrupt death in 163 BC, which weakened Seleucid authority throughout the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the weakening of the Seleucids, many political entities within the empire declared independence, such as the neighbouring region of Characene, <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a>, which was situated in most of the present-day province of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> in southern Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyspaosines, although now a more or less independent ruler, remained a loyal subject of the Seleucids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyspaosines' keenness to remain as a Seleucid governor was possibly due to avoid interruption in the profitable trade between Antiochia and <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seleucids had suffered heavy defeats by the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>; in 148/7 BC, the Parthian king <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 171–132 BC</span>) conquered <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a>, and by 141 BC, was in the possession of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The menace and proximity of the Parthians caused Hyspaosines to declare independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 124 BC, however, Hyspaosines accepted Parthian suzerainty, and continued to rule Characene as a vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011114_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characene would generally remain a semi-autonomous kingdom under Parthian suzerainty till its fall. The realm of the kingdom included the islands <a href="/wiki/Failaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Failaka">Failaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kings of Characene are known mainly by their coins, consisting mainly of silver <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachms</a> with <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> inscriptions. These coins are dated after the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a>, providing a secure framework for chronological succession. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Hyspaosines,_minted_at_Charax_Spasinu_in_126-5_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coin_of_Hyspaosines%2C_minted_at_Charax_Spasinu_in_126-5_BC.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Hyspaosines%2C_minted_at_Charax_Spasinu_in_126-5_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coin_of_Hyspaosines%2C_minted_at_Charax_Spasinu_in_126-5_BC.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Hyspaosines%2C_minted_at_Charax_Spasinu_in_126-5_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coin_of_Hyspaosines%2C_minted_at_Charax_Spasinu_in_126-5_BC.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Hyspaosines%2C_minted_at_Charax_Spasinu_in_126-5_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> as King, minted at <a href="/wiki/Charax_Spasinu" title="Charax Spasinu">Charax Spasinu</a> in 126/5 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In his <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> praises the port of Charax: </p> <dl><dd>The embankments extend in length a distance of nearly 4½ kilometers, in breadth a little less. It stood at first at a distance of 1¾ km from the shore, and even had a harbor of its own. But according to Juba, it is 75 kilometer from the sea; and at the present day, the ambassadors from Arabia, and our own merchants who have visited the place, say that it stands at a distance of one 180 kilometers from the sea-shore. Indeed, in no part of the world have alluvial deposits been formed more rapidly by the rivers, and to a greater extent than here; and it is only a matter of surprise that the tides, which run to a considerable distance beyond this city, do not carry them back again.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Trade continued to be important. A famous Characenian, a man named <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Charax" title="Isidore of Charax">Isidore</a>, was the author of a treatise on Parthian trade routes, the <i>Mansiones Parthicae</i>. The inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> had a permanent trading station in Characene. Many inscriptions mention caravan trade. </p><p>Next to Charax, other important cities were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forat_(Charakene)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forat (Charakene) (page does not exist)">Forat</a> (at the Tigris), <a href="/wiki/Apologos" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologos">Apologos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teredon" title="Teredon">Teredon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuol2000282_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuol2000282-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his coins <a href="/wiki/Meredates_of_Characene" title="Meredates of Characene">Meredates</a> (ruled 131 to 150/151) calls himself <i>king of the Omani</i>. The latter are mentioned sporadically by ancient writers. According to Pliny (VI.145) they lived between <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> and Charax. They were according to some schola for a certain period part of the Charakene. So it seems that the kingdom extended to the South of the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuol2000329,_353_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuol2000329,_353-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the reading and interpretation of the legends on the king's coins is problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1988148–149_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1988148–149-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In AD 115 the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> conquered Mesopotamia as main part of his <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign">Parthian campaign</a>. He also reached Characene, where he saw ships bound for India. According to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Attambelos_VII_of_Characene" class="mw-redirect" title="Attambelos VII of Characene">Attambelos</a> ruled there and was friendly to the emperor. Also the people of Charax Spasinu are described as friendly towards the emperor. The following two years, the Charakene remained most likely Roman, but emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> decided to withdraw from Trajan's territorial gains. It remains uncertain whether the Charakene remained independent or whether it was placed under direct Parthian rule. The next Parthian king attested in ancient sources is <a href="/wiki/Meredates_of_Characene" title="Meredates of Characene">Meredates</a>, mentioned in an inscription at Palmyra datable to 131.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuol2000350_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuol2000350-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 221–222 AD, an ethnic Persian, <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir V</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Persis" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Persis">King of Persis</a>, led a revolt against the Parthians, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. According to later Arab histories, he defeated Characene forces, killed its last ruler, rebuilt the town, and renamed it Astarābād-Ardašīr<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area around Charax that had been the Characene state was thereon known by the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> name <i>myšn</i>, <i>myšwn</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i>Baba Kamma</i> 97b; <i>Baba Bathra</i> 73a; <i>Shabbat</i> 101a), or <i>myšyn</i> as attested in an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Incantation_bowl" title="Incantation bowl">incantation bowl</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was later adapted by the Arab conquerors as Maysān.