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id="toc-Childhood_and_early_life_in_the_Third_Reich_(1921–1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_and_early_life_in_the_Third_Reich_(1921–1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Childhood and early life in the Third Reich (1921–1941)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_and_early_life_in_the_Third_Reich_(1921–1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_(1941–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_(1941–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>World War II (1941–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_(1941–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies_and_beginnings_(1945–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_and_beginnings_(1945–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Studies and beginnings (1945–1960)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_and_beginnings_(1945–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academia_and_public_(1960–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia_and_public_(1960–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Academia and public (1960–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academia_and_public_(1960–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Teaching philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_artist_as_shaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_artist_as_shaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The artist as shaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_artist_as_shaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_and_international_recognition_(1975–1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_international_recognition_(1975–1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>National and international recognition (1975–1986)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_and_international_recognition_(1975–1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_of_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_of_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Body of work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Body_of_work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Body of work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Body_of_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artworks_and_performances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artworks_and_performances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Artworks and performances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artworks_and_performances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_to_Explain_Pictures_to_a_Dead_Hare_(performance,_1965)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_Explain_Pictures_to_a_Dead_Hare_(performance,_1965)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare</i> (performance, 1965)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_Explain_Pictures_to_a_Dead_Hare_(performance,_1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Chief_–_Fluxus_Chant_(performance,_installation,_1963–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Chief_–_Fluxus_Chant_(performance,_installation,_1963–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>The Chief – Fluxus Chant</i> (performance, installation, 1963–1964)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Chief_–_Fluxus_Chant_(performance,_installation,_1963–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infiltration_Homogen_for_Piano_(performance,_1966)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infiltration_Homogen_for_Piano_(performance,_1966)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Infiltration Homogen for Piano</i> (performance, 1966)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infiltration_Homogen_for_Piano_(performance,_1966)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_Like_America_and_America_Likes_Me_(performance,_1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_Like_America_and_America_Likes_Me_(performance,_1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>I Like America and America Likes Me</i> (performance, 1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_Like_America_and_America_Likes_Me_(performance,_1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_(Kinloch_Rannoch)_Scottish_Symphony,_Celtic+,_Agnus_Vitex_Castus_and_Three_Pots_for_The_Poorhouse_(performances_1970,_1971,_1972,_1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_(Kinloch_Rannoch)_Scottish_Symphony,_Celtic+,_Agnus_Vitex_Castus_and_Three_Pots_for_The_Poorhouse_(performances_1970,_1971,_1972,_1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span><i>Celtic (Kinloch Rannoch) Scottish Symphony</i>, <i>Celtic+</i>, <i>Agnus Vitex Castus</i> and <i>Three Pots for The Poorhouse</i> (performances 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_(Kinloch_Rannoch)_Scottish_Symphony,_Celtic+,_Agnus_Vitex_Castus_and_Three_Pots_for_The_Poorhouse_(performances_1970,_1971,_1972,_1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_concept_of_"Social_Sculpture"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_concept_of_"Social_Sculpture""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>The concept of "Social Sculpture"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_concept_of_"Social_Sculpture"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Sonne_Statt_Reagan"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Sonne_Statt_Reagan""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>"Sonne Statt Reagan"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Sonne_Statt_Reagan"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7,000_Oaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7,000_Oaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span><i>7,000 Oaks</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7,000_Oaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Political activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Critiques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critiques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Critiques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Critiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehabilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rehabilitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rehabilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibitions_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibitions_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exhibitions and collections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exhibitions_and_collections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exhibitions and collections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exhibitions_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Selected exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Art market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Beuys</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="يوزيف بويس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوزيف بويس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Іозеф Бойс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іозеф Бойс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Йозеф Бойс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йозеф Бойс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%86_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Γιόζεφ Μπόις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιόζεφ Μπόις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="یوزف بویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوزف بویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EC%A0%9C%ED%94%84_%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="요제프 보이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요제프 보이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%BD" title="Յոզեֆ Բոյս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոզեֆ Բոյս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1" title="יוזף בויס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוזף בויס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Beuys" title="Iosephus Beuys – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Beuys" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozefs_Beiiss" title="Jozefs Beiiss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jozefs Beiiss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="چوزيف بويس (مصمم مطبوعات من المانيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوزيف بويس (مصمم مطبوعات من المانيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="ヨーゼフ・ボイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーゼフ・ボイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81,_%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Бойс, Йозеф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бойс, Йозеф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%8E%D9%81_%D8%A8%DB%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جۆزێف بۆیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆزێف بۆیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Bojs" title="Jozef Bojs – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Jozef Bojs" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joseph Beuys" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Йозеф Бойс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йозеф Бойс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" title="约瑟夫·博伊斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约瑟夫·博伊斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153965#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German artist and art theorist (1921–1986)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Beuys" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Beuys_(film)" title="Beuys (film)"><i>Beuys</i> (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Joseph Beuys</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Beuys-Feldman-Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Beuys-Feldman-Gallery.jpg/220px-Beuys-Feldman-Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Beuys-Feldman-Gallery.jpg/330px-Beuys-Feldman-Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Beuys-Feldman-Gallery.jpg/440px-Beuys-Feldman-Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Offset poster for Beuys' 1974 US lecture-series "Energy Plan for the Western Man", Ronald Feldman Gallery</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Heinrich Beuys</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1921-05-12</span>)</span>12 May 1921<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1986<span style="display:none">(1986-01-23)</span> (aged 64)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kunstakademie_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Kunstakademie Düsseldorf">Kunstakademie Düsseldorf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Performance, sculpture, visual art, sociophilosophy, <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">theory of art</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Explain_Pictures_to_a_Dead_Hare" title="How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare">How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare</a></i> (1965)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Fettecke" title="Fettecke">Fettecke</a></i> (1965)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Eva Wurmbach<br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1959)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Beuys_Signatur.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Joseph_Beuys_Signatur.svg/150px-Joseph_Beuys_Signatur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Joseph_Beuys_Signatur.svg/225px-Joseph_Beuys_Signatur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Joseph_Beuys_Signatur.svg/300px-Joseph_Beuys_Signatur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="223" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joseph Heinrich Beuys</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BOYSS</span></i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈjoːzɛf<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbɔʏs]</a></span>; 12 May 1921 – 23 January 1986) was a German artist, teacher, performance artist, and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">art theorist</a> whose work reflected concepts of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, sociology. With <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_St%C3%BCttgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Stüttgen (page does not exist)">Johannes Stüttgen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_St%C3%BCttgen" class="extiw" title="de:Johannes Stüttgen">de</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_St%C3%BCttgen" class="extiw" title="fr:Johannes Stüttgen">fr</a>]</span>, Caroline Tisdall, Robert McDowell, and Enrico Wolleb, Beuys created the <a href="/wiki/Free_International_University" title="Free International University">Free International University</a> for Creativity & Interdisciplinary Research (FIU). Through his talks and performances, he also formed The Party for Animals and The Organisation for Direct Democracy. He was a member of a Dadaist art movement <a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a> and singularly inspirational in developing of Performance Art, called Kunst Aktionen, alongside <a href="/wiki/Viennese_Actionism" title="Viennese Actionism">Wiener Aktionismus</a> that <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kaprow" title="Allan Kaprow">Allan Kaprow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolee_Schneemann" title="Carolee Schneemann">Carolee Schneemann</a> termed Art <a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happenings</a>. Today, internationally, the largest performance art group is <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBeyond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBeyond (page does not exist)">BBeyond</a> in Belfast, led by <a href="/wiki/Alastair_MacLennan" title="Alastair MacLennan">Alastair MacLennan</a> who knew Beuys and like many adapts Beuys's ethos. </p><p>Beuys is known for his "extended definition of art" in which the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">social sculpture</a> could potentially reshape society and politics. He frequently held open public debates on a wide range of subjects, including political, environmental, social, and long-term cultural issues.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beuys' social sculpture proposals and underpinning ideas have been extensively explored, shared and developed through the practices, pedagogies, actions and writings of his master student and collaborator Shelley Sacks, first in South Africa in the 1970s as a branch of the Free International University (FIU); in the first Social Sculpture Colloquium, hosted by the Goethe Institute in Glasgow (1995); from 1997-2018 as Professor in Social Sculpture in the Social Sculpture Research Unit (SSRU) at Oxford Brookes University, where Johannes Stüttgen, Caroline Tisdall and Volker Harlan were research fellows; and since 2021, through the Social Sculpture Lab, curated by Sacks and hosted by the Documenta Archive in 2021 for the Beuys Centenery. The Social Sculpture Lab continues to engage with, develop and share Beuys' social sculpture understandings through such initiatives as the 7000 HUMANS Global Social Forest,. which has close connections with Beuys' 7000 Oaks, Sacks' social sculpture-connective practice methodologies, and a growing network of Social Sculpture Hubs in Germany, India, Holland, Brazil and UK. </p><p>Beuys was professor at the <a href="/wiki/Kunstakademie_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Kunstakademie Düsseldorf">Kunstakademie Düsseldorf</a> from 1961 until 1972. He was a founding member and life-long supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">German Green Party</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_early_life_in_the_Third_Reich_(1921–1941)"><span id="Childhood_and_early_life_in_the_Third_Reich_.281921.E2.80.931941.29"></span>Childhood and early life in the Third Reich (1921–1941)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood and early life in the Third Reich (1921–1941)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joseph Beuys was born in <a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld, Germany</a>, on 12 May 1921, to Josef Jakob Beuys (1888–1958), a merchant, and Johanna Maria Margarete Beuys née Hülsermann (1889–1974). Soon after his birth, the family moved from Krefeld to <a href="/wiki/Kleve" title="Kleve">Kleve</a>, an industrial town in Germany's Lower Rhine region, close to the Dutch border. Beuys attended primary school at the <i>Katholische Volksschule</i> and secondary school at the <i>Staatliches Gymnasium Cleve</i> (now the <i>Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gymnasium</i>). While in school he developed skills in drawing and took lessons in piano and cello. Other interests included the natural sciences, as well as Nordic history and mythology. By his own account, when the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> staged <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">their book-burning</a> in Kleve on 19 May 1933 in his school courtyard, he salvaged the book <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> "... from that large, flaming pile".<sup id="cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adriani_79-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, Beuys was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a>; the organization at that time included a large majority of German children and adolescents, and later that year membership became compulsory. He participated in the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg rally">Nuremberg rally</a> in September 1936. He was 15 years old at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given his early interest in natural sciences, Beuys had considered a career in medical studies, but in his last years of school he became interested in pursuing a career in sculpture, possibly influenced by pictures of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Lehmbruck" title="Wilhelm Lehmbruck">Wilhelm Lehmbruck</a>'s sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In around 1939 he began working part-time at a circus, where his responsibilities included posturing and taking care of animals. He held the job for about a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Ermen_07_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ermen_07-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from school in the spring of 1941, having successfully earned his <i><a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_(1941–1945)"><span id="World_War_II_.281941.E2.80.931945.29"></span>World War II (1941–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II (1941–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although he finally opted for a career in medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1941, Beuys volunteered for the <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began training as an aircraft radio operator under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Sielmann" title="Heinz Sielmann">Heinz Sielmann</a> in Posen, Poland (now <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>). They both attended lectures on biology and zoology at the <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Mickiewicz University">University of Posen</a>, at that time a <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_Third_Reich#Germanized_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities in the Third Reich">Germanized university</a>. During this time he began to consider pursuing a career as an artist.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, Beuys was stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and was a member of various combat bomber units. From 1943 onward, he was deployed as rear-gunner in a <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Ju 87</a> "Stuka" dive-bomber, initially stationed in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" class="mw-redirect" title="Königgrätz">Königgrätz</a>, later moving to the eastern <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic region</a>. Drawings and sketches from this time have been preserved, and his characteristic style is evident in this early work.<sup id="cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adriani_79-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 March 1944, Beuys's plane crashed on the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Offensive">Crimean Front</a> close to Znamianka, then Freiberg <a href="/wiki/Krasnohvardiiske_Raion" title="Krasnohvardiiske Raion">Krasnohvardiiske Raion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing from this incident, Beuys fashioned the myth that he was rescued from the crash by nomadic <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Tatar tribesmen</a>, who wrapped his broken body in animal fat and felt and nursed him back to health: </p> <blockquote><p>"Had it not been for the Tartars I would not be alive today. They were the nomads of the Crimea, in what was then no man's land between the Russian and German fronts, and favoured neither side. I had already struck up a good relationship with them and often wandered off to sit with them. 'Du nix njemcky' they would say, 'du Tartar,' and try to persuade me to join their clan. Their nomadic ways attracted me of course, although by that time their movements had been restricted. Yet, it was they who discovered me in the snow after the crash, when the German search parties had given up. I was still unconscious then and only came round completely after twelve days or so, and by then I was back in a German field hospital. So the memories I have of that time are images that penetrated my consciousness. The last thing I remember was that it was too late to jump, too late for the parachutes to open. That must have been a couple of seconds before hitting the ground. Luckily I was not strapped in – I always preferred free movement to safety belts ... My friend was strapped in and he was atomized on impact – there was almost nothing to be found of him afterwards. But I must have shot through the windscreen as it flew back at the same speed as the plane hit the ground and that saved me, though I had bad skull and jaw injuries. Then the tail flipped over and I was completely buried in the snow. That's how the Tartars found me days later. I remember voices saying 'Voda' (Water), then the felt of their tents, and the dense pungent smell of cheese, fat, and milk. They covered my body in fat to help it regenerate warmth, and wrapped it in felt as an insulator to keep warmth in."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Records state that Beuys remained conscious, was recovered by a German search commando, and that there were no Tatars in the village at the time. Beuys was brought to a military hospital where he stayed for three weeks, from 17 March to 7 April.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is consistent with Beuys' work that his biography would have been subject to his own reinterpretation;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this particular story has served as a powerful origin myth for Beuys's artistic identity, and has provided an initial interpretive key to his use of unconventional materials, amongst which felt and fat were central.