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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div 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title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名称</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-建国初期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#建国初期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>建国初期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-建国初期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-德國統一" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#德國統一"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>德國統一</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-德國統一-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-制度建立" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#制度建立"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>制度建立</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-制度建立-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-俾斯麥時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#俾斯麥時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>俾斯麥時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-俾斯麥時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-文化鬥爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化鬥爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>文化鬥爭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文化鬥爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-制定法律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#制定法律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>制定法律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-制定法律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-德意志化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#德意志化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>德意志化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-德意志化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-反猶主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#反猶主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>反猶主義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-反猶主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-三帝之年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#三帝之年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>三帝之年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-三帝之年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-威廉時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#威廉時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>威廉時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-威廉時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-權力轉移" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#權力轉移"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>權力轉移</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-權力轉移-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國內事務" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國內事務"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>國內事務</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國內事務-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-一戰時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一戰時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>一戰時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一戰時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-戰事起因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#戰事起因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>戰事起因</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-戰事起因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-西線戰場" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西線戰場"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>西線戰場</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西線戰場-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-東線戰場" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#東線戰場"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>東線戰場</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-東線戰場-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-計窮力竭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#計窮力竭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>計窮力竭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-計窮力竭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國內社會" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國內社會"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.5</span> <span>國內社會</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國內社會-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-帝國滅亡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帝國滅亡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>帝國滅亡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-帝國滅亡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>政治</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关政治子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-聯邦体制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聯邦体制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>聯邦体制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聯邦体制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-帝國議會" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帝國議會"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>帝國議會</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-帝國議會-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-三大階層" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#三大階層"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>三大階層</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-三大階層-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政区" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政区"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>政区</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政区-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关政区子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政区-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-德国本土" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#德国本土"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>德国本土</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-德国本土-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-海外属地" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海外属地"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>海外属地</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海外属地-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>工業</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-工業-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关工業子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-工業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-發展迅速" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發展迅速"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>發展迅速</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發展迅速-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-金融工商" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#金融工商"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>金融工商</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-金融工商-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鐵路運輸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鐵路運輸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>鐵路運輸</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鐵路運輸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-印染工業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#印染工業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>印染工業</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-印染工業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社會" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社會"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>社會</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-社會-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关社會子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-社會-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-法律法规" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法律法规"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>法律法规</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法律法规-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-城市發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#城市發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>城市發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-城市發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-平权福利" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#平权福利"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>平权福利</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-平权福利-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>語言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>宗教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>文化</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文化子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-哲學藝術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哲學藝術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>哲學藝術</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哲學藝術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學技術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學技術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>科學技術</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科學技術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-軍事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#軍事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>軍事</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-軍事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外交" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外交"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>外交</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外交-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关外交子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-外交-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-歐陸政策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐陸政策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>歐陸政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐陸政策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-世界政策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#世界政策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>世界政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-世界政策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中東地區" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中東地區"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>中東地區</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中東地區-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-南美地區" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#南美地區"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.2</span> <span>南美地區</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-南美地區-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-徽章" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#徽章"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>徽章</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-徽章-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-皇帝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#皇帝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>皇帝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-皇帝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-总理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#总理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>总理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-总理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-帝國遺產" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帝國遺產"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>帝國遺產</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-帝國遺產-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关帝國遺產子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-帝國遺產-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-發展奠基" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發展奠基"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>發展奠基</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發展奠基-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-道路辯論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#道路辯論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>道路辯論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-道路辯論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-領土損失" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領土損失"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>領土損失</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-領土損失-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-解釋性筆記" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#解釋性筆記"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3</span> <span>解釋性筆記</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-解釋性筆記-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关延伸阅读子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-网页" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#网页"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>网页</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-网页-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-書籍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#書籍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>書籍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-書籍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.3</span> <span>链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">德意志帝國</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。117种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_Keiserryk" title="Duitse Keiserryk – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duitse Keiserryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Kaiserreich" title="Deutsches Kaiserreich – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutsches Kaiserreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Alemán – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Alemán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisce_Rice" title="Germanisce Rice – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Germanisce Rice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية الألمانية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الألمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="امبراطورية المانيا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطورية المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_alem%C3%A1n" title="Imperiu alemán – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu alemán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Almaniya imperiyası – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="آلمان ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Германия империяһы – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германия империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Германская імперыя – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нямецкая імпэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямецкая імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германска империя – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="জার্মান সাম্রাজ্য – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মান সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_alaman" title="Impalaeriezh alaman – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh alaman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dko_Carstvo" title="Njemačko Carstvo – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemačko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Германиин эзэнтэ гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Германиин эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Alemany" title="Imperi Alemany – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Лоьмсойн шуре – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лоьмсойн шуре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ئەڵمانی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ئەڵمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Německé císařství – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německé císařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymerodraeth_yr_Almaen" title="Ymerodraeth yr Almaen – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymerodraeth yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyske_Kejserrige" title="Tyske Kejserrige – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyske Kejserrige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Kaiserreich" title="Deutsches Kaiserreich – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsches Kaiserreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανική Αυτοκρατορία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανική Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="German Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_Imperiestra_Regno" title="Germana Imperiestra Regno – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana Imperiestra Regno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_alem%C3%A1n" title="Imperio alemán – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_keisririik" title="Saksa keisririik – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniar_Inperioa" title="Alemaniar Inperioa – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امپراتوری آلمان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_keisarikunta" title="Saksan keisarikunta – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_allemand" title="Empire allemand – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiisk_Keiserrik" title="Sjiisk Keiserrik – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sjiisk Keiserrik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtske_Keizerryk" title="Dútske Keizerryk – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútske Keizerryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireacht_na_Gearm%C3%A1ine" title="Impireacht na Gearmáine – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Impireacht na Gearmáine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireachd_na_Gearmailte" title="Impireachd na Gearmailte – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Impireachd na Gearmailte" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Alemán – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Alemán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הקיסרות