CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Crony capitalism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4f76dcb0-d2b3-41a4-8303-be1cd7558193","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Crony_capitalism","wgTitle":"Crony capitalism","wgCurRevisionId":1274933767,"wgRevisionId":1274933767,"wgArticleId":5249,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2025","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from September 2019","Articles needing additional references from March 2022","All articles needing additional references","Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2022","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022","Misleading articles from May 2016","All misleading articles","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2021","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Bribery","Capitalism","Management cybernetics","Political corruption","Political terminology","Public choice theory"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Crony_capitalism","wgRelevantArticleId":5249,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2937479","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Crony capitalism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crony_capitalism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crony_capitalism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Crony_capitalism rootpage-Crony_capitalism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Crony+capitalism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Crony+capitalism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Crony+capitalism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Crony+capitalism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historical usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crony_capitalism_index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crony_capitalism_index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Crony capitalism index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crony_capitalism_index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_sections_of_an_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_sections_of_an_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In sections of an economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_sections_of_an_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_developing_economies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_developing_economies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In developing economies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_developing_economies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_viewpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_viewpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political viewpoints</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_viewpoints-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political viewpoints subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_viewpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socialist_critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Socialist critique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitalist_critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalist_critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Capitalist critique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitalist_critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crony capitalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="رأسمالية المحاسيب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رأسمالية المحاسيب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BBn-to%C3%A0_chu-p%C3%BAn_ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Kûn-toà chu-pún chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kûn-toà chu-pún chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismo_clientelista" title="Capitalismo clientelista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capitalismo clientelista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سرمایه‌داری رفاقتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرمایه‌داری رفاقتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisme_de_connivence" title="Capitalisme de connivence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capitalisme de connivence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%A4_%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="정실 자본주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정실 자본주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सहचर पूंजीवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहचर पूंजीवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodija%C4%8Dki_kapitalizam" title="Rodijački kapitalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rodijački kapitalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme_kroni" title="Kapitalisme kroni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapitalisme kroni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilsfaldakap%C3%ADtalismi" title="Pilsfaldakapítalismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pilsfaldakapítalismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismo_clientelare" title="Capitalismo clientelare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capitalismo clientelare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קשרי הון-שלטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קשרי הון-שלטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C5%B3_bi%C4%8Diuli%C5%B3_kapitalizmas" title="Senų bičiulių kapitalizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senų bičiulių kapitalizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism_clientelar" title="Capitalism clientelar – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Capitalism clientelar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="साटेलोट भांडवलशाही – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साटेलोट भांडवलशाही" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vriendjeskapitalisme" title="Vriendjeskapitalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vriendjeskapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%81%E6%95%85%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="縁故資本主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="縁故資本主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompiskapitalisme" title="Kompiskapitalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kompiskapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismo_clientelista" title="Capitalismo clientelista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Capitalismo clientelista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Кумовской капитализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кумовской капитализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crony capitalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Другарски капитализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Другарски капитализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta%C4%8Dki_kapitalizam" title="Ortački kapitalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ortački kapitalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompiskapitalism" title="Kompiskapitalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kompiskapitalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismong_crony" title="Kapitalismong crony – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapitalismong crony" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சலுகைசார் முதலாளியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சலுகைசார் முதலாளியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahbap_%C3%A7avu%C5%9F_kapitalizmi" title="Ahbap çavuş kapitalizmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahbap çavuş kapitalizmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Кумівський капіталізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кумівський капіталізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_t%C6%B0_b%E1%BA%A3n_th%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%AFu" title="Chủ nghĩa tư bản thân hữu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa tư bản thân hữu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%99%E5%B8%B6%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="裙帶資本主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="裙帶資本主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2937479#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Crony_capitalism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Crony_capitalism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Crony_capitalism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&oldid=1274933767" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Crony_capitalism&id=1274933767&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCrony_capitalism"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCrony_capitalism"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Crony_capitalism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2937479" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capitalism featuring undue alliances between business interests and politicians</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Crony_capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Crony capitalism">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Crony_capitalism" title="Talk:Crony capitalism">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Crony_capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Crony capitalism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Crony+capitalism%22">"Crony capitalism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Crony+capitalism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Crony+capitalism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Crony+capitalism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Crony+capitalism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Crony+capitalism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Crony_capitalism" title="Talk:Crony capitalism">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalism" title="Category:Capitalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">Capital markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competitive markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">Economic surplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_capital" title="Fictitious capital">Fictitious capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">Free price system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">Goods and services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">Investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_hand_(economics)" title="Visible hand (economics)">Visible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">MMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_capitalism" title="Progressive capitalism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodizations_of_capitalism" title="Periodizations of capitalism">Periodizations of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_capitalism" title="Inclusive capitalism">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> Forms and concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">Economics of corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_interference" title="Election interference">Election interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_capture" title="Elite capture">Elite capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_peddling" title="Influence peddling">Influence peddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_triangle_(US_politics)" title="Iron triangle (US politics)">Iron triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption#Judicial" title="Corruption">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_local_government" title="Corruption in local government">In local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misfeasance_in_public_office" title="Misfeasance in public office">Misfeasance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_exposed_person" title="Politically exposed person">Politically exposed person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_defeat_theory" title="Pyrrhic defeat theory">Pyrrhic defeat theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">Revolving door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">Slush fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">Simony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_activity_report" title="Suspicious activity report">Suspicious activity report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-corporate_crime" title="State-corporate crime">State-corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throffer" title="Throffer">Throffer</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Court" title="International Anti-Corruption Court">International Anti-Corruption Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Day" title="International Anti-Corruption Day">International Anti-Corruption Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> Corruption by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Africa</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Angola" title="Corruption in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Botswana" title="Corruption in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Corruption in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cameroon" title="Corruption in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cape_Verde" title="Corruption in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Corruption in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Chad" title="Corruption in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Comoros" title="Corruption in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Corruption in Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Corruption in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Eritrea" title="Corruption in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ethiopia" title="Corruption in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ghana" title="Corruption in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Corruption in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kenya" title="Corruption in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lesotho" title="Corruption in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Liberia" title="Corruption in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malawi" title="Corruption in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mauritius" title="Corruption in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Morocco" title="Corruption in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Namibia" title="Corruption in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Niger" title="Corruption in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Senegal" title="Corruption in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Corruption in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Somalia" title="Corruption in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Sudan" title="Corruption in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sudan" title="Corruption in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tanzania" title="Corruption