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charax continued, under the name Maysān, with Persian texts making various mention of governors throughout the fifth century. A <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Church">Nestorian Church</a> was mentioned there in the sixth century. The Charax <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a> appears to have continued throughout the Sassanid empire and into the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad empire</a>, minting coins as late as AD 715.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest references from the first century A.D. indicates that the people of Characene were referred to as Μεσηνός and lived along the Arabian side of the coast at the head of the Persian Gulf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings">Kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Characene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Iran" title="Category:History of Iran">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of <span class="fn org label">Iran</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/200px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/300px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/400px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1857" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE / BC</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 36,000–18,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20,000–10,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6000–5000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zayandeh_River_Culture" title="Zayandeh River Culture">Zayandeh River Culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th millennium</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dalma_culture" title="Dalma culture">Dalma culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th millennium</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Prehistory" title="History of Iran">Ancient period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3400–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Helmand_culture" title="Helmand culture">Helmand culture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300–2200</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3200–2700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi Kingdom</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zamua" title="Zamua">Zamua</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100-675</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2700–539</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhaši</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2550-2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus Civilization</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400–1700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2400–2150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1155</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–500</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 911–609</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 860–590</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mannaea" title="Mannaea">Mannaea</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 850–616</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zikirti" title="Zikirti">Zikirti</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750-521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saparda" title="Saparda">Saparda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 720-670</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Classical_antiquity" title="History of Iran">Imperial period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Median_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Median state">Median Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 678–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 652–625 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Teispids" title="Teispids">Anshanite Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 635 BC–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 626 BC–539 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century BC</span>–11th century AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550 BC–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 331 BC–428 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 323 BC</span>–226 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of Cappadocia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 320s BC–17 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 312 BC–63 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 281 BC–62 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Fratarakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratarakas">Fratarakas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3rd-century BC–132 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 147 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Characene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 141 BC–222 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 132 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 19 AD–224/5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Paratarajas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 125–300</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 224–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarmihrids" title="Zarmihrids">Zarmihrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 6th century–785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qarinvand_dynasty" title="Qarinvand dynasty">Qarinvandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550s–11th century</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Medieval_period" title="History of Iran">Medieval period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE / AD</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 632-661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dabuyid_dynasty" title="Dabuyid dynasty">Dabuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 642–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–1349</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Masmughans_of_Damavand" title="Masmughans of Damavand">Masmughans of Damavand</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baduspanids" title="Baduspanids">Baduspanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 665–1598</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Justanids" title="Justanids">Justanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 791 – 11th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 864 – 14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 819–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 861–1003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> pre-879 – 1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 889–929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 919–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 930–1090</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Ilyasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 932–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 934–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 955–1070</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 959–1095</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 977–1186</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 990/1–1117</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1008–1141</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty_(Sistan)" title="Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)">Nasrid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1029–1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shabankara" title="Shabankara">Shabankara</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1030–1355</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1077–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1135–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atabegs_of_Yazd" title="Atabegs of Yazd">Atabegs of Yazd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1141–1319</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Salghurids" title="Salghurids">Salghurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1148–1282</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1424</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pishkinid_dynasty" title="Pishkinid dynasty">Pishkinid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khorshidi_dynasty" title="Khorshidi