הגרמנית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקיסרות הגרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="जर्मन साम्राज्य – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dko_Carstvo" title="Njemačko Carstvo – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Alman" title="Anpi Alman – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Alman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_Cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rs%C3%A1g" title="Német Császárság – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német Császárság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գերմանական կայսրություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jerman" title="Kekaisaran Jerman – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_Imperio" title="Germana Imperio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDska_keisarad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0" title="Þýska keisaradæmið – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýska keisaradæmið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_tedesco" title="Impero tedesco – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero tedesco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ドイツ帝国 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joerman_Empaya" title="Joerman Empaya – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joerman Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიის იმპერია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Germaniya imperiyası – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Germaniya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Герман империясы – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герман империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ចក្រភពអាល្លឺម៉ង់ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពអាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="독일 제국 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Alman%C3%AE" title="Împeratoriya Almanî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Almanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Germanicum_(1871-1918)" title="Imperium Germanicum (1871-1918) – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Germanicum (1871-1918)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германиядин империя – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Германиядин империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Deutx" title="Impero Deutx – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Deutx" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtsj_Kezerriek" title="Dütsj Kezerriek – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Dütsj Kezerriek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segondo_Reich" title="Segondo Reich – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Segondo Reich" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mper_Tud%C3%ABsch" title="Mper Tudësch – 拉定语" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mper Tudësch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="拉定语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_todesch" title="Imperi todesch – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imperi todesch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຈັກກະວັດເຢຍລະມັນ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_imperija" title="Vokietijos imperija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cijas_Imp%C4%93rija" title="Vācijas Impērija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācijas Impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Alem%C3%A0na" title="Empira Alemàna – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Alemàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Германско Царство – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Германы Хаант Улс – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Германы Хаант Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="जर्मन साम्राज्य – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Jerman" title="Empayar Jerman – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဂျာမန်အင်ပါယာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမန်အင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آلمان امپراتوری – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمان امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch_Kaiserriek" title="Düütsch Kaiserriek – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütsch Kaiserriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="जर्मन साम्राज्य – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_Keizerrijk" title="Duitse Keizerrijk – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitse Keizerrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tyske_keisard%C3%B8met" title="Det tyske keisardømet – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det tyske keisardømet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tyske_keiserrike" title="Det tyske keiserrike – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det tyske keiserrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Alemand" title="Empèri Alemand – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Alemand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Alemán – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Imperio Alemán" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Niemieckie" title="Cesarstwo Niemieckie – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Niemieckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="جرمن سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمن سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="جرمن سترواکي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمن سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Alem%C3%A3o" title="Império Alemão – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Alemão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_German" title="Imperiul German – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul German" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германская империя – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%A3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%86%D1%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Нѣмецке цѣсарство – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нѣмецке цѣсарство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_tedescu" title="Impèriu tedescu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu tedescu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="German Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dko_Carstvo" title="Njemačko Carstvo – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="German Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemeck%C3%A9_cis%C3%A1rstvo_(1871_%E2%80%93_1918)" title="Nemecké cisárstvo (1871 – 1918) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecké cisárstvo (1871 – 1918)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1ko_cesarstvo" title="Nemško cesarstvo – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemško cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Gjermane" title="Perandoria Gjermane – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Gjermane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Немачко царство – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачко царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Tyskland" title="Kejsardömet Tyskland – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kejsardömet Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niymiecke_Cys%C5%8Frstwo" title="Niymiecke Cysŏrstwo – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Niymiecke Cysŏrstwo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="செருமானியப் பேரரசு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செருமானியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Имперотурии Олмон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имперотурии Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิเยอรมัน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิเยอรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="German imperiýasy – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="German imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Aleman" title="Imperyong Aleman – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Aleman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Alman İmparatorluğu – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alman İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Алман империясе – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алман империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Німецька імперія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="جرمن سلطنت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمن سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_imperiyasi" title="Germaniya imperiyasi – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_Zerm%C3%A0nego" title="Inpero Zermànego – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero Zermànego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanijan_imperii" title="Germanijan imperii – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Germanijan imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Đế quốc Đức – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_han_Alemanya" title="Imperyo han Alemanya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo han Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志帝国 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德意志帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიაშ იმპერია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანიაშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_%E1%BB%8Cbal%C3%BAay%C3%A9_J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Jẹ́mánì – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德意志帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-%C3%AC-ch%C3%AC_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Tek-ì-chì Tè-kok – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-ì-chì Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德意志帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是1871年至1918年<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a>主導的「德意志第二帝國」。关于<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%971848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志1848年革命">德意志1848年革命</a>期間短暫存續的同名國家，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B_(1848%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1849%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志帝國 (1848年－1849年)">德意志帝國 (1848年－1849年)</a></b>」。关于962年至1806年存续的「德意志第一帝国」，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></b>」。关于1933年至1945年<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">阿道夫·希特勒</a>领导的「德意志第三帝国」，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">德意志國</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span lang="de">Deutsches Reich</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1871年－1918年</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; padding:0 2px 0 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德国国旗"><img alt="德国国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志帝国国旗">国旗</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; padding:0 5px 0 2px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德国国徽（1889－1918）"><img alt="德国国徽（1889－1918）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/85px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/128px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/170px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BE%BD#德意志帝国" title="德国国徽"> 国徽（1889－1918）</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><b>格言：</b><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%8E%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%90%8C%E5%9C%A8" title="主与我们同在">Gott mit uns</a></span><br />主與我們同在</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem" style=""><b>国歌：</b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%B2%81%E8%83%9C%E5%88%A9%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E6%A1%82%E5%86%A0" title="万岁胜利者的桂冠">Heil dir im Siegerkranz</a></span>（皇室颂歌）<br />《万岁胜利者的桂冠》<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="174" data-mwtitle="Heil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_(old_recording).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Heil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg/Heil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Heil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=af&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="af" label="Afrikaans‪（af）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch‪（de）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English‪（en）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español‪（es）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français‪（fr）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski‪（hr）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia‪（id）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語‪（ja）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어‪（ko）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil‪（pt-br）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português‪（pt）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский‪（ru）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย‪（th）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe‪（tr）‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><br /><hr /></li> <li><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C" title="德意志之歌">Das Lied der Deutschen</a></span>（非官方，通行）<br />《德意志之歌》<br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="75" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/National_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/National_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English‪（en）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語‪（ja）‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></li> <li><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E5%8D%AB%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5" title="守卫莱茵">Die Wacht am Rhein</a></span>（非官方）<br />《守卫莱茵》<br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Empire_in_1918.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1918年的德意志帝国"><img alt="1918年的德意志帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/German_Empire_in_1918.png/250px-German_Empire_in_1918.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/German_Empire_in_1918.png/375px-German_Empire_in_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/German_Empire_in_1918.png/500px-German_Empire_in_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1946" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">1918年的德意志帝国</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:German_colonial.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="一战前德国的殖民地和保护地"><img alt="一战前德国的殖民地和保护地" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/German_colonial.PNG/250px-German_colonial.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/German_colonial.PNG/375px-German_colonial.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/German_colonial.PNG/500px-German_colonial.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">一战前德国的殖民地和保护地</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">首都</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">常用语言</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><b>官方</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84090868">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; font-size:100%;padding:0.25em 0 0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><b>非官方：</b></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语">波兰语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="捷克语">捷克语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD" title="索布语">索布语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="弗里西语">弗里西语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="立陶宛语">立陶宛语</a>等</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">宗教<div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><b>多数：</b><br />62% <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%B9%89%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="信义宗">信义宗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="加爾文主義">归正宗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="普魯士聯合教會">普鲁士联合福音教会</a>）<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84090868"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; font-size:100%;padding:0.25em 0 0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><b>少数：</b></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> 36.5% <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马天主教">罗马天主教</a><br />1.5% <a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" title="犹太教">犹太教</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="德國政治">政府</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦制</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="议会制君主立宪制">议会制君主立宪制</a><br /><small>（1871年至1916年）</small><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="聯邦制">聯邦制</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主专制">君主专制</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">軍事獨裁</a><br /><small>（1916年至1918年）</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="德意志皇帝">皇帝</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1871年－1888年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1888年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈三世</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">1888年－1918年</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">總理</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1871年－1890年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</a><small>（首任）</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E9%80%A3%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB" title="馬克西米連·馮·巴登">馬克西米連·馮·巴登</a><small>（末任）</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">立法机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志帝国议会">帝国议会</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 