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite prior injuries, he was deployed to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> in August 1944, assigned to a poorly-equipped and trained <a href="/wiki/7th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="7th Parachute Division (Germany)">paratrooper unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adriani_79-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received a gold <a href="/wiki/Wound_Badge" title="Wound Badge">Wound Badge</a> for having been wounded in action over five times. On the day after the <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">German unconditional surrender</a> (8 May 1945), Beuys was taken prisoner in <a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a> and brought to a British <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camp</a> from which he was released three months later, on 5 August. He returned to his parents who had moved to a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Kleve" title="Kleve">Kleve</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies_and_beginnings_(1945–1960)"><span id="Studies_and_beginnings_.281945.E2.80.931960.29"></span>Studies and beginnings (1945–1960)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Studies and beginnings (1945–1960)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Joseph_Beuys" title="Special:EditPage/Joseph Beuys">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After returning to <a href="/wiki/Kleve" title="Kleve">Kleve</a>, Beuys met local sculptor Walter Brüx and painter Hanns Lamers, who encouraged him to take up art as a full-time career. He joined the Kleve Artists Association, which had been established by Brüx and Lamers. On 1 April 1946, Beuys enrolled in the monumental sculpture program at the <a href="/wiki/Kunstakademie_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Kunstakademie Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf Academy of Fine Arts</a>. Initially he was assigned to the class of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Enseling" title="Joseph Enseling">Joseph Enseling</a>, who had a more traditional, representational focus,<sup id="cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adriani_79-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he managed to change his mentor after three semesters, joining the small class of <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Matar%C3%A9" title="Ewald Mataré">Ewald Mataré</a> in 1947, who had rejoined the academy the previous year, after having been banned by the Nazis in 1939. The <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroposophical">anthroposophical</a> philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> became an increasingly important basis for Beuys's philosophy. In his view it is "...an approach that refers to reality in a direct and practical way, and that by comparison, all forms of epistemological discourse remain without direct relevance to current trends and movements."<sup id="cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adriani_79-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaffirming his interest in science, Beuys re-established contact with <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Sielmann" title="Heinz Sielmann">Heinz Sielmann</a>, and assisted with a number of nature- and wildlife documentaries in the region between 1947 and 1949. </p><p>In 1947 Beuys, along with other artists (including <a href="/wiki/Hann_Trier" title="Hann Trier">Hann Trier</a>), founded the group 'Donnerstag-Gesellschaft' (<i>Thursday Group</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-SSJ25_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSJ25-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group organised discussions, exhibitions, events and concerts between 1947 and 1950 in Alfter Castle. </p><p>In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Matar%C3%A9" title="Ewald Mataré">Mataré</a> accepted Beuys into his master class<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he shared a studio with <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Heerich" title="Erwin Heerich">Erwin Heerich</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he kept until 1954, a year after graduation. Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> recollects Beuys's influence in Mataré's class as shaping "a Christian anthroposophic atmosphere".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He read <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a>, impressed by the "Irish-mythological elements" in his works,<sup id="cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adriani_79-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/German_romantics" class="mw-redirect" title="German romantics">German romantics</a> <a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, and studied <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo</a>, whom he admired as examples of artists and scientists who are conscious of their position in society and who work accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adriani_79-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early shows include participation in the Kleve Artists Association annual exhibition in Kleve's <a href="/wiki/Barend_Cornelis_Koekkoek#Haus_Koekkoek,_Kleve" title="Barend Cornelis Koekkoek">Villa Koekkoek</a>, where Beuys showed aquarelles and sketches, a solo show at the home of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_van_der_Grinten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans van der Grinten (page does not exist)">Hans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_van_der_Grinten" class="extiw" title="de:Hans van der Grinten">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_van_der_Grinten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Joseph van der Grinten (page does not exist)">Franz Joseph van der Grinten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_van_der_Grinten" class="extiw" title="de:Franz Joseph van der Grinten">de</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kranenburg,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Kranenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia">Kranenburg</a> as well as a show in the <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Heydt_Museum" title="Von der Heydt Museum">Von der Heydt Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>. </p><p>Beuys finished his education in 1953, graduating at age 32 as master student from Mataré's class. He had a modest income from a number of craft-oriented commissions: a gravestone and several pieces of furniture. Throughout the 1950s, Beuys struggled both financially and from the trauma of his wartime experiences. His output consisted of drawings and sculptural work. Beuys explored a range of unconventional materials and developed his artistic agenda, exploring metaphorical and symbolic connections between natural phenomena and philosophical systems. Often difficult to interpret in themselves, his drawings constitute a speculative, contingent and hermetic exploration of the material world, myth and philosophy. In 1974, 327 drawings, the majority of which were made during the late 1940s and 1950s, were collected into a group entitled The Secret Block for a Secret Person in Ireland (a reference to Joyce), and exhibited in Oxford, Edinburgh, Dublin, and Belfast. </p><p>In 1956, artistic self-doubt and material impoverishment led to a physical and psychological crisis, and Beuys entered a period of serious depression. He recovered at the house of his most important early patrons, the van der Grinten brothers, in Kranenburg. In 1958, Beuys participated in an international competition for an <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> memorial. His proposal did not win and his design was never realised. In 1958, Beuys began a cycle of drawings related to Joyce's <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>. Completed in around 1961, the six exercise books of drawings would constitute, Beuys declared, an extension of Joyce's seminal novel. In 1959, Beuys married Eva Wurmbach. They had two children, Wenzel (born 1961) and Jessyka (born 1964). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia_and_public_(1960–1975)"><span id="Academia_and_public_.281960.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Academia and public (1960–1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Academia and public (1960–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, Beuys was appointed professor of monumental sculpture at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. His students were artists <a href="/wiki/Anatol_Herzfeld" title="Anatol Herzfeld">Anatol Herzfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharina_Sieverding" title="Katharina Sieverding">Katharina Sieverding</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Immendorff" title="Jörg Immendorff">Jörg Immendorff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blinky_Palermo" title="Blinky Palermo">Blinky Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Angermann" title="Peter Angermann">Peter Angermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dahn" title="Walter Dahn">Walter Dahn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_St%C3%BCttgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Stüttgen (page does not exist)">Johannes Stüttgen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_St%C3%BCttgen" class="extiw" title="de:Johannes Stüttgen">de</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_St%C3%BCttgen" class="extiw" title="fr:Johannes Stüttgen">fr</a>]</span>, Sigmar Polke and Friederike Weske. His youngest student was Elias Maria Reti who began to study art in his class at the age of 15.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beuys entered wider public consciousness in 1964, when he participated in a festival at the Technical College Aachen which coincided with the 20th anniversary of an assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler. Beuys created a performance or action (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Aktion</i></span>) which was interrupted by a group of students, one of whom attacked Beuys, punching him in the face. A photograph of the artist, nose bloodied and arm raised, was circulated in the media. It was for this 1964 festival that Beuys produced an idiosyncratic <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">CV</a>, which he titled <i>Lebenslauf/Werklauf</i> (Life Course/Work Course). The document was a self-consciously fictionalised account of the artist's life, in which historical events mingle with metaphorical and mythical speech (he refers to his birth as the 'Exhibition of a wound;' he claims his Ulysses Extension to have been carried out 'at James Joyce's request' – impossible, given that the writer was long dead by 1961). This document marks a blurring of fact and fiction that was to be characteristic of Beuys' self-created persona. </p><p>Beuys manifested his social philosophical ideas in abolishing entry requirements to his Düsseldorf class. Throughout the late 1960s, this renegade policy caused great institutional friction, coming to a head in October 1972 when Beuys was dismissed from his post. That year, he found 142 applicants who had not been accepted whom he wished to enroll under his teaching. Beuys and 16 students subsequently occupied the offices of the academy to force a hearing regarding their admission. They were admitted by the school, but the relationship between Beuys and the school was irreconcilable.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He again occupied the university offices with a group of students; the police were called and he was escorted laughing from the building. This was depicted in a photograph which was used to create a 1973 silkscreen print with the title <i>Democracy Is Funny</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, he was dismissed from his post. The dismissal, which Beuys refused to accept, produced a wave of protests from students, artists and critics. Although now without an institutional position, Beuys continued an intense schedule of public lectures and discussions, and became increasingly active in German politics. Despite this dismissal, the walkway on the academy's side of the Rhine is named for Beuys. Later in life, Beuys became a visiting professor at various institutions (1980–1985). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeuysAchberg78.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BeuysAchberg78.jpg/220px-BeuysAchberg78.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BeuysAchberg78.jpg/330px-BeuysAchberg78.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BeuysAchberg78.jpg/440px-BeuysAchberg78.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Beuys on his lecture "Jeder Mensch ist ein Künstler – Auf dem Weg zur Freiheitsgestalt des sozialen Organismus" photographed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Rappmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Rappmann (page does not exist)">Rainer Rappmann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Rappmann" class="extiw" title="de:Rainer Rappmann">de</a>]</span> in Achberg, Germany, 1978</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_philosophy">Teaching philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teaching philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The most important discussion is epistemological in character," stated Beuys, demonstrating his desire for continuous intellectual exchange. Beuys attempted to apply philosophical concepts to his pedagogical practice. Beuys's action, <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Explain_Pictures_to_a_Dead_Hare" title="How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare">How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare</a></i>, exemplifies a performance that is especially relevant to the pedagogical field because it addresses "the difficulty of explaining things".<sup id="cite_ref-Ulmer_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulmer-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artist spent three hours explaining his art to a dead hare with his head covered with honey and gold leaf, and Ulmer argues not only that the honey on the head but the hare itself are models of thinking, of man embodying his ideas in forms. Contemporary movements such as performance art may be considered 'laboratories' for a new pedagogy since "research and experiment have replaced form as the guiding force".<sup id="cite_ref-Ulmer_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulmer-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During an <i>Artforum</i> interview with <a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Sharp" title="Willoughby Sharp">Willoughby Sharp</a> in 1969, Beuys added to his famous statement – "teaching is my greatest work of art" – that "the rest is the waste product, a demonstration. If you want to express yourself you must present something tangible. But after a while this has only the function of a historic document. Objects aren't very important any more. I want to get to the origin of matter, to the thought behind it."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beuys saw his role of an artist as a teacher or shaman who could guide society in a new direction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Düsseldorf Academy of Art, Beuys did not impose his artistic style or techniques on his students; in fact, he kept much of his work and exhibitions hidden from the classroom because he wanted his students to explore their own interests, ideas, and talents.<sup id="cite_ref-henry-moore.org_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henry-moore.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beuys's actions were somewhat contradictory: while he was extremely strict about certain aspects of classroom management and instruction, such as punctuality and the need for students to take draftsmanship classes, he encouraged his students to freely set their own artistic goals without having to conform to set curricula.<sup id="cite_ref-henry-moore.org_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henry-moore.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another aspect of Beuys's pedagogy was open "ring discussions" or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ringgesprache</i></span>, where Beuys and his students discussed political and philosophical issues of the day, including the role of art, democracy, and the university in society. Some of his ideas espoused in class discussion and in his art-making included free art education for all, the discovery of creativity in everyday life, and the belief that "everyone [was] an artist."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beuys himself encouraged peripheral activity and all manner of expression to emerge during the course of these discussions.<sup id="cite_ref-henry-moore.org_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henry-moore.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some of Beuys's students enjoyed the open discourse of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ringgesprache</i></span>, others, including Palermo and Immendorf, disapproved of the classroom disorder and anarchic characteristics, eventually rejecting his methods and philosophies altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-henry-moore.org_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henry-moore.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beuys also advocated taking art outside of the boundaries of the (art) system and opening it up to multiple possibilities, bringing creativity into all areas of life. His nontraditional and anti-establishment pedagogical practice and philosophy made him the focus of much controversy, and to battle the policy of "restricted entry", under which only a few select students were allowed to attend art classes, he deliberately allowed students to over-enroll in his courses (Anastasia Shartin),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> true to his belief those who have something to teach and those who have something to learn should come together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_artist_as_shaman">The artist as shaman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The artist as shaman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Cornelia Lauf (1992),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "in order to implement his idea, as well as a host of supporting notions encompassing cultural and political concepts, Beuys crafted a charismatic artistic persona that infused his work with mystical overtones and led him to be called "shaman" and "messianic" in the popular press." </p><p>Beuys had adopted <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> not only as a presentation mode of his art but also in his own life. Although the artist as a shaman has been a trend in modern art (<a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauguin">Gauguin</a>), Beuys is unusual in that respect as he integrated "his art and his life into the shaman role."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beuys believed that humanity, with its turn on rationality, was trying to eliminate emotions and thus eliminate a major source of energy and creativity. In his first lecture tour in America he espoused that humanity was in an evolving state and that as "spiritual" beings we ought to draw on both our emotions and our thinking as they represent the total energy and creativity for every individual. Beuys described how we must seek out and energize our spirituality and link it to our thinking powers so that "our vision of the world must be extended to encompass all the invisible energies with which we have lost contact."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beuys saw his performance art as shamanistic and psychoanalytic to both educate and heal the general public. </p><p>"It was thus a strategic stage to use the shaman's character but, subsequently, I gave scientific lectures. Also, at times, on one hand, I was a kind of modern scientific analyst, on the other hand, in the actions, I had a synthetic existence as shaman. This strategy aimed at creating in people an agitation for instigating questions rather than for conveying a complete and perfect structure. It was a kind of psychoanalysis with all the problems of energy and culture."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beuys's art was considered both instructive and therapeutic – "His intention was to use these two forms of discourse and styles of knowledge as pedagogues." He used shamanistic and psychoanalytic techniques to "manipulate symbols" and affect his audience.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his personal life, Beuys had adopted a felt hat, a felt suit, a cane and a vest as his standard look. The imagined story of him being rescued by Tartar herdsmen perhaps is an explanation for his adopting materials such as felt and fat. </p><p>Beuys experienced severe depression between 1955 and 1957. After recovering, he observed at the time that "his personal crisis"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (December 2022)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> caused him to question everything in life, and he called the incident "a shamanistic initiation."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (December 2022)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> He saw death not only in its inevitability for people, but also death in the environment, and through his art and his political activism, he became a strong critic of environmental destruction. He said at the time, "I don't use shamanism to refer to death, but vice versa – through shamanism, I refer to the fatal character of the times we live in. But at the same time I also point out that the fatal character of the present can be overcome in the future."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (December 2022)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_and_international_recognition_(1975–1986)"><span id="National_and_international_recognition_.281975.E2.80.931986.29"></span>National and international recognition (1975–1986)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National and international recognition (1975–1986)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warhol_and_Beuys_by_Jodice.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Warhol_and_Beuys_by_Jodice.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Warhol_and_Beuys_by_Jodice.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Warhol_and_Beuys_by_Jodice.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Warhol_and_Beuys_by_Jodice.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Warhol_and_Beuys_by_Jodice.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Warhol_and_Beuys_by_Jodice.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> and Joseph Beuys, Naples 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>The only major retrospective of Beuys work to be organised in Beuys's lifetime opened at the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Guggenheim Museum</a> in New York in 1979. The exhibition has been described as a "lightning rod for American criticism," eliciting as it did some powerful and polemical responses.