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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Campbell" title="Alexander Campbell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alexander Campbell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Campbell" title="Alexander Campbell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alexander Campbell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94_%EC%BA%A0%EB%B2%A8" title="알렉산더 캠벨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산더 캠벨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Campbell" title="Alexander Campbell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Campbell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Campbell" title="Alexander Campbell – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alexander Campbell" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(pr%C3%A9dik%C3%A1tor)" title="Alexander Campbell (prédikátor) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alexander Campbell (prédikátor)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اليكساندر كامپبيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليكساندر كامپبيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(voorganger)" title="Alexander Campbell (voorganger) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexander Campbell (voorganger)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell (clergyman)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scots-Irish American ordained minister (1788–1866)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alexander Campbell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Campbell,_founder_of_the_Disciples_of_Christ,_head-and-shoulders_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alexander_Campbell%2C_founder_of_the_Disciples_of_Christ%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait.jpg/220px-Alexander_Campbell%2C_founder_of_the_Disciples_of_Christ%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alexander_Campbell%2C_founder_of_the_Disciples_of_Christ%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait.jpg/330px-Alexander_Campbell%2C_founder_of_the_Disciples_of_Christ%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alexander_Campbell%2C_founder_of_the_Disciples_of_Christ%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait.jpg/440px-Alexander_Campbell%2C_founder_of_the_Disciples_of_Christ%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="982" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Campbell around 1855</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1788-09-12</span>)</span>12 September 1788<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Broughshane" title="Broughshane">Broughshane</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>, Ireland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 1866<span style="display:none">(1866-03-04)</span> (aged 77)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bethany,_West_Virginia" title="Bethany, West Virginia">Bethany, West Virginia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label">God's Acre, Bethany, West Virginia, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Margaret Brown</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="12 March 1811">1811</span>; died 1827)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Selina_Huntington_Bakewell_Campbell" title="Selina Huntington Bakewell Campbell">Selina Huntington Bakewell</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="31 July 1828">1828</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">14</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(minister)" title="Thomas Campbell (minister)">Thomas Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data">Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ_(Campbell_Movement)" title="Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement)">Disciples of Christ</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1812</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writings</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Baptist" title="Christian Baptist">Christian Baptist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_Oracles" title="Living Oracles">Living Oracles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Millennial_Harbinger" title="Millennial Harbinger">Millennial Harbinger</a></i></li> <li><i>The Christian System</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Congregations served</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brush_Run_Church" title="Brush Run Church">Brush Run Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bethany_Church" title="Old Bethany Church">Bethany Church of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/University_President" class="mw-redirect" title="University President">President</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bethany_College_(West_Virginia)" title="Bethany College (West Virginia)">Bethany College</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1840 – 4 March 1866</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William K. Pendelton</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd President of the<br />General Convention of the<br /><a href="/wiki/American_Christian_Missionary_Society" title="American Christian Missionary Society">American Christian Missionary Society</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1850–1866</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">David S. Burnet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">David S. Burnet</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander Campbell</b> (12 September 1788 – 4 March 1866) was an <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a> immigrant who became an <a href="/wiki/Ordained_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained minister">ordained minister</a> in the United States and joined his father <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Campbell (clergyman)">Thomas Campbell</a> as a leader of a reform effort that is historically known as the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>, and by some as the "Stone-Campbell Movement." It resulted in the development of non-denominational Christian churches, which stressed reliance on scripture and few essentials.<sup id="cite_ref-McAllister_&_Tucker_1975_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAllister_&_Tucker_1975-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111">: 111 </span></sup> </p><p>Campbell was influenced by similar efforts in Scotland, in particular, by James and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Haldane" title="Robert Haldane">Robert Haldane</a>, who emphasized their interpretation of Christianity as found in the New Testament. In 1832, the group of reformers led by the Campbells merged with a similar movement that began under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Barton_W._Stone" title="Barton W. Stone">Barton W. Stone</a> in Kentucky.