联邦议院</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="聯邦議會 (德意志帝國)">聯邦議會</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">历史时期</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新帝国主义">新帝国主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="德意志帝国宪法">帝國憲法</a>生效 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1871年1月1日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">德意志統一</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1871年1月18日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 實行君主立憲 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1871年4月16日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1914年7月28日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="德国十一月革命">德國十一月革命</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1918年11月3日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D" title="德意志皇帝威廉二世退位">德皇威廉二世退位</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1918年11月28日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E8%BE%B9%E5%81%9C%E6%88%98%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="康边停战协定">停战协定</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1918年11月11日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="魏瑪憲法">魏瑪憲法</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1919年8月11日</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="德国地理">面积</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">1910年</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">540,857.54平方公里</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="德国人口">人口</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1871年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">40,050,790</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1890年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">49,428,470</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">64,925,993</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">货币</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">邦联银元、南德意志金元、不莱梅银元、汉堡马克、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E9%83%8E" title="法国法郎">法国法郎</a><br /><small>（至1873年共同使用）</small><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="黄金马克">黄金马克</a><br /><small>（1873年－1914年）</small><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B8%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="纸马克">纸马克</a><br /><small>（1914年－1918年）</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166码</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DE" title="ISO 3166-2:DE">DE</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>前身</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>继承</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="北德意志邦联">北德意志邦联</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亞王國</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="符騰堡王國">符騰堡王國</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="巴登大公國">巴登大公国</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/20px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/30px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/40px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="黑森大公国">黑森大公国</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰第二共和国</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="萨尔盆地地区">萨尔盆地地区</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Saar_1920-1935.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saar_1920-1935.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Saar_1920-1935.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saar_1920-1935.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Saar_1920-1935.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saar_1920-1935.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E6%BE%A4%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" title="但澤自由市">但澤自由市</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="397" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛共和国</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林共和國">阿爾薩斯-洛林共和國</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="梅梅爾領地">梅梅爾領地</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麦王国">丹麦王国</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="捷克斯洛伐克第一共和国">捷克斯洛伐克第一共和国</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BC%8A%E5%BD%AD-%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E8%BF%AA" title="奧伊彭-馬爾默迪">奧伊彭-馬爾默迪</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_German_Community_in_Belgium.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_German_Community_in_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_German_Community_in_Belgium.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_German_Community_in_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_German_Community_in_Belgium.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_German_Community_in_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">今属于</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷蘭</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="ib-country-fn">面积和人口不包含殖民地<br />面积来源：<sup id="cite_ref-gem1900_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gem1900-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>人口来源：<sup id="cite_ref-pop1871_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop1871-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:180px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="德国历史"><span style="color:#ffce00">德国历史</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1950年来的德意志联邦共和国国徽"><img alt="1950年来的德意志联邦共和国国徽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> 历史系列条目</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">早期历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大迁徙时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国">法兰克王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="加洛林帝国">加洛林帝国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">中世纪</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="東法蘭克王國">東法蘭克王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志王国">德意志王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="哈布斯堡君主國">哈布斯堡君主國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%90%91%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="东向移民运动">东向移民运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E9%A1%BF%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2%E5%9B%BD" title="条顿骑士团国">条顿骑士团国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="德意志近代史"><span style="color:#ffce00">近代历史</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%89%B2%E6%8D%AE" title="德意志割据">地方割据</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="18世纪德意志历史">18世纪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧地利帝國">奧地利帝國</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一"><span style="color:#ffce00">统一</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="萊茵邦聯">萊茵邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%971848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志1848年革命">德意志1848年革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="德意志關稅同盟">关税同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志国"><span style="color:#ffce00">德意志國</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德意志帝國</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="第一次世界大战期间的德国">第一次世界大战</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</a></li></ul> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.1em;"><small><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="萨尔盆地地区">萨尔</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BC%8A%E5%BD%AD-%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E8%BF%AA" title="奧伊彭-馬爾默迪">东比利时</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E6%BE%A4%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" title="但澤自由市">但泽</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E4%BD%A9%E9%81%94%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="克萊佩達地區">梅梅尔</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志奧地利共和國">奥地利</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%8F%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="蘇台德地區">苏台德</a></li></ul></div></small></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a></li></ul> <span style="position: relative; bottom: 0.1em;"><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="弗伦斯堡政府">弗伦斯堡政府</a></small></span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2_(1945%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941990%E5%B9%B4)" title="德国历史 (1945年—1990年)"><span style="color:#ffce00">冷战时期</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="同盟國軍事佔領德國">军事占领</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="德国前东部领土">前东部领土</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%88%98%E5%90%8E%E5%AF%B9%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%B1%E9%80%90" title="第二次世界大战战后对德意志人的驱逐">对德意志人的驱逐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E9%A0%98" title="薩爾保護領">薩爾保護領</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">当代</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="德国新联邦州">新联邦州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A5%E4%BE%86%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="兩德統一以來德國歷史">两德统一以来德国历史</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">专题史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="德国历史年表">时间轴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="德国经济史">经济史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国军事史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military history of Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国军事史（页面不存在）">军事史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Military history of Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military history of Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7" title="德國領土變遷">領土變遷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="柏林歷史">柏林</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国女权主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminism in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国女权主义（页面不存在）">女权主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Feminism in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminism in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0" title="德国的名称">德國国名</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:德国历史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:德国历史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德国历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>德意志帝國</b>（德語：<span lang="de">Deutsches Kaiserreich</span>）<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，正式國號為<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志國">德意志國</a></b>（<span lang="de">Deutsches Reich</span>），史家亦稱「<b>第二帝國</b>」（<span lang="de"><i>Zweiten Reich</i></span>），是指從在<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="普法戰爭">普法戰爭</a>之後的1871年1月18日，<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">德皇威廉一世</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E5%AE%AB" title="凡尔赛宫">凡爾賽</a>登基並宣佈<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志統一">統一德意志</a>之時，到1918年11月9日<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E5%80%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="霍亨索倫王朝">霍亨索倫王朝</a>末任皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a>宣佈退位為止，這47年間的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>德意志帝國成立於1871年1月18日，在此日，除了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="奧地利帝国">奧地利帝国</a>以外的所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志邦国">德意志邦國</a>都被普魯士纳入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a>之中，同時新憲法生效，普魯士將其所在的“北德”升級為“德意志國”，並对普魯士國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>授予了頭銜「<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%92%92_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="凱撒 (德國)">德意志的皇帝</a>（德語：<span lang="de">Deutscher Kaiser</span>）」，德皇從此由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%98%AD%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E4%BE%AF%E5%9C%8B" title="勃蘭登堡侯國">勃蘭登堡</a>的世袭家族<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="霍亨索伦王朝">霍亨索倫</a>，成為整個德意志地區的最高領袖<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>德意志帝国實行<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦制</a>，雖然<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="國際社會">國際社會</a>已经认可德國为一個統一的國家，但德国境内仍保留着23个半独立自治邦国（普鲁士本身除外），这些邦国仅在外交与军事上受制于中央政府，其余事务基本自主。這些邦國中有四個王國、六個大公國、五個公國<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>、七個侯國和三個漢薩自由市，还有一个皇帝直轄的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a>。普魯士在名义上僅是四個王國中的一個，但由於它的人口和面積最大，能佔到整個德國的2/3，故普魯士在帝國有著絕對的掌控力。在帝國前期，大多數政府的要職均被<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士人">普魯士人</a>把持；不過到了帝國後期，普魯士和各小邦之間的嫌隙越來越少，其他邦國的人也越來越被平等對待，德国政府中非普鲁士人的任职比例有了显著的提高。 </p><p>1850年後德意志各邦迅速實現工業化，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%82%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="煤炭">煤炭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%BC%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鋼鐵">鋼鐵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="化学工业">化工</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵道">交通</a>領域尤為凸出。1871年德國成立時人口為4100萬<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，到1913年這一數字已增至6800萬；1815年的德國人居住地依然以農村為主要形式，到了1900年則有了超過三分之二的人居住在城市。德國在20世紀初正式成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="大国">列強</a>國家中的第一梯隊，擁有快速發展的經濟、世界最強的陸軍以及遍佈四處的工業基地<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；德意志帝國還是一個科學領域的巨人，該國公民在這段時間獲得的諾貝爾科學獎比其他任何國家都要多<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；在1901年至1918年之間，德國人獲得了四項<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%96%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖">诺贝尔生理学或医学奖</a>，六項<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔物理学奖">物理學獎</a>，七項<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">化學獎</a>和三項<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔文学奖">文學獎</a>；到1913年，德國成為了世界第三大經濟體，僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美國</a>和整個<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝國</a>，在歐洲超过了英国本土，成為歐陸上實力最強的經濟體，英美兩國也将德國看做是經濟上的主要勁敵；1871年還很弱小的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="德意志帝國海軍">德國海軍</a>在十年之內就迅速反超了法俄美，建立了僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="英國皇家海軍">英國皇家海軍</a>的世界第二大艦隊<sup id="cite_ref-Gat2008_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gat2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在1871年到1890年之間，德意志帝國的初代皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>几乎将国务全部交給首相<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="俾斯麥">俾斯麥</a>处理，俾斯麥至今仍然是德国任職時間最長的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">总理</a>。在國內，俾斯麥對整個德國採取“大普魯士政策”，用軍國主義文化同化其它邦国，并且加強<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="容克貴族">容克貴族</a>和新教徒的特權，排擠<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教徒">天主教徒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自由主义">自由派</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社會主義</a>者，发起長達17年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD" title="文化鬥爭">文化鬥爭</a>；不过这一政策并非绝对，在德国完成统一之前，他扶植劳工阶层打压资本主义自由派，<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="普法戰爭">普法战争</a>后他又倾向于扶植<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="保守主义">保守政党</a>去攻击<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="旧德国社会民主党">社会民主党</a>人。在國外，俾斯麥的外交核心是「防止法國報<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="普法戰爭">普法戰爭</a>之仇」，於是他向其它歐洲列強保證“德國不再向歐陸擴張領土，德意志到此為止”，有效避免了不必要的爭霸行為；在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1866%E5%B9%B4)" title="布拉格條約 (1866年)">1866年的遗产</a>之上他屢屢扶持被普魯士打敗的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奧匈帝國">奧匈帝國</a>的經濟，並於1879年與奧匈簽訂<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="德奧同盟">德奧同盟</a>，成功化解了德奧矛盾；他又去黏合奥俄衝突，声明德國會同时对俄罗斯和奥匈两国保持友善中立，促成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B8%9D%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="三帝同盟">三帝同盟</a>；最後俾斯麥還刻意煽動英國和意大利在殖民問題上與法國對立，使法國被所有歐洲列強孤立。在19世紀末的几十年间，儘管俾斯麥本人也反對，但他還是允許了德國人去拓展殖民地，让德國專心殖民那些未被英法佔領的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="太平洋群島">太平洋群島</a>地帶，在極短的時間內就建立起了一個僅次於英法的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志殖民帝国">世界第三大殖民帝國</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1890年，在经过<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%8B%E5%B9%B4" title="三帝之年">短暂的王位交替</a>後，29岁的德皇<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a>繼位，隨即这位年轻气盛的皇帝就因俾斯麦过于强势而辭退了他，開始親政，德國遂步入<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="威廉時代">威廉時代</a>。在國內，威廉二世修改了以普魯士為介紹中心的歷史教材，改以全德意志地區的史观為主，降低了德国學生对普魯士的认同感，大小邦国都融入了同一個德國的概念之中；威廉二世还結束了俾斯麥時期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD" title="文化鬥爭">文化鬥爭</a>，不再以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="基督新教">基督新教</a>為國教，允許天主教会和社會主義者发行多元化的書刊，由此德國的文化界開始蓬勃發展。在國外，他讓德国和奥匈帝国的軍事、外交、文化政策達到一致，塑造出威廉二世<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">全日耳曼民族</a>大家長的形象。威廉把俾斯麥时代的「五球不落政策」改為「世界政策」，他利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="泛日耳曼主義">泛日耳曼主義</a>来对抗<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄羅斯帝國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="泛斯拉夫主義">泛斯拉夫主義</a>，並不再延長《<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="再保險條約">雙重保障條約</a>》，導致德俄關係迅速惡化，俄國遂改為向法國親近，法國也藉著俄國的力量突破了俾斯麥設下的孤立屏障。在殖民上，威廉二世宣佈其<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="世界政策">世界政策</a>，號稱「德國也要爭奪<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E5%85%89%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="陽光下的土地">陽光下的土地</a>」，這讓德國和英國的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%99%AE%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="英普同盟">關係</a>發生破裂，导致<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国">英國</a>放棄了長久以來的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E5%9D%87%E5%8B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="大陸均勢">大陸均勢</a>，选择与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">法國</a>握手言和并一同打压德国的崛起。