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beuys died of heart failure on 23 January 1986, in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Body_of_work">Body of work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Body of work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beuys's extensive body of work principally comprises four domains: works of art in a traditional sense (painting, drawing, sculpture and installations), performance, contributions to the theory of art and academic teaching, and social and political activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artworks_and_performances">Artworks and performances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Artworks and performances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1962, Beuys befriended his Düsseldorf colleague <a href="/wiki/Nam_June_Paik" title="Nam June Paik">Nam June Paik</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a> movement. This began what was to be a brief formal involvement with Fluxus, a loose international group of artists who championed radical erosion of artistic boundaries, bringing aspects of creative practice outside of the institution and into the everyday. Although Beuys participated in a number of Fluxus events, it soon became clear that he viewed the implications of art's economic and institutional framework differently. Indeed, whereas Fluxus was directly inspired by the radical <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> activities emerging during the First World War, Beuys in a 1964 broadcast (from the Second German Television Studio) a different message: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Schweigen_von_Marcel_Duchamp_wird_%C3%BCberbewertet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Das Schweigen von Marcel Duchamp wird überbewertet (page does not exist)">Das Schweigen von Marcel Duchamp wird überbewertet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Schweigen_von_Marcel_Duchamp_wird_%C3%BCberbewertet" class="extiw" title="de:Das Schweigen von Marcel Duchamp wird überbewertet">de</a>]</span></i> ('The silence of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> is overrated'). Beuys's relationship with the legacy of Duchamp and the <a href="/wiki/Readymade" class="mw-redirect" title="Readymade">readymade</a> is a central (if often unacknowledged) aspect of the controversy surrounding his practice. </p><p>On 12 January 1985, Beuys, together with <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaii_Higashiyama" title="Kaii Higashiyama">Kaii Higashiyama</a>, became involved in the "Global-Art-Fusion" project. This was a <a href="/wiki/Fax_art" title="Fax art">fax art</a> project, initiated by the conceptual artist Ueli Fuchser, in which faxes with drawings of all three artists were sent within 32 minutes around the world – from Düsseldorf (Germany) via New York (USA) to Tokyo (Japan), and received at Vienna's <a href="/wiki/Palais-Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais-Liechtenstein">Palais-Liechtenstein</a> Museum of Modern Art. This fax event was a sign of peace during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_Explain_Pictures_to_a_Dead_Hare_(performance,_1965)"><span id="How_to_Explain_Pictures_to_a_Dead_Hare_.28performance.2C_1965.29"></span><i>How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare</i> (performance, 1965)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare (performance, 1965)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Beuys_Filtz_TV_by_Lothar_Wolleh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joseph_Beuys_Filtz_TV_by_Lothar_Wolleh.jpg/220px-Joseph_Beuys_Filtz_TV_by_Lothar_Wolleh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joseph_Beuys_Filtz_TV_by_Lothar_Wolleh.jpg/330px-Joseph_Beuys_Filtz_TV_by_Lothar_Wolleh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joseph_Beuys_Filtz_TV_by_Lothar_Wolleh.jpg/440px-Joseph_Beuys_Filtz_TV_by_Lothar_Wolleh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Beuys Felt TV performance by <a href="/wiki/Lothar_Wolleh" title="Lothar Wolleh">Lothar Wolleh</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/How_to_Explain_Pictures_to_a_Dead_Hare" title="How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare">How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare</a></div> <p>Beuys's first solo exhibition in a private gallery opened on 26 November 1965 with one of his most famous performances: <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Explain_Pictures_to_a_Dead_Hare" title="How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare">How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare</a></i>. The artist could be viewed through the glass of the gallery's window. His face was covered in honey and gold leaf, and an iron slab was attached to his boot. In his arms he cradled a dead hare, into whose ear he uttered muffled noises as well as explanations of the drawings lining the walls. Such materials and actions had specific symbolic value for Beuys. For example, honey is the product of bees, and for Beuys (following Rudolf Steiner), bees represented an ideal society of warmth and brotherhood. Gold had its importance within alchemical enquiry, and iron, the metal of Mars, stood for a masculine principle of strength and connection to the earth. A photograph from the performance, in which Beuys sits with the hare, has been described "by some critics as a new <a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a> of the 20th century," though Beuys disagreed with the description.<sup id="cite_ref-Marina_Abramovic_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marina_Abramovic-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beuys explained his performance this way: </p> <blockquote><p>"In putting honey on my head I am clearly doing something that has to do with thinking. Human ability is not to produce honey, but to think, to produce ideas. In this way the deathlike character of thinking becomes lifelike again. For honey is undoubtedly a living substance. Human thinking can be lively too. But it can also be intellectualized to a deadly degree, and remain dead, and express its deadliness in, say, the political or pedagogic fields. Gold and honey indicate a transformation of the head, and therefore, naturally and logically, the brain and our understanding of thought, consciousness and all the other levels necessary to explain pictures to a hare: the warm stool insulated with felt ... and the iron sole with the magnet. I had to walk on this sole when I carried the hare round from picture to picture, so along with the strange limp came the clank of iron on the hard stone floor—that was all that broke the silence, since my explanations were mute .... This seems to have been the action that most captured people's imaginations. On one level this must be because everyone consciously or unconsciously recognizes the problem of explaining things, particularly where art and creative work are concerned, or anything that involves a certain mystery or question. The idea of explaining to an animal conveys a sense of the secrecy of the world and of existence that appeals to the imagination. Then, as I said, even a dead animal preserves more powers of intuition than some human beings with their stubborn rationality. The problem lies in the word 'understanding' and its many levels, which cannot be restricted to rational analysis. Imagination, inspiration, and longing all lead people to sense that these other levels also play a part in understanding. This must be the root of reactions to this action, and is why my technique has been to try and seek out the energy points in the human power field, rather than demanding specific knowledge or reactions on the part of the public. I try to bring to light the complexity of creative areas."<sup id="cite_ref-Marina_Abramovic_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marina_Abramovic-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Beuys produced many such spectacular, ritualistic performances, and he developed a compelling persona whereby he took on a liminal, shamanistic role, as if to enable passage between different physical and spiritual states. Further examples of such performances include: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasienstab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurasienstab (page does not exist)">Eurasienstab</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasienstab" class="extiw" title="de:Eurasienstab">de</a>]</span></i> (1967), <i>Celtic (Kinloch Rannoch) Scottish Symphony</i> (1970), and <i><a href="/wiki/I_Like_America_and_America_Likes_Me" title="I Like America and America Likes Me">I Like America and America Likes Me</a></i> (1974).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Chief_–_Fluxus_Chant_(performance,_installation,_1963–1964)"><span id="The_Chief_.E2.80.93_Fluxus_Chant_.28performance.2C_installation.2C_1963.E2.80.931964.29"></span><i>The Chief – Fluxus Chant</i> (performance, installation, 1963–1964)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Chief – Fluxus Chant (performance, installation, 1963–1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Chief</i> was first performed in Copenhagen in 1963 and in Berlin in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-td94_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td94-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beuys positioned himself on the gallery floor wrapped entirely in a large felt blanket, and remained there for nine hours. Emerging from either end of the blanket were two dead hares. Around him was an installation of copper rod, felt, fat, hair, and fingernails. Inside the blanket Beuys held a microphone into which he breathed, coughed, groaned, grumbled, whispered and whistled at irregular intervals, with the results amplified by a PA system as viewers observed from the doorway.<sup id="cite_ref-td94_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td94-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her book on Beuys, Caroline Tisdall wrote that <i>The Chief</i> "is the first performance in which the rich vocabulary of the next fifteen years is already suggested,"<sup id="cite_ref-td94_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td94-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that its theme is "the exploration of levels of communication beyond human semantics, by appealing to atavistic and instinctual powers."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beuys stated that his presence in the room "was like that of a carrier wave, attempting to switch off my own species' range of semantics."<sup id="cite_ref-td95_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td95-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also said: "For me <i>The Chief</i> was above all an important sound piece. The most recurring sound was deep in the throat and hoarse like the cry of the stag....This is a primary sound, reaching far back. ... The sounds I make are taken consciously from animals. I see it as a way of coming into contact with other forms of existence beyond the human one. It's a way of going beyond our restricted understanding to expand the scale of producers of energy among co-operators in other species, all of whom have different abilities[.]"<sup id="cite_ref-td95_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td95-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beuys also acknowledged the physical demands of the performance. "It takes a lot of discipline to avoid panicking in such a condition, floating empty and devoid of emotion and without specific feelings of claustrophobia or pain, for nine hours in the same position ... such an action ... changes me radically. In a way it's a death, a real action and not an interpretation."<sup id="cite_ref-td95_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td95-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writer Jan Verwoert noted that Beuys' "voice filled the room, while the source was nowhere to be found. The artist was the focus of attention, yet remained invisible, rolled up in a felt blanket throughout the duration of the event...visitors were...forced to stay in the neighboring room. They could see what was happening but remained barred from direct physical access to the event. The partial closing-off of the performance space from the audience space created distance, and at the same time increased the attraction of the artist's presence. He was present acoustically and physically as part of a piece of sculpture, but also absent, invisible, untouchable[.]"<sup id="cite_ref-e-flux_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-flux-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verwoert suggests that <i>The Chief</i> "can be read as a parable of cultural work in a public medium. The authority of those who dare — or are so bold as — to speak publicly results from the fact that they isolate themselves from the gaze of the public, under the gaze of the public, in order to still address it in indirect speech, relayed through a medium. What is constituted in this ceremony is authority in the sense of authorship, in the sense of a public voice....Beuys stages the creation of such a public voice as an event that is as dramatic as it is absurd. He thus asserts the emergence of such a voice as an event. At the same time, however, he also undermines this assertion through the lamentably powerless form by which this voice is produced: in emitting half-smothered inarticulate sounds that would have remained inaudible without electronic amplification."<sup id="cite_ref-e-flux_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-flux-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lana Shafer Meador wrote: "Inherent to <i>The Chief</i> were issues of communication and transformation .... For Beuys, his own muffled coughs, breaths, and grunts were his way of speaking for the hares, giving a voice to those who are misunderstood or do not possess their own....In the midst of this metaphysical communication and transmission, the audience was left out in the cold. Beuys deliberately distanced the viewers by physically positioning them in a separate gallery room — only able to hear, but not see what is occurring — and by performing the action for a grueling nine hours."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infiltration_Homogen_for_Piano_(performance,_1966)"><span id="Infiltration_Homogen_for_Piano_.28performance.2C_1966.29"></span><i>Infiltration Homogen for Piano</i> (performance, 1966)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Infiltration Homogen for Piano (performance, 1966)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beuys performed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infiltration_Homogen_for_Piano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infiltration Homogen for Piano (page does not exist)">Infiltration Homogen for Piano</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_Homogen_f%C3%BCr_Konzertfl%C3%BCgel" class="extiw" title="de:Infiltration Homogen für Konzertflügel">de</a>]</span> in Düsseldorf in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-td168_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td168-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a piano covered entirely in felt with two crosses made of red material affixed to its sides. Beuys wrote: "The sound of the piano is trapped inside the felt skin. In the normal sense a piano is an instrument used to produce sound. When not in use it is silent, but still has a sound potential. Here no sound is possible and the piano is condemned to silence."<sup id="cite_ref-td168_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td168-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also said, "The relationship to the human position is marked by the two red crosses signifying emergency: the danger that threatens if we stay silent and fail to make the next evolutionary step...Such an object is intended as a stimulus for discussion, and in no way is to be taken as an aesthetic product."<sup id="cite_ref-td168_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td168-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the performance he also used wax earplugs and drew and wrote on a blackboard.<sup id="cite_ref-td171_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td171-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The piece is subtitled "The greatest composer here is the thalidomide child", and attempts to bring attention to the plight of children affected by the drug.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-td168_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td168-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a> was a sleep aid introduced in the 1950s in Germany. It was promoted to help relieve the symptoms of morning sickness and was prescribed in unlimited doses to pregnant women. However, it quickly became apparent that Thalidomide caused death and deformities in some children of mothers who had taken the drug. It was on the market for less than four years. In Germany around 2,500 children were affected.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) During his performance, Beuys held a discussion about the tragedy surrounding Thalidomide children.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beuys also prepared <i>Infiltration Homogens for Cello</i>, a cello wrapped in grey felt with a red cross attached,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for musician <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Moorman" title="Charlotte Moorman">Charlotte Moorman</a>, who performed it in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Nam_June_Paik" title="Nam June Paik">Nam June Paik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-td171_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td171-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caroline Tisdall noted how, in this work, "sound and silence, exterior and interior, are ... brought together in objects and actions as representatives of the physical and spiritual worlds."<sup id="cite_ref-td168_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td168-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian sculptor Ken Unsworth wrote that <i>Infiltration</i> "became a black hole: instead of sound escaping, sound was drawn into it ... It wasn't as if the piano was dead. I realised Beuys identified felt with saving and preserving life."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artist Dan McLaughlin wrote of the "quiet absorptive silencing of an instrument capable of an infinity of expressions The power and potency of the instrument is dressed, swaddled even, in felt, legs and all, and creates a clumsy, pachyderm-like metaphor for a kind of silent entombment. But it is also a power incubated, protected and storing potential expressions ... pieces like <i>Infiltration</i> showcase the intuitive power Beuys had, understanding that some materials had invested in them human language and human gesture through use and proximity, through morphological sympathy."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_Like_America_and_America_Likes_Me_(performance,_1974)"><span id="I_Like_America_and_America_Likes_Me_.28performance.2C_1974.29"></span><i>I Like America and America Likes Me</i> (performance, 1974)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: I Like America and America Likes Me (performance, 1974)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/I_Like_America_and_America_Likes_Me" title="I Like America and America Likes Me">I Like America and America Likes Me</a></div> <p>Art historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Schneede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uwe Schneede (page does not exist)">Uwe Schneede</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Schneede" class="extiw" title="de:Uwe Schneede">de</a>]</span> considers this performance pivotal for the reception of German <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> art in the United States since it paved the way for recognition of not only Beuys' own work but also that of contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Baselitz" title="Georg Baselitz">Georg Baselitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer">Kiefer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markus_L%C3%BCpertz" title="Markus Lüpertz">Lüpertz</a>, and many others in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneede_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneede-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1974, Beuys flew to New York and was taken by ambulance to the site of the performance, a room in the René Block Gallery at 409 West Broadway.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beuys lay on the ambulance stretcher swathed in felt. He shared this room with a <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a> for eight hours over three days. At times he stood, wrapped in a thick, grey blanket of felt, leaning on a large shepherd's staff. At times he lay on the straw, at times he watched the coyote as the coyote watched him and cautiously circled the man or shredded the blanket to pieces, and at times he engaged in symbolic gestures, such as striking a large triangle or tossing his leather gloves to the animal; the performance continuously shifted between elements that were required by the realities of the situation and elements that had a purely symbolic character. At the end of the three days, Beuys hugged the coyote that had grown quite tolerant of him and was taken to the airport. Again he rode in a veiled ambulance, leaving America without having set foot on its ground. As Beuys later explained: 'I wanted to isolate myself, insulate myself, see nothing of America other than the coyote.'