in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tunisia" title="Corruption in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uganda" title="Corruption in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Zambia" title="Corruption in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Zimbabwe" title="Corruption in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Afghanistan" title="Corruption in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Azerbaijan" title="Corruption in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bahrain" title="Corruption in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bhutan" title="Corruption in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brunei" title="Corruption in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cambodia" title="Corruption in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cyprus" title="Corruption in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Georgia" title="Corruption in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Indonesia" title="Corruption in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Israel" title="Corruption in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Japan" title="Corruption in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Jordan" title="Corruption in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kuwait" title="Corruption in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Corruption in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lebanon" title="Corruption in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malaysia" title="Corruption in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Maldives" title="Corruption in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Myanmar" title="Corruption in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nepal" title="Corruption in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_North_Korea" title="Corruption in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan" title="Corruption in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Singapore" title="Corruption in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Korea" title="Corruption in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Corruption in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Taiwan" title="Corruption in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tajikistan" title="Corruption in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Timor-Leste" title="Corruption in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkmenistan" title="Corruption in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uzbekistan" title="Corruption in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Vietnam" title="Corruption in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Yemen" title="Corruption in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Europe</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Andorra" title="Corruption in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Austria" title="Corruption in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Belgium" title="Corruption in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bulgaria" title="Corruption in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Croatia" title="Corruption in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Corruption in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Denmark" title="Corruption in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Finland" title="Corruption in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_France" title="Corruption in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iceland" title="Corruption in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Corruption in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kosovo" title="Corruption in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Latvia" title="Corruption in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Liechtenstein" title="Corruption in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lithuania" title="Corruption in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Luxembourg" title="Corruption in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malta" title="Corruption in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Moldova" title="Corruption in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Monaco" title="Corruption in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Montenegro" title="Corruption in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_North_Macedonia" title="Corruption in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Corruption in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Norway" title="Corruption in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Poland" title="Corruption in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Portugal" title="Corruption in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Romania" title="Corruption in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_San_Marino" title="Corruption in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Serbia" title="Corruption in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Slovakia" title="Corruption in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Slovenia" title="Corruption in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sweden" title="Corruption in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> North America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Central America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Costa_Rica" title="Corruption in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cuba" title="Corruption in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_El_Salvador" title="Corruption in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Haiti" title="Corruption in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Honduras" title="Corruption in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nicaragua" title="Corruption in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> South America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Argentina" title="Corruption in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bolivia" title="Corruption in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Chile" title="Corruption in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia" title="Corruption in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ecuador" title="Corruption in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Guyana" title="Corruption in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Paraguay" title="Corruption in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Peru" title="Corruption in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Suriname" title="Corruption in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uruguay" title="Corruption in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Oceania</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Australia" title="Corruption in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_New_Zealand" title="Corruption in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Corruption in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_corruption_sidebar" title="Template:Political corruption sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_corruption_sidebar" title="Template talk:Political corruption sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_corruption_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political corruption sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Crony capitalism</b>, sometimes also called simply <b>cronyism</b>, is a pejorative term used in <a href="/wiki/Political_discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Political discourse">political discourse</a> to describe a situation in which <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a> profit from a close relationship with state power, either through an <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">anti-competitive regulatory environment</a>, direct government largesse, and/or <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples given for <a href="/wiki/Crony" class="mw-redirect" title="Crony">crony</a> capitalism include obtainment of permits, government grants,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-201403272_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-201403272-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tax_break" title="Tax break">tax breaks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-201403272_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-201403272-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other undue influence from businesses over the state's deployment of public goods, for example, mining concessions for primary commodities or contracts for public works.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, it is used to describe a situation where businesses thrive not as a result of <a href="/wiki/Free_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Free enterprise">free enterprise</a>, but rather collusion between a business class and the <a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">political class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-On_crony_capitalism_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_crony_capitalism-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wealth is then accumulated not merely by making a profit in <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">the market</a>, but through profiteering by <a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent seeking</a> using this <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a>. <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a> and innovative practices that seek to reward risk are stifled since the value-added is little by crony businesses,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as hardly anything of significant value is created by them,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with transactions taking the form of trading.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Crony capitalism spills over into the government, the politics, and the media,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Discovery_that_Business_Corrupts_Politics:_A_Reappraisal_of_the_Origins_of_Progressivism,_19812_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Discovery_that_Business_Corrupts_Politics:_A_Reappraisal_of_the_Origins_of_Progressivism,_19812-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when this nexus distorts the economy and affects society to an extent it corrupts <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">public-serving</a> economic, political, and social ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-On_crony_capitalism_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_crony_capitalism-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_usage">Historical usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first extensive use of the term "crony capitalism" came about in the 1980s, to characterize the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_economy_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine economy under Ferdinand Marcos">Philippine economy under the dictatorship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caroline_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caroline-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early uses of this term to describe the economic practices of the Marcos regime included that of <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Manapat" title="Ricardo Manapat">Ricardo Manapat</a>, who introduced it in his 1979 pamphlet "Some are Smarter than Others", which was later published in 1991;<sup id="cite_ref-Caroline_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caroline-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> former <i>Time</i> magazine business editor George M. Taber, who used the term in a <i>Time</i> magazine article in 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-Caroline_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caroline-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and activist (and later Finance Minister) <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Ongpin" title="Jaime Ongpin">Jaime Ongpin</a>, who used the term extensively in his writing and is sometimes credited for having coined it.<sup id="cite_ref-BantayogProfileOngpinJaimeV_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BantayogProfileOngpinJaimeV-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term crony capitalism made a significant impact in the public as an explanation of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also used to describe governmental decisions favoring cronies of governmental officials.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is used largely interchangeably with the related term <a href="/wiki/Corporate_welfare" title="Corporate welfare">corporate welfare</a>, although the latter is by definition specific to <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_practice">In practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg/220px-Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg/330px-Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg/440px-Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a> at a breakfast meeting with business magnates <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kun-hee" title="Lee Kun-hee">Lee Kun-hee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chung_Mong-koo" title="Chung Mong-koo">Chung Mong-koo</a>. A group of massive, mostly family-run business conglomerates, called <a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">chaebol</a>, dominates South Korea's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Crony capitalism exists along a continuum. In its lightest form, crony capitalism consists of collusion among market players which is officially tolerated or encouraged by the government. While perhaps lightly competing against each other, they will present a unified front (sometimes called a trade association or <a href="/wiki/Industry_trade_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry trade group">industry trade group</a>) to the government in requesting subsidies aid or regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, newcomers to a market then need to surmount significant barriers to entry in seeking loans, acquiring shelf space, or receiving official sanction. Some such systems are very formalized, such as sports leagues and the Medallion System of the <a href="/wiki/Taxicabs_of_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs of New York City">taxicabs of New York City</a>, but often the process is more subtle, such as expanding training and certification exams to make it more expensive for new entrants to enter a market and thereby limiting potential competition. In technological fields, there may evolve a system whereby new entrants may be accused of infringing on patents that the established competitors never assert against each other. In spite of this, some competitors may succeed when the legal <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barriers</a> are light.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term crony capitalism is generally used when these practices either come to dominate the economy as a whole, or come to dominate the most valuable industries in an economy.