1882年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1946%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利王國 (1861年－1946年)">意大利</a>加入德奧同盟，因而德國的陣營變為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="三國同盟">三國同盟</a>；而法俄先於1891年組成了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%84%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="法俄同盟">法俄同盟</a>，英國再於1907年加入並改名為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84" title="三國協約">三國協約</a>，在歐陸上形成了互相對立的兩大陣營。 </p><p>1914年，歐洲列強所積累的層層矛盾終於爆發，開啟了<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>。三國同盟中的意大利，在1915年首先退出，而<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="鄂圖曼帝國">鄂圖曼帝國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="保加利亞王國">保加利亞王國</a>則稍後加入，由此變為“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中央同盟">中央同盟</a>”<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。由于第一次世界大战引起的歐洲反德情緒使得德意志小邦在歐洲各國的皇室親戚們為了和德國撇清關係紛紛改名，徹底的去德意志化<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。在第一次世界大戰期間，德國原本想先解決法國，再全力攻打俄國，最後讓英國屈服，但開戰後和西線戰場的法國進入了消耗戰；在對俄國的東線中，德軍憑藉強大的戰鬥力成功迫使俄國簽訂《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9-%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約">布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約</a>》，取得大片领土。1917年，因<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5" title="齐默尔曼电报">齐默尔曼电报事件</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E6%BD%9B%E8%89%87%E6%88%B0" title="無限制潛艇戰">無限制潛艇戰</a>導致了美國參戰，同時，德皇和貴族的權力被架空，德軍最高指揮部的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="保罗·冯·兴登堡">保羅·馮·興登堡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E7%99%BB%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB" title="埃里希·鲁登道夫">埃里希·魯登道夫</a>控制了德國並建立起了軍事獨裁。1918年初，德國在夏季<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%83%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="皇帝會戰">皇帝會戰</a>的中再次戰敗，加上<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥匈帝国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="鄂圖曼帝國">鄂圖曼帝國</a>相繼解體，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="保加利亞王國">保加利亞</a>投降，於是在同年11月，德國的帝國政府被自己人的共和政府廢除，威廉二世只能簽署對外國的投降书以及對國內的退位聲明，他之後就流亡荷兰，也象徵了此後德國的各個王室再也不能統治德國，德意志帝国至此正式滅亡。 </p><p>一战结束後，德国被裁定負有全部的戰爭責任，協約國将德國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%98%87%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="北石勒蘇益格">北石勒苏益格</a>割让给<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔萨斯-洛林">阿尔萨斯-洛林</a>地区割让给<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭西第三共和國">法国</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BC%8A%E5%BD%AD-%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E8%BF%AA" title="奧伊彭-馬爾默迪">奧伊彭-馬爾默迪</a>割让给<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" title="西普鲁士">西普鲁士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE%E7%9C%81" title="波森省">波森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="东上西里西亚">东上西里西亚</a>割让给<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a>，并把<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="萨尔盆地地区">萨尔</a>置于英法的托管之下，也不许德国将军队部署在<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵河西岸">莱茵河以西</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E5%85%B0" title="莱茵兰">莱茵兰</a>地区。帝國的崩潰留下了殘破的社會、不滿的民眾、以及高達2,700億美元的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%94%E6%AC%BE" title="第一次世界大战的赔款">賠款</a>，這讓德國人對戰勝國、民主體制以及猶太資本都產生了強烈的仇恨情緒<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>，並為日後的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">阿道夫·希特勒</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7" title="阿道夫·希特勒的崛起">崛起</a>提供了滋生的土壤<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0"></span>名称</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名称"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志国">德意志国</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德国国名">德国国名</a></div> <p>因为德意志帝国是继<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a>的第二个出现在德意志人居住地区的帝国，因此也史稱<b>德意志第二帝國</b><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因德意志第一次被使用作为国号，当时对外也直接称<b>德國</b><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，对内则直接稱<b>帝國</b>（德語：<span lang="de">Kaiserreich</span> 或 <span lang="de">Reich</span>）。其正式<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B7" title="国号">国号</a>為<b>德意志国</b>（<span lang="de">Deutsches Reich</span>），這也成為了後來<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a>的正式国号。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="建国初期"><span id=".E5.BB.BA.E5.9B.BD.E5.88.9D.E6.9C.9F"></span>建国初期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：建国初期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="德國統一"><span id=".E5.BE.B7.E5.9C.8B.E7.B5.B1.E4.B8.80"></span>德國統一</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：德國統一"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一">德意志统一</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">德意志帝國宣告成立</a></div> <p>拿破崙戰爭時期，法國和普魯士、奧地利發生數次戰爭，加上<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法國大革命</a>精神的傳播，德意志民族主義逐步覺醒。在法軍佔領普魯士期間，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9" title="約翰·戈特利布·費希特">約翰·戈特利布·費希特</a>發表了十餘場演講（收錄於《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E8%AC%9B" title="對德意志民族的演講">對德意志民族的演講</a>》），大大鼓舞了德意志的仁人志士。此外，拿破崙一世第一次將邦國林立的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="中德國">中德地區</a>統一併入<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="萊茵邦聯">萊茵邦聯</a>，雖然後者是法國的附庸國，但這是該地區第一次作為一個統一的政治實體而存在。拿破崙戰爭後，列強重新劃分歐洲的政治版圖。1814年的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6_(1814%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="巴黎和约 (1814年)">巴黎和約</a>》第6條提到了德意志邦聯國家的建立。1815年6月8日在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="维也纳会议">維也納會議</a>中相關法案通過，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95_(1815%E5%B9%B4)" title="德意志邦聯憲法 (1815年)">德意志邦聯憲法</a>生效，正式確定了德意志邦聯的成立<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse,_Berlin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/220px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/330px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/440px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1848年革命">1848年革命</a>席捲德意志各地，成為了現代德國的濫觴。在這幅畫中，中間和底部邊緣的橫三色旗代表<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="君主立宪制">立憲君主派</a>，他們想要一個由君主領導的統一德國。在右側兩面豎三色旗代表<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%B4%BE" title="共和派">共和派</a>，他們希望以法國為榜樣，建立共和國，因此以法國三色旗的風格製作了帶有豎條紋的國旗</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%971848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志1848年革命">1848年革命</a>因資產階級自由主義者和城市工匠之間的聯盟破裂而失敗，與此同時，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="奧托·馮·俾斯麥">奧托·馮·俾斯麥</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="现实政治">現實政治</a>政策逐漸受到各個階層的擁戴<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在同年舉行的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="法蘭克福國民議會">法蘭克福國民議會</a>中，德意志人民選擇<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="小德意志">小德意志</a>方案，計劃排除奧地利而建立一個統一的日耳曼民族國家。普魯士<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>與以自由派為主的議會發生衝突，就軍事預算有相當歧異，於是在1862年任命<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</a>為普魯士宰相，他認為德意志統一需要靠「<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AA%AA" title="鐵血演說">鐵血政策</a>」，主張強行通過軍事預算，由他主導普魯士改革及建軍政策<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在這種政策下，德國將會由保守的霍亨索倫王室統治，而奧地利被排除在外。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士">普鲁士</a>在首相<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="奧托·馮·俾斯麥">奧托·馮·俾斯麥</a>的領導下，普魯士於1864年<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%B9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普丹战争">普丹战争</a>及1866年<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普奥战争">普奥战争</a>獲得勝利，並在1867年成立<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a>以代替<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a>。1870年，德國在<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="普法战争">普法战争</a>打敗強敵法國，並俘虜皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破崙三世">拿破崙三世</a>。由於戰爭引發的高漲的民族主義，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%9B%E9%82%A6" title="南德四邦">南德四邦</a>在同年11月加入北德意志邦聯<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1871年1月18日，普魯士國王威廉一世在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="凡爾賽宮">凡爾賽宮</a>鏡廳正式登基為<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="德国君主列表">德意志皇帝</a>，德意志帝国建立<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="制度建立"><span id=".E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6.E5.BB.BA.E7.AB.8B"></span>制度建立</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：制度建立"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">締造帝國的君臣</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-077-18,_Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-077-18%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg/122px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-077-18%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-077-18%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg/183px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-077-18%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-077-18%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg/244px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-077-18%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a></b><br />（1797 – 1888）</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057,_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/122px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/183px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/244px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="789" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="奧托·馮·俾斯麥">奧托·馮·俾斯麥</a></b><br />（1815 – 1898）</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_(3._Fassung_1885).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/330px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/440px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>1871年1月18日，德意志帝国在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E5%AE%AB" title="凡尔赛宫">凡尔赛宫</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%A1%E5%BB%B3" title="鏡廳">镜厅</a>宣布成立。白衣者为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">俾斯麦</a>，威廉一世旁邊舉手高呼者為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="巴登大公">巴登大公</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB)" title="腓特烈一世 (巴登)">腓特烈一世</a>。這幅名為《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_(%E7%95%AB%E4%BD%9C)" title="德意志帝國宣告成立 (畫作)">德意志帝國宣告成立</a>》的畫作由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3" title="安东·冯·维尔纳">安东·冯·维尔纳</a>創作於1877年，現藏於俾斯麥的最後住所<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E6%96%AF%E9%B2%81%E5%8E%84" title="腓特烈斯鲁厄">腓特烈斯魯厄</a></figcaption></figure> <p>1870年12月10日，北德意志聯邦議院將聯邦重命名為“德意志帝國”，並授予普魯士國王威廉一世德國皇帝的稱號，同時擔任聯邦議院的主席（德語：<span lang="de">Bundespräsidium</span>，<small>直译：</small>聯邦主席）<sup id="cite_ref-case139-140_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case139-140-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。新憲法（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95_(1871%E5%B9%B4)" title="德意志邦聯憲法 (1871年)">德意志邦聯憲法</a>）和皇帝頭銜於1871年1月1日生效，當月，德軍攻陷<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>，在威廉一世於1月18日在凡爾賽宮的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%A1%E5%BB%B3" title="鏡廳">鏡廳</a>內加冕<sup id="cite_ref-case140_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case140-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>第二部德國憲法（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="德意志帝国宪法">德意志帝國憲法</a>）於1871年4月14日被德國國會通過，並於4月16日被皇帝宣布生效，其基本依據是此前的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="北德意志邦聯憲法">北德意志邦聯憲法</a>。政治制度基本保持不變。設有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="帝國議會 (德意志帝國)">帝國議會</a>，其中的成員由男性普選產生。但是，1871年最初的選區並未反映城市地區的人口增長。結果，到了1890年代和1900年代德國城市的大規模擴張之時，城市的代表人數和人口比例就變的十分不符了。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64637320">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:.25em .5em;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox p{font-style:inherit;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0;width:230px; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"><div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;"><div style="margin:0px 2em;">政治不是精密科學，它是一門藝術。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">”</div></div><cite style="display: block;text-align: left;"><small>奧托·馮·俾斯麥</small>, <small>在普魯士上議院的演講（1863年12月18日）<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></cite></div> <p>立法還需要來自27個州的代表組成的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="聯邦議會 (德意志帝國)">聯邦議會</a>的同意。皇帝擁有執行權，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="德國總理">總理</a>協助他執政並只對他負責。憲法賦予了皇帝廣泛的權力。他可以獨自任命並辞退总理（因此在實踐中，皇帝通過總理統治着帝國），他是武裝部隊的最高統帥，也是所有外交事務的最終仲裁人，並且還可以解散帝国议会來召集進行新的選舉。儘管名義上德意志帝國是一個聯邦制的帝國和平等性的聯盟，但實際上該帝國由最強大的國家普魯士統治。普魯士佔據帝國北部疆土的三分之二，以及其總人口的五分之三。帝國國王由普魯士王室<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="霍亨索伦王朝">霍亨索倫家族</a>世襲。除了1872–1873年和1892–1894年之外，總理一直由普魯士的宰相兼任。柏林在<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="聯邦議會 (德意志帝國)">聯邦議會</a>的58票中擁有17票，故而僅需幾票就可以有效控制較小的邦。 </p><p>其他邦國保留了自己的政府，但主權方面僅有限。例如，整個帝國都發行了統一的<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E7%A5%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="郵票">郵票</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3" title="貨幣">貨幣</a>。一馬克的硬幣上刻有德意志帝國的國號，而各邦則被允許發行更高面值的貨幣。但是，這些較大面值的貨幣實際上是紀念幣，流通量有限。雖然各邦國都有各自的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="军事勋章">軍事勳章</a>，有些邦國擁有自己的軍隊，但較小的邦國的軍隊卻被普魯士控制。較大的邦國，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="萨克森王国">薩克森</a>，是按照普魯士原則進行協調的，在戰時將由聯邦政府控制<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。 </p><p>德意志帝國的發展在某種程度上與同時期<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1946%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利王國 (1861年－1946年)">意大利</a>的發展相吻合，後者在十年前已成為一個團結的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="民族國家">民族國家</a>。德意志帝國的威權政治結構的一些關鍵要素也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB" title="明治">明治時期</a>日本帝國現代化的基礎，這種結構同時也存在於同時期的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%99%E7%9A%87%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯沙皇国">沙皇俄國</a>中。對於這些政府的分析可以發現，由於農民與城市地區的結合沒有革命性的突破（相對比的，一戰後的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>對無產階級進行了有效整合），擁有土地的精英（如德國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B" title="容克">容克</a>）得以保留了相當大的政治權力。 </p><p>儘管在許多方面都是專制的，德意志帝國還是有一些<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>特色。除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="普遍選舉">普選權</a>之外，它還允許政黨的發展。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">俾斯麥</a>打算創建一個立憲的表相，以掩蓋威權政策的延續。在此過程中，他創建了一個存在嚴重缺陷的系統。普魯士和德意志的選舉系統之間存在巨大差異。普魯士採用了嚴格的三級投票制度，其中最富有的三分之一人口可以選擇立法機關的85％，這確保了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="保守派">保守派</a>能夠佔多數。如上所述，普魯士的國王和總理同時還是德意志帝國的皇帝和總理，這意味著同一位統治者必須從完全不同的選舉體系產生的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="立法机关">立法機關</a>中尋求多數席位。從1890年代起，農村地區的總代表人數過多，導致普選權被大大稀釋了。城鄉人口平衡從1871年開始完全逆轉，到世紀之交之時，帝國三分之二以上的人口居住在了城鎮地區。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="俾斯麥時期"><span id=".E4.BF.BE.E6.96.AF.E9.BA.A5.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>俾斯麥時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：俾斯麥時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="文化鬥爭"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E9.AC.A5.E7.88.AD"></span>文化鬥爭</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：文化鬥爭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD" title="文化鬥爭">文化鬥爭</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/220px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/330px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/440px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>1875年刊載於德國諷刺報刊《喧聲》（<span lang="de">Kladderadatsch</span>）的一幅漫畫，描繪了俾斯麥與庇護九世的鬥法，其上寫著：<br /> （教皇：）“無可否認，最後此舉讓我不愉快，但我沒有在這次鬥爭中輸掉；我還有一步非常漂亮的秘招！”<br /> （俾斯麥：）“但這也將是你的最後一步，然後你會在幾個回合內被將死——至少在德國”<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_XIII.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Leo_XIII.gif/220px-Leo_XIII.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Leo_XIII.gif/330px-Leo_XIII.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Leo_XIII.gif 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>文化鬥爭結束後，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="利奧十三世">利奧十三世</a>和俾斯麥都要對方親吻自己的腳</figcaption></figure> <p>文化鬥爭是指俾斯麥在1870年代對抗<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教會">天主教會</a>的行動，在此期間天主教徒成為了「帝國公敵」。早在1870年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%B2%A1%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="梵蒂岡第一屆大公會議">梵蒂岡第一屆大公會議</a>頒佈《<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E7%84%A1%E8%AA%A4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="教宗無誤論">教宗無誤論</a>》，由於德國天主教徒當中存有不同意見，使國家首次捲入教會事務。天主教徒於1870年12月創立<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%BB%A8" title="德國中央黨">中央黨</a>，宗旨是保護天主教徒利益，可是俾斯麥認為它是在保護帝國的敵人，黨對教宗的支持使人們認為該黨效忠於教宗而非國家。中央黨在1871年大選獲得63個席位，僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%BB%A8" title="民族自由黨">民族自由黨</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此外，俾斯麥認為中央黨會与信奉天主教的法國和奧地利在形成一股反德國勢力，加上天主教徒在1849年法蘭克福議會中支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="大德意志方案">大德意志方案</a>，且在<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="普奧戰爭">普奧戰爭</a>中支持奧地利。因此，俾斯麥決定發動一場「<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD" title="文化鬥爭">文化鬥爭</a>」，以大大削弱天主教徒在德國的影響力<sup id="cite_ref-kampf_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kampf-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_p195_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge_p195-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD" title="文化鬥爭">文化鬥爭</a>主要在1871年至1876年間進行，俾斯麥透過一系列法律削弱天主教會的影響力。首先在1871年7月，俾斯斯廢除了普魯士的文化部天主教處。1872年3月頒布「學校監督法」，規定國家代替教會對學校的監督。1873年又通過一系列法案，統稱為「五月法案」。其主要措施控制神職人員的培訓、任命和教會教育，禁止<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="耶穌會">耶穌會</a>在德國展開活動，拒絕服從這些法案的神職人員會被罷黜或拘捕<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1874年規定教會不能控制婚禮，婚姻事務由國家處理，人民須向相關部門登記才具有法律效力。1875年推出「糧倉法」，凡拒簽聲明支持政府立法行動的教士將不會得到政府的宗教津貼。最後是1875年6月的「修道院法」，除了疾病服務社團外，禁止任何形式的天主教團體活動，並關閉所有修道院。許多抵制文化鬥爭的神職人員遭監禁或驅逐出境。然而文化鬥爭不但未能達致預期目的，反而使中央黨勢力越來越大，天主教徒充滿凝聚力，得到選民的支持。1874年大選中，中央黨在帝國議會席位上升一倍。