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> Their congregations identified as Disciples of Christ or Christian churches. </p><p>Several church groups have some historical ties with Campbell's efforts. The three main groups are the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>, and the independent <a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a>. Additionally, there are the <a href="/wiki/International_Churches_of_Christ" title="International Churches of Christ">International Churches of Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="International Christian Church">International Christian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Australia" title="Churches of Christ in Australia">Churches of Christ in Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Europe" title="Churches of Christ in Europe">Churches of Christ in Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian_Church_in_Canada" title="Evangelical Christian Church in Canada">Evangelical Christian Church in Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campbell also founded <a href="/wiki/Bethany_College_(West_Virginia)" title="Bethany College (West Virginia)">Bethany College</a> in what became <a href="/wiki/Bethany,_West_Virginia" title="Bethany, West Virginia">Bethany, West Virginia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Campbell_(minister)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Campbell_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alexander_Campbell_young.jpg/170px-Alexander_Campbell_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alexander_Campbell_young.jpg/255px-Alexander_Campbell_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Alexander_Campbell_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Young Alexander Campbell</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander Campbell was born 12 September 1788 near <a href="/wiki/Ballymena" title="Ballymena">Ballymena</a>, in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Broughshane" title="Broughshane">Broughshane</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McAllister_&_Tucker_1975_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAllister_&_Tucker_1975-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> His parents were <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Campbell (clergyman)">Thomas Campbell</a> and Jane Corneigle Campbell, who were of Scots descent.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DNB_Alexander_Campbell_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB_Alexander_Campbell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like his father, he was educated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>, where he was greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a> philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> He was also influenced by the English philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1809 at the age of 21, Alexander emigrated to the United States with his mother and siblings from Scotland, to join his father Thomas, who had emigrated there in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117–118">: 117–118 </span></sup> They sailed from Scotland on the <i>Latonia</i> on 3 August 1809 and landed in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on 29 September, then traveled overland to Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> They continued to western Pennsylvania, where the senior Campbell was serving as a minister in <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington County, Pennsylvania">Washington County</a> on the frontier. Alexander was <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> by his father's <a href="/wiki/Brush_Run_Church" title="Brush Run Church">Brush Run Church</a> on 1 January 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_personal_life">Marriage and personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Campbell_(minister)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The year before, Campbell had married Margaret Brown on 12 March 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doran_1997_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran_1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup> Margaret's father John Brown owned a significant amount of land in the Bethany, Virginia, area (now in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> The couple resided in what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_Mansion" title="Alexander Campbell Mansion">Alexander Campbell Mansion</a> near Bethany, and had eight children. Their first child, a daughter, was born on 13 March 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-Doran_1997_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran_1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup> </p><p>His daughter's birth spurred Campbell to study the subject of baptism. He ultimately concluded that scripture did not support the <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">baptism of infants</a>. He came to believe that individuals had to choose conversion for themselves and baptism was not appropriate until they did so.<sup id="cite_ref-Doran_1997_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran_1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup> </p><p>After the death of Margaret in 1827, Campbell married again the next year, to <a href="/wiki/Selina_Huntington_Bakewell_Campbell" title="Selina Huntington Bakewell Campbell">Selina Huntington Bakewell</a> on 31 July 1828; they had six children.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Selina_Campbell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Selina_Campbell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_life">Public life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Campbell_(minister)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Bethany_Church_of_Christ,_Bethany,_West_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Old_Bethany_Church_of_Christ%2C_Bethany%2C_West_Virginia.jpg/250px-Old_Bethany_Church_of_Christ%2C_Bethany%2C_West_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Old_Bethany_Church_of_Christ%2C_Bethany%2C_West_Virginia.jpg/375px-Old_Bethany_Church_of_Christ%2C_Bethany%2C_West_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Old_Bethany_Church_of_Christ%2C_Bethany%2C_West_Virginia.jpg/500px-Old_Bethany_Church_of_Christ%2C_Bethany%2C_West_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Bethany_Church" title="Old Bethany Church">Old Bethany Church</a> with Historical Marker</figcaption></figure><p>From 1815 to 1824, Campbell and his father kept the Brush Run Church affiliated with a local Baptist association. After disagreements over some issues, they allied with the Mahoning Baptist Association. </p><p>Campbell's only formal political service was as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1829%E2%80%931830" title="Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830">Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>. He met some of the leading politicians of the day and was invited to preach in several churches in the capital city.