<sup id="cite_ref-Schneede_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneede-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Dale Eisinger of <a href="/wiki/Complex_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (magazine)"><i>Complex</i></a> ranked <i>I Like America and America Likes Me</i> the second greatest work of performance art ever, after <i>Pandrogeny</i> by <a href="/wiki/Genesis_P-Orridge" title="Genesis P-Orridge">Genesis P-Orridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_(Kinloch_Rannoch)_Scottish_Symphony,_Celtic+,_Agnus_Vitex_Castus_and_Three_Pots_for_The_Poorhouse_(performances_1970,_1971,_1972,_1973)"><span id="Celtic_.28Kinloch_Rannoch.29_Scottish_Symphony.2C_Celtic.2B.2C_Agnus_Vitex_Castus_and_Three_Pots_for_The_Poorhouse_.28performances_1970.2C_1971.2C_1972.2C_1973.29"></span><i>Celtic (Kinloch Rannoch) Scottish Symphony</i>, <i>Celtic+</i>, <i>Agnus Vitex Castus</i> and <i>Three Pots for The Poorhouse</i> (performances 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Celtic (Kinloch Rannoch) Scottish Symphony, Celtic+, Agnus Vitex Castus and Three Pots for The Poorhouse (performances 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Demarco" title="Richard Demarco">Richard Demarco</a> invited Beuys to Scotland in May 1970 and again in August to show and perform in the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Festival">Edinburgh International Festival</a> with <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Uecker" title="Günther Uecker">Günther Uecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blinky_Palermo" title="Blinky Palermo">Blinky Palermo</a> and other Düsseldorf artists plus <a href="/wiki/Robert_Filliou" title="Robert Filliou">Robert Filliou</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they took over the main spaces of the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_College_of_Art" title="Edinburgh College of Art">Edinburgh College of Art</a>. The exhibition was a defining moment for British and European art, directly influencing several generations of artists and curators. </p><p>In Edinburgh in 1970, Beuys created ARENA for Demarco as a retrospective of his art up to that time, showed his installation <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pack_(Beuys)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Pack (Beuys) (page does not exist)">The Pack (Beuys)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_pack_(das_Rudel)" class="extiw" title="de:The pack (das Rudel)">de</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pack:The_Pack_(Beuys)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Pack:The Pack (Beuys) (page does not exist)">The Pack</a>]</span></i> and performed <i>Celtic Kinloch Rannoch</i> with <a href="/wiki/Henning_Christiansen" title="Henning Christiansen">Henning Christiansen</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_St%C3%BCttgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Stüttgen (page does not exist)">Johannes Stüttgen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_St%C3%BCttgen" class="extiw" title="de:Johannes Stüttgen">de</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_St%C3%BCttgen" class="extiw" title="fr:Johannes Stüttgen">fr</a>]</span> in support, seen by several thousands. This was Beuys' first use of blackboards and the beginning of nine trips to Scotland to work with Richard Demarco, and six to Ireland and five to England, working mainly with art critic Caroline Tisdall and Troubled Image Group artist Robert McDowell and others in the detailed formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Free_International_University_for_Creativity_and_Interdisciplinary_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Free International University for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research">Free International University for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research</a> (FIU) presented at <a href="/wiki/Documenta_6" title="Documenta 6">documenta 6</a> in 1977, in London in 1978 and Edinburgh in 1980, as well as in many other iterations. </p><p>In Edinburgh, at the end of the 1970s the FIU became among four organisations that founded the <a href="/wiki/German_Green_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Green Party">German Green Party</a>. Beuys became entranced by the periphery of Europe as a dynamic counter in cultural and economic terms to Europe's centralisation, and this included linking Europe's energies North-South to Italy and East-West in the Eurasia concept, with special emphasis on Celtic traditions in landscape, poetry, and myths that also define Eurasia. In his view anything that survives as art and ideas and beliefs, including the great religions for centuries or millennia, contain eternal truths and beauty. The truth of ideas and of 'thinking as form', the sculpture of energies across a wide and variegated spectrum from mythos and spirituality to materialism, Socialism and Capitalism, and of 'creativity = capital' encompassed for him the study of geology, botany, and animal life, finding meanings and precepts in all of these as much as in the study of society, philosophy and the human condition, and in his art practice as 'Social Sculpture'. </p><p>He adopted and developed a <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a> way to examine and work with both organic and inorganic substances and human social elements, following Leonardo, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Loyola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>, Steiner, Joyce, and many other artists, scientists and thinkers, working with all visible and invisible aspects comprising a totality of cultural, moral and ethical significance as much as practical or scientific value. These trips inspired many works and performances. Beuys considered Edinburgh with its Enlightenment history as a laboratory of inspirational ideas. When visiting <a href="/wiki/Loch_Awe" title="Loch Awe">Loch Awe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rannoch_Moor" title="Rannoch Moor">Rannoch Moor</a> on his May 1970 visit to Demarco he first conceived the necessity of the <i><a href="/wiki/7,000_Oaks" class="mw-redirect" title="7,000 Oaks">7,000 Oaks</a></i> work. After making the Loch Awe sculpture, at Rannoch Moor he began what became the <i>Celtic (Kinlock Rannoch) Scottish Symphony</i> performance, developed further in Basel the next year as <i>Celtic+</i>. The performance in Edinburgh included his first blackboard that later appeared in many performances when in discussion with the public. With it and his Eurasian staff he is a transmitter and, despite long periods of imperturbable stillness interspersed by Christiansen's 'sound sculptures', he also creates dialogue evoking artists' thoughts and in discussion with spectators. He collected gelatin representing crystalline stored energy of ideas that had been spread over the wall. In Basel the action including washing the feet of seven spectators. He immersed himself in water with reference to Christian traditions and baptism and symbolized revolutionary freedom from false preconceptions. </p><p>He then, as in Edinburgh, pushed a blackboard across the floor alternately writing or drawing on it for his audience. He put each piece in a tray and as the tray became full he held it above his head and convulsed, causing the gelatin to fall on him and the floor. He followed this with a quiet pause. He stared into emptiness for over half an hour, fairly still in both performances. During this time, he had a lance in his hand and was standing by the blackboard where he had drawn a grail. He took a protective stance. After this he repeated each action in the opposite order, ending with the washing with water as a final cleansing.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The performances were filled with Celtic symbolism with various interpretations or historic influences. This extended in 1972 with the performance <i>Vitex Agnus Castus</i> in Naples, of combining female and male elements and evoking much else, and extended further with <i>I Like America and America Likes Me</i> to have a performance dialogue with the original energy of America represented by the endangered yet highly intelligent coyote. </p><p>In 1974, in Edinburgh, Beuys worked with <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a> in Demarco's 'Black & White Oil Conference', where Beuys talked of 'The Energy Plan of the Western Man' using blackboards in open discussion with audiences at Demarco's Forrest Hill Schoolhouse. In the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Festival">Edinburgh Festival</a>, Beuys performed <i>Three Pots for the Poorhouse</i> again using gelatin in Edinburgh's ancient poorhouse, continuing the development begun with <i>Celtic Kinloch Rannoch</i>. He met there <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Kantor" title="Tadeusz Kantor">Tadeusz Kantor</a> directing <i>Lovelies and Dowdies</i> and was at <a href="/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87" title="Marina Abramović">Marina Abramović</a>'s first ever performance. In 1976, Beuys performed <i>In Defence of the Innocent</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Demarco_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarco Gallery">Demarco Gallery</a> where he stood for the imprisoned gangster and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Boyle_(artist)" title="Jimmy Boyle (artist)">Jimmy Boyle</a> in a manner associating Boyle with the coyote. In 1980 Edinburgh Festival Beuys was at the FIU exhibition and performed <i>Jimmy Boyle Days</i> (the name of the blackboards he used in public discussions), and where he went on a hunger strike as a public protest and led with others in a legal action against the Scottish Justice system. This was the first case under the new European Human Rights Act. The eight performances should be understood as one continuum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_concept_of_"Social_Sculpture""><span id="The_concept_of_.22Social_Sculpture.22"></span>The concept of "Social Sculpture"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The concept of "Social Sculpture""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7thousand_oaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/7thousand_oaks.jpg/170px-7thousand_oaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/7thousand_oaks.jpg/255px-7thousand_oaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/7thousand_oaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Some of the <i><a href="/wiki/7,000_Oaks" class="mw-redirect" title="7,000 Oaks">7,000 Oaks</a></i> planted between 1982 and 1987 for <a href="/wiki/Documenta_7" title="Documenta 7">documenta 7</a> (1982)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1960s Beuys formed his central theoretical concepts about arts' social, cultural and political function and potential.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indebted to Romantic writers like <a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiller">Schiller</a>, Beuys was motivated by a belief in the power of universal human creativity and was confident about the potential for art to bring about revolutionary change. These ideas were founded in the body of social ideas of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Social_Threefolding" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Threefolding">Social Threefolding</a>, of which he was a vigorous and original proponent. This translated into Beuys's devising the concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">social sculpture</a>, in which society as a whole was to be regarded as one great work of art (the Wagnerian <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a>) to which each person can contribute creatively (perhaps Beuys's most famous phrase, borrowed from Novalis, is "Everyone is an artist"). In the video "Willoughby SHARP,<i> Joseph Beuys, Public Dialogues</i> (1974/120 min.)", a record of Beuys's first major public discussion in the U.S., Beuys elaborates three principles: Freedom, Democracy, and Socialism, saying that each of them depends on the other two in order to be meaningful. In 1973, Beuys wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>"Only on condition of a radical widening of definitions will it be possible for art and activities related to art [to] provide evidence that art is now the only evolutionary-revolutionary power. Only art is capable of dismantling the repressive effects of a senile social system that continues to totter along the deathline: to dismantle in order to build 'A SOCIAL ORGANISM AS A WORK OF ART' ... EVERY HUMAN BEING IS AN ARTIST who – from his state of freedom – the position of freedom that he experiences at first-hand – learns to determine the other positions of the TOTAL ART WORK OF THE FUTURE SOCIAL ORDER."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1982, he was invited to create a work for <a href="/wiki/Documenta_7" title="Documenta 7">documenta 7</a>. He delivered a large pile of basalt stones. From above one could see that the pile of stones was a large arrow pointing to a single oak tree that he had planted. He announced that the stones should not be moved unless an oak tree was planted in a stone's new location. <a href="/wiki/7,000_Oaks" class="mw-redirect" title="7,000 Oaks">7,000 oak trees</a> were then planted in Kassel, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project exemplified the idea that a social sculpture was defined as interdisciplinary and participatory. Beuys wanted to effect environmental and social change through this project. The <a href="/wiki/Dia_Art_Foundation" title="Dia Art Foundation">Dia Art Foundation</a> is perpetuating his project and has planted more trees and paired them with basalt stones, too. </p><p>Beuys said that: </p> <blockquote><p>My point with these seven thousand trees was that each would be a monument, consisting of a living part, the live tree, changing all the time, and a crystalline mass maintaining its shape, size, and weight. This stone can be transformed only by taking from it, when a piece splinters off, say, never by growing. By placing these two objects side by side, the proportionality of the monument's two parts will never be the same.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Sonne_Statt_Reagan""><span id=".22Sonne_Statt_Reagan.22"></span>"Sonne Statt Reagan"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: "Sonne Statt Reagan""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, Beuys recorded a music video for a song he had written entitled "Sonne statt Reagan"<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which translates to "Sun, not Rain/Reagan", an anti-<a href="/wiki/Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan">Reagan</a> political piece that included some German puns and reinforced some key messages of Beuys's career (at least, after his days as a soldier) – namely, a liberal, pacifist political attitude, a desire to perpetuate open discourse about art and politics, a refusal to sanctify his own image and 'artistic reputation' by only doing the kinds of work other people expected he would do, and above all an openness to exploring different media forms to get across the messages he wanted to convey. His continued commitment to the demystification and dis-institutionalization of the 'art world' was never more clear than it is here.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2022)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Beuys made it clear that he regarded this song as a work of art, not the "pop" product it appears to be, which is apparent from the moment one views it. This becomes clearer when one reads the lyrics, which are aimed directly at Reagan, the military complex and whoever is trying to defrost the "Cold War" to make it "Hot." The song is perhaps best understood in the context of intense liberal and progressive frustration in 1982. Beuys warns Reagan <i>et al.</i> that the peace-loving masses are behind him, including Americans as well.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some discourse about Beuys by those who consider his body of artwork sacrosanct has avoided "Sonne statt Reagan", regarding the video as an outlier, even to be ridiculed. Yet by choosing the vehicle of popular music, Beuys showed commitment to his views and to engage a broad means to have them reach people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7,000_Oaks"><span id="7.2C000_Oaks"></span><i>7,000 Oaks</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 7,000 Oaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/7,000_Oaks" class="mw-redirect" title="7,000 Oaks">7,000 Oaks</a></div> <p>Among Beuys's more ambitious pieces of social sculpture was the <i>7,000 Oaks</i> project, one of enormous scope which met with some controversy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activities">Political activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Political activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amongst other things, Beuys founded (or co-founded) the following political organisations: German Student Party (1967), Organization for Direct Democracy Through Referendum (1971), <a href="/wiki/Free_International_University" title="Free International University">Free International University</a> for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research (1974), and German Green Party <a href="/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">Die Grünen</a> (1980). Beuys became a pacifist and a vocal opponent of nuclear weapons; he campaigned for environmental causes (in fact he was elected as a Green Party candidate for the European Parliament). Some of his art directly addressed the political issues of the day among groups with which he affiliated. His song and music video "Sun Instead of Reagan" (1982) expresses the theme of regeneration (optimism, growth, hope) running through his life and work as well as his interest in contemporary nuclear politics: "But we want: sun instead of Reagan, to live without weapons! Whether West, whether East, let missiles rust!"<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critiques">Critiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Critiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Guggenheim retrospective and catalogue offered a comprehensive view of Beuys's practice and rhetoric to an American critical audience. Although for some time he had been a central figure in the post-war European artistic consciousness, his work to that point had had only fleeting and partial exposure among American audiences. In 1980, building on scepticism voiced by Belgian artist <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Broodthaers" title="Marcel Broodthaers">Marcel Broodthaers</a>, who in a 1972 Open Letter had compared Beuys to Wagner,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> art historian <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Buchloh" title="Benjamin Buchloh">Benjamin Buchloh</a> (who was teaching at Staatliche Kunstakademie, just like Beuys) launched a polemically forceful attack on Beuys.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essay was a vitriolic and extensive critique of both Beuys's rhetoric (referred to as "simple-minded utopian drivel") and persona (Buchloh regards Beuys as both infantile and messianic).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First, Buchloh notes Beuys' fictionalisation of his own biography,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he sees as symptomatic of a dangerous cultural tendency to disavow past trauma and retreat into the realms of myth and esoteric symbolism. Buchloh critiques Beuys for failing to acknowledge and engage with Nazism, the Holocaust, and their implications. Buchloh then criticizes Beuys for displaying an inability or reluctance to engage with the consequences of the work of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, in particular, a failure to acknowledge the <a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">framing function</a> of the art institution and the inevitable dependence upon such institutions to create meaning for art objects. If Beuys championed art's power to foster political transformation, Buchloh asserts that Beuys nevertheless failed to acknowledge the limits imposed upon such aspirations by the art museum and dealership networks which, he asserts, may serve somewhat less utopian ambitions. For Buchloh, rather than acknowledging the collective and contextual formation of meaning, Beuys instead tried to prescribe and control the meanings of his art, often through dubious esoteric or symbolic codings. Buchloh's critique has been expounded upon by commentators like Stefan Germer and Rosalind Krauss.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rehabilitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buchloh's critique has been subject to revision. His attention is given to dismantling a mythologized artistic persona and utopian rhetoric, which he regarded to be irresponsible. Since Buchloh's essay was published, however, much new archival material has come to light, most significantly Beuys' proposal for an Auschwitz-Birkenau memorial, submitted in 1958. Some argue that the existence of such a project invalidates Buchloh's claim that Beuys retreated from engaging with the Nazi legacy, a point that Buchloh himself has acknowledged, although the charges of romanticism and self-mythologizing remain.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beuys' charisma and eclecticism may have polarized some of his audience. His work has attracted admirers and devotees, some who may uncritically accept Beuys' own explanations as interpretive solutions to his work. In contrast, some of those in Buchloh's camp charge Beuys' with weak rhetoric and arguments and dismiss his work as bogus. Relatively few accounts have addressed works themselves, with the exception of scholarship from art historians like Gene Ray,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Mesch" title="Claudia Mesch">Claudia Mesch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christa-Maria_Lerm_Hayes" title="Christa-Maria Lerm Hayes">Christa-Maria Lerm Hayes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Briony Fer,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alex Potts,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. The drive here has been to separate Beuys' work from his rhetoric, and to explore both wider discursive formations within which Beuys operated (this time, productively), and the physical properties of the works themselves. </p><p>Examples of contemporary artists who have drawn from the legacy of Beuys include <a href="/wiki/AA_Bronson" title="AA Bronson">AA Bronson</a>, former member of the artists' collaborative <a href="/wiki/General_Idea" title="General Idea">General Idea</a>, who, not without irony, adopts the subject position of the shaman to reclaim art's restorative, healing powers; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andy_Wear_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andy Wear (artist) (page does not exist)">Andy Wear</a> whose installations are deliberately formed according to the Beuysian notion of 'stations' and are (in particular, referencing the Block Beuys in Darmstadt) essentially a constellation of works performed or created external to the installation; and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gallo" title="Peter Gallo">Peter Gallo</a>, whose drawing cycle <i>I wish I could draw like Joseph Beuys</i> features stretches of Beuys' writings combined with images traced from vintage gay pornography onto random pieces of paper. </p><p>Additionally, the counter-institution of the FIU or Free International University, initiated by Beuys, continues as a publishing concern (FIU Verlag) and has active chapters in German cities including Hamburg, Munich, and Amorbach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibitions_and_collections">Exhibitions and collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Exhibitions and collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_with_Accumulator_Beuys_Tate_Modern_AR00603.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Table_with_Accumulator_Beuys_Tate_Modern_AR00603.jpg/210px-Table_with_Accumulator_Beuys_Tate_Modern_AR00603.