dynasty">Khorshidi dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1184-1597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1223-1306</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mihrabanids" title="Mihrabanids">Mihrabanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1236–1537</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt dynasty">Kurt dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1244–1396</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sarbadars" title="Sarbadars">Sarbadars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Injuids" title="Injuids">Injuids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_dynasty" title="Afrasiyab dynasty">Afrasiyab dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1349–1504</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mar%27ashis" title="Mar'ashis">Mar'ashis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1359–1596</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kar-Kiya_dynasty" title="Kar-Kiya dynasty">Kar-Kiya dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370s–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1406–1468</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1468–1508</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Early_modern_period" title="History of Iran">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1501–1736</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> (<a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1722–1729</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1736–1796</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1751–1794</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Modern_period" title="History of Iran">Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1789–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1925–1979</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Contemporary_period" title="History of Iran">Contemporary period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Iran">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iran" title="List of wars involving Iran">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Iranian_history" title="Timeline of Iranian history">Timeline</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Iran" title="Template talk:History of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 127</span>–124 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodakos" title="Apodakos">Apodakos</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 110/09</span>–104/03 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraios_I" title="Tiraios I">Tiraios I</a> 95/94–90/89 BC <ul><li>possible usurper: <a href="/wiki/Hippokrates_Autokrator_Nikephoros" title="Hippokrates Autokrator Nikephoros">Hippokrates Autokrator Nikephoros</a> 81/80 BC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraios_II" title="Tiraios II">Tiraios II</a> 79/78–49/48 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabazos_I_of_Characene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artabazos I of Characene">Artabazos I</a> 49/48–48/47 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attambelos_I_of_Characene" class="mw-redirect" title="Attambelos I of Characene">Attambelos I</a> 47/46–25/24 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonesios_I_of_Characene" title="Theonesios I of Characene">Theonesios I</a> c. 19/18</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attambelos_II_of_Characene" class="mw-redirect" title="Attambelos II of Characene">Attambelos II</a> c. 17/16 BC – AD 8/9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abinergaos_I" title="Abinergaos I">Abinergaos I</a> 10/11; 22/23</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orabazes_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orabazes I (page does not exist)">Orabazes I</a> c. 19</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attambelos_III" title="Attambelos III">Attambelos III</a> c. 37/38–44/45</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonesios_II" title="Theonesios II">Theonesios II</a> c. 46/47</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonesios_III" title="Theonesios III">Theonesios III</a> c. 52/53</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attambelos_IV" title="Attambelos IV">Attambelos IV</a> 54/55–64/65</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attambelos_V" title="Attambelos V">Attambelos V</a> 64/65–73/74</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orabazes_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orabazes II (page does not exist)">Orabazes II</a> c. 73–80</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakoros_of_Characene" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakoros of Characene">Pakoros</a> 80–101/02</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attambelos_VI" title="Attambelos VI">Attambelos VI</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 101/02</span>–105/06</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theonesios_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theonesios IV (page does not exist)">Theonesios IV</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 110/11</span>–112/113</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attambelos_VII_of_Characene" class="mw-redirect" title="Attambelos VII of Characene">Attambelos VII</a> 113/14–117</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meredates_of_Characene" title="Meredates of Characene">Meredates</a> c. 131–150/51</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orabazes_II_of_Characene" title="Orabazes II of Characene">Orabazes II</a> c. 150/51–165</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abinergaios_II_of_Characene" title="Abinergaios II of Characene">Abinergaios II</a> (?) c. 165–180</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attambelos_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Attambelos VIII">Attambelos VIII</a> c. 180–195</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maga_of_Characene" title="Maga of Characene">Maga</a> (?) c. 195–210</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maga_of_Characene#Successor" title="Maga of Characene">Abinergaos III</a> c. 210–222</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Characene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1986201–203-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1986201–203_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1986201–203_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1986">Bosworth 1986</a>, pp. 201–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GP-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GP_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorony2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_G._Morony" title="Michael G. Morony">Morony, Michael G.</a> (2005). <i>Iraq After The Muslim Conquest</i>. <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_Press" title="Gorgias Press">Gorgias Press LLC</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593333157" title="Special:BookSources/9781593333157"><bdi>9781593333157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+After+The+Muslim+Conquest&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781593333157&rft.aulast=Morony&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansman1991">Hansman 1991</a>, pp. 363–365; <a href="#CITEREFEilers1983">Eilers 1983</a>, p. 487; <a href="#CITEREFErskineLlewellyn-JonesWallace2017">Erskine, Llewellyn-Jones & Wallace 2017</a>, p. 77; <a href="#CITEREFStrootman2017">Strootman 2017</a>, p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEilers1983487-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEilers1983487_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEilers1983">Eilers 1983</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoratti2017133-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoratti2017133_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregoratti2017">Gregoratti 2017</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli2022319-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnoli2022319_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGnoli2022">Gnoli 2022</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363–365_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansman1991">Hansman 1991</a>, pp. 363–365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1988137-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1988137_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotts1988">Potts 1988</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1988137–138-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1988137–138_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotts1988">Potts 1988</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2007">Curtis 2007</a>, pp. 10–11; <a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFGarthwaite2005">Garthwaite 2005</a>, p. 76; <a href="#CITEREFBrosius2006">Brosius 2006</a>, pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011114-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011114_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00077458/document">Pierre-Louis Gatier, Pierre Lombard, Khaled Al-Sindi (2002)ː <i>Greek Inscriptions from Bahrain</i>. inː <i>Arabian Archaeology and Epigraph</i>y, Wiley, 2002, 13 (2), pp.225.