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 123">: 123 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1840, Campbell founded <a href="/wiki/Bethany_College_(West_Virginia)" title="Bethany College (West Virginia)">Bethany College</a> in Bethany, Virginia (now <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>). He believed that the clergy should be college educated. Many future leaders of the Disciples of Christ and Churches of Christ graduated from the college, although some latter congregations did not attach the same value to theological study and professional clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129">: 129 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Bethany_College_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Bethany_College-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74–75">: 74–75 </span></sup> </p><p>Campbell visited the United Kingdom in 1847. During the trip he gave public lectures in England and Scotland. He went to Ireland to deliver funds that U.S. Restoration Movement churches had raised for relief in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>. While at <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, he was challenged by James Robertson<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2017)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> to a debate on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> protected and Campbell defended as moral.<sup id="cite_ref-Pillsbury_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pillsbury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the fierce exchange, Robertson sued Campbell for <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a>. The American denied the charge, but he was arrested and imprisoned for ten days. Campbell was released when the warrant for his arrest was declared to be illegal. The case was ultimately tried, and the jury decided in his favor.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 128–129">: 128–129 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DNB_Alexander_Campbell_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB_Alexander_Campbell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings_and_works">Writings and works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Campbell_(minister)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writings and works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Campbell_1788.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Alexander_Campbell_1788.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Campbell</figcaption></figure> <p>While in his early 20s, Campbell wrote several moral essays under the pseudonym "Clarinda." and published them in a local paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holloway_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1820, his debate with the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> John Walker was published, reminding him of the efficacy of writing and publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holloway_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He bought a press and built a small print shop in 1823, establishing what proved to be a successful publishing operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holloway_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Campbell edited and published two journals. The first was the <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Baptist" title="Christian Baptist">Christian Baptist</a>,</i> which he edited from 1823 through 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Baptist_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Baptist-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174">: 174 </span></sup> The second was <i>The <a href="/wiki/Millennial_Harbinger" title="Millennial Harbinger">Millennial Harbinger</a>,</i> which he began in 1830 and continued to edit until his death in 1866. He became less active in it during the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Millennial_Harbinger_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Millennial_Harbinger-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 517–518">: 517–518 </span></sup> In both, he advocated the reform of Christianity along the lines as it was practiced on the American frontier. He encouraged contributions by writers who thought differently from him, and the journals encouraged a lively dialogue about issues in the reform movement. </p><p>Campbell expanded his printing operation in 1830 for the <i>Millennial Harbinger</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holloway_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change from the <i>Christian Baptist</i> to the <i>Harbinger</i> was prompted by several concerns. Differences of opinion were arising between Campbell and the Baptists, and in many cases Baptist associations were expelling persons connected with the Campbell movement. He was concerned that "Christian Baptist" – which he considered to be less appropriate than the biblical term "Disciples" – was becoming the <i>de facto</i> name of the group. He also wanted the new journal to have a more positive tone, promoting reform and preparing the world for the millennium and the second coming of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holloway_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Campbell wrote several books, including <i>The Christian System</i>. He also wrote hymns, including "Upon the Banks of Jordan Stood".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campbell compiled and published a translation of the New Testament under the title <i>The <a href="/wiki/Living_Oracles" title="Living Oracles">Living Oracles</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holloway_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Bible_Versions_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Bible_Versions-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87–88">: 87–88 </span></sup> Published in 1826, it was based on an 1818 translation by George Campbell, James MacKnight and Philip Doddridge, and included edits and extensive notes by Campbell.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holloway_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Bible_Versions_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Bible_Versions-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87–88">: 87–88 </span></sup> </p><p>His known works include: </p> <ul><li><i>The Living Oracles</i> (1826) – Campbell's translation of the New Testament</li> <li><i>Psalms, Hymns and Spiritual Songs</i> (1828)</li> <li><i>Prospectus of the Millennial Harbinger</i> (1829)</li> <li><i>Delusions: An Analysis of the Book of Mormon</i> (1832)</li> <li><i>The Christian Preacher's Companion</i> (1836)</li> <li><i>The Christian System</i> (1839) – summary of Campbell's theology</li> <li><i>The Christian Hymnbook</i> (1843)</li> <li><i>A Tract for the People of Kentucky</i> (1849)</li> <li><i>Christian Baptism—Its Antecedents and Consequents</i> (1851)</li> <li><i>The Acts of the Apostles</i> (1858) – Campbell's translation</li> <li><i>Memoirs of Elder Thomas Campbell</i> (1861)</li> <li><i>Popular Lectures and Addresses</i> (1863)</li> <li><i>Familiar Lectures on the Pentateuch</i> (1867)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_debates">Public debates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Campbell_(minister)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a time, Campbell was wary of public debates.