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-201403272_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-201403272-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intentionally ambiguous laws and regulations are common in such systems. Taken strictly, such laws would greatly impede practically all business activity, but in practice, they are only erratically enforced. The specter of having such laws suddenly brought down upon a business provides an incentive to stay in the good graces of political officials. Troublesome rivals who have overstepped their bounds can have these laws suddenly enforced against them, leading to fines or even jail time. Even in high-income democracies with well-established legal systems and freedom of the press in place, a larger state is generally associated with increased political corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term crony capitalism was initially applied to states involved in the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a> such as Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand. In these cases, the term was used to point out how family members of the ruling leaders became extremely wealthy with no non-political justification.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeast Asian nations, such as Hong Kong<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Malaysia,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still score very poorly in rankings measuring this. It was also used in this context as part of a broader <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberal</a> critique of economic <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">dirigisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has also been applied to the system of <a href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">oligarchs</a> in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other states to which the term has been applied include India,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular the system after the <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">1990s liberalization</a>, whereby land and other resources were given at throwaway prices in the name of public-private partnerships, the more recent <a href="/wiki/Coal-gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal-gate">coal-gate</a> scam and cheap allocation of land and resources to <a href="/wiki/Adani_Ports_%26_SEZ_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Adani Ports & SEZ Limited">Adani SEZ</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a> governments.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar references to crony capitalism have been made to other countries such as Argentina<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wu_Jinglian" title="Wu Jinglian">Wu Jinglian</a>, one of China's leading economists<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a longtime advocate of its transition to free markets, says that it faces two starkly contrasting futures, namely a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> or crony capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dozen years later, prominent political scientist <a href="/wiki/Minxin_Pei" title="Minxin Pei">Pei Minxin</a> concluded that the latter course had become deeply embedded in China.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping</a> (2012–) has seen more than 100,000 high- and low-ranking Chinese officials indicted and jailed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many prosperous nations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> have also had varying amounts of <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a> throughout their history, including the United Kingdom, especially in the 1600s and 1700s, the United States<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-201403272_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-201403272-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crony_capitalism_index">Crony capitalism index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crony capitalism index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> benchmarks countries based on a <a href="/wiki/Crony-capitalism_index" title="Crony-capitalism index">crony-capitalism index</a> calculated via how much economic activity occurs in industries prone to cronyism. Its 2014 Crony Capitalism Index ranking listed Hong Kong, Russia and Malaysia in the top three spots.<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_finance">In finance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crony capitalism in finance was found in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>. It was a private company, but its largest stockholder was the federal government which owned 20%. It was an early bank regulator and grew to be one of the most powerful organizations in the country due largely to being the depository of the government's revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a> in 1999 completely removed <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall</a>’s separation between commercial banks and investment banks. After this repeal, commercial banks, investment banks and insurance companies combined their <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> efforts. Critics claim this was instrumental in the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_Abuse_Prevention_and_Consumer_Protection_Act_of_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005">Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_sections_of_an_economy">In sections of an economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In sections of an economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">Lobbying in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/220px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/330px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/440px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5111" data-file-height="3372" /></a><figcaption>"The Bosses of the Senate", <a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">corporate interests</a> as giant money bags looming over <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senators</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_federal_minimum_wage_if_it_had_kept_pace_with_productivity._Also,_the_inflation-adjusted_minimum_wage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/US_federal_minimum_wage_if_it_had_kept_pace_with_productivity._Also%2C_the_inflation-adjusted_minimum_wage.png/350px-US_federal_minimum_wage_if_it_had_kept_pace_with_productivity._Also%2C_the_inflation-adjusted_minimum_wage.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/US_federal_minimum_wage_if_it_had_kept_pace_with_productivity._Also%2C_the_inflation-adjusted_minimum_wage.png/525px-US_federal_minimum_wage_if_it_had_kept_pace_with_productivity._Also%2C_the_inflation-adjusted_minimum_wage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/US_federal_minimum_wage_if_it_had_kept_pace_with_productivity._Also%2C_the_inflation-adjusted_minimum_wage.png/700px-US_federal_minimum_wage_if_it_had_kept_pace_with_productivity._Also%2C_the_inflation-adjusted_minimum_wage.png 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="1862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/US_federal_minimum_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="US federal minimum wage">US federal minimum wage</a> if it had kept pace with productivity. Also, the real minimum wage.</figcaption></figure> <p>More direct government involvement in a specific sector can also lead to specific areas of crony capitalism, even if the economy as a whole may be competitive. This is most common in natural resource sectors through the granting of mining or drilling concessions, but it is also possible through a process known as <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">regulatory capture</a> where the government agencies in charge of regulating an industry come to be controlled by that industry. Governments will often establish in good faith <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">government agencies to regulate an industry</a>. However, the members of an industry have a very strong interest in the actions of that regulatory body while the rest of the citizenry are only lightly affected. As a result, it is not uncommon for current industry players to gain control of the watchdog and use it against competitors. This typically takes the form of making it very expensive for a new entrant to enter the market. An <a href="/wiki/Gibbons_v._Ogden#Background" title="Gibbons v. Ogden">1824 landmark United States Supreme Court ruling</a> overturned a New York State-granted monopoly ("a veritable model of state munificence" facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert R. Livingston</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>) for the then-revolutionary technology of <a href="/wiki/North_River_Steamboat" title="North River Steamboat">steamboats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leveraging the Supreme Court's establishment of Congressional supremacy over commerce, the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> was established in 1887 with the intent of regulating railroad <a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">robber barons</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Cooley" title="Thomas M. Cooley">Thomas M. Cooley</a>, a railroad ally, as its first chairman and a permit system was used to deny access to new entrants and legalize <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price fixing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defense industry in the United States is often described as an example of crony capitalism in an industry. Connections with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">the Pentagon</a> and lobbyists in Washington are described by critics as more important than actual competition due to the political and secretive nature of defense contracts. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Boeing_and_Airbus_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">Airbus-Boeing WTO dispute</a>, Airbus (which receives outright <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> from European governments) has stated Boeing receives similar subsidies which are hidden as inefficient defense contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other American defense companies were put under scrutiny for no-bid contracts for the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> related contracts purportedly due to having cronies in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gerald P. O'Driscoll, former vice president at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Dallas" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas">Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas</a>, stated that <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Mae" title="Fannie Mae">Fannie Mae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mac" title="Freddie Mac">Freddie Mac</a> became examples of crony capitalism as government backing let Fannie and Freddie dominate <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_underwriting" title="Mortgage underwriting">mortgage underwriting</a>, saying: "The politicians created the mortgage giants, which then returned some of the profits to the pols—sometimes directly, as campaign funds; sometimes as "contributions" to favored constituents".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_developing_economies">In developing economies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In developing economies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its worst form, crony capitalism can devolve into simple corruption where any pretense of a free market is dispensed with, bribes to government officials are considered <i>de rigueur</i> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> is common. This is seen in many parts of Africa and is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocracy</a> (rule by wealth) or <a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocracy</a> (rule by theft). Kenyan economist David Ndii has repeatedly brought to light how this system has manifested over time, occasioned by the reign of <a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a> as president.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corrupt governments may favor one set of business owners who have close ties to the government over others. This may also be done with, religious, or ethnic favoritism. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> in Syria have a disproportionate share of power in the government and business there (<a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">President Assad</a> himself is an Alawite).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be explained by considering personal relationships as a <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a>. As government and business leaders try to accomplish various things, they naturally turn to other powerful people for support in their endeavors. These people form hubs in the network. In a developing country, those hubs may be very few, thus concentrating economic and political power in a small interlocking group.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Normally, this will be untenable to maintain in business as new entrants will affect the market. However, if business and government are entwined, then the government can maintain the small-hub network.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Vernon" title="Raymond Vernon">Raymond Vernon</a>, a specialist in economics and international affairs,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> began in Great Britain because they were the first to successfully limit the power of veto groups (typically cronies of those with power in government) to block innovations,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writing: "Unlike most other national environments, the British environment of the early 19th century contained relatively few threats to those who improved and applied existing inventions, whether from business competitors, labor, or the government itself. In other European countries, by contrast, the merchant guilds ... were a pervasive source of veto for many centuries. This power was typically bestowed upon them by government." Vermon further stated that "a steam-powered horseless carriage produced in France in 1769 was officially suppressed." <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> began experimenting with steam in 1763, got a patent in 1769 and began commercial production in 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raghuram_Rajan" title="Raghuram Rajan">Raghuram Rajan</a>, former governor of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, has said: "One of the greatest dangers to the growth of developing countries is the <a href="/wiki/Middle_income_trap" title="Middle income trap">middle income trap</a>, where crony capitalism creates oligarchies that slow down growth. If the debate during the elections is any pointer, this is a very real concern of the public in India today".