由於這樣的反效果，加上俾斯麥害怕<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="德国社会民主党">社會民主黨</a>與中央黨結盟，以及教宗<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%96" title="庇護九世">庇護九世</a>在1878年逝世，新教宗<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="利奧十三世">利奧十三世</a>表示願意和解，迫使俾斯麥放棄與天主教徒的敵視，漸漸廢除相關法令，並改為與中央黨合作，文化鬥爭終告失敗<sup id="cite_ref-kampf_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kampf-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-world_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="制定法律"><span id=".E5.88.B6.E5.AE.9A.E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B"></span>制定法律</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：制定法律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>統一後的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="德國社會民主黨">德國社會民主黨</a>勢力日漸增強，雖然它的人數尚少，可是俾斯麥越來越視它為心腹大患，認為社會民主黨是「帝國的敵人」之一。他們批評德國的內外政策，為廣大的工人們爭取較好的生活，因此漸漸成為德國最有影響力的政黨之一。1878年5月，德皇威廉一世遭到刺殺攻擊，事件中無人受傷，俾斯麥以此为借口向帝國議會提出一項《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%BA%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="社会党人法">社会党人法</a>》。不久威廉一世再次遭到暗殺，傷勢嚴重<sup id="cite_ref-world_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。10月國會通過社会党人法。社会党人法又稱反社會主義非常法，內容是禁止社會主義者的一切集會、組織、結社以及各種報刊，也不得接受任何募款捐助，不過國會拒絕立法禁止社會民主黨參選國會議員，使社會主義者在國會仍有一定影響力。社會党人法每三年重新通過一次，直至1890年俾斯麥下台<sup id="cite_ref-deutschland_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutschland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>俾斯麥這政策的結果與文化鬥爭一樣，法案未能達到預期效果，反而助長社會民主黨的勢力<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1870年代的經濟蕭條，使德國貧富懸殊惡化，不僅引起社會主義者的關注，同樣喚起許多德國社會不同成員的關注，社會民主黨勢力越來越大，俾斯麥為了壓制這些<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="勞工階層">勞工階級</a>的政治活動，便透過各種福利措施收買他們。因此在反社會主義的同時，俾斯麥实际上推行一些保障市民權益的社會主義法，包括1883年的《疾病保險法》、1884年的《意外災難保險法》和1889年的《老年和殘廢保險法》。縱使這些法案使德國成為世界首個具備完善<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C" title="社会保障">社會保障</a>的國家<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但這無法彌補俾斯麥與工人之間的裂痕。1890年國會拒絕通過社會党人法，皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a>解除了俾斯麥的首相職務，俾斯麥下台，反社會民主黨的鬥爭結束<sup id="cite_ref-deutschland_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutschland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="德意志化"><span id=".E5.BE.B7.E6.84.8F.E5.BF.97.E5.8C.96"></span>德意志化</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：德意志化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼化">日耳曼化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E5%B0%8D%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%85%E9%80%90" class="mw-redirect" title="普魯士對波蘭人的驅逐">普魯士對波蘭人的驅逐</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugi_pruskie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rugi_pruskie.jpg/220px-Rugi_pruskie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rugi_pruskie.jpg/330px-Rugi_pruskie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rugi_pruskie.jpg/440px-Rugi_pruskie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3443" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>驅逐普魯士的波蘭人(<span lang="de">Polenausweisungen</span>)，沃伊切赫·科薩克（Wojciech Kossak）繪於1909年</figcaption></figure> <p>德意志大一統政策的一大影響便是帝國境內非德意志語言在學校、學術和社會生活中的剝離。這一旨在促使非德意志人“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志化">德意志化</a>”的政策常常導致抵抗和反作用，尤其是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="波蘭人">波蘭裔</a>群體中。德意志化政策主要針對生活在普魯士從<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="瓜分波蘭">瓜分波蘭</a>獲得土地上居住在的波蘭裔群體<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如在波蘭裔人口佔多數的波森省，德國當局出台了一系列反波主義的政策和法律，而這並沒有起到非常顯著的作用，德語人口反而從1871年的42.8%下降到1905年的38.1%<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="反猶主義"><span id=".E5.8F.8D.E7.8C.B6.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>反猶主義</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：反猶主義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在此期間，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反犹太主义">反猶主義</a>在德國很普遍。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="拿破仑一世">拿破崙</a>的法令結束了德國的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%9A%E5%B1%85%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太人聚居區">猶太人聚居區</a>之前，反猶主義是出於宗教動機，但到了19世紀，德意志民族主義成為了主要動因。在大眾心目中，猶太人成為了資本主義和財富的象徵。但另一方面，憲法和法律制度保護了帝國境內<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人">猶太人</a>作為德國公民的權利。一些反猶政黨曾經建立，但很快瓦解了。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="三帝之年"><span id=".E4.B8.89.E5.B8.9D.E4.B9.8B.E5.B9.B4"></span>三帝之年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：三帝之年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%8B%E5%B9%B4" title="三帝之年">三帝之年</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Friedrich_III.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Emperor_Friedrich_III.png/220px-Emperor_Friedrich_III.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Emperor_Friedrich_III.png/330px-Emperor_Friedrich_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Emperor_Friedrich_III.png/440px-Emperor_Friedrich_III.png 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>腓特烈三世，僅在位99天（1888年3月9日 – 6月15日），如果他不去世，德國會走向何種道路仍是學界熱切探討的問題之一</figcaption></figure> <p>1888年3月9日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>在他91歲生日不久後去世，他的兒子<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈三世</a>成為新君。腓特烈是<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自由主义">自由主義</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="英國憲法">英國憲法</a>的仰慕者，他與英國的聯繫也因與<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="维多利亚 (英国女王)">維多利亞女王</a>的長女<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%95%B7%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB" title="維多利亞長公主">維多利亞長公主</a>的婚姻而得到進一步加強。 </p><p>許多人希望腓特烈的登基將導致帝國的自由化，並增加議會對政治進程的影響。6月8日，俾斯麥的妹夫、高度保守的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%A7%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7" title="普魯士內政部長">普魯士內政部長</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%A1%E9%BB%98" title="羅伯特·馮·普特卡默">羅伯特·馮·普特卡默</a>被免職，這標誌著預期改革的方向，並且對俾斯麥的政府造成了打擊。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>然而，腓特烈患有不可救藥的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E7%99%8C" title="喉癌">喉癌</a>，雖然即位，依然纏綿病榻，於1888年6月15日，即統治的第99天去世，人稱<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%97%A5%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-disambig" title="百日皇帝">百日皇帝</a>。腓特烈的兒子<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a>隨後登基，德國的自由化改革也陷入停滯。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="威廉時期"><span id=".E5.A8.81.E5.BB.89.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>威廉時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：威廉時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="威廉時代">威廉時代</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="權力轉移"><span id=".E6.AC.8A.E5.8A.9B.E8.BD.89.E7.A7.BB"></span>權力轉移</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：權力轉移"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1890_Bismarcks_Ruecktritt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1890_Bismarcks_Ruecktritt.jpg/220px-1890_Bismarcks_Ruecktritt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1890_Bismarcks_Ruecktritt.jpg/330px-1890_Bismarcks_Ruecktritt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1890_Bismarcks_Ruecktritt.jpg/440px-1890_Bismarcks_Ruecktritt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·坦尼尔">約翰·坦尼爾</a>所作的漫畫《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A2%E4%B8%8B%E9%A0%98%E8%88%AA%E5%93%A1" title="丢下領航員">丢下領航員</a>》，該漫畫於1890年3月29日在英國雜誌《Punch》上發表。畫面中俾斯麥緩緩走下舷梯，旁邊是幸災樂禍的年輕皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a>。事後<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="第五代羅斯伯里伯爵阿奇博爾德·普里姆羅斯">第五代羅斯伯里伯爵普里姆羅斯</a>讓<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·坦尼尔">坦尼爾</a>寄了一份副本給俾斯麥，這位帝國前總理看後說道：「這畫畫得很好」<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64637320"><div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em;width:230px; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"><div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;"><div style="margin:0px 2em;">只会有一人是這個帝國的主人，而我不會容忍其他人承擔此任。</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">”</div></div><cite style="display: block;text-align: right;"><small>威廉二世</small>, <small>在杜塞爾多夫的演講（1891年5月4日）<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></cite></div> <p>「三帝之年」中，皇帝威廉一世和<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈三世</a>相繼去世，29歲的威廉二世繼承皇位。威廉二世年輕，個性傲慢、專橫。他無法接受被俾斯麥控制，希望能親自參與政事，有一番作為<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。年輕德皇與年老首相意見相左，1889年5月魯爾工業區的罷工事件後，威廉二世要求帝國議會制定完善的勞動保障法案，與俾斯麥的反社會主義背道而馳。1890年選舉中社會民主黨人勢力急升，俾斯麥要求改更憲法，被德皇拒絕，最終在1890年3月18日俾斯麥向威廉二世請辭，結束俾斯麥時代<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>隨著俾斯麥的離開，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a>成為德國的主要統治者。與他的祖父威廉一世不同，威廉二世不樂意將政府事務交給總理，他希望得到充分的信息並積極參與德國的統治，而不是一個作為裝飾性的領袖存在。威廉二世還授命政治家<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E7%91%99" title="瓦爾特·拉特瑙">瓦爾特·拉特瑙</a>指導他進行歐洲經濟學以及工業和金融的研究。 </p><p>有許多學者認為，俾斯麥的外交政策“對於魯莽的皇帝來說太過穩重了”<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。威廉因其對外交政策的主動立場和戰略失誤（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="第一次摩洛哥危機">丹吉爾危機</a>）而在國際上聲名狼藉，這使德意志帝國陷入日益孤立的政治局面，並最終導致了第一次世界大戰。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="國內事務"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E5.85.A7.E4.BA.8B.E5.8B.99"></span>國內事務</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：國內事務"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在威廉二世統治下，德國不再擁有像俾斯麥這樣長期執政的強勢總理，他在位期間共更換了七位總理。新任總理很難履行其職位，尤其是《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="德意志帝国宪法">德意志帝國憲法</a>》中被賦予的同時要作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E9%A6%96%E9%95%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士内阁首长">普魯士內閣首長</a>的額外責任。俾斯麥下台後，新政府當務之急是其遺留下來的社會主義氾濫的問題，並制定一系列法案試圖彌補工人與國家的關係，但成效不大。<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%B6%AD" title="列奧·馮·卡普里維">列奧·馮·卡普里維</a>伯爵繼任為首相，他採用溫和手段，推展德國與歐洲各國簽訂貿易條約，為工人提供就業機會，並降低德國進口<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E7%A8%8E" title="关税">關稅</a>。他的做法使工人生活水平得以改善，但引起了利益受損的大地主的強烈抗議<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz197067_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz197067-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，失去支持的他在1894年10月20日辭職<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。從1890年代起，最有力的君主制的反對者來自新成立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="德国社会民主党">德國社會民主黨</a>，其激進分子倡導馬克思主義。社會民主黨對德國君主制和實業家的威脅使該國出台政策鎮壓該黨的支持者，並實施了自己的社會改革方案以緩解不滿情緒。只要沒有被確定為社會主義者或工會成員，德國的大型工業就會為其僱員提供重要的社會福利計劃和良好的照料。較大的工業公司同時也向其僱員提供退休金、醫療津貼、甚至住房。接任<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%B6%AD" title="列奧·馮·卡普里維">馮·卡普里維</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84-%E5%B8%8C%E7%81%B5%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="克洛德维希·卡尔·维克托·菲斯特·霍恩洛厄-希灵斯菲斯特">霍恩洛厄-希灵斯菲斯特</a>對社會問題不甚了解，企圖限制人民的結社權，但被國會退回。霍恩洛厄-希灵斯菲斯特在1900年退休。隨後的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%B4%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="伯恩哈德·馮·比洛">伯恩哈德·馮·比洛</a>為平衡工業和農業的利益，於是恢復一些商業條約，以及提高一些關稅。比洛因在1908年犯了一件錯事而在1909年辭職，當時英國《<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8F%E6%97%A5%E9%9B%BB%E8%A8%8A%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="每日電訊報">每日電訊報</a>》採訪威廉二世時，威廉二世無意間說了一些有損與英國外交關係的談話，每日電訊報訪問員把稿交給宰相過目卻沒被察覺，到公開時才發現，比洛只告訴德皇以後說話小心一點。接任的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC-%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="特奥巴登·冯·贝特曼-霍尔维格">特奧巴登·馮·貝特曼-霍爾維格</a>富有和平理想，欲裁減軍備，主張和平方法解決問題，亦曾嘗試進行政治改革，但都失敗而回。 </p><p>在普魯士貴族挑戰德國統一國家的要求時，在1890年代，許多組織成立起來以挑戰強加於該國的專制保守的普魯士軍國主義。教育家們德國國有學校強調軍事教育的模式，他們建立了自己的自由主義學校，鼓勵個性和自由<sup id="cite_ref-kurtz_p72_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurtz_p72-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。、然而德意志帝國的幾乎所有學校都具有很高的水準，並且與知識的現代化發展保持同步。藝術家們開始進行藝術實驗以反對威廉二世對傳統藝術的支持。威廉對此作出回應：“違反了我所定律和界限的藝術不能再稱為藝術”。很大程度上要歸功於威廉的影響，德國的大多數印刷材料使用的仍是12世紀以來的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E4%BD%93" title="哥特体">哥特体</a>，而不是西歐其他地區普遍使用的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="羅馬體">羅馬體</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>從俾斯麥文化鬥爭的失敗中學到教訓後，威廉二世與<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%95%99%E5%BB%B7" title="羅馬教廷">羅馬教廷</a>保持著良好的關係，並專注於反對<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社會主義</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz197056_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz197056-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。當社會民主黨在<a href="/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1912年德國聯邦選舉">1912年德國聯邦選舉</a>中贏得三分之一的選票並成為德國最大的政黨時，這項便宣告政策失敗了。與此同時，政府的大多數職位仍保留在在右翼自由主義者或天主教神職人員這類保守主義聯盟的手中，這些聯盟在很大程度上取決於皇帝的支持。在威廉二世領導下的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="軍國主義">軍國主義</a>崛起，導致許多德國人移民到美國和英國殖民地，以逃避兵役。 </p><p>第一次世界大戰期間，皇帝將權力逐漸下放給<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E9%83%A8" title="最高陸軍指揮部">德國最高陸軍指揮部</a>的領導人，特別是未來的德國總統<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="保罗·冯·兴登堡">保羅·馮·興登堡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E7%99%BB%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB" title="埃里希·鲁登道夫">埃里希·魯登道夫</a>。興登堡接任了皇帝擔任總司令，而魯登道夫成為了實際上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%AC%80%E9%95%B7" title="參謀長">總參謀長</a>。到1916年，德國實際上已成為興登堡和魯登道夫的軍事獨裁國家，而皇帝淪為了純粹的領袖<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="一戰時期"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E6.88.B0.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>一戰時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：一戰時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="第一次世界大战期间的德国">第一次世界大战期间的德国</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="戰事起因"><span id=".E6.88.B0.E4.BA.8B.E8.B5.B7.E5.9B.A0"></span>戰事起因</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：戰事起因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0" title="第一次世界大战爆发原因">第一次世界大战爆发原因</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I,_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg/220px-German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg/330px-German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg/440px-German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>1914年一輛運載德軍士兵前往前線的火車，其上寫著“巴黎之旅”“在林蔭大道相見”，這種舉國上下的樂觀氛圍被稱為<a href="/wiki/1914%E5%B9%B4%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E" title="1914年精神">1914年精神</a></figcaption></figure> <p>奧匈帝國大公<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC" title="弗朗茨·斐迪南大公">弗朗茨·斐迪南</a>被波斯尼亞的塞族人刺殺之後，奧匈帝國向塞爾維亞<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="七月危機">發出最後通牒</a>。威廉二世對<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世">弗朗茨·約瑟夫</a>皇帝表示完全支持奧匈帝國入侵<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD_(%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3)" title="塞尔维亚王国 (近代)">塞爾維亞王國</a>的計劃。對奧匈帝國的這種無條件支持被包括德國人<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE" title="弗里茨·費歇爾">弗里茨·費歇爾</a>在內的歷史學家稱為“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%A0%AD%E6%94%AF%E7%A5%A8" title="空頭支票">空頭支票</a>”。隨後的解釋（例如在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%9A_(1919%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="巴黎和会 (1919年)">凡爾賽和會</a>上戰勝國<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%BD%AA%E8%B4%A3%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE" title="凡尔赛条约战争罪责条款">裁定戰爭責任</a>時）是，不論其初衷和最後的外交後果如何，這種“空頭支票”都促成了奧匈帝國的侵略。因而德國具有發動戰爭或至少引發更大範圍衝突的責任<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1914年8月4日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志帝国议会">帝國議會</a>的所有政黨，包括以前反對軍國主義的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="德国社会民主党">社會民主黨</a>，在投票中全體一致地通過了支持宣戰的決定。德國在戰爭中的主要目標是法國，後者被視為其在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="歐洲大陸">歐洲大陸</a>的主要威脅，因為它的動員速度比俄羅斯快得多，並且與德國在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E5%85%B0" title="莱茵兰">萊茵蘭</a>的工業核心接壤。與英國和俄羅斯不同，法國人參戰主要是為了報復德國，特別是因為法國於1871年將<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a>割讓給了德國。德國最高司令部知道法國會召集其部隊進入阿爾薩斯-洛林。然而除了非正式的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E6%9C%88%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="九月計劃">九月計劃</a>外，德國高層從未明確列出他們希望從戰爭中取得的目標。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="西線戰場"><span id=".E8.A5.BF.E7.B7.9A.E6.88.B0.E5.A0.B4"></span>西線戰場</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：西線戰場"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%88%B0%E7%B7%9A_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0)" title="西方戰線 (第一次世界大戰)">西方戰線 (第一次世界大戰)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Seydlitz_damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SMS_Seydlitz_damage.jpg/220px-SMS_Seydlitz_damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SMS_Seydlitz_damage.jpg/330px-SMS_Seydlitz_damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SMS_Seydlitz_damage.jpg/440px-SMS_Seydlitz_damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="日德兰海战">日德兰海战</a>后受重创的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E8%8C%A8%E5%8F%B7%E6%88%98%E5%88%97%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="塞德利茨号战列巡洋舰">塞德利茨号战列巡洋舰</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_Wood_Ypres_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chateau_Wood_Ypres_1917.jpg/220px-Chateau_Wood_Ypres_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chateau_Wood_Ypres_1917.jpg/330px-Chateau_Wood_Ypres_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chateau_Wood_Ypres_1917.jpg/440px-Chateau_Wood_Ypres_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>1917年，戰爭蹂躪後的比利時<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8F%80%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%BA" title="伊珀尔区">伊珀爾</a>的城堡森林（<span lang="de">Chateauwald</span>）</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Brigadestandorte_des_Deutschen_Heers_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karte_Brigadestandorte_des_Deutschen_Heers_1914.png/220px-Karte_Brigadestandorte_des_Deutschen_Heers_1914.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karte_Brigadestandorte_des_Deutschen_Heers_1914.png/330px-Karte_Brigadestandorte_des_Deutschen_Heers_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karte_Brigadestandorte_des_Deutschen_Heers_1914.png/440px-Karte_Brigadestandorte_des_Deutschen_Heers_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="2271" /></a><figcaption>1914年德國陸軍的部署位置</figcaption></figure><p>德國不想冒險沿德法邊境進行長時間的戰鬥，而是採取了<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E9%87%8C%E8%8A%AC%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="施里芬计划">施里芬計劃</a>，這是一項旨在通過侵略<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="比利時">比利時</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="盧森堡">盧森堡</a>來削弱法國的軍事戰略，它旨在通過在德法邊境快速進攻和包圍巴黎和法軍而取得勝利。