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1820, he debated with Rev. John Walker, a Baptist preacher, at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Ohio" title="Mount Pleasant, Ohio">Mount Pleasant, Ohio</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">baptism</a>, and since then, regularly participated in debates. Some of them gained national and international attention after their transcripts were published. In 1823, he debated with Rev. William L. McCalla, a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> minister, on <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>; in April 1829, with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> on <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>; in January 1837, with Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Purcell" title="John Baptist Purcell">John Baptist Purcell</a> on <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>; in September 1843, he defended the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a> in a debate with Rev. Nathan L. Rice, who represented traditional Presbyterianism.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death,_legacy,_and_honors"><span id="Death.2C_legacy.2C_and_honors"></span>Death, legacy, and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Campbell_(minister)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death, legacy, and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg/170px-Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg/255px-Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg/340px-Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Campbell, age 65</figcaption></figure><p>Alexander Campbell died at the age of 77 on 4 March 1866 at <a href="/wiki/Bethany,_West_Virginia" title="Bethany, West Virginia">Bethany, West Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_Alexander_Campbell_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB_Alexander_Campbell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His widow died more than three decades later, on 28 June 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Selina_Campbell_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Selina_Campbell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 136, 138">: 136, 138 </span></sup> His nephew <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(abolitionist)" title="Archibald Campbell (abolitionist)">Archibald Campbell</a> (1833–1899) had already become an important abolitionist and Republican party leader, and as editor of the <i>Wheeling Daily Intelligencer</i> helped found what became the state of West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li>Campbell was instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>, which resulted in a new direction for American Christians and founding of numerous new, non-denominational churches as well as <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciples of Christ">the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>.</li> <li>His house in Bethany, West Virginia, the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_Mansion" title="Alexander Campbell Mansion">Alexander Campbell Mansion</a>, was designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.</li> <li>The Alexander Campbell Auditorium at <a href="/wiki/Culver%E2%80%93Stockton_College" title="Culver–Stockton College">Culver-Stockton College</a> is named in his honor.</li> <li>Campbell is known to have preached at the <a href="/wiki/Slash_Church" title="Slash Church">Slash Church</a>, now on the National Register of Historic Places in rural <a href="/wiki/Hanover_County,_Virginia" title="Hanover County, Virginia">Hanover County, Virginia</a> and still used by a Disciples of Christ congregation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Campbell_(minister)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Carbajal" title="José María Jesús Carbajal">José María Jesús Carbajal</a>, spiritually mentored by Campbell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bethany_Church" title="Old Bethany Church">Old Bethany Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Campbell_(minister)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McAllister_&_Tucker_1975-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAllister_&_Tucker_1975_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAllister_&_Tucker_1975_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McAllister, Lester and Tucker, William E. <i>Journey in Faith</i> St. Louis, Missouri: The Bethany Press, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.</a>, 2004, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on <i>Campbell, Alexander</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sydney E. Ahlstrom, <i>A Religious History of the American People</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB_Alexander_Campbell-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_Alexander_Campbell_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_Alexander_Campbell_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_Alexander_Campbell_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoase1886" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Clement_Boase" title="George Clement Boase">Boase, George Clement</a> (1886). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campbell, Alexander (1788-1866)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Campbell,_Alexander_(1788-1866)">"Campbell, Alexander (1788-1866)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 08. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Campbell%2C+Alexander+%281788-1866%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Boase&rft.aufirst=George+Clement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Campbell+%28minister%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran_1997-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doran_1997_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doran_1997_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doran_1997_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adron Doran, <i>Restoring New Testament Christianity</i>, 21st Century Christian, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89098-161-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89098-161-2">0-89098-161-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Selina_Campbell-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Selina_Campbell_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Selina_Campbell_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on <i>Campbell, Selina Huntington Bakewell</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Bethany_College-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Bethany_College_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on <i>Bethany College</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pillsbury-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pillsbury_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillsbury1847" class="citation book cs1">Pillsbury, Parker (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/churchasitisorf00pillgoog/churchasitisorf00pillgoog_djvu.txt"><i>The Church as it is: Or, The Forlorn Hope of Slavery</i></a>. Concord, New Hampshire: A. Forbes. pp. 56–58<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>There is not one verse in the Bible inhibiting it, but many regulating it. It is not then, we conclude, immoral.