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tavleen_Singh" title="Tavleen Singh">Tavleen Singh</a>, columnist for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>, has disagreed. According to Singh, India's corporate success is not a product of crony capitalism, but because India is no longer under the influence of crony socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_viewpoints">Political viewpoints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political viewpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Misleading plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may have misleading content</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit">clarify the content</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While the problem is generally accepted across the political spectrum, ideology shades the view of the problem's causes and therefore its solutions. Political views mostly fall into two camps which might be called the socialist and capitalist critique. The socialist position is that crony capitalism is the inevitable result of any strictly capitalist system and thus broadly democratic government must regulate economic, or wealthy, interests to restrict monopoly. The capitalist position is that <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural monopolies">natural monopolies</a> are rare, therefore governmental regulations generally abet established wealthy interests by restricting competition.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_critique">Socialist critique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Socialist critique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of crony capitalism including <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalists</a> often assert that so-called crony capitalism is simply the inevitable result of any strictly capitalist system. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a> described it as a natural consequence of collusion between those managing <a href="/wiki/Power_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (sociology)">power</a> and trade while <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> has argued that the word crony is superfluous when describing capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since businesses make money and money leads to political power, business will inevitably use their power to influence governments. Much of the impetus behind <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance reform in the United States">campaign finance reform in the United States</a> and in other countries is an attempt to prevent economic power from being used to take political power.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a> argues that "all official economic measures adopted since 1981 ... have devastated the middle class" and that the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a> movement should push for their repeal and thus end the influence of the super wealthy in the political process which he considers a manifestation of crony capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Socialist economists, such as <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Robin Hahnel</a>, have criticized the term as an ideologically motivated attempt to cast what is in their view the fundamental problems of capitalism as avoidable irregularities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socialist economists dismiss the term as an <a href="/wiki/Apologetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologetic">apologetic</a> for failures of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> policy and more fundamentally their perception of the weaknesses of market allocation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalist_critique">Capitalist critique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Capitalist critique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supporters of capitalism also generally oppose crony capitalism. Further, supporters such as <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberals">classical liberals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoliberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberals">neoliberals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-libertarians">right-libertarians</a> consider it an aberration brought on by governmental favors incompatible with the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (December 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In the capitalist view, cronyism is the result of an excess of interference in the market which inevitably will result in a toxic combination of corporations and government officials running sectors of the economy. For instance, the <i>Financial Times</i> observed that, in Vietnam during the 2010s, the primary beneficiaries of cronyism were Communist party officials, noting also the "common practice of employing only party members and their family members and associates to government jobs or to jobs in state-owned enterprises."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Ben Shapiro</a> prefers to equate this problem with terms such as <a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">corporatocracy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>, considered "a modern form of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to emphasize that the only way to run a profitable business in such a system is to have help from corrupt government officials. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a> said that mercantilism "is also known as 'crony' or 'noninclusive' capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even if the initial regulation was well-intentioned (to curb actual abuses) and even if the initial lobbying by corporations was well-intentioned (to reduce illogical regulations), the mixture of business and government stifles competition,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a collusive result called <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">regulatory capture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Burton_W._Folsom_Jr." title="Burton W. Folsom Jr.">Burton W. Folsom Jr.</a> distinguishes those who engage in crony capitalism—designated by him political entrepreneurs—from those who compete in the marketplace without special aid from the government, whom he calls market entrepreneurs. The market entrepreneurs such as <a href="/wiki/James_J._Hill" title="James J. Hill">James J. Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> succeeded by producing a quality product at a competitive price. For example, political entrepreneurs such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Knight_Collins" title="Edward Knight Collins">Edward Collins</a> in steamships and the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a> in railroads were men who used the power of government to succeed. They tried to gain subsidies or in some way use the government to stop competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actually_existing_capitalism" title="Actually existing capitalism">Actually existing capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronies_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos">Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_History_of_the_Philippines_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic History of the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos">Economic History of the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_failure" title="Government failure">Government failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">Government-owned corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_triangle_(US_politics)" title="Iron triangle (US politics)">Iron triangle (US politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a> (concept in Indian political-economics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrimonialism" title="Patrimonialism">Patrimonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Political family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">Political machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamocap" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamocap">Stamocap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism_(concept_in_Italian_Fascism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercapitalism (concept in Italian Fascism)">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_family_(Internet_slang)" title="Zhao family (Internet slang)">Zhao family</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhatri2016" class="citation book cs1">Khatri, Naresh (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-58287-4_1">"Definitions of Cronyism, Corruption, and Crony Capitalism"</a>. <i>Crony Capitalism in India: Establishing Robust Counteractive Institutional Frameworks</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-137-58287-4_1">10.1007/978-1-137-58287-4_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58287-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58287-4"><bdi>978-1-137-58287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+Cronyism%2C+Corruption%2C+and+Crony+Capitalism&rft.btitle=Crony+Capitalism+in+India%3A+Establishing+Robust+Counteractive+Institutional+Frameworks&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-58287-4_1&rft.isbn=978-1-137-58287-4&rft.aulast=Khatri&rft.aufirst=Naresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-58287-4_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-201403272-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-201403272_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-201403272_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-201403272_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-201403272_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristof2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kristof" title="Nicholas Kristof">Kristof, Nicholas</a> (March 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/27/opinion/kristof-a-nation-of-takers.html">"A Nation of Takers?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/27/opinion/kristof-a-nation-of-takers.html">the original</a></span> on January 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Nation+of+Takers%3F&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Kristof&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F27%2Fopinion%2Fkristof-a-nation-of-takers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAligicaTarko2014" class="citation journal cs1">Aligica, Paul Dragos; Tarko, Vlad (2014). "Crony Capitalism: Rent Seeking, Institutions and Ideology". <i><a href="/wiki/Kyklos_(journal)" title="Kyklos (journal)">Kyklos</a></i>. <b>67</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">156–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fkykl.12048">10.1111/kykl.12048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154030054">154030054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyklos&rft.atitle=Crony+Capitalism%3A+Rent+Seeking%2C+Institutions+and+Ideology&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fkykl.12048&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154030054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aligica&rft.aufirst=Paul+Dragos&rft.au=Tarko%2C+Vlad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-On_crony_capitalism-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-On_crony_capitalism_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-On_crony_capitalism_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mukherjee, Conan (2019). "On crony capitalism". <i>Decision</i>. <b>46</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40622-019-00202-z">10.1007/s40622-019-00202-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256404137">256404137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Decision&rft.atitle=On+crony+capitalism&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40622-019-00202-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256404137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Conan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Paul H. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F686474">"Crony Capitalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Economic_Review" title="Supreme Court Economic Review">Supreme Court Economic Review</a></i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F686474">10.1086/686474</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Crony+Capitalism&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F686474&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F686474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Discovery_that_Business_Corrupts_Politics:_A_Reappraisal_of_the_Origins_of_Progressivism,_19812-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Discovery_that_Business_Corrupts_Politics:_A_Reappraisal_of_the_Origins_of_Progressivism,_19812_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Discovery that Business Corrupts Politics: A Reappraisal of the Origins of Progressivism</i>, by McCormick, Richard. 1981. The American Historical Review, Vol. 86, No. 2 (Apr. 1981), pp. 247–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caroline-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caroline_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caroline_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caroline_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHau" class="citation web cs1">Hau, Caroline S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~esp/en/event/what-is-%E2%80%9Ccrony-capitalism%E2%80%9D/">"What is 'Crony Capitalism'?"</a>. <i>Emerging State Project</i>. Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo: <a href="/wiki/National_Graduate_Institute_for_Policy_Studies" title="National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies">National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emerging+State+Project&rft.atitle=What+is+%27Crony+Capitalism%27%3F&rft.aulast=Hau&rft.aufirst=Caroline+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.grips.ac.jp%2F~esp%2Fen%2Fevent%2Fwhat-is-%25E2%2580%259Ccrony-capitalism%25E2%2580%259D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BantayogProfileOngpinJaimeV-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BantayogProfileOngpinJaimeV_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bantayog.org/ongpin-jaime/">"Heroes and Martyrs: ONGPIN, Jaime V."</a> <i>Bantayog ng mga Bayani</i>. May 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bantayog+ng+mga+Bayani&rft.atitle=Heroes+and+Martyrs%3A+ONGPIN%2C+Jaime+V.&rft.date=2016-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bantayog.org%2Fongpin-jaime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang2002" class="citation book cs1">Kang, David C. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cronycapitalismc0000kang"><i>Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00408-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00408-4"><bdi>978-0-521-00408-4</bdi></a>. <q>Focused only on explaining successful outcomes, the conventional model provided no analytic way to explain the 1997 crisis. Countries previously regarded as miracles now were nothing more than havens for crony capitalists (p. 3)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crony+Capitalism%3A+Corruption+and+Development+in+South+Korea+and+the+Philippines&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00408-4&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcronycapitalismc0000kang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cover-Story/Crony-capital-How-Duterte-embraced-the-oligarchs">"Crony capital: How Duterte embraced the oligarchs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204170146/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cover-Story/Crony-capital-How-Duterte-embraced-the-oligarchs">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crony+capital%3A+How+Duterte+embraced+the+oligarchs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FSpotlight%2FCover-Story%2FCrony-capital-How-Duterte-embraced-the-oligarchs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/eea25cde-0b39-11e8-8eb7-42f857ea9f09">"Remove the taint of cronyism in South Korea"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. February 6, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/eea25cde-0b39-11e8-8eb7-42f857ea9f09">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Remove+the+taint+of+cronyism+in+South+Korea&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Feea25cde-0b39-11e8-8eb7-42f857ea9f09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/uber-vs-washington-dc-this-is-insane/259614/">"Uber vs. Washington, D.C.: This Is Insane"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. July 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2012</span>. <q>a fight over a new competitor to the District's (often horrible) taxi service offers something I haven't seen in a while. Not routine retail-level corruption, nor skillful top-level favor trading, but instead what appears to be a blatant attempt to legislate favors for one set of interests by hamstringing another.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Uber+vs.+Washington%2C+D.C.%3A+This+Is+Insane&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2012%2F07%2Fuber-vs-washington-dc-this-is-insane%2F259614%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2019" class="citation news cs1">Rosenthal, Brian M. (May 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/19/nyregion/nyc-taxis-medallions-suicides.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'They Were Conned': How Reckless Loans Devastated a Generation of Taxi Drivers"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27They+Were+Conned%27%3A+How+Reckless+Loans+Devastated+a+Generation+of+Taxi+Drivers&rft.date=2019-05-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F19%2Fnyregion%2Fnyc-taxis-medallions-suicides.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncua.gov/news/responding-collapse-new-york-city-taxi-medallion-market/press-releases-and-statements/frequently-asked-questions-about-taxi-medallion-lending">"Frequently Asked Questions about Taxi Medallion Lending and the NCUA's Supervision and Response to the Medallion Market Collapse"</a>. <i>NCUA</i>. June 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCUA&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+Taxi+Medallion+Lending+and+the+NCUA%27s+Supervision+and+Response+to+the+Medallion+Market+Collapse&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncua.gov%2Fnews%2Fresponding-collapse-new-york-city-taxi-medallion-market%2Fpress-releases-and-statements%2Ffrequently-asked-questions-about-taxi-medallion-lending&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, Alexander (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2013/01/07/000158349_20130107132037/Rendered/PDF/wps6305.pdf">"Small is beautiful, at least in high-income democracies: the distribution of policy-making responsibility, electoral accountability, and incentives for rent extraction"</a>. World Bank.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimIm2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Byung-Kook; Im, Hyug-Baeg (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23417862">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Crony Capitalism' in South Korea, Thailand and Taiwan:Myth and Reality"</a>. <i>Journal of East Asian Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1598240800000230">10.1017/S1598240800000230</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1598-2408">1598-2408</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23417862">23417862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155197168">155197168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Crony+Capitalism%27+in+South+Korea%2C+Thailand+and+Taiwan%3AMyth+and+Reality&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1598-2408&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155197168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23417862%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1598240800000230&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Byung-Kook&rft.au=Im%2C+Hyug-Baeg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23417862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVines2014" class="citation news cs1">Vines, Stephen (April 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/business/money/wealth/article/1462317/why-hong-kongs-latest-no-1-ranking-was-greeted-silence">"Why Hong Kong's latest No 1 ranking was greeted with silence"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Why+Hong+Kong%27s+latest+No+1+ranking+was+greeted+with+silence&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.aulast=Vines&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmoney%2Fwealth%2Farticle%2F1462317%2Fwhy-hong-kongs-latest-no-1-ranking-was-greeted-silence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_G_CalabresiLarissa_Price2012" class="citation web cs1">Steven G Calabresi; Larissa Price (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1213&context=facultyworkingpapers">"Monopolies and the constitution: a history of crony capitalism"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monopolies+and+the+constitution%3A+a+history+of+crony+capitalism&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Steven+G+Calabresi&rft.au=Larissa+Price&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1213%26context%3Dfacultyworkingpapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Hughes1999" class="citation web cs1">Helen Hughes (Spring 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515111317/http://cis.org.au/publications/policy-magazine/article/2877-feature-crony-capitalism-and-the-east-asian-currency-and-financial-crises">"Crony Capitalism and the East Asian Currency and Financial 'Crises'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Policy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.org.au/publications/policy-magazine/article/2877-feature-crony-capitalism-and-the-east-asian-currency-and-financial-crises">the original</a> on May 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Japan's dismal performance in the 1990s and the East Asian collapses of 1997 indicate that <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">dirigisme</a> can only boost economies in the short run and at high cost. It breaks down in the long run (Lindsey and Lukas 1998).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy&rft.atitle=Crony+Capitalism+and+the+East+Asian+Currency+and+Financial+%27Crises%27&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Helen+Hughes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cis.org.au%2Fpublications%2Fpolicy-magazine%2Farticle%2F2877-feature-crony-capitalism-and-the-east-asian-currency-and-financial-crises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/2668298?story_id=E1_NGGRNJR">"Having it both ways"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. May 20, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Having+it+both+ways&rft.date=2004-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F2668298%3Fstory_id%3DE1_NGGRNJR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist.com-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist.com_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist.com_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/international/21599041-countries-where-politically-connected-businessmen-are-most-likely-prosper-planet">"The countries where politically connected businessmen are most likely to prosper"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. March 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+countries+where+politically+connected+businessmen+are+most+likely+to+prosper&rft.date=2014-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F21599041-countries-where-politically-connected-businessmen-are-most-likely-prosper-planet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808202652/http://pd.cpim.org/2011/0619_pd/06192011_1.html">"Govt Patronises Crony Capitalism Again"</a>. June 19, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pd.cpim.org/2011/0619_pd/06192011_1.html">the original</a> on August 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Govt+Patronises+Crony+Capitalism+Again&rft.date=2011-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpd.cpim.org%2F2011%2F0619_pd%2F06192011_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhetan2017" class="citation news cs1">Khetan, Ashish (February 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/107970/narendra-modi-manmohan-singh-bjp/">"Modi's Own Record of 'Raincoat Bathing' Is Worth Recalling"</a>. <i>The Wire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Modi%27s+Own+Record+of+%27Raincoat+Bathing%27+Is+Worth+Recalling&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft.aulast=Khetan&rft.aufirst=Ashish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2F107970%2Fnarendra-modi-manmohan-singh-bjp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/2704437?story_id=E1_NSDQQPS">"Peronism and its perils"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. June 3, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Peronism+and+its+perils&rft.date=2004-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F2704437%3Fstory_id%3DE1_NSDQQPS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conferenceboard.ca/economics/hot_eco_topics/default/12-06-20/the_scourge_of_crony_capitalism.aspx">"The Scourge of Crony Capitalism"</a>. June 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scourge+of+Crony+Capitalism&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conferenceboard.ca%2Feconomics%2Fhot_eco_topics%2Fdefault%2F12-06-20%2Fthe_scourge_of_crony_capitalism.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/2705670?story_id=E1_NSDVGSD">"Keeping an eye on business"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. May 27, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Keeping+an+eye+on+business&rft.date=2004-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F2705670%3Fstory_id%3DE1_NSDVGSD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinglian2006" class="citation web cs1">Jinglian, Wu (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204195852/http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/The_road_ahead_for_capitalism_in_China_1782">"The road ahead for capitalism in China"</a>. <i>The McKinsey Quarterly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/The_road_ahead_for_capitalism_in_China_1782">the original</a> on February 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+McKinsey+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+road+ahead+for+capitalism+in+China&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Jinglian&rft.aufirst=Wu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinseyquarterly.com%2FThe_road_ahead_for_capitalism_in_China_1782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei2016" class="citation book cs1">Pei, Minxin (2016). <i>China's Crony Capitalism : The Dynamics of Regime Decay</i>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Crony+Capitalism+%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Regime+Decay&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Minxin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/china/21676814-crackdown-corruption-has-spread-anxiety-among-chinas-business-elite-robber-barons-beware">"Robber barons, beware"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. October 24, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213182557/https://www.economist.com/news/china/21676814-crackdown-corruption-has-spread-anxiety-among-chinas-business-elite-robber-barons-beware">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Robber+barons%2C+beware&rft.date=2015-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2F21676814-crackdown-corruption-has-spread-anxiety-among-chinas-business-elite-robber-barons-beware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/8309863e-ab39-11e6-9cb3-bb8207902122">"China's Crony Capitalism by Minxin Pei review — the means of corruption"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. November 18, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221212/https://www.ft.com/content/8309863e-ab39-11e6-9cb3-bb8207902122">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+Crony+Capitalism+by+Minxin+Pei+review+%E2%80%94+the+means+of+corruption&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F8309863e-ab39-11e6-9cb3-bb8207902122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/international/21599041-countries-where-politically-connected-businessmen-are-most-likely-prosper-planet">"Planet Plutocrat: The countries where politically connected businessmen are most likely to prosper"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. March 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Planet+Plutocrat%3A+The+countries+where+politically+connected+businessmen+are+most+likely+to+prosper&rft.date=2014-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F21599041-countries-where-politically-connected-businessmen-are-most-likely-prosper-planet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZingales2012" class="citation book cs1">Zingales, Luigi (2012). <i>A Capitalism for the People: Recapturing the Lost Genius of American Prosperity</i>. New York: Basic Books. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Capitalism+for+the+People%3A+Recapturing+the+Lost+Genius+of+American+Prosperity.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Zingales&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZingales2012" class="citation book cs1">Zingales, Luigi (2012). <i>A Capitalism for the People: Recapturing the Lost Genius of American Prosperity</i>. New York: Basic Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Capitalism+for+the+People%3A+Recapturing+the+Lost+Genius+of+American+Prosperity.