在擊敗法國之後，德國將轉向進攻俄羅斯。該計劃要求破壞英國所保證的比利時和盧森堡的官方<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="中立國">中立立場</a>。但是，德國人已經考慮出不管是否有正當的理由，英國都將參加戰爭，而不管他們是否有正式理由參加這場戰爭。德國的第一次進攻是成功的：德軍橫掃比利時和盧森堡，並向巴黎挺進，直到<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%81%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="马恩河">馬恩河</a>附近。但上個世紀以來，武器的發展在很大程度上優先於防禦而不是進攻（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%AA" title="机枪">機槍</a>）。因此，按比例需要更多的進攻力量才能攻克防禦陣地。這導致德國在進攻方面的防線收縮以跟上進攻的時間表，與此同時法國地區的戰線也在擴大。此外，一些原本保護德軍右翼的部隊也被轉移到東線，以應對俄羅斯遠比預期迅速的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E5%93%A1" title="動員">動員</a>。這些因素產生的影響使德國右翼在巴黎前部向下掃掠，而不是向後延伸，使德國右翼暴露於延伸的法軍戰線以及駐紮在巴黎的法軍預備隊的進攻之中。法國軍隊和英軍攻擊暴露的德國右翼，他們在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%AC%E6%81%A9%E6%B2%B3%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="第一次马恩河战役">第一次馬恩河戰役</a>中展現出了強大的戰鬥力，導致德軍撤退到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" title="埃纳河">埃納河</a>沿岸的防禦陣地。此後德國與同盟國陷入了從<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%8A%92%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%B9%E7%9C%81" title="弗拉芒布拉班特省">佛蘭德斯</a>無休止的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%91%E5%A3%95%E6%88%98" title="堑壕战">塹壕戰</a>。海上戰爭的爆發更使雙方困於了長期的戰爭泥潭之中。 </p><p>德國人企圖突破<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8F%80%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%BA" title="伊珀尔区">伊珀爾</a>的兩次戰鬥都造成巨大的人員傷亡。1915年，針對德國在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF" title="阿瓦斯">阿瓦斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%A7%9F_(%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81)" title="香槟 (行省)">香檳</a>的陣地進行的一系列聯合攻勢導致協約國傷亡慘重，而雙方實際控制的土地並沒有變化。德軍<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%AC%80%E9%95%B7" title="參謀長">參謀長</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E9%87%91%E6%BC%A2" title="埃里希·馮·法金漢">埃里希·馮·法金漢</a>決定驅使法軍進攻德軍在凡爾登附近強大的防禦陣地，以更好地發揮德軍在1915年<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84%E5%9C%8B" title="協約國">協約國</a>進攻中表現出的防禦優勢。凡爾登是1870年抵抗德國軍隊到最後的幾個城市之一，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E9%87%91%E6%BC%A2" title="埃里希·馮·法金漢">法金漢</a>預測，出於民族自豪感，法國人會採取一切措施確保其不被佔領。他預計自己能在東岸俯瞰<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E5%85%B9%E6%B2%B3" title="默兹河">默茲河</a>的凡爾登山丘上採取強力防禦陣地以威脅這座城市，而法國人將對這些陣地進行猛烈的進攻。他預計法國的損失將大於德國人的損失，法國繼續向<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB" title="凡尔登">凡爾登</a>派兵將“使法國軍隊的血流乾”。1916年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="凡尔登战役">凡爾登戰役</a>爆發，法軍陣地不斷遭到砲擊和毒氣襲擊，在壓倒一切的德國軍隊下造成大量人員傷亡。但是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E9%87%91%E6%BC%A2" title="埃里希·馮·法金漢">法金漢</a>關於兩軍傷亡人數比例的預測被證明是錯誤的，因為雙方都蒙受了慘重的人員傷亡，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E9%87%91%E6%BC%A2" title="埃里希·馮·法金漢">法金漢</a>被<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E7%99%BB%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB" title="埃里希·鲁登道夫">埃里希·魯登道夫</a>取代。在看不見成功的情況下，德軍於1916年12月撤離了凡爾登。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="東線戰場"><span id=".E6.9D.B1.E7.B7.9A.E6.88.B0.E5.A0.B4"></span>東線戰場</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：東線戰場"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E6%88%98%E7%BA%BF_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98)" title="东方战线 (第一次世界大战)">东方战线 (第一次世界大战)</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%B3%E6%93%8A%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="拳擊行動">拳擊行動</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitteleuropa_ENG_wielg%C3%B3rski.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mitteleuropa_ENG_wielg%C3%B3rski.PNG/220px-Mitteleuropa_ENG_wielg%C3%B3rski.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mitteleuropa_ENG_wielg%C3%B3rski.PNG/330px-Mitteleuropa_ENG_wielg%C3%B3rski.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mitteleuropa_ENG_wielg%C3%B3rski.PNG/440px-Mitteleuropa_ENG_wielg%C3%B3rski.PNG 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>1918年<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9-%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約">布列斯特條約</a>簽訂後德國計劃實現的新的東歐秩序 <div style="width:49%;float:left;vertical-align:top"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000C6; color:white;"> </span> 德國及其盟友</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5109E8; color:white;"> </span> 德國和土耳其將兼併的俄國土地</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9D9FFD; color:black;"> </span> 德國完全控制下的半自治國家</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#55AAFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="波羅的聯合公國">波羅的聯合公國</a></div> </div><div style="width:49%;margin-left:1%;float:left;vertical-align:top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C5DB24; color:black;"> </span> 經濟上依附於德國的烏克蘭</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00FF; color:black;"> </span> 韃靼共和國</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7CE9FC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬尼亞王國">羅馬尼亞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭">芬蘭</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D2E9FF; color:black;"> </span> 計劃建立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="外高加索民主聯邦共和國">外高加索共和國</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FBA504; color:black;"> </span> 俄國境內半自治的哥薩克國家</div> </div><div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindenburg-ludendorff-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hindenburg-ludendorff-2.JPG/220px-Hindenburg-ludendorff-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hindenburg-ludendorff-2.JPG/330px-Hindenburg-ludendorff-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hindenburg-ludendorff-2.JPG/440px-Hindenburg-ludendorff-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>陸軍最高指揮部的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%88%88%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="保羅·馮·興登堡">保羅·馮·興登堡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E7%99%BB%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="埃里希·魯登道夫">埃里希·魯登道夫</a></figcaption></figure> <p>當德軍在西方戰場困處僵局之時，東方戰場取得了節節勝利。儘管由於俄國軍隊出人意料的快速動員而造成最初<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="東普魯士">東普魯士</a>和奧地利的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7)" title="加利西亚 (东欧)">加利西亞</a>被入侵的挫折，但由於組織不力和供應不足，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="俄羅斯帝國陸軍">俄軍</a>步履維艱，而德國和奧匈帝國的軍隊卻在此後穩步向東發展。德國人受益於俄羅斯的政治動盪及其人民結束戰爭的願望。1917年，德國政府允許俄羅斯<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B" title="布尔什维克">布爾什維克黨</a>領導人<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉基米尔·伊里奇·列宁">弗拉基米爾·列寧</a>從<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>穿越德國進入俄羅斯。德國認為，如果列寧能夠製造進一步的政治動盪，俄羅斯將不再能夠繼續與德國的戰爭，從而使德國軍隊可以將精力集中在西方戰場上。 </p><p>1917年3月，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="俄國二月革命">第二次俄國革命</a>，沙皇<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="尼古拉二世 (俄罗斯)">尼古拉二世</a>退位，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="俄國臨時政府">俄國臨時政府</a>繼承了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄羅斯帝國</a>。11月，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>推翻了臨時政府後在列寧領導的布爾什維克政府上台。雖然面對其他布爾什維克主義者的反對，他仍決定結束俄羅斯針對同德國、奧匈帝國、鄂圖曼帝國和保加利亞的戰爭，將精力轉移到消除內部矛盾上。1918年2月，德國-奧匈帝國聯軍集結了53個師的兵力，兵分三路對<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E4%BF%84" class="mw-disambig" title="蘇俄">蘇俄</a>展開大規模的進攻。聯軍的北路由<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="普斯科夫">普斯科夫</a>向<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%88%BE%E7%93%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="納爾瓦">納爾瓦</a>進攻，中路攻向<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%91%A9%E6%A3%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="斯摩棱斯克">斯摩稜斯克</a>，南路則向<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BC%94" title="基輔">基輔</a>開進。短短半个月，同盟国便占领了从爱沙尼亚到北乌克兰的广大土地。3月，布爾什維克政府和同盟国签订《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9-%E7%AB%8B%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="布列斯特-立托夫斯克条约">布列斯特-立托夫斯克条约</a>》，俄国做出了巨大的領土和經濟讓步，以換取東線戰爭的結束。波羅的海國家（<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">愛沙尼亞</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞">拉脫維亞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a>，德国在这里建立了作為附庸的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E5%92%8C%E7%91%9F%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B_(1918%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="庫爾蘭和瑟米利亞公國 (1918年)">庫爾蘭和瑟米利亞公國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="波罗的海联合公国">波羅的海聯合公國</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="白俄羅斯">白俄羅斯</a>的西部和<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="烏克蘭">烏克蘭</a>都被移交給了德國<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="東部領地">占領當局</a>。由此，德國終於實現了它長期以來渴望的對<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="中歐">中歐</a>地區的統治，現在可以全神貫注於擊敗西線的盟國。但是實際上，駐紮和保衛新領土所需的部隊消耗了德國的戰爭力量。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="計窮力竭"><span id=".E8.A8.88.E7.AA.AE.E5.8A.9B.E7.AB.AD"></span>計窮力竭</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：計窮力竭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Empire_in_1918.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/German_Empire_in_1918.png/220px-German_Empire_in_1918.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/German_Empire_in_1918.png/330px-German_Empire_in_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/German_Empire_in_1918.png/440px-German_Empire_in_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>一戰期間的德意志帝國 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#336733; color:white;"> </span> 原疆土（1871–1919）</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#48a448; color:black;"> </span> 僕從國（1917–1919）</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#77c977; color:black;"> </span> 佔領區域（1914–1919）</div></figcaption></figure> <p>1917年俄國的失敗使德國得以從東線向西線轉移數十萬部隊，這使其在數量上優於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84%E5%9C%8B" title="協約國">協約國</a>軍隊。通過以對士兵進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%B2%E9%80%8F%E6%88%B0%E8%A1%93" title="滲透戰術">滲透戰術</a>的培訓，德國人希望能夠解除戰事的僵局並在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美國</a>人到來前贏得決定性的勝利<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%83%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="皇帝會戰">皇帝會戰</a>中，德軍聚攏了部隊，並對協約國進行了多次打擊，使後者不得不退縮。但是由於協約國得以撤退並重新集結，且德軍缺乏鞏固其收益和領土所需的儲備，1918年春，德國多次的進攻都失敗了。同時，士兵們由於俄國<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>的爆發而變得激進，不願繼續戰鬥。戰爭的進行引發了德國的內亂，而一直在戰場上未得到有效支持的部隊變得精疲力竭，失去了贏得勝利的希望。1918年夏，同盟國軍隊的數量達到了頂峰。有450萬名士兵、4,000輛坦克參與了<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%97%A5%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="百日攻勢">百日攻勢</a>，而美國人在以每天10,000人的速度到達。德國的盟友面臨崩潰，德意志帝國的人力耗盡，被協約國擊敗只是時間問題<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="國內社會"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E5.85.A7.E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83"></span>國內社會</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：國內社會"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E6%88%98" title="总体战">總體戰</a>”的實施意味著必須將供應重新分配給武裝部隊，並且由於協約國的海軍<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%8E%96" title="封鎖">封鎖</a>，德國的對外貿易受到了重創，德國平民被迫生活在日益困乏的環境中。據統計，有大約75萬平民死於戰爭造成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF" title="營養不良">營養不良</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。德國經濟陷入蕭條，戰事的拖延及高的死傷人數使人民厭倦戰爭，男丁被徵召，國內士氣低落，自1915年起德國國內開始出現糧食暴動，1917年還出現大規模罷工行動。同年<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC-%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E9%9F%A6%E6%A0%BC" title="特奥巴尔德·冯·贝特曼-霍尔韦格">霍爾韋格</a>政府被<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A4%8F%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·米夏埃利斯">米夏埃利斯</a>政府取代，事實上米夏埃利斯的總理一職被架空，由軍事首長<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="保罗·冯·兴登堡">興登堡</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E7%99%BB%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="埃里希·魯登道夫">埃里希·魯登道夫</a>領導，實行軍事獨裁<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同年右翼的德意志祖國黨成立，一心一意支持軍方領導政府，不少民族主義者認為戰爭的持續是因為猶太人還未從戰爭中賺取足夠利潤，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="反猶太主義">反猶主義</a>死灰復燃。不久新總理<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E6%9E%97" title="乔治·冯·赫特林">馮·赫特林</a>上台，隨後<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克斯·馮·巴登">馬克斯·馮·巴登</a>被任命為總理，此時德國戰敗已成事實，軍事首長把政權交還給<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克斯·馮·巴登">馮·巴登</a>的文人政府。此舉做法目的是防止聯軍提出苛刻的和談條件，及防止國內動盪不安擴大。新政府進行憲政改革，包括各部門向國會負責、文人控制軍隊、廢制<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%89%E7%B4%9A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="普魯士三級選舉制度">普魯士三級選舉制度</a>等。此外，國內普遍要求威廉二世退位，但他拒絕了這一要求<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="帝國滅亡"><span id=".E5.B8.9D.E5.9C.8B.E6.BB.85.E4.BA.A1"></span>帝國滅亡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：帝國滅亡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="德国十一月革命">德国十一月革命</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg/220px-Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg/330px-Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg/440px-Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>“皇帝退位...古老而腐朽的君主制已經瓦解，萬歲，德意志共和國萬歲！”<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="菲利普·谢德曼">菲利普·谢德曼</a>在國會大樓門廊以北的第二扇窗戶的西陽台上宣布共和國的成立</figcaption></figure> <p>由於戰事的僵持，許多德國人希望盡快結束戰爭，越來越多的人開始與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="左派">左翼</a>政治勢力建立聯繫，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="德国社会民主党">社會民主黨</a>和更為激進的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="德国独立社会民主党">獨立社會民主黨</a>。他們均要求結束戰爭。美國於1917年4月的進入徹底使戰爭的天秤倒向了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84%E5%9C%8B" title="協約國">協約國</a>一方。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R12318,_Eysden,_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._auf_Weg_ins_Exil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R12318%2C_Eysden%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._auf_Weg_ins_Exil.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R12318%2C_Eysden%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._auf_Weg_ins_Exil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R12318%2C_Eysden%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._auf_Weg_ins_Exil.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R12318%2C_Eysden%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._auf_Weg_ins_Exil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R12318%2C_Eysden%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._auf_Weg_ins_Exil.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R12318%2C_Eysden%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._auf_Weg_ins_Exil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>1918年11月10日，前皇帝威廉二世在埃登（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語">荷蘭語</a>：<span lang="nl">Eijsden</span>）附近的比利時-荷蘭邊境過境點平台上，左中或左後第四</figcaption></figure> <p>1918年，由於海上封鎖，德國遭受著因食物不足而導致的疾病爆發，同時，<a href="/wiki/1918%E5%B9%B4%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C" title="1918年流感大流行">西班牙流感</a>隨部隊返回德國。在1918年至1920年之間，約有29萬德國人死於這場瘟疫，人們的忍耐已到極限。德國的革命首先始於北部的港口城市<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="基爾">基爾</a>。在這裡，德國海軍部隊拒絕起航，去執行進攻英國這一戰爭的最後一次大規模行動<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他們認為這次行動必然以失敗告終，隨後在10月爆發了起義。11月3日，起義蔓延到德國其他城市和邦，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%92%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="工人和士兵委员会">工人和士兵委員會</a>在許多邦成立。同時，興登堡和高級將領們對皇帝及其政府失去了信心。 </p><p>保加利亞於1918年9月29日簽署了《<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%A1%E5%81%9C%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="薩羅尼卡停戰協定">薩羅尼卡停戰協定</a>》。鄂圖曼帝國於1918年10月30日簽署了《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%85%B9%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%81%9C%E6%88%98%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="穆兹罗斯停战协定">穆兹罗斯停战协定</a>》。在1918年10月24日至11月3日之間，意大利在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%A7%E6%89%98%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="維托里奧·維內托戰役">維托里奧·威尼托戰役</a>中擊敗了奧匈帝國，這迫使其於1918年11月3日簽署了《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%8B%89%E6%9C%B1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%81%9C%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="維拉朱斯蒂停戰協定">維拉朱斯蒂停戰協定</a>》。因此，在1918年11月，隨著內部革命，盟軍在西線前進到德國本土，而奧匈帝國也因多民族的緊張態勢而崩潰。由於戰事的失利和來自德國最高統帥部的壓力，德國所有邦國的國王、公爵和親王退位，11月9日中午，德國總理馮·巴登宣布威廉二世退位，並任命新總理<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" title="弗里德里希·艾伯特">弗里德里希·艾伯特</a>，當天下午德國社民黨人<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="菲利普·谢德曼">菲利普·谢德曼</a>在國會大樓宣布共和國成立<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，同时威廉二世出走荷兰。当晚，德意志帝國滅亡<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>政治</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：政治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="德意志帝国宪法">德意志帝国宪法</a>》規定：普鲁士國王兼任德意志皇帝，普魯士首都<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>定為德國首都，普魯士宰相亦兼任德國首相。首相也是帝国唯一的大臣，由德皇指定，向德皇负责。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="帝國議會 (德意志帝國)">帝国议会</a>仅具有表决权，而不具提案权，因此其并没有完整的立法权力，而行政权则主要由首相行使。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="聯邦体制"><span id=".E8.81.AF.E9.82.A6.E4.BD.93.E5.88.B6"></span>聯邦体制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：聯邦体制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="德國歷史上的邦國">德國歷史上的邦國</a></div> <p>新帝國是一個由25個州組成的聯邦聯盟，這些州在規模、人口、憲法、經濟、文化、宗教和社會政治發展方面差異很大。然而，即使是佔領土和人口三分之二的普魯士本身，也以新人的身份從帝國的外圍出現。它還面臨著巨大的文化和經濟內部分歧。例如，普魯士的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6%E7%9C%81" title="威斯特法伦省">威斯特伐利亞省</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵省">萊茵省</a>在過去幾十年一直處於法國的控制之下。當地人民受益於源自法國大革命思想的自由民政改革，與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%98%93%E8%B3%93" title="東易賓">易北河以東</a>如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="波美拉尼亞">波美拉尼亞</a>的獨裁和雜亂無章的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B" title="容克">容克莊園</a>中以農村為主的社區幾乎沒有共同之處<sup id="cite_ref-#1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。