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Table_with_Accumulator_Beuys_Tate_Modern_AR00603.jpg/315px-Table_with_Accumulator_Beuys_Tate_Modern_AR00603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Table_with_Accumulator_Beuys_Tate_Modern_AR00603.jpg/420px-Table_with_Accumulator_Beuys_Tate_Modern_AR00603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="3980" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/table-with-accumulator.html">Joseph Beuys, <i>Table with Accumulator</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a>, in the Tate Modern</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Franz Joseph and Hans van der Grinten organized Beuys's first solo show at their house in Kranenburg in 1953. The Alfred Schmela Galerie was the first commercial gallery to hold a Beuys solo exhibition in 1965. Beuys participated for the first time in documenta in Kassel in 1964. In 1969, he was included in <a href="/wiki/Harald_Szeemann" title="Harald Szeemann">Harald Szeemann</a>'s groundbreaking exhibition <i>When Attitudes Become Form</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_Bern" title="Kunsthalle Bern">Kunsthalle Bern</a>. </p><p>The 1970s were marked by numerous major exhibitions throughout Europe and the United States. In 1970, a large collection of Beuys's work formed under the artist's own aegis, the Ströher Collection, was installed in the <a href="/wiki/Hessisches_Landesmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessisches Landesmuseum">Hessisches Landesmuseum</a> in Darmstadt, which remains the most important public collection of his work. <a href="/wiki/Pontus_Hult%C3%A9n" title="Pontus Hultén">Pontus Hultén</a> invited him to exhibit at <a href="/wiki/Moderna_Museet" title="Moderna Museet">Moderna Museet</a> in 1971. Beuys exhibited and performed at each documenta Kassel, most notably with <i>The Honeypump at the FIU Workplace</i> in 1977 and with <i>7,000 Oaks</i> in 1982. He showed four times at the Edinburgh International Festival and represented Germany at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 1976 and 1980. In 1980, Beuys took part in a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Burri" title="Alberto Burri">Alberto Burri</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Rocca_Paolina" title="Rocca Paolina">Rocca Paolina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>, curated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo_Tomassoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italo Tomassoni (page does not exist)">Italo Tomassoni</a>. During his performance, Beuys explained <i>Opera Unica</i>: six blackboards then purchased by the municipality of Perugia and now housed in the Museo civico di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_della_Penna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo della Penna (page does not exist)">Palazzo della Penna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>. A retrospective of his work was held at the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</a>, New York, in 1979. In 1984, Beuys visited Japan and showed various works, including installations and performances, while also holding discussions with students and giving lectures. His first Beuys exhibition took place at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seibu_Museum_of_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seibu Museum of Art (page does not exist)">Seibu Museum of Art</a> in Tokyo that same year. The DIA Art Foundation held exhibitions of Beuys' work in 1987, 1992, and 1998, and has planted trees and basalt columns in New York City as part of his <i>7,000 Oaks</i>, echoing his planting of 7,000 oaks each with a basalt stone, a project begun in 1982 for Documenta 7 in Kassel, Germany. Large collections of his multiples are held by Harvard University, the Walker Art Center Minneapolis, and the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, which also has a collection of Beuys vitrines, The Schellmann and D'Offey collections. Most of the Marx collection of Beuys works including <i>The secret Block for a Secret Person in Ireland</i> drawings is at The Hamburger Bahnhof Museum, Berlin. Major art museums in Germany have Beuys works including Fond III at Landesmuseum Darmstadt, while Moechengladbach Museum has the Poor House Doors and much more. Beuys also gave a large collection to the Solidarinosc Movement in Poland. Feuerstätte I und Feuerstätte II (Hearth I and Hearth II) and other works are at the Museum for Contemporary Art Basel, and a dedicated museum was created for 'The Museum des Geldes' collection mainly of FIU blackboards from Documenta 6. As well, perennial Beuys exhibitions continue to take place around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_exhibitions">Selected exhibitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Selected exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Beuys_2021_stamp_of_Serbia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Joseph_Beuys_2021_stamp_of_Serbia.png/220px-Joseph_Beuys_2021_stamp_of_Serbia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Joseph_Beuys_2021_stamp_of_Serbia.png/330px-Joseph_Beuys_2021_stamp_of_Serbia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Joseph_Beuys_2021_stamp_of_Serbia.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Beuys on a 2021 stamp of Serbia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1964 Drawings & Sculptures 1951–1959, Dokumenta 3, Kassel, Germany</li> <li>1965 Explaining Pictures to a Dead Hare, Galerie Schmela, Duesseldorf, Germany</li> <li>1968 Installation, Dokumenta 4, Kassel, Germany</li> <li>1970 Strategy Gets Arts in Edinburgh International Festival, Scotland, Demarco Gallery at Edinburgh College of Art, with The Pack, Arena, and Aktion Celtic Kinloch Rannoch the Scottish Symphony with Henning Christiansen, Edinburgh, UK</li> <li>1972 Documenta 5, Kassel, Germany</li> <li>1972 Vitex Agnus Castus, Lucio Amelio, Modern Art Agency, Naples, Italy</li> <li>1974 Secret Block for a Secret Person in Ireland. Museum of Modern Art Oxford, UK<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1974 Art Into Society, Richt Kraefte, ICA London, UK</li> <li>1974 Three Pots for The Poorhouse, Aktion, with Johannes Stüttgen, The Poorhouse, Demarco Gallery, Edinburgh UK</li> <li>1974 Performance lecture, 'Surrender', Belfast College of Art, Belfast, UK</li> <li>1974 Secret Block for a Secret Person in Ireland, Ulster Museum, Belfast, with lectures in Belfast and Derry, UK</li> <li>1974 Secret Block for a Secret Person in Ireland, Municipal Gallery of Modern Art, Dublin, with lectures in Dublin, Cork, and Limerick, Ireland</li> <li>1974 Black & White Oil Conference lecture & performance with Buckminster Fuller, Foresthill Schoolhouse, Demarco Gallery, Edinburgh, UK</li> <li>1975 Hearth/Feuerstatte from Fasnacht Basel, 1975, Feldman Gallery, New York, and Museum fuer Gegenwaertige Kuenste, Basel, permanent exhibition, Switzerland</li> <li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Stra%C3%9Fenbahnhaltestelle" title="Straßenbahnhaltestelle">Tramstop</a>, Germany Pavilion, <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a>, Italy</li> <li>1976 In Defence of the Innocent, where Beuys stood in for Jimmy Boyle at Demarco Gallery, Edinburgh, UK</li> <li>1977 Documenta 6, Kassel, FIU public debates (13 workshops including 1984: What is to be done? & Northern Ireland with 'Brain of Europe,' curated by Caroline Tisdall, Beuys himself & Robert McDowell, 800,000 visitors, 100 Days, and installation exhibit: The Honey Pump, Kassel, Germany</li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/Skulptur_Projekte_M%C3%BCnster" title="Skulptur Projekte Münster">Skulptur Projekte Münster</a>, <i>Unschlitt/Tallow (Wärmeskulptur auf Zeit hin angelegt)</i> [Heat Sculpture Designed for Long-term Use], Germany<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979 Joseph Beuys Retrospective <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</a>, curator: Caroline Tisdall, New York, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1980 Beuys – Burri, Rocca Paolina, <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>, Italy</li> <li>1980 What is to be done 1984? FIU, curator: Robert McDowell, Demarco Gallery, Hungerstreik fur Jimmy Boyle and law court case under European Declaration of Human Rights to oppose Jimmy Boyle's Transfer to Saughton Prison, Edinburgh International Festival, Scotland, UK</li> <li>1981 Beuys creates The Poorhouse Doors, now at Stadtische Museum, Munchengladbach, Edinburgh, UK</li> <li>1982 Plight, grand piano in room of rolls of felt sound insulation, d'Offay Gallery, London, UK</li> <li>1982 7,000 Oaks plantings, each with a basalt stone (& leftover stones exhibit as End of Twentieth Century, & Lightening with Stag in its Glare, Tate Modern, Mass MOCA, & Guggenheim Bilbao), Documenta 7, Kassel, Germany</li> <li>1982 Beuys in Scotland 1970–1982, The Richard Demarco Gallery, retrospective, Tate Gallery, London, UK</li> <li>1984 Seibu Museum of Art, Tokyo, Japan</li> <li>1985 Palazzo Regale, Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy</li> <li>1985 Plight revisited, Anthony d'Offay Gallery with Richard Demarco, London, UK</li> <li>1986 Marisa del Re Gallery, New York City, January–February 1986</li> <li>1986 Memorial Exhibitions: Feldman Gallery, New York, Demarco Gallery, Edinburgh, Arts Council Gallery, Belfast</li> <li>1986 Memorial Exhibition, Fire Bucket, curator Robert McDowell, Demarco Gallery, Edinburgh</li> <li>1993 Joseph Beuys retrospective, Kunsthaus Zurich, Switzerland</li> <li>1993 The Revolution is Us, Tate Liverpool, UK</li> <li>1994 Joseph Beuys retrospective, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid. Spain</li> <li>1994 Joseph Beuys retrospective, Moderne Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France</li> <li>1999 Secret Block for a Secret Person in Ireland, Royal Academy of Arts, London, UK</li> <li>2005 Joseph Beuys and the Celtic World: Scotland, Ireland, and England 1970–85, Tate Modern, London, UK</li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Museum_kunst_palast" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum kunst palast">Museum kunst palast</a>, Düsseldorf; Kunstmuseum <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>; Museum Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin, Germany</li> <li>2006 The <a href="/wiki/David_Winton_Bell_Gallery" title="David Winton Bell Gallery">David Winton Bell Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>, U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S.</li> <li>2007 Zwirner & Wirth, New York City, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007 National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia – Imagination, Inspiration, Intuition (Joseph Beuys & Rudolf Steiner)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008/2009 Hamburger Bahnhof – Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin, Germany – Beuys. We are the Revolution, Video at VernissageTV<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008–2010 Museum of Modern Art – Focus on Joseph Beuys on Artbase. New York, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009 Beuys is Here, De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill on Sea, East Sussex<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2010 Joseph Beuys – A Revolução Somos Nós ("Joseph Beuys – We are the revolution"), Sesc Pompéia, São Paulo, Brasil<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013 Hamburger Bahnhof Art Museum, Berlin</li> <li>2014 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford</li> <li>2012–2015, End of the Twentieth Century & Richtkraefte, Tate Modern, London</li> <li>2015 Mitchell-Innes & Nash, New York, ("Joseph Beuys – Multiples from Schlegollection")<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016 (continuing through 2019) Joseph Beuys, Artists' Rooms, Tate Modern, London</li> <li>2016 Joseph Beuys and Richard Demarco, Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art and Summerhall Arts Centre, July–October, Edinburgh ("Joseph Beuys & Richard Demarco – Beuys in Scotland")<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016 Joseph Beuys in 1,000 items, curated by Robert McDowell (ex Beuys assistant & FIU board member), July -October, Summerhall, Edinburgh</li> <li>2018 Joseph Beuys: Utopia at the Stag Monuments, Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac London, April–June, ("Joseph Beuys: Utopia at the Stag Monuments")<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019 Joseph Beuys & Leonardo da Vinci in 1,000 items, curated by R.McDowell, Summerhall, Edinburgh ("Joseph Beuys – in 1,000 items")("Joseph Beuys / Leonardo da Vinci – in 1,000 items") <sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2021 Joseph Beuys, The Maria Leuff Foundation, New York</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_market">Art market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Art market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first works Franz Joseph and Hans van der Grinten bought from Joseph Beuys in 1951 cost about €10 each in 2021 currency. Beginning with small woodcuts, they purchased about 4,000 works, creating the largest Beuys collection in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, the 'Beuys Block', a group of first works, was purchased by the collector Karl Ströher in Darmstadt (now part of the Hessisches Landesmuseum). </p><p>Beuys' artworks have fluctuated in price in the years since his death, sometimes even failing to reach bid minimums.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bronze sculpture titled <i>Bett</i> (<i>Corsett,</i> 1949/50) sold for US$900,000 (<a href="/wiki/Hammer_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer price">hammer price</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's New York</a> in May 2008, a record.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>Schlitten</i> (<i>Sled</i>, 1969) sold for $314,500 at <a href="/wiki/Phillips_de_Pury_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillips de Pury & Company">Phillips de Pury & Company</a>, New York, in April 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same auction, a <i>Filzanzug</i> (<i>Felt Suit,</i> 1970) sold for $96,100.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This surpassed the previous auction record for a <i>Filzanzug</i>, 62,000 euros (US$91,381.80) at <a href="/wiki/Lempertz" title="Lempertz">Kunsthaus Lempertz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne, Germany</a>) in November 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Details and prices of Beuys's works sold at auction are listed by <a href="/wiki/Artsy_(website)" title="Artsy (website)">Artsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artist produced over 600 original multiples in his lifetime. Large sets of multiples are in the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Pinakothek_der_Moderne" title="Pinakothek der Moderne">Pinakothek der Moderne</a> in Munich, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Art_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Art Museums">Harvard University Art Museums</a> in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Center" title="Walker Art Center">Walker Art Center</a> in Minneapolis, and the <a href="/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Bonn" title="Kunstmuseum Bonn">Kunstmuseum Bonn</a>, Germany. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Eli_Broad" title="Eli Broad">Broad Art Foundation</a> in Los Angeles acquired 570 multiples by Beuys, including a <i>Filzanzug</i> and a <i>Schlitten</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby becoming the most complete collection of Beuys works in the United States and among the largest collections of Beuys multiples in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beuys_(film)" title="Beuys (film)">Beuys</a></i>, a 2017 documentary film</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Never_Look_Away_(2018_film)" title="Never Look Away (2018 film)">Never Look Away</a></i>, Beuys is depicted sympathetically during his <a href="/wiki/Kunstakademie_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Kunstakademie Düsseldorf">Kunstakademie Düsseldorf</a> years in this 2018 German film based loosely on the life of artist <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meistersch%C3%BCler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meisterschüler (page does not exist)">Meisterschüler</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meistersch%C3%BCler" class="extiw" title="de:Meisterschüler">de</a>]</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHopperHopper2007" class="citation book cs1">Hopper, Kenneth; Hopper, William (2007). <i>The Puritan gift: triumph, collapse, and the revival of an American dream</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-419-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-419-1"><bdi>978-1-85043-419-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puritan+gift%3A+triumph%2C+collapse%2C+and+the+revival+of+an+American+dream&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-419-1&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Hopper%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1991" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Robert (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shockofnew0000hugh/page/444"><i>The Shock of the New</i></a></span> (revised ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shockofnew0000hugh/page/444">444</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72876-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72876-7"><bdi>0-679-72876-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shock+of+the+New&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=444&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-679-72876-7&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshockofnew0000hugh%2Fpage%2F444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adriani_79-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adriani_79_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adriani,_G%C3%B6tz" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriani, Götz">Adriani, Götz</a>, Winfried Konnertz, and Karin Thomas (1979) <i>Joseph Beuys: Life and Works</i>. Trans. Patricia Lech. Woodbury, N.Y.: Barron's Educational Series.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmuckli, Claudia (2005) "Chronology and Selected Exhibition History" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/beuys"><i>Joseph Beuys: Actions, Vitrines, Environments</i></a>. Tate. p.188. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85437-585-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85437-585-8">978-1-85437-585-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schirmer, Lothar (ed.) (2006) <i>Mein Dank an Lehmbruck. Eine Rede</i>. Schirmer/Mosel, München, p. 44. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8296-0225-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8296-0225-9">978-3-8296-0225-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ermen_07-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ermen_07_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ermen, Reinhard (2007) <i>Joseph Beuys</i>. Rowohlt-Taschenbuch-Verlag. p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartstory.org/artist/beuys-joseph/">"Joseph Beuys"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Beuys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartstory.org%2Fartist%2Fbeuys-joseph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The implications are ambiguous. Germany had been at war since September 1939, military service was mandatory, and volunteering was one way to influence deployment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2014" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1992.10791563">"Joseph Beuys: Pioneer of a Radical Ecology"</a>. <i>Art Journal</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 26–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043249.1992.10791563">10.1080/00043249.1992.10791563</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3249">0004-3249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Joseph+Beuys%3A+Pioneer+of+a+Radical+Ecology&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=26-34&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043249.1992.10791563&rft.issn=0004-3249&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00043249.1992.10791563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasik, Yakov (19 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evkol.ucoz.com/crimea_communes.htm">Еврейские поселения в Крыму (1922–1926)</a>. ucoz.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tisdall">Tisdall</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ermen, Reinhard (2007) <i>Joseph Beuys</i>. Rowohlt-Taschenbuch-Verlag. p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed account see Nisbet, "Crash Course – Remarks on a Beuys Story" in <a href="#Ray"><i>Mapping the Legacy</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a recent analysis of the reception of this story, see Krajewski, <a href="#Krajewski"><i>Beuys. Duchamp</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSJ25-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SSJ25_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stiftung Museum Schloss Moyland, Sammlung van der Grinten, Joseph Beuys Archiv des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (eds.) (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/beuys-joseph-beuys-ewald-matare-and-eight-cologne-artists-museum-schloss-moyland-ar00932"><i>Joseph Beuys, Ewald Mataré and Eight Cologne Artists</i></a>. B.o.s.s Druck und Medien, Bedburg-Hau. p.25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Invar Hollaus, "Heerich, Erwin". In <i>Allgemeines Künstler-Lexikon</i>, vol. 71 (2011), p.44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a>, (2006) <a href="/wiki/Peeling_the_Onion" title="Peeling the Onion">Peeling the Onion</a> (autobiography).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193410/http://www.eliasmariareti.de/Biografie">"Elias Maria Reti – Künstler – Biografie"</a>. <i>www.eliasmariareti.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eliasmariareti.de/Biografie">the original</a> on 18 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Charlotte+Moorman%3A+Chicago+exhibit+reveres+avant+garde%27s+renegade+cellist&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft.aulast=Workman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2016%2Fmar%2F30%2Fcharlotte-moorman-avant-garde-cello-chicago-a-feast-of-astonishments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDow2018" class="citation web cs1">Dow, Steve (10 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/in-a-house-without-love-piano-was-the-key-for-sculptor-ken-unsworth-20180726-p4ztqp.html">"In a house without love, piano was the key for sculptor Ken Unsworth"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=In+a+house+without+love%2C+piano+was+the+key+for+sculptor+Ken+Unsworth&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft.aulast=Dow&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fart-and-design%2Fin-a-house-without-love-piano-was-the-key-for-sculptor-ken-unsworth-20180726-p4ztqp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2020" class="citation web cs1">McLaughlin, Dan (30 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.danmclaughlinartist.com/blog/2016/3/4/passant-marjm-7f7ds">"Joseph Beuys, or Dissolution into Brand (Copy)"</a>. <i>danmclaughlinartist.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danmclaughlinartist.com&rft.atitle=Joseph+Beuys%2C+or+Dissolution+into+Brand+%28Copy%29&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danmclaughlinartist.com%2Fblog%2F2016%2F3%2F4%2Fpassant-marjm-7f7ds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schneede-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schneede_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneede_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneede, Uwe M. (1998) <i>Joseph Beuys: Die Aktionen</i>. Gerd Hatje. p. 330. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7757-0450-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7757-0450-7">3-7757-0450-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140316063227/http://johanhedback.com/beuys.html">"American Beuys"</a>. Johan Hedback. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johanhedback.com/beuys.html">the original</a> on 16 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Beuys&rft.pub=Johan+Hedback&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohanhedback.com%2Fbeuys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisinger2013" class="citation web cs1">Eisinger, Dale (9 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.complex.com/style/2013/04/the-25-best-performance-art-pieces-of-all-time/">"The 25 Best Performance Art Pieces of All Time"</a>. <i>Complex</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complex&rft.atitle=The+25+Best+Performance+Art+Pieces+of+All+Time&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft.aulast=Eisinger&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.complex.com%2Fstyle%2F2013%2F04%2Fthe-25-best-performance-art-pieces-of-all-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727223624/http://www.eca.ac.uk/palermo/history_strategy_get_arts.htm">"Strategy: Get Arts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eca.ac.uk/palermo/history_strategy_get_arts.htm">the original</a> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strategy%3A+Get+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eca.ac.uk%2Fpalermo%2Fhistory_strategy_get_arts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oman, Hiltrud (1998). Die Kunst auf dem Weg zum Leben: Joseph Beuys. Heyne TB.