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Zingales&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ferdinand Keppler">Joseph Keppler</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> (January 23, 1889)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStyles2009" class="citation book cs1">Styles, T.J. (2009). <i>The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt</i>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41542-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41542-5"><bdi>978-0-375-41542-5</bdi></a>. <q>Property requirements for suffrage under New York's constitution of 1777 hardened the culture of rank into law. Two distinct levels of wealth were required to vote, one for state assembly, and a second and higher level for the state senators and governor... [this <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> scheme fostered] <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, which in the state empowered private parties to carry out activities thought to serve the public interest. The standard reward for such an undertaking was a monopoly—just what Chancellor Livingston sought when he offered to meet a most pressing public need, the need for steamboats...Livingston maneuvered...the monopoly through the legislature ("a veritable model of state munificence," as legal scholar Maurice G. Baxter writes—that gave him the right to seize steamboats the entered New York waters from other states. But Livingston had overreached. With so many inventors and investors interested in the steamboat, the monopoly on served to limit its adoption. The new technology was simply too important for the monopoly to remain unchallenged. [pp. 39–42]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Tycoon%3A+The+Epic+Life+of+Cornelius+Vanderbilt&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41542-5&rft.aulast=Styles&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2006" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Timothy (August 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/03/opinion/03lee.html">"Entangling the Web"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Entangling+the+Web&rft.date=2006-08-03&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F03%2Fopinion%2F03lee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040205154139/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_50/b3862121_mz029.htm">"Pulling Boeing Out of a Tailspin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg BusinessWeek">Bloomberg BusinessWeek</a></i>. December 15, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_50/b3862121_mz029.htm">the original</a> on February 5, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2011</span>. <q>A national treasure, once No. 1 in commercial aviation, Boeing has become a risk-averse company stumbling to compete in the marketplace and dependent on political connections and chicanery to get government contracts. Boeing needs a strong board and a rejuvenated corporate culture based on innovation and competitiveness, not crony capitalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=Pulling+Boeing+Out+of+a+Tailspin&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F03_50%2Fb3862121_mz029.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreier2006" class="citation web cs1">Dreier, Peter (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109075140/http://scholar.oxy.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1235&context=uep_faculty">"Katrina and Power in America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Occidental_College" title="Occidental College">Occidental College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.oxy.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1235&context=uep_faculty">the original</a> on November 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Three companies—the Shaw Group, <a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Brown_%26_Root" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg Brown & Root">Kellogg Brown & Root</a> (KBR, a subsidiary of Haliburton, whose former CEO is Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>), and Boh Brothers Construction of New Orleans—quickly scooped up no-bid ACE contracts to perform the restoration. <a href="/wiki/Bechtel" title="Bechtel">Bechtel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluor_Corporation" title="Fluor Corporation">Fluor</a> (also with close GOP ties) also reaped huge contracts. The Department of Defense has been criticized for awarding Iraq reconstruction contracts to Haliburton and Bechtel without competition (Broder 2005)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katrina+and+Power+in+America&rft.pub=Occidental+College&rft.date=2006-03&rft.aulast=Dreier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.oxy.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1235%26context%3Duep_faculty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Driscoll_Jr2008" class="citation news cs1">O'Driscoll Jr, Gerald P. (September 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913195535/http://www.nypost.com/seven/09092008/postopinion/opedcolumnists/fannie_freddie_bailout_baloney_128135.htm">"Fannie/Freddie Bailout Baloney"</a>. <i>New York Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypost.com/seven/09092008/postopinion/opedcolumnists/fannie_freddie_bailout_baloney_128135.htm">the original</a> on September 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Fannie%2FFreddie+Bailout+Baloney&rft.date=2008-09-09&rft.aulast=O%27Driscoll+Jr&rft.aufirst=Gerald+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypost.com%2Fseven%2F09092008%2Fpostopinion%2Fopedcolumnists%2Ffannie_freddie_bailout_baloney_128135.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2023/04/africas-infrastructure-led-growth-experiment-is-faltering-it-is-time-to-focus-on-agriculture?lang=en">"Africa's Infrastructure-Led Growth Experiment Is Faltering. It Is Time to Focus on Agriculture"</a>. <i>Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+Infrastructure-Led+Growth+Experiment+Is+Faltering.+It+Is+Time+to+Focus+on+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fposts%2F2023%2F04%2Fafricas-infrastructure-led-growth-experiment-is-faltering-it-is-time-to-focus-on-agriculture%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/world/asia/01makhlouf.html">Syrian Businessman Becomes Magnet for Anger and Dissent</a> "Like Mr. Ezz in Egypt, he has become a symbol of how economic reforms turned crony socialism into crony capitalism, making the poor poorer and the connected rich fantastically wealthier."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Matamala2019" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Matamala (October 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.promarket.org/2019/10/22/how-economic-concentration-and-crony-capitalism-led-to-the-chaos-in-chile/">"How Economic Concentration and Crony Capitalism Led to the Chaos in Chile"</a>. <i>Promarket.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Promarket.org&rft.atitle=How+Economic+Concentration+and+Crony+Capitalism+Led+to+the+Chaos+in+Chile&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.au=Daniel+Matamala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.promarket.org%2F2019%2F10%2F22%2Fhow-economic-concentration-and-crony-capitalism-led-to-the-chaos-in-chile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503203741/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/09.23/vernon.html">"Raymond Vernon Dies at 85"</a>. <i>The Harvard University Gazette</i>. President and Fellows of Harvard College. September 23, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/09.23/vernon.html">the original</a> on May 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+University+Gazette&rft.atitle=Raymond+Vernon+Dies+at+85&rft.date=1999-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2F1999%2F09.23%2Fvernon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vernon (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vernon (1989, p. 8); see also <a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt steam engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Watt#Patents" title="James Watt">James Watt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Crony-capitalism-a-big-threat-to-countries-like-India-RBI-chief-Raghuram-Rajan-says/articleshow/40076743.cms">"Crony capitalism a big threat to countries like India, RBI chief Raghuram Rajan says"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. August 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Crony+capitalism+a+big+threat+to+countries+like+India%2C+RBI+chief+Raghuram+Rajan+says&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Findia-business%2FCrony-capitalism-a-big-threat-to-countries-like-India-RBI-chief-Raghuram-Rajan-says%2Farticleshow%2F40076743.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/no-crony-capitalism-in-india/821341/">"No crony capitalism in India – Indian Express"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=No+crony+capitalism+in+India+%E2%80%93+Indian+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fno-crony-capitalism-in-india%2F821341%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103083819/http://gothamist.com/2014/11/29/uber_driving_down_price_of_taxi_med.php">"Uber Driving Down Price of Taxi Medallions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gothamist.com/2014/11/29/uber_driving_down_price_of_taxi_med.php">the original</a> on January 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uber+Driving+Down+Price+of+Taxi+Medallions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgothamist.com%2F2014%2F11%2F29%2Fuber_driving_down_price_of_taxi_med.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20081114.htm">"Black Faces in Limousines:" A Conversation with Noam Chomsky</a> from Chomsky.info. Retrieved June 5, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/reform-money-politics/influence-big-money">"Influence of Big Money | Brennan Center for Justice"</a>. <i>www.brennancenter.org</i>. May 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brennancenter.org&rft.atitle=Influence+of+Big+Money+%7C+Brennan+Center+for+Justice&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brennancenter.org%2Fissues%2Freform-money-politics%2Finfluence-big-money&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatra2011" class="citation web cs1">Batra, Ravi (October 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111013183247/http://www.truth-out.org/occupy-wall-street-movement-and-coming-demise-crony-capitalism/1318341474">"The Occupy Wall Street Movement and the Coming Demise of Crony Capitalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Truthout" title="Truthout">Truthout</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truth-out.org/occupy-wall-street-movement-and-coming-demise-crony-capitalism/1318341474">the original</a> on October 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Occupy+Wall+Street+Movement+and+the+Coming+Demise+of+Crony+Capitalism&rft.pub=Truthout&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft.aulast=Batra&rft.aufirst=Ravi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truth-out.org%2Foccupy-wall-street-movement-and-coming-demise-crony-capitalism%2F1318341474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Hahnel" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Robin Hahnel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910183553/http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/bpn/znet/april08.txt">"Let's Review"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/bpn/znet/april08.txt">the original</a> on September 10, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2011</span>. <q>IMF officials Michel Camdessus and Stanley Fischer were quick to explain that the afflicted economies had only themselves to blame. Crony capitalism, lack of transparency, accounting procedures not up to international standards, and weak-kneed politicians too quick to spend and too afraid to tax were the problems according to IMF and US Treasury Department officials. The fact that the afflicted economies had been held up as paragons of virtue and IMF/World Bank success stories only a year before, the fact that neoliberalism's only success story had been the Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC's) who were now in the tank, and the fact that the IMF and Treasury department story just didn't fit the facts since the afflicted economies were no more rife with crony capitalism, lack of transparency, and weak-willed politicians than dozens of other economies untouched by the Asian financial crisis, simply did not matter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Review&rft.au=Robin+Hahnel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bradley.edu%2Fcampusorg%2Fbpn%2Fznet%2Fapril08.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrik2017" class="citation news cs1">Rodrik, Dani (November 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/14/the-fatal-flaw-of-neoliberalism-its-bad-economics">"The fatal flaw of neoliberalism: it's bad economics"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+fatal+flaw+of+neoliberalism%3A+it%27s+bad+economics&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Rodrik&rft.aufirst=Dani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2Fnov%2F14%2Fthe-fatal-flaw-of-neoliberalism-its-bad-economics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_D._Kristof2011" class="citation news cs1">Nicholas D. Kristof (October 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/opinion/kristof-crony-capitalism-comes-homes.html">"Crony Capitalism Comes Home"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/opinion/kristof-crony-capitalism-comes-homes.html">the original</a></span> on January 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2011</span>. <q>some financiers have chosen to live in a government-backed featherbed. Their platform seems to be socialism for tycoons and capitalism for the rest of us...featherbedding by both unions and tycoons...are impediments to a well-functioning market economy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Crony+Capitalism+Comes+Home&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft.au=Nicholas+D.+Kristof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F27%2Fopinion%2Fkristof-crony-capitalism-comes-homes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stossel2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">John Stossel</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513123436/http://www.creators.com/opinion/john-stossel/let-s-take-the-crony-out-of-crony-capitalism.html">"Let's Take the "Crony" Out of "Crony Capitalism"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creators.com/opinion/john-stossel/let-s-take-the-crony-out-of-crony-capitalism.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The truth is that we don't have a free market—government regulation and management are pervasive—so it's misleading to say that "capitalism" caused today's problems. The free market is innocent. But it's fair to say that crony capitalism created the economic mess.