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+as+it+is%3A+Or%2C+The+Forlorn+Hope+of+Slavery&rft.place=Concord%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pages=56-58&rft.pub=A.+Forbes&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Pillsbury&rft.aufirst=Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fchurchasitisorf00pillgoog%2Fchurchasitisorf00pillgoog_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Campbell+%28minister%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holloway_1995-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holloway_1995_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Holloway, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_37_no_1_contents/holloway.html">"Alexander Campbell as a Publisher"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903213745/http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_37_no_1_contents/holloway.html">Archived</a> 2006-09-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Quarterly" title="Restoration Quarterly">Restoration Quarterly</a></i>, Vol. 37 No. 1 (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greg Taylor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discipleshistory.org/online/topics/campbell-blogger.htm">"Alexander Campbell: Millennial Blogger"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110712072610/http://www.discipleshistory.org/online/topics/campbell-blogger.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Disciples of Christ Historical Society, Accessed June 13, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Baptist-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Baptist_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on <i>Christian Baptist, The</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Millennial_Harbinger-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Millennial_Harbinger_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on <i>Millennial Harbinger, The</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, Robert. <i>Memoirs of Alexander Campbell</i>. In two volumes. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1871. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/rrichardson/mac/MAC221.HTM">Vol 2, Chapter XXI, Footnote 1</a> Accessed 1-Nov-2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Bible_Versions-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Bible_Versions_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Bible_Versions_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on <i>Bible, Versions and Translations of</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Hines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianchronicler.com/History2/campbell_debates.html">Campbell's Great Debates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302150651/http://www.christianchronicler.com/History2/campbell_debates.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Church History Pages</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haley, J. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/debatesthatmadeh00hale#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Debates that made history: the story of Alexander Campbell's debates with Rev. John Walker, Rev. W. L. McCalla, Mr. Robert Owen, Bishop Purcell and Rev. Nathan L. Rice</i></a>. Saint Louis, Missouri: Christian Board of Publication, 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117020022/http://edu.lva.virginia.gov/online_classroom/union_or_secession/people/archibald_campbell">"Education from LVA: Archibald Campbell"</a>. <i>edu.lva.virginia.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.lva.virginia.gov/online_classroom/union_or_secession/people/archibald_campbell">the original</a> on 17 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edu.lva.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=Education+from+LVA%3A+Archibald+Campbell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedu.lva.virginia.gov%2Fonline_classroom%2Funion_or_secession%2Fpeople%2Farchibald_campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Campbell+%28minister%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902172146/http://wvweb.com/page/content.detail/id/500125/Archibald-Campbell--A-Champion-for-West-Virginia.html?nav=5032">"Archibald Campbell: A Champion for West Virginia"</a>. <i>West Virginia Web: Your gateway to West Virginia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wvweb.com/page/content.detail/id/500125/Archibald-Campbell--A-Champion-for-West-Virginia.html?nav=5032">the original</a> on 2 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+Virginia+Web%3A+Your+gateway+to+West+Virginia&rft.atitle=Archibald+Campbell%3A+A+Champion+for+West+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwvweb.com%2Fpage%2Fcontent.detail%2Fid%2F500125%2FArchibald-Campbell--A-Champion-for-West-Virginia.html%3Fnav%3D5032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Campbell+%28minister%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/903">"Archibald W. Campbell"</a>. <i>www.wvencyclopedia.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wvencyclopedia.org&rft.atitle=Archibald+W.+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2F903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Campbell+%28minister%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2019" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Bob (13 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203070312/http://wvpublic.org/post/february-13-1899-wheeling-newspaperman-archibald-campbell-dies-65">"February 13, 1899: Wheeling Newspaperman Archibald Campbell Dies at 65"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wvpublic.org/post/february-13-1899-wheeling-newspaperman-archibald-campbell-dies-65">the original</a> on 3 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+13%2C+1899%3A+Wheeling+Newspaperman+Archibald+Campbell+Dies+at+65&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwvpublic.org%2Fpost%2Ffebruary-13-1899-wheeling-newspaperman-archibald-campbell-dies-65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Campbell+%28minister%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Campbell_(minister)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Challen, James (editor), "Biographical Sketch of Alexander Campbell", <i>Ladies' Christian Annual</i>, March 1857 (Volume VI, No. 3), Philadelphia: James Challen, Publisher. Pages 81–90. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404132849/http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/jchallen/lcab/CAMPBLA9.HTM">Online Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Caleb_Clanton" title="J. Caleb Clanton">Clanton, J. Caleb</a>. <i>The Philosophy of Religion of Alexander Campbell</i> (U of Tennessee Press, 2013) 207 pp [DOI:10.1080/14664658.2014.979000 online review]</li> <li>Foster, Douglas, et al., <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement</i>. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005.</li> <li>Holloway, Gary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903213745/http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_37_no_1_contents/holloway.html">"Alexander Campbell as a Publisher"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Quarterly" title="Restoration Quarterly">Restoration Quarterly</a></i>, Vol. 37/No. 1 (1995) *</li> <li>McAllister, Lester and Tucker, William E. <i>Journey in Faith</i> St. Louis, Missouri: The Bethany Press, 1975.</li> <li>Richardson, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/memoirsofalexand12rich#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Memoirs of Alexander Campbell</i></a>. In two volumes. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1871.</li> <li>Verkruyse, Peter A. "Prophet, Pastor and Patriarch: The Rhetorical Leadership of Alexander Campbell." Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Campbell_(minister)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Meeting_House" title="Cane Ridge Meeting House">Cane Ridge Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Presbytery" title="Springfield Presbytery">Springfield Presbytery</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Last_Will_and_Testament_of_The_Springfield_Presbytery" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery">Last Will and Testament</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Purviance" title="David Purviance">David Purviance</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(minister)" title="Thomas Campbell (minister)">Thomas Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Association_of_Washington" title="Christian Association of Washington">Christian Association of Washington</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_and_Address" title="Declaration and Address">Declaration and Address</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_Run_Church" title="Brush Run Church">Brush Run Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstone_Baptist_Association" title="Redstone Baptist Association">Redstone Baptist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Baptist_Association" title="Mahoning Baptist Association">Mahoning Baptist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott_(clergyman)" title="Walter Scott (clergyman)">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Restoration_Movement)" title="John Smith (Restoration Movement)">"Raccoon" John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbellite" title="Campbellite">Campbellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">United Movement (1832–1906)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:100%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Turner_Barclay" title="James Turner Barclay">James Turner Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Huntington_Bakewell_Campbell" title="Selina Huntington Bakewell Campbell">Selina Huntington Bakewell Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Errett" title="Isaac Errett">Isaac Errett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolbert_Fanning" title="Tolbert Fanning">Tolbert Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(clergyman)" title="Benjamin Franklin (clergyman)">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lipscomb" title="David Lipscomb">David Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb_(clergyman)" title="William Lipscomb (clergyman)">William Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Lister" title="Charles J. Lister">Charles J. Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Martindale" title="Elijah Martindale">Elijah Martindale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_McGarvey" title="John William McGarvey">John William McGarvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Neville_Pearre" title="Caroline Neville Pearre">Caroline Neville Pearre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sommer" title="Daniel Sommer">Daniel Sommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Christian_Missionary_Society" title="American Christian Missionary Society">American Christian Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Woman%27s_Board_of_Missions" title="Christian Woman's Board of Missions">Christian Woman's Board of Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Christian_Missionary_Society" title="Foreign Christian Missionary Society">Foreign Christian Missionary Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">20th Century</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">21st Century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Craddock" title="Fred Craddock">Fred Craddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Keeble" title="Marshall Keeble">Marshall Keeble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clayton_Morrison" title="Charles Clayton Morrison">Charles Clayton Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Taylor" title="Preston Taylor">Preston Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Trout" title="Jessie Trout">Jessie Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Barber_II" title="William Barber II">William Barber II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Hord_Owens" title="Teresa Hord Owens">Teresa Hord Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_E._Watkins" title="Sharon E. Watkins">Sharon E. Watkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><b>Periodicals</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Baptist" title="Christian Baptist">Christian Baptist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Messenger" title="Christian Messenger">Christian Messenger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Millennial_Harbinger" title="Millennial Harbinger">Millennial Harbinger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_British_Millennial_Harbinger" title="The British Millennial Harbinger">The British Millennial Harbinger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Standard" title="Christian Standard">Christian Standard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Advocate" title="Gospel Advocate">Gospel Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firm_Foundation" title="Firm Foundation">Firm Foundation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Word_and_Work" title="Word and Work">Word and Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Chronicle" title="The Christian Chronicle">The Christian Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Truth_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth Magazine">Truth Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Quarterly" title="Restoration Quarterly">Restoration Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Magazine_(Churches_of_Christ)" title="Christianity Magazine (Churches of Christ)">Christianity Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DisciplesWorld" title="DisciplesWorld">DisciplesWorld</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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