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beuys's statement dated 1973, first published in English in Caroline Tisdall (1974) <i>Art into Society, Society into Art</i>. ICA, London, p. 48. Capitals in original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reames, Richard (2005) <i>Arborsculpture: Solutions for a Small Planet</i>, p. 42, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9647280-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9647280-8-7">0-9647280-8-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518075016/http://www.diaart.org/sites/page/51/1295">"Dia Art Foundation – Sites"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diaart.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaart.org">Diaart.org</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diaart.org/sites/page/51/1295">the original</a> on 18 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dia+Art+Foundation+%E2%80%93+Sites&rft.pub=Diaart.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diaart.org%2Fsites%2Fpage%2F51%2F1295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQ1_ALxGbGk">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130211024105/http://www.fluter.de/de/protest/musik/6244/">"Pop statt Böller – Joseph Beuys: Sonne statt Reagan – Musik – fluter.de"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fluter.de/de/protest/musik/6244/">the original</a> on 11 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pop+statt+B%C3%B6ller+%E2%80%93+Joseph+Beuys%3A+Sonne+statt+Reagan+%E2%80%93+Musik+%E2%80%93+fluter.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fluter.de%2Fde%2Fprotest%2Fmusik%2F6244%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeuys" class="citation web cs1">Beuys. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQ1_ALxGbGk&feature=player_embedded">"Sun Instead of Reagan"</a>. YouTube<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sun+Instead+of+Reagan&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.au=Beuys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDQ1_ALxGbGk%26feature%3Dplayer_embedded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Published in Reinische Post on 3 October 1972, written by Broodthaers on 25 September 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchloh,_Benjamin_H.D.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Buchloh, Benjamin H.D. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artforum.com/print/198001/beuys-the-twilight-of-the-idol-35846">"Beuys: The Twilight of the Idol"</a>. <i>Artforum</i>. <b>5</b> (18): 35–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artforum&rft.atitle=Beuys%3A+The+Twilight+of+the+Idol&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=35-43&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Buchloh%2C+Benjamin+H.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artforum.com%2Fprint%2F198001%2Fbeuys-the-twilight-of-the-idol-35846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchloh,_Benjamin_H.D.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Buchloh, Benjamin H.D. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artforum.com/print/198001/beuys-the-twilight-of-the-idol-35846">"Beuys: The Twilight of the Idol"</a>. <i>Artforum</i>. <b>5</b> (18): 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artforum&rft.atitle=Beuys%3A+The+Twilight+of+the+Idol&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Buchloh%2C+Benjamin+H.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artforum.com%2Fprint%2F198001%2Fbeuys-the-twilight-of-the-idol-35846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While correctly pointing out the fictionalisation, Buchloh mistakenly identifies the plane crash as having entered Beuys' biography as early as his 1964 Lebenslauf/Werklauf.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermer1988" class="citation journal cs1">Germer, Stefan (1988). "Haacke, Broodthaers, Beuys". <i>October</i>. <b>45</b>. JSTOR: 63–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F779044">10.2307/779044</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/779044">779044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=October&rft.atitle=Haacke%2C+Broodthaers%2C+Beuys&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=63-75&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F779044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F779044%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Germer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauss, Rosalind E. (1997) "No to ... Joseph Beuys" in Krauss, R.E. and Bois, Yve-Alain <i>Formless: A User's Guide</i>. Zone. pp. 143–146. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-942299-43-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-942299-43-4">978-0-942299-43-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchloh, Benjamin H.D. "Reconsidering Joseph Beuys, Once Again", pp. 75–90 in <a href="#Ray"><i>Mapping the Legacy</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, Gene "Joseph Beuys and the After-Auschwitz Sublime", pp. 55–74 in <a href="#Ray"><i>Mapping the Legacy</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mesch, Claudia and Michely, Viola, eds. <i>Joseph Beuys: the Reader</i>. MIT Press, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mesch, Claudia (2013) "Sculpture in Fog: Beuys' Vitrines," in John Welchman, ed., <i>Sculpture and Vitrine</i>. Ashgate and The Henry Moore Institute. pp. 121–142. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3527-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3527-3">978-1-4094-3527-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mesch, Claudia: <i>Joseph Beuys</i>. London: Reaktion Books, 2017. Chinese edition, Beijing: Icons, 2024. Italian edition, Milan: postmedia books, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lerm Hayes (2004) <i>Joyce in Art, Visual Art Inspired by James Joyce</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sotheby%27s+%E2%80%93+Catalogue&rft.pub=Sothebys.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fcatalogues%2Fecatalogue.html%2F2008%2Fcontemporary-art-evening-auction-n08441%23%2Fr%3D%2Fen%2Fecat.fhtml.N08441.html%2Br.m%3D%2Fen%2Fecat.lot.N08441.html%2F34%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130131095436/http://www.phillipsdepury.com/auctions/lot-detail/JOSEPH-BEUYS/NY030112/95/8/1/12/detail.aspx">"JOSEPH BEUYS – Sled, 1969"</a>. Phillips. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillipsdepury.com/auctions/lot-detail/JOSEPH-BEUYS/NY030112/95/8/1/12/detail.aspx">the original</a> on 31 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JOSEPH+BEUYS+%E2%80%93+Sled%2C+1969&rft.pub=Phillips&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillipsdepury.com%2Fauctions%2Flot-detail%2FJOSEPH-BEUYS%2FNY030112%2F95%2F8%2F1%2F12%2Fdetail.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleadell2012" class="citation news cs1">Gleadell, Colin (1 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/artsales/9238209/Art-market-news-Joseph-Beuys-suit-sells-for-96000.html">"Art market news: Joseph Beuys suit sells for $96,000"</a>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Art+market+news%3A+Joseph+Beuys+suit+sells+for+%2496%2C000&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft.aulast=Gleadell&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fart%2Fartsales%2F9238209%2FArt-market-news-Joseph-Beuys-suit-sells-for-96000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aALBGYnmjwG8">"Phibro's Andrew Hall Exhibits Beuys; Blind Men Use Power Tools"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Phibro%27s+Andrew+Hall+Exhibits+Beuys%3B+Blind+Men+Use+Power+Tools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DaALBGYnmjwG8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artsy.net/artist/joseph-beuys/auction-results?hide_upcoming=false&allow_empty_created_dates=true">"Joseph Beuys – Auction Results and Sales Data"</a>. <i>Artsy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artsy&rft.atitle=Joseph+Beuys+%E2%80%93+Auction+Results+and+Sales+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsy.net%2Fartist%2Fjoseph-beuys%2Fauction-results%3Fhide_upcoming%3Dfalse%26allow_empty_created_dates%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span> List of works sold and prices (registration needed to see prices), updated as required.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aRoqEfAzefaI&refer=culture">"Eli Broad's Foundation Buys 570 Works by German Artist Beuys"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Eli+Broad%27s+Foundation+Buys+570+Works+by+German+Artist+Beuys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DaRoqEfAzefaI%26refer%3Dculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art-for-a-change.com/blog/2007/03/lacma-broad-beuys-bp.html">"» LACMA: Broad, Beuys, & BP"</a>. Art-for-a-change.com. 28 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%BB+LACMA%3A+Broad%2C+Beuys%2C+%26+BP&rft.pub=Art-for-a-change.com&rft.date=2007-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart-for-a-change.com%2Fblog%2F2007%2F03%2Flacma-broad-beuys-bp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ray" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Gene, ed. (2001). <i>Joseph Beuys: Mapping The Legacy</i>. Distributed Art Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891024-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891024-03-0"><bdi>978-1-891024-03-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Beuys%3A+Mapping+The+Legacy&rft.pub=Distributed+Art+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-891024-03-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tisdall" class="citation book cs1">Tisdall, Caroline (1979). <i>Joseph Beuys</i>. New York: Guggenheim Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Beuys&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Guggenheim+Museum&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Tisdall%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, David: "Joseph Beuys: Pioneer of a Radical Ecology," Art Journal, vol. 51, no. 2 Summer 1992. 26–34; also published in The Social Artist vol. 2, no. 1 Spring 2014: 3–13.</li> <li>Adams, David: "From Queen Bee to Social Sculpture: The Artistic Alchemy of Joseph Beuys," Afterword in Rudolf Steiner, Bees. Hudson, N.Y.: Anthroposophic Press, 1998, pp. 187–213. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88010-457-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88010-457-0">0-88010-457-0</a>.</li> <li>Bastian, Heiner: <i>Joseph Beuys: The secret block for a secret person in Ireland</i>. Text by Dieter Koepplin. Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 1988.</li> <li>Beuys, Joseph: <i>What is Money? A discussion</i>. Trans. Isabelle Boccon-Gibod. Forest Row, England: Clairview Books, 2010.</li> <li>Borer, Alain. <i>The Essential Joseph Beuys</i>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1996.</li> <li>Buchloh, Benjamin H.D., Krauss, Rosalind, Michelson, Annette: 'Joseph Beuys at the Guggenheim,' in: <i>October</i>, 12 (Spring 1980), pp 3–21.</li> <li>Chametzky, Peter. <i>Objects as History in Twentieth-Century German Art: Beckmann to Beuys</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.</li> <li>De Duve, Thierry: <i>Kant After Duchamp</i>, Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262041515" title="Special:BookSources/9780262041515">9780262041515</a>.</li> <li>Hintzen, Sigrun: Joseph Beuys und die Musik, Tectum Verlag, Baden-Baden, 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8288-4666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8288-4666-1">978-3-8288-4666-1</a></li> <li>Krajewski, Michael: "Beuys. Duchamp: Two Stories. Two Artist Legends." In: <i>Beuys & Duchamp. Artists of the Future.</i> Magdalena Holzhey, Katharina Neuburger, Kornelia Röder, eds., Krefelder Kunstmuseen, Berlin 2021, p. 337-345, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-5068-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-5068-4">978-3-7757-5068-4</a></li> <li>Masters, Greg, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artchive.com/artchive/B/beuys.html">Joseph Beuys: Past the Affable</a>"; from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cronybooks.net/"><i>For the Artists, Critical Writing</i>, Volume 1</a> .Crony Books, 2014.</li> <li>Mesch, Claudia: <i>Joseph Beuys</i>. London: Reaktion Books, 2017. Chinese edition, Beijing: Icons, 2024. Italian edition, Milan: postmedia books, 2024.</li> <li>Mesch, Claudia and Michely, Viola, eds. <i>Joseph Beuys: the Reader</i>. MIT Press, 2007.</li> <li>Mühlemann, Kaspar: Christoph Schlingensief und seine Auseinandersetzung mit Joseph Beuys. Mit einem Nachwort von Anna-Catharina Gebbers und einem Interview mit Carl Hegemann (Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe 28: Kunstgeschichte, Bd. 439), Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main u.a. 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-61800-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-61800-4">978-3-631-61800-4</a>.</li> <li>Murken, Axel Hinrich: <i>Joseph Beuys und die Medizin</i>. F. Coppenrath, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-920192-81-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-920192-81-8">3-920192-81-8</a>.</li> <li>Oman Hiltrud: <i>Joseph Beuys. Die Kunst auf dem Weg zum Leben.</i> München, Heyne, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-453-14135-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-453-14135-0">3-453-14135-0</a>.</li> <li>Potts, Alex: 'Tactility: The Interrogation of Medium in the Art of the 1960s,' <i>Art History</i>, Vol.27, No.2 April 2004. 282–304.</li> <li>Stachelhaus, Heiner. <i>Joseph Beuys</i>. New York: Abbeville Press, 1991.</li> <li>Temkin, Ann, and Bernice Rose. Thinking is Form: The Drawings of Joseph Beuys (exh. cat., Philadelphia Museum of Art). New York: Thames and Hudson, 1993.</li> <li>Tisdall, Caroline: <i>Joseph Beuys: We Go This Way</i>, London, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900828-12-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900828-12-3">978-1-900828-12-3</a>.</li> <li>Valentin, Eric, <i>Joseph Beuys. Art, politique et mystique</i>, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-343-03732-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-343-03732-5">978-2-343-03732-5</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hatjecantz.de/beuys-brock-vostell-6226-0.html">Beuys Brock Vostell. Aktion Demonstration Partizipation 1949–1983</a></i>. ZKM – Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie, Hatje Cantz, Karlsruhe, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3864-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3864-4">978-3-7757-3864-4</a>.</li> <li>Rupprecht, Caroline. "Shamanic Performances: Joseph Beuys's Der Eurasier, Eurasia Siberian Symphony, and Auschwitz Demonstration." Asian Fusion: New Encounters in the Asian-German Avant-Garde. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2020. 149–181.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Beuys&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archivioconz.com/collection/artists/joseph-beuys/">Archivio Conz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/540">Joseph Beuys</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neugraphic.com/beuys/josephbeuys.html">Joseph Beuys</a> Site includes articles, chronology, bibliography and gallery of exhibition posters.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315141216/http://www.beuys.org/">The Beuys Homepage by "Free International University"(FIU)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722175316/http://www.diacenter.org/ltproj/7000/">Details of the 7,000 oaks project</a> West 22nd Street, 10th to 11th Ave, New York City</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubu.com/sound/beuys.html">Joseph Beuys Music at Ubuweb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubu.com/sound/tellus_21.html">Audio of Joseph Beuys "Ja Ja Ja Ne Ne Ne", 1970, Mazzotta Editions, Milan at Ubuweb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100807040640/http://www.walkerart.org/archive/0/9E43A9C48839AFC46164.htm">Walker Art Information Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkerart.org/archive/4/9C43FDAD069C47F36167.htm">Articles about Beuys</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812031431/http://www.thinkoutword.org/?page_id=395">Beuys' 1978 newspaper article "Appeal for an Alternative"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311101755/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Slideshow/slideshowContentFrameFrag.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2005%2F01%2F31%2Fbeuys%2Fbeuys.xml">Picture gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.social-sculpture.org/">The Social Sculpture Research Unit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://design.walkerart.org/tree/">The Urban Forest Project (Our Tree)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227051504/http://design.walkerart.org/tree/">Archived</a> 27 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/joseph-beuys-747">Tate Modern Artist Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eai.org/artistTitles.htm?id=428">Biography and list of video works</a> by Joseph Beuys at <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts_Intermix" title="Electronic Arts Intermix">Electronic Arts Intermix</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info-buddhism.com/dalai_lama_art_louwrien_wijers.html">The 14th Dalai Lama reflects on points from the work of Joseph Beuys</a> – Interview with the Dalai Lama in the context of Joseph Beuys' vision to prepare a permanent conference on the questions of humanity with the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4008118/Friedman_ed._1998._The_Fluxus_Reader"><i>The Fluxus Reader.</i></a> A free digital edition of the first comprehensive anthology on Fluxus. Contains an extensive chronology and bibliography with material on Beuys.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pinakothek-beuys-multiples.de/?lang=en">"I am a sender. I transmit!"</a>. <i>The multiples of Joseph Beuys</i>. Munich: Pinakothek der Moderne. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+multiples+of+Joseph+Beuys&rft.atitle=I+am+a+sender.+I+transmit%21&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpinakothek-beuys-multiples.de%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Beuys" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Joseph Beuys</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joseph_Beuys" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Joseph Beuys">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" class="extiw" title="q:Joseph Beuys">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153965" class="extiw" title="d:Q153965">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthroposophy_series" title="Template:Anthroposophy series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthroposophy_series" title="Template talk:Anthroposophy series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthroposophy_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthroposophy series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anthroposophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding board members of the<br />General Anthroposophical Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Steffen" title="Albert Steffen">Albert Steffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Steiner-von_Sivers" title="Marie Steiner-von Sivers">Marie Steiner-von Sivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Vreede" title="Elisabeth Vreede">Elisabeth Vreede</a></li> <li>Gunther Wachsmuth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ita_Wegman" title="Ita Wegman">Ita Wegman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anthroposophists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilma_af_Klint" title="Hilma af Klint">Hilma af Klint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bortoft" title="Henri Bortoft">Henri Bortoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_K%C3%BChlewind" title="Georg Kühlewind">Georg Kühlewind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrenfried_Pfeiffer" title="Ehrenfried Pfeiffer">Ehrenfried Pfeiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwenk" title="Theodor Schwenk">Theodor Schwenk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bock" title="Emil Bock">Emil Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lievegoed" title="Bernard Lievegoed">Bernard Lievegoed </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Maryon" title="Edith Maryon">Edith Maryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_O._Prokofieff" title="Sergei O. Prokofieff">Sergei O. Prokofieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Selg" title="Peter Selg">Peter Selg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Bj%C3%B8rneboe" title="Jens Bjørneboe">Jens Bjørneboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aasmund_Brynildsen" title="Aasmund Brynildsen">Aasmund Brynildsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nicol_Dunlop" title="Daniel Nicol Dunlop">Daniel Nicol Dunlop </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fentress_Gardner" title="John Fentress Gardner">John Fentress Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin" title="Walter Burley Griffin">Walter Burley Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_K%C3%B6nig" title="Karl König">Karl König</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._McDermott" title="Robert A. McDermott">Robert A. McDermott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zajonc" title="Arthur Zajonc">Arthur Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_M._Sloan" title="Douglas M. Sloan">Douglas M. Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Spock" title="Marjorie Spock">Marjorie Spock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Johannes_Stein" title="Walter Johannes Stein">Walter Johannes Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lehrs" title="Ernst Lehrs">Ernst Lehrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Witzenmann" title="Herbert Witzenmann">Herbert Witzenmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scaligero" title="Massimo Scaligero">Massimo Scaligero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Rentea" title="Ross Rentea">Ross Rentea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hauschka" title="Rudolf Hauschka">Rudolf Hauschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Schmiedel" title="Oskar Schmiedel">Oskar Schmiedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Poppelbaum" title="Hermann Poppelbaum">Hermann Poppelbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Meebold" title="Alfred Meebold">Alfred Meebold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Rath" title="Wilhelm Rath">Wilhelm Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hahn" title="Herbert Hahn">Herbert Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Edmunds" title="Francis Edmunds">Francis Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weihs" title="Thomas Weihs">Thomas Weihs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Harwood" title="Cecil Harwood">Cecil Harwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Olivier" title="Daphne Olivier">Daphne Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Lundgren" title="Marguerite Lundgren">Marguerite Lundgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valborg_Werbeck-Sv%C3%A4rdstr%C3%B6m" title="Valborg Werbeck-Svärdström">Valborg Werbeck-Svärdström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ernst_Barkhoff" title="Wilhelm Ernst Barkhoff">Wilhelm Ernst Barkhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davy_(journalist)" title="John Davy (journalist)">John Davy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Streit" title="Jakob Streit">Jakob Streit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rexroth" title="Alfred Rexroth">Alfred Rexroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weissert" title="Ernst Weissert">Ernst Weissert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Henry_Wilson" title="Michael Henry Wilson">Michael Henry Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cross" title="Margaret Cross">Margaret Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_Geuter" title="Fried Geuter">Fried Geuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Freeman" title="Arnold Freeman">Arnold Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Lissau" title="Rudi Lissau">Rudi Lissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bennell" title="Margaret Bennell">Margaret Bennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Rigby" title="Edith Rigby">Edith Rigby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Keightley" title="Bertram Keightley">Bertram Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arild_Rosenkrantz" title="Arild Rosenkrantz">Arild Rosenkrantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Hutchins" title="Eileen Hutchins">Eileen Hutchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Merry" title="Eleanor Merry">Eleanor Merry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nordoff" title="Paul Nordoff">Paul Nordoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Robbins" title="Clive Robbins">Clive Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violetta_Plincke" title="Violetta Plincke">Violetta Plincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schauder" title="Hans Schauder">Hans Schauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Adams_Kaufmann" title="George Adams Kaufmann">George Adams Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liane_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Liane Collot d'Herbois">Liane Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egil_Tyn%C3%A6s" title="Egil Tynæs">Egil Tynæs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Klink" title="Else Klink">Else Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pietzner" title="Carlo Pietzner">Carlo Pietzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Fuchs" title="Marta Fuchs">Marta Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Schad" title="Wolfgang Schad">Wolfgang Schad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Sleigh" title="Julian Sleigh">Julian Sleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Sigwart_zu_Eulenburg" title="Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg">Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tautz" title="Johannes Tautz">Johannes Tautz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyd%C5%ABnas" title="Vydūnas">Vydūnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Zeylmans_van_Emmichoven" title="Willem Zeylmans van Emmichoven">Willem Zeylmans van Emmichoven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable supporters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Barfield" title="Owen Barfield">Owen Barfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Beuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Davenport" title="Russell Davenport">Russell Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Abouleish" title="Ibrahim Abouleish">Ibrahim Abouleish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Perlas" title="Nicanor Perlas">Nicanor Perlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lusseyran" title="Jacques Lusseyran">Jacques Lusseyran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Mackenzie" title="Millicent Mackenzie">Millicent Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McMillan" title="Margaret McMillan">Margaret McMillan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphill_Movement" title="Camphill Movement">Camphill Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurythmy" title="Eurythmy">Eurythmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_social_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Threefold social order">Threefold social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions and publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroposophical Society in America">Anthroposophical Society in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Comunit%C3%A1ria_Monte_Azul" title="Associação Comunitária Monte Azul">Associação Comunitária Monte Azul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter_International" title="Demeter International">Demeter International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">General Anthroposophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLS_Bank" title="GLS Bank">GLS Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goetheanum" title="Goetheanum">Goetheanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harduf" title="Harduf">Harduf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEKEM" title="SEKEM">SEKEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triodos_Bank" title="Triodos Bank">Triodos Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weleda" title="Weleda">Weleda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fluxus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:coral"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fluxus" title="Template:Fluxus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fluxus" title="Template talk:Fluxus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fluxus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fluxus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fluxus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:coral;width:1%">Fluxus artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_Akasegawa" title="Genpei Akasegawa">Genpei Akasegawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Andersen_(artist)" title="Eric Andersen (artist)">Eric Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay-O" title="Ay-O">Ay-O</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Beuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brecht" title="George Brecht">George Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Corner" title="Philip Corner">Philip Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filliou" title="Robert Filliou">Robert Filliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Friedman" title="Ken Friedman">Ken Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hansen" title="Al Hansen">Al Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hendricks" title="Geoffrey Hendricks">Geoffrey Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Higgins" title="Dick Higgins">Dick Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Jones_(Fluxus_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Jones (Fluxus artist)">Joe Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Kn%C3%AD%C5%BE%C3%A1k" title="Milan Knížák">Milan Knížák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Knowles" title="Alison Knowles">Alison Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeko_Kubota" title="Shigeko Kubota">Shigeko Kubota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Maciunas" title="George Maciunas">George Maciunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Miller_(artist)" title="Larry Miller (artist)">Larry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_June_Paik" title="Nam June Paik">Nam June Paik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Patterson" title="Ben Patterson">Ben Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takako_Saito" title="Takako Saito">Takako Saito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Schmit" title="Tomas Schmit">Tomas Schmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieko_Shiomi_(composer)" title="Mieko Shiomi (composer)">Mieko Shiomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Vautier" title="Ben Vautier">Ben Vautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Vostell" title="Wolf Vostell">Wolf Vostell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Watts_(artist)" title="Robert Watts (artist)">Robert Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Williams" title="Emmett Williams">Emmett Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:coral;width:1%">Related artists <br />and musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cale" title="John Cale">John Cale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Flynt" title="Henry Flynt">Henry Flynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Johnson" title="Ray Johnson">Ray Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Maxfield" title="Richard Maxfield">Richard Maxfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Moorman" title="Charlotte Moorman">Charlotte Moorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Roth" title="Dieter Roth">Dieter Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolee_Schneemann" title="Carolee Schneemann">Carolee Schneemann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:coral;width:1%">Flux-works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Spoerri#An_Anecdoted_Topography_of_Chance" title="Daniel Spoerri"><i>Topographie Anécdotée du Hasard</i></a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A8me_symphonique" title="Poème symphonique">Poème symphonique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Water_Yam_(artist%27s_book)" title="Water Yam (artist's book)">Water Yam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grapefruit_(book)" title="Grapefruit (book)">Grapefruit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fluxus_1" title="Fluxus 1">Fluxus 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spice_Chess" title="Spice Chess">Spice Chess</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:coral;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus_at_Rutgers_University" title="Fluxus at Rutgers University">Fluxus at Rutgers University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Something_Else_Press" title="Something Else Press">Something Else Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:coral;width:1%">Critics and historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Higgins" title="Hannah Higgins">Hannah Higgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Performance_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Performance_art" title="Template:Performance art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Performance_art" title="Template talk:Performance art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Performance_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Performance art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Performance_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/7000_Oaks" title="7000 Oaks">7000 Oaks</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amen_or_The_Pederasty" title="Amen or The Pederasty">Amen or The Pederasty</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breathing_in/breathing_out" title="Breathing in/breathing out">Breathing in/breathing out</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Body_Pressure" title="Body Pressure">Body Pressure</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buried_(performance_art)" title="Buried (performance art)">Buried</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceci_N%27est_Pas_Un_Viol" title="Ceci N'est Pas Un Viol">Ceci N'est Pas Un Viol</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Couple_in_The_Cage:_Two_Undiscovered_Amerindians_Visit_the_West" title="Couple in The Cage: Two Undiscovered Amerindians Visit the West">Couple in The Cage: Two Undiscovered Amerindians Visit the West</a></i> (1992–93)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cut_Piece_1964" title="Cut Piece 1964">Cut Piece</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_(performance_art)" title="Eating (performance art)">Eating</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empathy_and_Prostitution" title="Empathy and Prostitution">Empathy and Prostitution</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Food_for_the_Spirit" title="Food for the Spirit">Food for the Spirit</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Explain_Pictures_to_a_Dead_Hare" title="How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare">How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_too_sad_to_tell_you" title="I'm too sad to tell you">I'm too sad to tell you</a></i> (1970–71)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luminosity_(performance_art)" title="Luminosity (performance art)">Luminosity</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattress_Performance_(Carry_That_Weight)" title="Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)">Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)</a></i> (2014–2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_%26_Other" title="One & Other">One & Other</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_Energy_(performance_piece)" title="Rest Energy (performance piece)"><i>Rest Energy</i></a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm 10">Rhythm 10</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm 5">Rhythm 5</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm 2">Rhythm 2</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_0" title="Rhythm 0">Rhythm 0</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seedbed_(performance_piece)" title="Seedbed (performance piece)">Seedbed</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Easy_Pieces" title="Seven Easy Pieces">Seven Easy Pieces</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shot_Marilyns" title="Shot Marilyns">Shot Marilyns</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Artist_Is_Present_(performance_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Artist Is Present (performance art)">The Artist Is Present</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_The_Artist" title="The Death of The Artist">The Death of The Artist</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fathers" title="The Fathers">The Fathers</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_(performance_art)" title="The Shadow (performance art)">The Shadow</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shame_(performance_art)" title="The Shame (performance art)">The Shame</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Weeks_in_May" title="Three Weeks in May">Three Weeks in May</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Untitled_(Rape_Scene)" title="Untitled (Rape Scene)">Untitled (Rape Scene)</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Untitled_(Senior_Thesis)" title="Untitled (Senior Thesis)">Untitled [Senior Thesis], 2008</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_performance_artists" title="List of performance artists">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87" title="Marina Abramović">Marina Abramović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vito_Acconci" title="Vito Acconci">Vito Acconci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_Jan_Ader" title="Bas Jan Ader">Bas Jan Ader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Athey" title="Ron Athey">Ron Athey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Azcona" title="Abel Azcona">Abel Azcona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franko_B" title="Franko B">Franko B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Barney" title="Matthew Barney">Matthew Barney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Belmore" title="Rebecca Belmore">Rebecca Belmore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Beuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blaine" title="David Blaine">David Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bloch_(artist)" title="Mark Bloch (artist)">Mark Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Brisley" title="Stuart Brisley">Stuart Brisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Brus" title="Günter Brus">Günter Brus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Buchanan" title="Nancy Buchanan">Nancy Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Burden" title="Chris Burden">Chris Burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lee_Byars" title="James Lee Byars">James Lee Byars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Calle" title="Sophie Calle">Sophie Calle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papo_Colo" title="Papo Colo">Papo Colo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valie_Export" title="Valie Export">Valie Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Flanagan_(performance_artist)" title="Bob Flanagan (performance artist)">Bob Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox_(artist)" title="Terry Fox (artist)">Terry Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Fusco" title="Coco Fusco">Coco Fusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_G%C3%B3mez-Pe%C3%B1a" title="Guillermo Gómez-Peña">Guillermo Gómez-Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Guo-Qiang" title="Cai Guo-Qiang">Cai Guo-Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Hamilton_(artist)" title="Ann Hamilton (artist)">Ann Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hammons" title="David Hammons">David Hammons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Hanson" title="Jo Hanson">Jo Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Harrison_Studio" title="The Harrison Studio">Newton Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Hayes_(artist)" title="Sharon Hayes (artist)">Sharon Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Hershman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn Hershman">Lynn Hershman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Horn" title="Rebecca Horn">Rebecca Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehching_Hsieh" title="Tehching Hsieh">Tehching Hsieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Huan" title="Zhang Huan">Zhang Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Jeremijenko" title="Natalie Jeremijenko">Natalie Jeremijenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Jonas" title="Joan Jonas">Joan Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kaprow" title="Allan Kaprow">Allan Kaprow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Kaufman" title="Andy Kaufman">Andy Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Kjartansson_(performance_artist)" title="Ragnar Kjartansson (performance artist)">Ragnar Kjartansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Klein" title="Yves Klein">Yves Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Koh" title="Terence Koh">Terence Koh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kos" title="Paul Kos">Paul Kos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_Kusama" title="Yayoi Kusama">Yayoi Kusama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lacy" title="Suzanne Lacy">Suzanne Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Legere" title="Phoebe Legere">Phoebe Legere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Luna" title="James Luna">James Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miki_Mal%C3%B6r" title="Miki Malör">Miki Malör</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Millikin" title="Eric Millikin">Eric Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Minuj%C3%ADn" title="Marta Minujín">Marta Minujín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Monkman" title="Kent Monkman">Kent Monkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Montano" title="Linda Montano">Linda Montano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_(performance_artist)" title="Frank Moore (performance artist)">Frank Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Moorman" title="Charlotte Moorman">Charlotte Moorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nauman" title="Bruce Nauman">Bruce Nauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirin_Neshat" title="Shirin Neshat">Shirin Neshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Oleszko" title="Pat Oleszko">Pat Oleszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Oliveros" title="Pauline Oliveros">Pauline Oliveros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Olos" title="Mihai Olos">Mihai Olos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiko_and_Koma" class="mw-redirect" title="Eiko and Koma">Eiko Otaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_June_Paik" title="Nam June Paik">Nam June Paik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Pane" title="Gina Pane">Gina Pane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pauline" title="Mark Pauline">Mark Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavlensky" title="Petr Pavlensky">Petr Pavlensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Podber" title="Dorothy Podber">Dorothy Podber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Pomeroy_(artist)" title="Jim Pomeroy (artist)">Jim Pomeroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Riley_(artist)" title="Duke Riley (artist)">Duke Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Rosenthal" title="Rachel Rosenthal">Rachel Rosenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Rosler" title="Martha Rosler">Martha Rosler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolee_Schneemann" title="Carolee Schneemann">Carolee Schneemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tino_Sehgal" title="Tino Sehgal">Tino Sehgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliza_Shvarts" title="Aliza Shvarts">Aliza Shvarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_T._Smith" title="Barbara T. Smith">Barbara T. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(performance_artist)" title="Michael Smith (performance artist)">Michael Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stelarc" title="Stelarc">Stelarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melati_Suryodarmo" title="Melati Suryodarmo">Melati Suryodarmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mierle_Laderman_Ukeles" title="Mierle Laderman Ukeles">Mierle Laderman Ukeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulay" title="Ulay">Ulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Vostell" title="Wolf Vostell">Wolf Vostell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whitman" title="Robert Whitman">Robert Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Wilke" title="Hannah Wilke">Hannah Wilke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_Farm_(group)" title="Ant Farm (group)">Ant Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_21" title="Concept 21">Concept 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COUM_Transmissions" title="COUM Transmissions">COUM Transmissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Fruit" title="Fallen Fruit">Fallen Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Idea" title="General Idea">General Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaBeouf,_R%C3%B6nkk%C3%B6_%26_Turner" title="LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner">LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Urban_Rangers" title="Los Angeles Urban Rangers">Los Angeles Urban Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavo" title="Mavo">Mavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yes_Men" title="The Yes Men">The Yes Men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mondo_New_York" title="Mondo New York">Mondo New York</a></i> (1988 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusama:_Infinity" title="Kusama: Infinity">Kusama: Infinity</a></i> (2018 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">Body art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Feminist art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_artist" title="Hunger artist">Hunger artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrom" title="Monochrom">monochrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_art" title="Participatory art">Participatory art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art_in_China" title="Performance art in China">Performance art in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_Research_Laboratories" title="Survival Research Laboratories">Survival Research Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_Actionism" title="Viennese Actionism">Viennese Actionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joseph_Beuys" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joseph_Beuys" title="Template:Joseph Beuys"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joseph_Beuys" title="Template talk:Joseph Beuys"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph_Beuys" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph Beuys"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joseph_Beuys" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Beuys</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Explain_Pictures_to_a_Dead_Hare" title="How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare">How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Like_America_and_America_Likes_Me" title="I Like America and America Likes Me">I Like America and America Likes Me</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stra%C3%9Fenbahnhaltestelle" title="Straßenbahnhaltestelle">Straßenbahnhaltestelle</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fettecke" title="Fettecke">Fettecke</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/7000_Oaks" title="7000 Oaks">7000 Oaks</a></i> (1982-1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The End of the Twentieth Century">The End of the Twentieth Century</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moyland_Castle" title="Moyland Castle">Moyland Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beuys_(film)" title="Beuys (film)">Beuys</a></i> (2017 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_International_University" title="Free International University">Free International University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys_Media_Archive" title="Joseph Beuys Media Archive">Joseph Beuys Media Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys_Sculpture_Park" title="Joseph Beuys Sculpture Park">Joseph Beuys Sculpture Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153965#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153965#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153965#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120956315">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14782352">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84538723">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/42230/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8CVbwHwhfmRVYmFVXBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118510460">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79102794">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12020204s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12020204s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00463229">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000600849&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beyus, Joseph"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2003169568&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX876424">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/22740">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068749686">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beuys, Joseph, 1921-1986"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000026617&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=77373">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjj7mn5766n9m">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810648436805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258770305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510357706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14273969">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01888863?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500024607">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8406a8fa-3718-492e-b0ff-1e0b920cc6e2">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/7928">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0e20e7c9-b7ff-41b6-b214-cf55ecbd08b2">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/540">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=51872">ADK</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/beuys-joseph">Städel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/2437/">South Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118510460.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118510460">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027450732">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nk3hrs">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/201">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alliance_90/The_Greens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#409A3C;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Template:Alliance 90/The Greens"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Template talk:Alliance 90/The Greens"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alliance 90/The Greens"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alliance_90/The_Greens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens"><span style="color:white;">Alliance 90/The Greens</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#409A3C;color:white;"><div> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Bündnis 90/Die Grünen</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#409A3C;color:white;"><div id="Politicians_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politicians (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Green_Party_politicians" title="List of German Green Party politicians">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Elmar Altvater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Amery" title="Carl Amery">Carl Amery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Amtsberg" title="Luise Amtsberg">Luise Amtsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerstin_Andreae" title="Kerstin Andreae">Kerstin Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhterem_Aras" title="Muhterem Aras">Muhterem Aras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Atalan" title="Ali Atalan">Ali Atalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Badum" title="Lisa Badum">Lisa Badum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock" title="Annalena Baerbock">Annalena Baerbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Barz" title="Monika Barz">Monika Barz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Bastian" title="Gert Bastian">Gert Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Bause" title="Margarete Bause">Margarete Bause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danyal_Bayaz" title="Danyal Bayaz">Danyal Bayaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canan_Bayram" title="Canan Bayram">Canan Bayram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marieluise_Beck" title="Marieluise Beck">Marieluise Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Beck_(politician)" title="Volker Beck (politician)">Volker Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelika_Beer" title="Angelika Beer">Angelika Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Behm" title="Cornelia Behm">Cornelia Behm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgitt_Bender" title="Birgitt Bender">Birgitt Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Berninger" title="Matthias Berninger">Matthias Berninger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Beuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Birthler" title="Marianne Birthler">Marianne Birthler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann-Sophie_Bohm-Eisenbrandt" title="Ann-Sophie Bohm-Eisenbrandt">Ann-Sophie Bohm-Eisenbrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bonde" title="Alexander Bonde">Alexander Bonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralf_Briese" title="Ralf Briese">Ralf Briese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_B%C3%BCtikofer" title="Reinhard Bütikofer">Reinhard Bütikofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevim_%C3%87elebi-Gottschlich" title="Sevim Çelebi-Gottschlich">Sevim Çelebi-Gottschlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Christmann" title="Anna Christmann">Anna Christmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cramer_(politician)" title="Michael Cramer (politician)">Michael Cramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_von_Cramon-Taubadel" title="Viola von Cramon-Taubadel">Viola von Cramon-Taubadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Daxenberger" title="Sepp Daxenberger">Sepp Daxenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekin_Delig%C3%B6z" title="Ekin Deligöz">Ekin Deligöz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katja_D%C3%B6rner" title="Katja Dörner">Katja Dörner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Dr%C3%B6ge" title="Katharina Dröge">Katharina Dröge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Ebner" title="Harald Ebner">Harald Ebner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Fegebank" title="Katharina Fegebank">Katharina Fegebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Josef_Fell" title="Hans-Josef Fell">Hans-Josef Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Fischer" title="Andrea Fischer">Andrea Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">Joschka Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralf_F%C3%BCcks" title="Ralf Fücks">Ralf Fücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessa_Ganserer" title="Tessa Ganserer">Tessa Ganserer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Gehring" title="Kai Gehring">Kai Gehring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Gelbhaar" title="Stefan Gelbhaar">Stefan Gelbhaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Giegold" title="Sven Giegold">Sven Giegold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Goetsch" title="Christa Goetsch">Christa Goetsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrin_G%C3%B6ring-Eckardt" title="Katrin Göring-Eckardt">Katrin Göring-Eckardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Gottwald" title="Gabriele Gottwald">Gabriele Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Graefe_zu_Baringdorf" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Graefe zu Baringdorf">Friedrich-Wilhelm Graefe zu Baringdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Grundl" title="Erhard Grundl">Erhard Grundl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedel_Gr%C3%BCtzmacher" title="Friedel Grützmacher">Friedel Grützmacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Habeck" title="Robert Habeck">Robert Habeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enno_Hagenah" title="Enno Hagenah">Enno Hagenah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anja_Hajduk" title="Anja Hajduk">Anja Hajduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Harms" title="Rebecca Harms">Rebecca Harms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hartmann" title="Ludwig Hartmann">Ludwig Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britta_Ha%C3%9Felmann" title="Britta Haßelmann">Britta Haßelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renate_Hau%C3%9Fleiter-Malluche" title="Renate Haußleiter-Malluche">Renate Haußleiter-Malluche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hau%C3%9Fleiter" title="August Haußleiter">August Haußleiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Heinen-Kljajic" title="Gabriele Heinen-Kljajic">Gabriele Heinen-Kljajic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Heinold" title="Monika Heinold">Monika Heinold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah-Lee_Heinrich" title="Sarah-Lee Heinrich">Sarah-Lee Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Helmhold" title="Ursula Helmhold">Ursula Helmhold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_Herlitzius" title="Bettina Herlitzius">Bettina Herlitzius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfried_Hermann" title="Winfried Hermann">Winfried Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_Hoffmann_(politician)" title="Bettina Hoffmann (politician)">Bettina Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Hofreiter" title="Anton Hofreiter">Anton Hofreiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4rbel_H%C3%B6hn" title="Bärbel Höhn">Bärbel Höhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottmar_von_Holtz" title="Ottmar von Holtz">Ottmar von Holtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_H%C3%BCser" title="Uwe Hüser">Uwe Hüser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Janecek" title="Dieter Janecek">Dieter Janecek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_Jarasch" title="Bettina Jarasch">Bettina Jarasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulla_Jelpke" title="Ulla Jelpke">Ulla Jelpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Kappert-Gonther" title="Kirsten Kappert-Gonther">Kirsten Kappert-Gonther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Kekeritz" title="Uwe Kekeritz">Uwe Kekeritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra_Kelly" title="Petra Kelly">Petra Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven-Christian_Kindler" title="Sven-Christian Kindler">Sven-Christian Kindler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klein-Schmeink" title="Maria Klein-Schmeink">Maria Klein-Schmeink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Klein" title="Hans-Jürgen Klein">Hans-Jürgen Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyll-Anka_Klotz" title="Sibyll-Anka Klotz">Sibyll-Anka Klotz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubertus_Knabe" title="Hubertus Knabe">Hubertus Knabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Knabe" title="Wilhelm Knabe">Wilhelm Knabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_Korter" title="Ina Korter">Ina Korter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_K%C3%B6ssler" title="Georg Kössler">Georg Kössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Kotting-Uhl" title="Sylvia Kotting-Uhl">Sylvia Kotting-Uhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kramm" title="Bruno Kramm">Bruno Kramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfried_Kretschmann" title="Winfried Kretschmann">Winfried Kretschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Krischer" title="Oliver Krischer">Oliver Krischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_K%C3%BChn" title="Christian Kühn">Christian Kühn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kuhn" title="Fritz Kuhn">Fritz Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_K%C3%BChn" title="Stephan Kühn">Stephan Kühn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renate_K%C3%BCnast" title="Renate Künast">Renate Künast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Kurth_(politician)" title="Markus Kurth (politician)">Markus Kurth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Lazar" title="Monika Lazar">Monika Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Lehmann" title="Sven Lehmann">Sven Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveline_Lemke" title="Eveline Lemke">Eveline Lemke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steffi_Lemke" title="Steffi Lemke">Steffi Lemke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Vera Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Limburg" title="Helge Limburg">Helge Limburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Lindner" title="Tobias Lindner">Tobias Lindner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_Linnert" title="Karoline Linnert">Karoline Linnert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_L%C3%B6hrmann" title="Sylvia Löhrmann">Sylvia Löhrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_L%C3%BCddemann" title="Cornelia Lüddemann">Cornelia Lüddemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_L%C3%BChrmann" title="Anna Lührmann">Anna Lührmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Meyer_(politician)" title="Christian Meyer (politician)">Christian Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Mihalic" title="Irene Mihalic">Irene Mihalic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Montag" title="Jerzy Montag">Jerzy Montag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beate_M%C3%BCller-Gemmeke" title="Beate Müller-Gemmeke">Beate Müller-Gemmeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_M%C3%BCller_(politician)" title="Claudia Müller (politician)">Claudia Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zcan_Mutlu" title="Özcan Mutlu">Özcan Mutlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfried_Nachtwei" title="Winfried Nachtwei">Winfried Nachtwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_von_Nahodyl" title="Árpád von Nahodyl">Árpád von Nahodyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Nestle" title="Ingrid Nestle">Ingrid Nestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Neubauer" title="Luisa Neubauer">Luisa Neubauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrhart_Neubert" title="Ehrhart Neubert">Ehrhart Neubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Notz" title="Konstantin von Notz">Konstantin von Notz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutta_Oesterle-Schwerin" title="Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin">Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Offe" title="Claus Offe">Claus Offe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belit_Onay" title="Belit Onay">Belit Onay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verena_Osgyan" title="Verena Osgyan">Verena Osgyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ostendorff" title="Friedrich Ostendorff">Friedrich Ostendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem_%C3%96zdemir" title="Cem Özdemir">Cem Özdemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Palmer" title="Boris Palmer">Boris Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Paus" title="Lisa Paus">Lisa Paus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Peter" title="Simone Peter">Simone Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filiz_Polat" title="Filiz Polat">Filiz Polat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramona_Pop" title="Ramona Pop">Ramona Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabea_R%C3%B6%C3%9Fner" title="Tabea Rößner">Tabea Rößner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Roth" title="Claudia Roth">Claudia Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_Rottmann" title="Manuela Rottmann">Manuela Rottmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinna_R%C3%BCffer" title="Corinna Rüffer">Corinna Rüffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Rusche" title="Herbert Rusche">Herbert Rusche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Sagel" title="Rüdiger Sagel">Rüdiger Sagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Salomon" title="Dieter Salomon">Dieter Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Sarrazin" title="Manuel Sarrazin">Manuel Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulle_Schauws" title="Ulle Schauws">Ulle Schauws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schick" title="Gerhard Schick">Gerhard Schick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schily" title="Otto Schily">Otto Schily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Schmidt_(politician)" title="Stefan Schmidt (politician)">Stefan Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Schneidewind-Hartnagel" title="Charlotte Schneidewind-Hartnagel">Charlotte Schneidewind-Hartnagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaele_Schreyer" title="Michaele Schreyer">Michaele Schreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordula_Schulz-Asche" title="Kordula Schulz-Asche">Kordula Schulz-Asche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Schulze" title="Katharina Schulze">Katharina Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anja_Siegesmund" title="Anja Siegesmund">Anja Siegesmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Sitzmann" title="Edith Sitzmann">Edith Sitzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Sorge" title="Sarah Sorge">Sarah Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Spiegel" title="Anne Spiegel">Anne Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malte_Spitz" title="Malte Spitz">Malte Spitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grietje_Staffelt" title="Grietje Staffelt">Grietje Staffelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Stamm" title="Claudia Stamm">Claudia Stamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Staudte" title="Miriam Staudte">Miriam Staudte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till_Steffen" title="Till Steffen">Till Steffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Stengele" title="Bernhard Stengele">Bernhard Stengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silke_Stokar_von_Neuforn" title="Silke Stokar von Neuforn">Silke Stokar von Neuforn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckhard_Stratmann-Mertens" title="Eckhard Stratmann-Mertens">Eckhard Stratmann-Mertens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Strengmann-Kuhn" title="Wolfgang Strengmann-Kuhn">Wolfgang Strengmann-Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christian_Str%C3%B6bele" title="Hans-Christian Ströbele">Hans-Christian Ströbele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margit_Stumpp" title="Margit Stumpp">Margit Stumpp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Tomiak" title="June Tomiak">June Tomiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminata_Tour%C3%A9_(German_politician)" title="Aminata Touré (German politician)">Aminata Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Tressel" title="Markus Tressel">Markus Tressel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Trittin" title="Jürgen Trittin">Jürgen Trittin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ullmann" title="Wolfgang Ullmann">Wolfgang Ullmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Untersteller" title="Franz Untersteller">Franz Untersteller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Verlinden" title="Julia Verlinden">Julia Verlinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Vogt" title="Roland Vogt">Roland Vogt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antje_Vollmer" title="Antje Vollmer">Antje Vollmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Wagner" title="Daniela Wagner">Daniela Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beate_Walter-Rosenheimer" title="Beate Walter-Rosenheimer">Beate Walter-Rosenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarek_Al-Wazir" title="Tarek Al-Wazir">Tarek Al-Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wenzel" title="Stefan Wenzel">Stefan Wenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Wilms-Kegel" title="Heike Wilms-Kegel">Heike Wilms-Kegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Winkler_(politician)" title="Josef Winkler (politician)">Josef Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W%C3%BCppesahl" title="Thomas Wüppesahl">Thomas Wüppesahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Zickenheiner" title="Gerhard Zickenheiner">Gerhard Zickenheiner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#409A3C;color:white;"><div id="Related_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related 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