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Take+the+%22Crony%22+Out+of+%22Crony+Capitalism%22&rft.date=2010&rft.au=John+Stossel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creators.com%2Fopinion%2Fjohn-stossel%2Flet-s-take-the-crony-out-of-crony-capitalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/research/rise-crony-capitalism">"The Rise Of Crony Capitalism"</a>. <i>Hoover Institution</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=The+Rise+Of+Crony+Capitalism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fresearch%2Frise-crony-capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Shapiro2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Ben Shapiro</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002619/http://www.dev.creators.com/conservative/ben-shapiro/there-s-no-such-thing-as-quot-crony-capitalism-quot.html">"There's No Such Thing as "Crony Capitalism"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dev.creators.com/conservative/ben-shapiro/there-s-no-such-thing-as-quot-crony-capitalism-quot.html">the original</a> on April 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2011</span>. <q>This "crony capitalism," <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> said, is "not the capitalism of free men and free markets." In general, she's right. But...her terminology...is dead wrong. The fact is that there is no such thing as "crony capitalism." In reality, it is corporatism, a modern form of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>. Corporatism is based on the notion that industries comprise the economy like body parts comprise the body—they must work in concert with one another, and they must take central direction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There%27s+No+Such+Thing+as+%22Crony+Capitalism%22&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Ben+Shapiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dev.creators.com%2Fconservative%2Fben-shapiro%2Fthere-s-no-such-thing-as-quot-crony-capitalism-quot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Soto2016" class="citation news cs1">de Soto, Hernando (November 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-real-enemy-for-trump-is-mercantilism-not-globalism-1480279192">"The Real Enemy for Trump Is Mercantilism, Not Globalism"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Real+Enemy+for+Trump+Is+Mercantilism%2C+Not+Globalism&rft.date=2016-11-27&rft.aulast=de+Soto&rft.aufirst=Hernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-real-enemy-for-trump-is-mercantilism-not-globalism-1480279192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stossel2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">John Stossel</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513123436/http://www.creators.com/opinion/john-stossel/let-s-take-the-crony-out-of-crony-capitalism.html">"Let's Take the "Crony" Out of "Crony Capitalism"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creators.com/opinion/john-stossel/let-s-take-the-crony-out-of-crony-capitalism.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Which are more likely to be hampered by vigorous regulatory standards: entrenched corporations with their overstaffed legal and accounting departments or small startups trying to get off the ground? Regulation can kill competition—and incumbents like it that way.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Take+the+%22Crony%22+Out+of+%22Crony+Capitalism%22&rft.date=2010&rft.au=John+Stossel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creators.com%2Fopinion%2Fjohn-stossel%2Flet-s-take-the-crony-out-of-crony-capitalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolsom" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burton_W._Folsom,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Burton W. Folsom, Jr.">Folsom, Burton</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128125228/http://www.burtfolsom.com/?page_id=29">"Myth of the Robber Barons"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burtfolsom.com/?page_id=29">the original</a> on November 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The author, Burton Folsom, divides the entrepreneurs into two groups: market entrepreneurs and political entrepreneurs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Myth+of+the+Robber+Barons&rft.aulast=Folsom&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burtfolsom.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernon1989" class="citation cs2">Vernon, Raymond (1989), "Technological Development", <i>EDI Seminar Paper</i>, <b>39</b>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821311622" title="Special:BookSources/978-0821311622"><bdi>978-0821311622</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EDI+Seminar+Paper&rft.atitle=Technological+Development&rft.volume=39&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0821311622&rft.aulast=Vernon&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Crony capitalism</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crony_capitalism" class="extiw" title="wikt:crony capitalism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:Documenting_crony_capitalism" class="extiw" title="v:Category:Documenting crony capitalism">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2937479" class="extiw" title="d:Q2937479">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWei2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wei, Shang-Jin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/~wei/data/wei2001/wei2001.pdf">"Domestic Crony Capitalism and International Fickle Capital: Is There a Connection?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Finance</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">15–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.133.3751">10.1.1.133.3751</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2362.00064">10.1111/1468-2362.00064</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nber.org/~wei/data/wei2001/wei2001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Finance&rft.atitle=Domestic+Crony+Capitalism+and+International+Fickle+Capital%3A+Is+There+a+Connection%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.133.3751%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2362.00064&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Shang-Jin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2F~wei%2Fdata%2Fwei2001%2Fwei2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kang, David C. (2003). "Transaction Costs and Crony Capitalism in East Asia". <i>Comparative Politics</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">439–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4150189">10.2307/4150189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4150189">4150189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Transaction+Costs+and+Crony+Capitalism+in+East+Asia&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E439-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4150189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4150189%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIp2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ip, Po-Keung (2007). "Corporate Social Responsibility and Crony Capitalism in Taiwan". <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i>. <b>79</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">167–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-007-9385-5">10.1007/s10551-007-9385-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154881364">154881364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=Corporate+Social+Responsibility+and+Crony+Capitalism+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-007-9385-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154881364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ip&rft.aufirst=Po-Keung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesLawson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Sallie; Lawson, Chappell H. (2004). "Propaganda and Crony Capitalism: Partisan Bias in Mexican Television News". <i>Latin American Research Review</i>. <b>39</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flar.2004.0050">10.1353/lar.2004.0050</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1555469">1555469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15515343">15515343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Propaganda+and+Crony+Capitalism%3A+Partisan+Bias+in+Mexican+Television+News&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15515343%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1555469%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flar.2004.0050&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Sallie&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Chappell+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2012" class="citation web cs1">Shah, Ajay (September 7, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130814041347/http://ajayshahblog.blogspot.in/2012/09/indian-capitalism-is-not-doomed.html">"Indian capitalism is not doomed"</a>. Ajay Shah's Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajayshahblog.blogspot.in/2012/09/indian-capitalism-is-not-doomed.html">the original</a> on August 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+capitalism+is+not+doomed&rft.pub=Ajay+Shah%27s+Blog&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Ajay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajayshahblog.blogspot.in%2F2012%2F09%2Findian-capitalism-is-not-doomed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghZammit2006" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Ajit; Zammit, Ann (2006). "Corporate Governance, Crony Capitalism and Economic Crises: Should the US business model replace the Asian way of 'doing business'?". <i>Corporate Governance: An International Review</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">220–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8683.2006.00504.x">10.1111/j.1467-8683.2006.00504.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7156823">7156823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Governance%3A+An+International+Review&rft.atitle=Corporate+Governance%2C+Crony+Capitalism+and+Economic+Crises%3A+Should+the+US+business+model+replace+the+Asian+way+of+%27doing+business%27%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8683.2006.00504.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7156823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ajit&rft.au=Zammit%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Chalmers (1998). "Economic crisis in East Asia: The clash of capitalisms". <i>Cambridge Journal of Economics</i>. <b>22</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">653–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcje%2F22.6.653">10.1093/cje/22.6.653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Economic+crisis+in+East+Asia%3A+The+clash+of+capitalisms&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E653-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcje%2F22.6.653&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Chalmers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeev2002" class="citation journal cs1">Peev, Evgeni (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130128205252/http://mesharpe.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0012-8775&volume=40&issue=5&spage=73">"Ownership and Control Structures in Transition to 'Crony' Capitalism: The Case of Bulgaria"</a>. <i>Eastern European Economics</i>. <b>40</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00128775.2002.11041031">10.1080/00128775.2002.11041031</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4380313">4380313</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mesharpe.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0012-8775&volume=40&issue=5&spage=73">the original</a> on January 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+European+Economics&rft.atitle=Ownership+and+Control+Structures+in+Transition+to+%27Crony%27+Capitalism%3A+The+Case+of+Bulgaria&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00128775.2002.11041031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4380313%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peev&rft.aufirst=Evgeni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmesharpe.metapress.com%2Fopenurl.asp%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26issn%3D0012-8775%26volume%3D40%26issue%3D5%26spage%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnderwick2005" class="citation journal cs1">Enderwick, Peter (2005). "What's Bad About Crony Capitalism?". <i>Asian Business & Management</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.abm.9200126">10.1057/palgrave.abm.9200126</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153920491">153920491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Business+%26+Management&rft.atitle=What%27s+Bad+About+Crony+Capitalism%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.abm.9200126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153920491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Enderwick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosas2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rosas, Guillermo (2006). "Bagehot or Bailout? An Analysis of Government Responses to Banking Crises". <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>50</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2006.00177.x">10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00177.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3694264">3694264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Bagehot+or+Bailout%3F+An+Analysis+of+Government+Responses+to+Banking+Crises&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2006.00177.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3694264%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rosas&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnFormosa2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn, J. S.; Formosa, F. (2002). "The Problem of 'Crony Capitalism': Modernity and the Encounter with the Perverse". <i>Thesis Eleven</i>. <b>69</b>: <span class="nowrap">47–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0725513602069001004">10.1177/0725513602069001004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144254578">144254578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thesis+Eleven&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+%27Crony+Capitalism%27%3A+Modernity+and+the+Encounter+with+the+Perverse&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0725513602069001004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144254578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft.au=Formosa%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_F._Davis" title="Gerald F. Davis">Davis, Gerald F.