較小領土的居民，特別是在德國中部和南部的居民，極大地拒絕了普魯士化的民族概念，並更願意將這些術語與他們各自的家鄉聯繫起來。前漢薩同盟港口城市<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="漢堡">漢堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%86%E6%A2%85" class="mw-redirect" title="不來梅">不來梅</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" title="呂貝克自由市">呂貝克</a>是與普魯士簽訂合約最激烈反對者。作為自由貿易的倡導者，它們反對普魯士的經濟一體化思想，並拒絕簽署更新的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="德意志關稅同盟">關稅同盟條約</a>直至1888年<sup id="cite_ref-#1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。漢薩商人在海外經濟上的成功與他們的全球化思維是一致的。漢堡市民——俾斯麥稱他們“極度令人生厭”，德國駐倫敦大使——俾斯麥聲稱是“我們所擁有的最糟糕的德國人”，都支持自由主義思想，他們對<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="軍國主義">普魯士軍國主義</a>及其日益增長的影響尤其感到震驚<sup id="cite_ref-#1_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>普魯士-德意志帝國當局意識到必要的一體化概念，因為<a href="/wiki/1871%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1871年德國聯邦選舉">第一次帝國選舉</a>的52%的選民投票率和其結果清楚地表明了這一點。歷史學家越來越多地爭辯說，民族國家是通過帝國建立起來的。民族認同以誇張的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%A1%91%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉皇帝塑像（页面不存在）">皇帝塑像</a>來表達，並以帝王為國家元首的帝國人民實現，並發展帝國的野心——國內、歐洲乃至全球<sup id="cite_ref-build2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-build2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="帝國議會"><span id=".E5.B8.9D.E5.9C.8B.E8.AD.B0.E6.9C.83"></span>帝國議會</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：帝國議會"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width: 16.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr" style="font-size:smaller"><span class="fn org country-name"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="普魯士">普魯士</a></span> </div></th></tr><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普魯士政治（页面不存在）">普魯士政府与政治</a></b><br /><small>系列条目</small></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">憲法</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848%E5%B9%B4%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="1848年普魯士憲法">1848年</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1850%E5%B9%B4%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="1850年普鲁士宪法">1850年</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1920%E5%B9%B4%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="1920年普魯士憲法">1920年</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">領導人</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>君主</b></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="霍亨索伦王朝">霍亨索伦王朝</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="普鲁士君主列表">普魯士君主</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普魯士王位繼承人列表（页面不存在）">王位繼承人</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>政府</b></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E9%A6%96%E9%95%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士内阁首长">内阁首长</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%89%AF%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E9%A6%96%E9%95%BF" title="普鲁士副内阁首长">副内阁首长</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8" title="普魯士外交部">外交部長</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E9%83%A8" title="普魯士戰爭部">戰爭部</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%A7%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7" title="普魯士內政部長">內政部</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E8%B2%A1%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普魯士財政部長列表（页面不存在）">財政部</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">立法機構</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普魯士等級（页面不存在）">普魯士等級</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="普魯士國民議會">國民議會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" title="普鲁士议会">議會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%99%A2" title="普魯士貴族院">普魯士貴族院</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%8A%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普魯士上議院（页面不存在）">普魯士上議院</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%8A%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普魯士上議院主席列表（页面不存在）">主席</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%BC%97%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="普鲁士众议院">普鲁士众议院</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">選舉制度</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%89%E7%B4%9A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="普魯士三級選舉制度">三級選舉制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="普鲁士自由邦的选举">普鲁士自由邦的选举</a></li> <li><b>公投</b> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="上西里西亚公投">1921年上西里西亚公投</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="1920年东普鲁士公投">1920年东普鲁士公投</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a 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title="骑士团国">骑士团国</a>）</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E9%A1%BF%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%A2%E9%95%BF" title="条顿骑士团大团长">条顿骑士团大团长</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%98%E9%95%B7" title="大團長">大团长</a>）</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%98%93%E8%B3%93" title="東易賓">东易宾</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B" title="容克">容克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="普魯士皇家陸軍">普魯士陸軍</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E5%8F%82%E8%B0%8B%E9%83%A8" title="德国总参谋部">德國總參謀部</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="帝國總督">帝國總督</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="普魯士改革運動">普魯士改革運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="普鲁士神话">普鲁士神话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志統一">德意志統一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="普魯士政變">普魯士政變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E9%99%A4%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="廢除普魯士">廢除普魯士</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Template:普魯士政治"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:普魯士政治（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:普魯士政治"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichstagsgebaeude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Reichstagsgebaeude.jpg/220px-Reichstagsgebaeude.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Reichstagsgebaeude.jpg/330px-Reichstagsgebaeude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Reichstagsgebaeude.jpg/440px-Reichstagsgebaeude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="2572" /></a><figcaption>1900年代的帝國議會大廈</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0978,_Reichstag,_Plenarsitzungssaal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0978%2C_Reichstag%2C_Plenarsitzungssaal.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0978%2C_Reichstag%2C_Plenarsitzungssaal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0978%2C_Reichstag%2C_Plenarsitzungssaal.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0978%2C_Reichstag%2C_Plenarsitzungssaal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0978%2C_Reichstag%2C_Plenarsitzungssaal.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0978%2C_Reichstag%2C_Plenarsitzungssaal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>1898年帝國議會中集體會議時的場景</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-091-21,_Schaubild_der_Arbeiterversicherung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-091-21%2C_Schaubild_der_Arbeiterversicherung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-091-21%2C_Schaubild_der_Arbeiterversicherung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-091-21%2C_Schaubild_der_Arbeiterversicherung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-091-21%2C_Schaubild_der_Arbeiterversicherung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-091-21%2C_Schaubild_der_Arbeiterversicherung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-091-21%2C_Schaubild_der_Arbeiterversicherung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>德國1885至1909年間社會保障收入、支出和福利的圖表</figcaption></figure> <p>1871年4月16日頒佈的帝國<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="德意志帝国宪法">憲法</a>，是按普魯士憲法基礎而成的，加入有關帝國的新內容，它明確規定德意志帝國是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="聯邦制">聯邦制</a>國家，由22個邦、3個自由市和1個直轄區組成。各邦把<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="軍事">軍事</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="外交">外交</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="海關">海關</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="立法">立法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="銀行">銀行</a>立法、間接稅、刑法等權力交給帝國政府，只保留教育、衛生和地方<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="行政">行政</a>等權力，同時保留自己的君主政府和議會。帝國憲法規定普魯士王國的國王就是德國的皇帝，集軍政大權於一身，擁有至高無上的權力，能任免帝國各級官吏。普魯士王國的首相是德國的首相，由皇帝任免，向皇帝負責<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_p191-193_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge_p191-193-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>德意志帝國的立法機構由兩部分組成，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="聯邦議會 (德意志帝國)">聯邦議會</a>（類似上議院，由個邦代表組成）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="帝國議會 (德意志帝國)">帝國議會</a>（類似下議院）。聯邦議會由各邦君主任命代表而組成，主席由宰相擔任，設58席，普魯士佔17席、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴伐利亞">巴伐利亞</a>佔6席、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="薩克森">薩克森</a>佔4席、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="符騰堡">符騰堡</a>佔4席，只需14票便可否決憲法修正議案，因此普魯士在聯邦議會有很大影響力。帝國議會議員通過秘密選舉產生，選民為帝國居民中年滿25歲的成年<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7" title="男性">男性</a>公民，設382名國會議員，1873年起增至397名<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。帝國議會所通過的一切決議須得聯邦議會同意後來能生效，以限制帝國議會的權力，因此實際功能並不大。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>帝國議會的席位（1871–1887）<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1871%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1871年德國聯邦選舉">1871</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1874%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1874年德國聯邦選舉">1874</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1877%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1877年德國聯邦選舉">1877</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1878%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1878年德國聯邦選舉">1878</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1881%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1881年德國聯邦選舉">1881</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1884%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1884年德國聯邦選舉">1884</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1887%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1887年德國聯邦選舉">1887</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1890%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1890年德國聯邦選舉">1890</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1893%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1893年德國聯邦選舉">1893</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1898%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1898年德國聯邦選舉">1898</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1903%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1903年德國聯邦選舉">1903</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1907%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1907年德國聯邦選舉">1907</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1912年德國聯邦選舉">1912</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E9%BB%A8" title="德國保守黨">德國保守黨</a> </th> <td align="right">57 </td> <td align="right">22 </td> <td align="right">40 </td> <td align="right">59 </td> <td align="right">50 </td> <td align="right">78 </td> <td align="right">80 </td> <td>73 </td> <td>72 </td> <td>56 </td> <td>54 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>43 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E9%BB%A8" title="自由保守黨">自由保守黨</a> </th> <td align="right">37 </td> <td align="right">33 </td> <td align="right">38 </td> <td align="right">57 </td> <td align="right">28 </td> <td align="right">28 </td> <td align="right">41 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%BB%A8" title="民族自由黨">民族自由黨</a> </th> <td align="right">125 </td> <td align="right">155 </td> <td align="right">128 </td> <td align="right">99 </td> <td align="right">47 </td> <td align="right">51 </td> <td align="right">99 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>53 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>51 </td> <td>54 </td> <td>45 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E9%BB%A8" title="德國進步黨">德國進步黨</a> </th> <td align="right">46 </td> <td align="right">49 </td> <td align="right">35 </td> <td align="right">26 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td>66 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="自由聯盟 (德國)">自由聯盟</a> </th> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">46 </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td>106 </td> <td>96 </td> <td>102 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>105 </td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主義政黨</a> </th> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">67 </td> <td align="right">32 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>56 </td> <td>81 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>110 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%BB%A8" title="德國中央黨">德國中央黨</a> </th> <td align="right">63 </td> <td align="right">91 </td> <td align="right">93 </td> <td align="right">94 </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="right">99 </td> <td align="right">98 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="德國社會民主黨">社會民主黨</a> </th> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="right">9 </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="right">9 </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td align="right">11 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>少數族裔 </th> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">34 </td> <td align="right">34 </td> <td align="right">40 </td> <td align="right">45 </td> <td align="right">43 </td> <td align="right">33 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>其他 </th> <td align="right">31 </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">13 </td> <td align="right">9 </td> <td align="right">7 </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="三大階層"><span id=".E4.B8.89.E5.A4.A7.E9.9A.8E.E5.B1.A4"></span>三大階層</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：三大階層"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%89%E7%B4%9A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="普魯士三級選舉制度">普魯士三級選舉制度</a></div> <p>首先是貴族階級，新帝國為各個邦國的貴族提供了有吸引力的職業機遇，結果就是貴族幾乎完全控制了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8" class="mw-disambig" title="民政部">民政部門</a>，他們主導了在大學和教會的決策。1914年的德國外交使團由8位王公、29位伯爵、20位男爵、54位下層貴族代表和僅僅11位平民組成。這些平民是從精英實業家和銀行家族中不加區分地招募的。領事團僱用了許多平民，但是他們佔據了幾乎沒有行政權力的職位<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。普魯士為年輕貴族保留最高軍銜的傳統被採納，新憲法將所有軍事事務置於皇帝的直接控制之下，不受帝國議會的控制<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2006158,_603–623_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2006158,_603–623-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。憑藉其遍布德國的大量預備役軍官，軍隊加強了其作為“維護國家的財產”的作用，歷史學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF-%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E5%8B%92" title="漢斯-烏爾里希·韋勒">漢斯-烏爾里希·韋勒</a>補充說：“它成為一個幾乎獨立的、自我延續的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="種姓制度">種姓制度</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>權力越來越集中在居住在首都柏林和鄰近的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%A8%E5%9D%A6" title="波茨坦">波茨坦</a>的約七千名貴族的手中。柏林迅速增長的富裕中產階級模仿貴族，並試圖與其聯姻。貴族可以永久地將一個富有的工業家族推向當權派的上游<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。然而隨著貴族成為實業家，這個過程往往朝著另一個方向發展。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="西里西亞">西里西亞</a>的243個礦山中有221個屬於貴族或普魯士國王本人<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>其次是中產階級，德意志帝國境內城市中的中產階級呈指數級增長，儘管它從未像法國、英國或美國那樣獲得強大的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會代表權</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="立法权">立法權</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國婦女協會組織（页面不存在）">德國婦女協會組織</a>成立於1894年，它涵蓋了自1860年代以來出現的不斷增多的婦女組織。BDF從一開始就是一個資產階級組織，其成員致力於在教育、經濟機會和政治生活等領域與男性平等。工人階級婦女不受歡迎，並被社會主義者組織起來<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>最後一個階層是工人階級，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="德國社會民主黨">社會主義工人黨</a>（後稱德國社會民主黨，SPD）的興起，旨在通過改造現有的政治和社會條件，和平建立社會主義秩序。從1878年起，俾斯麥試圖通過取締黨的結社、議會和大部分報紙來反對日益增長的社會民主運動。儘管如此，社會民主黨變得更加強大，俾斯麥在1883年啟動了他的社會福利計劃，以安撫工人階級。俾斯麥建立在早在1840年代就開始的普魯士和薩克森的福利計劃傳統之上。在1880年代，他引入了構成現代歐洲福利國家基礎的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BB%E8%80%81%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="养老金">養老金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%96%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="意外保險">意外保險</a>、醫療和失業保險。他的家長式計劃贏得了德國工業界的支持，因為它的目標是為帝國贏得工人階級的支持，並減少移民到美國的外流，此時美洲的工資較高但福利並不存在<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。俾斯麥通過他的高關稅政策進一步贏得了工業界和技術工人的支持，該政策保護了利潤和工資免受美國競爭的影響，儘管它們疏遠了想要自由貿易的自由知識分子<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政区"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E5.8C.BA"></span>政区</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：政区"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="德国本土"><span id=".E5.BE.B7.E5.9B.BD.E6.9C.AC.E5.9C.9F"></span>德国本土</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：德国本土"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國的邦國">德意志帝國的邦國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9C%81%E4%BB%BD" title="普魯士省份">普魯士省份</a></div> <p>在德国統一之前，德意志地区分成39个独立的邦国。这些邦国包括王国、大公国、公国、亲王国、自由汉萨城市和帝国直辖领。<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士">普鲁士</a>是众多构成帝国的邦国中面积最大的，领土占整个帝国的六成。 </p><p>这些邦国中的其中数个在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a>崩溃之后得到独立主权。其余的邦国都在1815年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="维也纳会议">维也纳会议</a>之后得到独立主权。这些邦国的领土可能不是一块连续的领土，可能会分成数个部分分部在德意志地区各地。这种现象是因为透过家族分支瓜分领地，或者是透过征购而获得的。