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder (AD 77). <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>. Book VI. xxxi. 138-140. Translation by W. H. S. Jones, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, London/Cambridge, Massachusetts (1961).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuol2000282-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuol2000282_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuol2000">Schuol 2000</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuol2000329,_353-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuol2000329,_353_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuol2000">Schuol 2000</a>, p. 329, 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1988148–149-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1988148–149_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotts1988">Potts 1988</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(LXVIII, 28, 3-29)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuol2000350-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuol2000350_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuol2000">Schuol 2000</a>, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a>, Ṭabarī I</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen A. Kaufman (1983). "Appendix C. Alphabetic Texts." In McGuire Gibson. Excavations at Nippur Eleventh Season. Oriental Institute Communications, 22, pp. 151–152. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/oic/oic-22-excavations-nippur-eleventh-season">https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/oic/oic-22-excavations-nippur-eleventh-season</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yaqut al-Hamawi, <a href="/wiki/Kitab_mu%27jam_al-buldan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab mu'jam al-buldan">Kitab mu'jam al-buldan</a> IV and III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Characene and Charax, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/characene-and-charax-spasinou-in-pre-islamic-times">Characene and Charax</a> Encyclopaedia Iranica</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Characene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBivar1983" class="citation book cs1">Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 21–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X"><bdi>0-521-20092-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+History+of+Iran+Under+the+Arsacids&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+3%281%29%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=21-99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-20092-X&rft.aulast=Bivar&rft.aufirst=A.D.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1986). "ʿArab i. Arabs and Iran in the pre-Islamic period". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-i"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2</i></a>. pp. 201–203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFArab+i.+Arabs+and+Iran+in+the+pre-Islamic+period&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+2&rft.pages=201-203&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farab-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosius2006" class="citation book cs1">Brosius, Maria (2006). <i>The Persians: An Introduction</i>. London & New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32089-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32089-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32089-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persians%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32089-4&rft.aulast=Brosius&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2007" class="citation cs2">Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007), "The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period", in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Sarah Stewart (ed.), <i>The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran</i>, vol. 2, London & New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, pp. 7–25, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-406-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-406-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-406-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Iranian+Revival+in+the+Parthian+Period&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Parthians%3A+The+Ideas+of+Iran&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=7-25&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co+Ltd.%2C+in+association+with+the+London+Middle+East+Institute+at+SOAS+and+the+British+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-406-0&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Vesta+Sarkhosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilers1983" class="citation cs2">Eilers, Wilhelm (1983), "Iran and Mesopotamia", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), <i>Cambridge History of Iran</i>, vol. 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 481–505</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+and+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=London&rft.pages=481-505&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Eilers&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErskineLlewellyn-JonesWallace2017" class="citation book cs1">Erskine, Andrew; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd; Wallace, Shane (2017). <i>The Hellenistic Court: Monarchic Power and Elite Society from Alexander to Cleopatra</i>. The Classical Press of Wales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910589625" title="Special:BookSources/978-1910589625"><bdi>978-1910589625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+Court%3A+Monarchic+Power+and+Elite+Society+from+Alexander+to+Cleopatra&rft.pub=The+Classical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1910589625&rft.aulast=Erskine&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Llewellyn-Jones%2C+Lloyd&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Shane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarthwaite2005" class="citation book cs1">Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (2005). <i>The Persians</i>. Oxford & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-860-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-860-2"><bdi>978-1-55786-860-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persians&rft.place=Oxford+%26+Carlton&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-860-2&rft.aulast=Garthwaite&rft.aufirst=Gene+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnoli2022" class="citation book cs1">Gnoli, Tommaso (2022). "The Parthian and Sasanian Near East (including Hatra, Edessa, and the Characene)". In Kaizer, Ted (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wc1TEAAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to the Hellenistic and Roman Near East</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 316–327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444339826" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444339826"><bdi>978-1444339826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Parthian+and+Sasanian+Near+East+%28including+Hatra%2C+Edessa%2C+and+the+Characene%29&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Hellenistic+and+Roman+Near+East&rft.pages=316-327&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1444339826&rft.aulast=Gnoli&rft.aufirst=Tommaso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWc1TEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoratti2017" class="citation book cs1">Gregoratti, Leonardo (2017). "The Arsacid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unTjswEACAAJ"><i>King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)</i></a>. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692864401" title="Special:BookSources/9780692864401"><bdi>9780692864401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arsacid+Empire&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Seven+Climes%3A+A+History+of+the+Ancient+Iranian+World+%283000+BCE+-+651+CE%29&rft.pages=1-236&rft.pub=UCI+Jordan+Center+for+Persian+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780692864401&rft.aulast=Gregoratti&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DunTjswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansman1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hansman, John F. (1998). "Elymais". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elymais"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 4</i></a>. pp. 373–376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elymais&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+VIII%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=373-376&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hansman&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felymais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansman1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hansman, John (1991). "Characene and Charax". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/characene-and-charax-spasinou-in-pre-islamic-times"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 4</i></a>. pp. 363–365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Characene+and+Charax&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+V%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=363-365&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Hansman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcharacene-and-charax-spasinou-in-pre-islamic-times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1988" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (1988). <i>Araby the blest : studies in Arabian archaeology</i>. Copenhagen: Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Ancient Near Eastern Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8772890517" title="Special:BookSources/8772890517"><bdi>8772890517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Araby+the+blest+%3A+studies+in+Arabian+archaeology&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Carsten+Niebuhr+Institute+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=8772890517&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchippmann1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schippmann, K. (1986). "Arsacids ii. The Arsacid dynasty". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arsacids-ii"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5</i></a>. pp. 525–536.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsacids+ii.+The+Arsacid+dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=525-536&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Schippmann&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farsacids-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuol2000" class="citation cs2">Schuol, Monika (2000), <i>Die Charakene: ein mesopotamisches Königreich in hellenistisch-parthischer Zeit</i>, Stuttgart: . Steiner, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07709-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07709-X"><bdi>3-515-07709-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Charakene%3A+ein+mesopotamisches+K%C3%B6nigreich+in+hellenistisch-parthischer+Zeit&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=.+Steiner&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-515-07709-X&rft.aulast=Schuol&rft.aufirst=Monika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayegan2011" class="citation book cs1">Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_gcyC8l80MC&q=false"><i>Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521766418" title="Special:BookSources/9780521766418"><bdi>9780521766418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arsacids+and+Sasanians%3A+Political+Ideology+in+Post-Hellenistic+and+Late+Antique+Persia&rft.pages=1-539&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521766418&rft.aulast=Shayegan&rft.aufirst=M.+Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_gcyC8l80MC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrootman2017" class="citation book cs1">Strootman, Rolf (2017). "Imperial Persianism: Seleukids, Arsakids and Fratarakā". In Strootman, Rolf; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34575746"><i>Persianism in Antiquity</i></a></span>. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 177–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3515113823" title="Special:BookSources/978-3515113823"><bdi>978-3515113823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Persianism%3A+Seleukids%2C+Arsakids+and+Fratarak%C4%81&rft.btitle=Persianism+in+Antiquity&rft.pages=177-201&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3515113823&rft.aulast=Strootman&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34575746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacene" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Characene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gregoratti Leonardo, A Parthian port on the Persian Gulf: Characene and its Trade, "Anabasis, Studia Classica et Orientalia", 2, (2011), 209-229</li> <li>Schuol, Monika (2000) <i>Die Charakene : ein mesopotamisches Königreich in hellenistisch-parthischer Zeit</i>. Stuttgart: F. Steiner. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07709-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07709-X">3-515-07709-X</a></li> <li>Sheldon A. Nodelman, A Preliminary History of Charakene, <i>Berytus</i> 13 (1959/60), 83-121, XXVII f.,</li> <li>Hansman, John (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/characene-and-charax-spasinou-in-pre-islamic-times"><i>Characene and Charax</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a> (print version Vol. V, Fasc. 4, pp. 363–365). Retrieved 25 April 2016.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062946#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062946#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062946#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4090329-1">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/912905">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characene&oldid=1256458562">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characene&oldid=1256458562</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Characene" title="Category:Kings of Characene">Kings of Characene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Mesopotamia" title="Category:Ancient Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sites_along_the_Silk_Road" title="Category:Sites along the Silk Road">Sites along the Silk Road</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seleucid_Empire_successor_states" title="Category:Seleucid Empire successor states">Seleucid Empire successor states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:120s_BC_establishments" title="Category:120s BC establishments">120s BC establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parthian_Empire" title="Category:Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:222_disestablishments" title="Category:222 disestablishments">222 disestablishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_3rd_century" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century">States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_2nd_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 2nd century BC">States and territories established in the 2nd century BC</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 00:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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