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fctx.2003.2.3.34">"American cronyism: How executive networks inflated the corporate bubble"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Contexts" title="Contexts">Contexts</a></i>. <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fctx.2003.2.3.34">10.1525/ctx.2003.2.3.34</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contexts&rft.atitle=American+cronyism%3A+How+executive+networks+inflated+the+corporate+bubble&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fctx.2003.2.3.34&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Gerald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Fctx.2003.2.3.34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaugirard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vaugirard, Victor (2005). "Crony Capitalism and Sovereign Default". <i>Open Economies Review</i>. <b>16</b>: <span class="nowrap">77–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11079-005-5333-0">10.1007/s11079-005-5333-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154229321">154229321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Economies+Review&rft.atitle=Crony+Capitalism+and+Sovereign+Default&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11079-005-5333-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154229321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vaugirard&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2008" class="citation journal cs1">James, Harold (2008). "Family Values or Crony Capitalism?". <i>Capitalism and Society</i>. <b>3</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2202%2F1932-0213.1031">10.2202/1932-0213.1031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154708681">154708681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capitalism+and+Society&rft.atitle=Family+Values+or+Crony+Capitalism%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2202%2F1932-0213.1031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154708681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatriTsangBegley2005" class="citation journal cs1">Khatri, Naresh; Tsang, Eric W K; Begley, Thomas M (2005). "Cronyism: A cross-cultural analysis". <i>Journal of International Business Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jibs.8400171">10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400171</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3875215">3875215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18930227">18930227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Business+Studies&rft.atitle=Cronyism%3A+A+cross-cultural+analysis&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18930227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3875215%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jibs.8400171&rft.aulast=Khatri&rft.aufirst=Naresh&rft.au=Tsang%2C+Eric+W+K&rft.au=Begley%2C+Thomas+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Khatri, Naresh (2013). Anatomy of Indian Brand of Crony Capitalism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2335201">https://ssrn.com/abstract=2335201</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mukherjee, Conan (2019). "On crony capitalism". <i>Decision</i>. <b>46</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40622-019-00202-z">10.1007/s40622-019-00202-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256404137">256404137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Decision&rft.atitle=On+crony+capitalism&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40622-019-00202-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256404137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Conan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrony+capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19626/1/WP0802.pdf">http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19626/1/WP0802.pdf</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corruption160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corruption" title="Template:Corruption"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corruption" title="Template talk:Corruption"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corruption160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corruption in different fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_local_government" title="Corruption in local government">Corruption in local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Interest group corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">Police corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">Economics of corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms or aspects<br />of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baksheesh" title="Baksheesh">Baksheesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a> / <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">Grey market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bribery" title="Commercial bribery">Commercial bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li>Corporation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_corporation" title="Dummy corporation">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">Confidence trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">Graft (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">Honest services fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">Kickback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing" title="Match fixing">Match fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">Money laundering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_and_crime" title="Cryptocurrency and crime">Cryptocurrency and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala_and_crime" title="Hawala and crime">Hawala and crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_cause_corruption" title="Noble cause corruption">Noble cause corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_courtesy" title="Professional courtesy">Professional courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">Slush fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_investment" title="Offshore investment">Offshore investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">Clientelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_capture" title="Elite capture">Elite capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_soldiers" title="Ghost soldiers">Ghost soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_scandal" title="Political scandal">Political scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-setting" title="Rent-setting">Rent-setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crime" title="State crime">State crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">Ballot stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing" title="Vote pairing">Vote pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote suppression">Vote suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions dealing<br /> with corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_W._Baker" title="Raymond W. Baker">Global Financial Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation" title="Mo Ibrahim Foundation">Mo Ibrahim Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption#UNCAC_Coalition_of_Civil_Society_Organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oficina_Anticorrupci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Oficina Anticorrupción">Oficina Anticorrupción</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_(Bangladesh)" title="Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)">Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_and_Economic_Malpractice_Observatory" title="Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory">Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory</a> (Burundi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Observatory" title="National Anti-Corruption Observatory">National Anti-Corruption Observatory</a> (Cameroon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> (China) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USKOK" class="mw-redirect" title="USKOK">USKOK</a> (Croatia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">European Anti-Fraud Office</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption">Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vigilance_Commission" title="Central Vigilance Commission">Central Vigilance Commission</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Eradication_Commission" title="Corruption Eradication Commission">KPK</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Authority_(Italy)" title="National Anti-Corruption Authority (Italy)">National Anti-Corruption Authority</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Prevention_and_Combating_Bureau" title="Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau">Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau</a> (Latvia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_and_Economic_Management_Assistance_Program" title="Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program">Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program</a> (Liberia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIANCO" title="BIANCO">BIANCO</a> (Madagascar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Anti-Corruption_Commission" title="Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission">Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_of_Myanmar" title="Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar">Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar</a> (Myanmar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Corrupt_Practices_Commission" title="Independent Corrupt Practices Commission">Independent Corrupt Practices Commission</a> (Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">National Accountability Bureau</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_Task_Force_Sweep" title="Investigation Task Force Sweep">Investigation Task Force Sweep</a> (Papua New Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">Central Anticorruption Bureau</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_General_Directorate" title="Anti-Corruption General Directorate">Anti-Corruption General Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate" title="National Anticorruption Directorate">National Anticorruption Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Committee_of_Russia" title="Investigative Committee of Russia">Investigative Committee of Russia</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Anti-corruption_Commission" title="Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission">Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Investigation_Bureau" title="Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau">Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Prevention_of_Corruption_of_the_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia">Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_and_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission">Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Bureau_of_Ukraine" title="National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine">National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine</a> (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warioba_Commission" title="Warioba Commission">Warioba Commission</a> (Tanzania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Steering_Committee_on_Anti-corruption" title="Central Steering Committee on Anti-corruption">Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption</a> (Vietnam)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws and<br />enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter_and_Grievance_Redressal_Bill_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011">Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011</a> (pending)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Foreign Corrupt Practices Act">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Extortion_Prevention_Act" title="Foreign Extortion Prevention Act">Foreign Extortion Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lokpal_and_Lokayuktas_Act,_2013" title="The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013">The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_Act_2010" title="Bribery Act 2010">UK Bribery Act of 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower#Legal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br />instruments<br />and efforts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_Against_Corruption" title="Inter-American Convention Against Corruption">Inter-American Convention Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">International asset recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Anti-Corruption_Authorities" title="International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities">International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protest<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011 Azerbaijani protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">Anti-austerity movement in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-corruption_campaign" title="Russian anti-corruption campaign">Russian anti-corruption campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">Yo Soy 132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_Romanian_protests" title="2017–2019 Romanian protests">2017–2019 Romanian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Russian_protests" title="2017–2018 Russian protests">2017–2018 Russian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&oldid=1274933767">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&oldid=1274933767</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bribery" title="Category:Bribery">Bribery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalism" title="Category:Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Management_cybernetics" title="Category:Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_corruption" title="Category:Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terminology" title="Category:Political terminology">Political terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_choice_theory" title="Category:Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2025" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2025">Articles with dead external links from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2019">Use mdy dates from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2022">Articles needing additional references from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2022">Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Misleading_articles_from_May_2016" title="Category:Misleading articles from May 2016">Misleading articles from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_misleading_articles" title="Category:All misleading articles">All misleading articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_December_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2021">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 February 2025, at 02:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crony_capitalism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crony capitalism</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>30 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-btqzh","wgBackendResponseTime":127,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.043","walltime":"1.297","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5685,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":291631,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13851,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":275723,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1099.986 1 -total"," 34.27% 376.922 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.90% 130.900 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 10.11% 111.263 1 Template:Capitalism_sidebar"," 9.88% 108.689 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.79% 107.738 24 Template:Cite_web"," 9.45% 103.944 6 Template:Cite_book"," 9.17% 100.844 3 Template:Ambox"," 8.96% 98.538 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 8.78% 96.611 19 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.658","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8439005,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-9c7dr","timestamp":"20250214064123","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Crony capitalism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crony_capitalism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2937479","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2937479","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-03-11T15:34:30Z","dateModified":"2025-02-10T02:50:15Z","headline":"capitalism featuring undue alliances between business interests and politicians"}</script> </body> </html>