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Deutsches_Reich,_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png/500px-Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="664" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png/750px-Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png/1000px-Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png 2x" data-file-width="5013" data-file-height="6654" /></a><figcaption>帝國各邦的區劃細分圖</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#625B57" align="center"><span style="color:white"><b>王國</b>（<span lang="de">Königreiche</span>）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士</a>（<span lang="de">Preußen</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>（<span lang="de">Berlin</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亞</a>（<span lang="de">Bayern</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a>（<span lang="de">München</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="符騰堡王國">符騰堡</a>（<span lang="de">Württemberg</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9" title="斯图加特">斯图加特</a>（<span lang="de">Stuttgart</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="薩克森王國">薩克森</a>（<span lang="de">Sachsen</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF" title="德累斯顿">德累斯顿</a>（<span lang="de">Dresden</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#625B57" align="center"><span style="color:white"><b>大公國</b>（<span lang="de">Großherzogtümer</span>）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="巴登大公國">巴登</a>（<span lang="de">Baden</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E9%B2%81%E5%8E%84" title="卡尔斯鲁厄">卡爾斯魯厄</a>（<span lang="de">Karlsruhe</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="黑森大公国">黑森</a>（<span lang="de">Hessen</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%A7%86%E6%96%BD%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="达姆施塔特">达姆施塔特</a>（<span lang="de">Darmstadt</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E5%80%AB%E5%A0%A1-%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%AA%E6%9E%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="梅克倫堡-什未林大公國">梅克倫堡-施威林</a>（<span lang="de">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E5%A8%81%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="施威林">施威林</a>（<span lang="de">Schwerin</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1-%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9%E8%8C%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="梅克伦堡-施特雷利茨大公国">梅克倫堡-施特雷利茨</a>（<span lang="de">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9%E8%8C%A8" title="新施特雷利茨">新施特雷利茨</a>（<span lang="de">Neustrelitz</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奧爾登堡大公國">歐登堡</a>（<span lang="de">Oldenburg</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="奥尔登堡">欧登堡</a>（<span lang="de">Oldenburg</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B-%E7%88%B1%E6%A3%AE%E7%BA%B3%E8%B5%AB" title="萨克森-魏玛-爱森纳赫">薩克森-魏瑪-艾森納赫</a>（<span lang="de">Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B" title="魏玛">魏玛</a>（<span lang="de">Weimar</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#625B57" align="center"><span style="color:white"><b>公國</b>（<span lang="de">Herzogtümer</span>）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="安哈特公國">安哈爾特</a>（<span lang="de">Anhalt</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%8D" title="德绍">德紹</a>（<span lang="de">Dessau</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BC%A6%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="不伦瑞克公国">不倫瑞克</a>（<span lang="de">Braunschweig</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BC%A6%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B" title="不伦瑞克">不伦瑞克</a>（<span lang="de">Braunschweig</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%BB%95%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="薩克森-阿爾滕堡">薩克森-阿爾滕堡</a>（<span lang="de">Sachsen-Altenburg</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%95%E5%A0%A1" title="阿尔滕堡">阿爾滕堡</a>（<span lang="de">Altenburg</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E7%A7%91%E5%A0%A1-%E5%93%A5%E8%BE%BE" title="萨克森-科堡-哥达">萨克森-科堡-哥达</a>（<span lang="de">Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E9%81%94" title="哥達">科堡/哥达</a>（<span lang="de">Coburg/Gotha</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E8%BF%88%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9" title="萨克森-迈宁根">萨克森-迈宁根</a>（<span lang="de">Sachsen-Meiningen</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9" title="迈宁根">邁寧根</a>（<span lang="de">Meiningen</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#625B57" align="center"><span style="color:white"><b>親王國</b>（<span lang="de">Fürstentümer</span>）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%80%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="利珀亲王国">利珀</a>（<span lang="de">Lippe</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%B9%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="代特莫尔德">代特莫爾德</a>（<span lang="de">Detmold</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF-%E6%A0%BC%E8%B3%B4%E8%8C%A8%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="羅伊斯-格賴茨親王國">羅伊斯-格賴茨(長系)</a>（<span lang="de">Reuß-Greiz</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%B5%96%E8%8C%A8" title="格赖茨">格賴茨</a>（<span lang="de">Greiz</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%B9%BC%E7%B3%BB%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="羅伊斯幼系親王國">羅伊斯幼系</a>（<span lang="de">Reuß jüngerer Linie</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89" title="格拉">格拉</a>（<span lang="de">Gera</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A0%A1-%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%80%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="紹姆堡-利珀親王國">紹姆堡-利珀</a>（<span lang="de">Schaumburg-Lippe</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E5%A0%A1" title="比克堡">比克堡</a>（<span lang="de">Bückeburg</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%A8%E5%A0%A1-%E9%AD%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E6%96%BD%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="施瓦茨堡-魯多爾施塔特">施瓦茨堡-魯多爾施塔特</a>（<span lang="de">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%E6%96%BD%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="鲁多尔施塔特">魯多爾施塔特</a>（<span lang="de">Rudolstadt</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%A8%E5%A0%A1-%E6%9D%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE" title="施瓦茨堡-松德斯豪森">施瓦茨堡-松德斯豪森</a>（<span lang="de">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE" title="松德斯豪森">松德斯豪森</a>（<span lang="de">Sondershausen</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%85%8B%E5%92%8C%E7%9A%AE%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="瓦爾代克和皮爾蒙特親王國">瓦爾德克和皮爾蒙特</a>（<span lang="de">Waldeck-Pyrmont</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%A3%AE" title="巴特阿罗尔森">阿羅爾森</a>（<span lang="de">Arolsen</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#625B57" align="center"><span style="color:white"><b>漢薩自由市</b>（<span lang="de">Freie Hansestädte</span>）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%86%E6%A2%85%E5%B7%9E" title="不來梅州">不來梅</a>（<span lang="de">Bremen</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%86%E6%A2%85%E5%B7%9E" title="不來梅州">不來梅</a>（<span lang="de">Bremen</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="漢堡">漢堡</a>（<span lang="de">Hamburg</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="漢堡">漢堡</a>（<span lang="de">Hamburg</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" title="呂貝克自由市">呂貝克</a>（<span lang="de">Lübeck</span>） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" title="呂貝克自由市">呂貝克</a>（<span lang="de">Lübeck</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#625B57" align="center"><span style="color:white"><b>帝國直轄領</b>（<span lang="de">Reichsland</span>）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a>（<span lang="de">Elsass-Lothringen</span>） </td> <td><a 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href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" shape="poly" coords="184,251,181,254,183,255" alt="普魯士王國" title="普魯士王國" /><area href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" shape="poly" coords="171,255,169,258,168,260,171,263,172,267,173,268,176,267,177,270,176,271,181,274,182,271,183,271,184,267,183,264,179,263,179,265,177,263,178,262,175,260,174,256" alt="普魯士王國" title="普魯士王國" /><area href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" shape="poly" coords="206,263,206,265,204,264,202,267,203,270,206,272,209,268" alt="普魯士王國" title="普魯士王國" /><area href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" shape="poly" coords="106,363,107,366,111,367,111,369,117,371,120,370,123,374,120,377,126,386,123,386,123,390,120,389,118,391,122,393,126,387,130,390,132,387,128,386,128,369" alt="普魯士王國" title="普魯士王國" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="海外属地"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E5.A4.96.E5.B1.9E.E5.9C.B0"></span>海外属地</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：海外属地"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Kolonien.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Deutsche_Kolonien.PNG/350px-Deutsche_Kolonien.PNG" decoding="async" width="350" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Deutsche_Kolonien.PNG/525px-Deutsche_Kolonien.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Deutsche_Kolonien.PNG/700px-Deutsche_Kolonien.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>德意志帝國的海外殖民地</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="德國殖民地">德國殖民地</a></div> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#E60000" align="center"><span style="color:white"><b>太平洋</b>（<span lang="de">Pazifik</span>）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichskolonialflagge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/22px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/33px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/44px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%AC%E8%96%A9%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德屬薩摩亞">薩摩亞</a>（<span lang="de">Deutsch-Samoa</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg/22px-Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg/33px-Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg/44px-Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%AC%E7%B4%90%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德屬紐幾內亞">德屬紐幾內亞</a>（<span lang="de">Deutsch-Neuguinea</span>）<small>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="索羅門群島">索羅門群島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BD%97%E6%9E%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="加罗林群岛">加羅林群島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%B4%8D%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="北馬里亞納群島">北馬里亞納群島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E9%AD%AF" title="諾魯">諾魯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="馬紹爾群島">馬紹爾群島</a>）</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E60000" align="center"><span style="color:white"><b>非洲</b>（<span lang="de">Afrika</span>）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_German_East_Africa_Company.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_German_East_Africa_Company.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_East_Africa_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_German_East_Africa_Company.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_German_East_Africa_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_German_East_Africa_Company.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_German_East_Africa_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%AC%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" title="德屬東非">德屬東非</a>（<span lang="de">Deutsch-Ostafrika</span>）<small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%99%B6%E5%B0%BC%E5%96%80" title="坦噶尼喀">坦噶尼喀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E5%AE%89%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="盧安達">盧安達</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E9%9A%86%E5%9C%B0" title="蒲隆地">蒲隆地</a>）</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsch_West-Afrikanischen_Handelsgesellschaft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Deutsch_West-Afrikanischen_Handelsgesellschaft.svg/22px-Deutsch_West-Afrikanischen_Handelsgesellschaft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Deutsch_West-Afrikanischen_Handelsgesellschaft.svg/33px-Deutsch_West-Afrikanischen_Handelsgesellschaft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Deutsch_West-Afrikanischen_Handelsgesellschaft.svg/44px-Deutsch_West-Afrikanischen_Handelsgesellschaft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="266" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%AC%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" title="德屬西非">德屬西非</a>（<span lang="de">Deutsch-Westafrika</span>）<small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%9E%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86" title="德属喀麦隆">德屬喀麥隆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5%E8%98%AD" title="多哥蘭">多哥蘭</a>）</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaggenentwurf_7_S%C3%BCdwestafrika_1914.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flaggenentwurf_7_S%C3%BCdwestafrika_1914.svg/22px-Flaggenentwurf_7_S%C3%BCdwestafrika_1914.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flaggenentwurf_7_S%C3%BCdwestafrika_1914.svg/33px-Flaggenentwurf_7_S%C3%BCdwestafrika_1914.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flaggenentwurf_7_S%C3%BCdwestafrika_1914.svg/44px-Flaggenentwurf_7_S%C3%BCdwestafrika_1914.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="德属西南非洲">德屬西南非洲</a>（<span lang="de">Deutsch-Südwestafrika</span>）<small>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="納米比亞">納米比亞</a>）</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%AC%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C" title="德屬索馬里">德屬索馬里</a>（<span lang="de">Deutsch-Somaliküste</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E60000" align="center"><span style="color:white"><b>中國</b>（<span lang="de">China</span>）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gouverneurflagge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gouverneurflagge.svg/22px-Gouverneurflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gouverneurflagge.svg/33px-Gouverneurflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gouverneurflagge.svg/44px-Gouverneurflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="801" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%B7%9E%E6%B9%BE%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F%E5%9C%B0" title="胶州湾租借地">德屬膠澳</a>（<span lang="de">Kiautschou</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%9F%E7%95%8C" title="天津德租界">天津德租界</a>（<span lang="de">Tientsin</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%8F%A3%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%9F%E7%95%8C" title="汉口德租界">汉口德租界</a>（<span lang="de">Hankou</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="山東">山東</a>勢力範圍（<span lang="de">Schantung</span>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="黃河">黃河</a>流域勢力範圍 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="工業"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E6.A5.AD"></span>工業</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：工業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="德国经济史">德国经济史</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發展迅速"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95.E8.BF.85.E9.80.9F"></span>發展迅速</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：發展迅速"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="德国产业革命">德国产业革命</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BASF_Werk_Ludwigshafen_1881.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BASF_Werk_Ludwigshafen_1881.JPG/220px-BASF_Werk_Ludwigshafen_1881.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BASF_Werk_Ludwigshafen_1881.JPG/330px-BASF_Werk_Ludwigshafen_1881.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BASF_Werk_Ludwigshafen_1881.JPG/440px-BASF_Werk_Ludwigshafen_1881.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1881年<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E6%B8%AF" title="路德维希港">路德维希港</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="巴斯夫">巴斯夫</a>化學工廠</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essen_a54_v_Stadtpanorama-1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Essen_a54_v_Stadtpanorama-1890.jpg/220px-Essen_a54_v_Stadtpanorama-1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Essen_a54_v_Stadtpanorama-1890.jpg/330px-Essen_a54_v_Stadtpanorama-1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Essen_a54_v_Stadtpanorama-1890.jpg/440px-Essen_a54_v_Stadtpanorama-1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1890年<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%A3%AE" title="埃森">埃森</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%99%8F%E4%BC%AF" title="克虏伯">克虜伯工廠</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_a_(i.e._am)_Main_LOC_22442507279.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Frankfurt_a_%28i.e._am%29_Main_LOC_22442507279.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_a_%28i.e._am%29_Main_LOC_22442507279.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Frankfurt_a_%28i.e._am%29_Main_LOC_22442507279.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_a_%28i.e._am%29_Main_LOC_22442507279.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Frankfurt_a_%28i.e._am%29_Main_LOC_22442507279.jpg/440px-Frankfurt_a_%28i.e._am%29_Main_LOC_22442507279.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="731" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1915年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰克福">法兰克福</a>美因河上的繁忙景象</div></div></div></div></div> <p>德國的工業化起步較晚，<a href="/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="19世紀">19世紀</a>中期的英國已工廠林立，但德國仍以務農為主，1852年期間約50%人從事農業生產。早在1834年德意志地區已組成<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="關稅同盟">關稅同盟</a>，以消除各邦之間的<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="關稅">關稅</a>，促進經濟發展。統一後德國工業化進程的技術進步發生了四次浪潮：鐵路浪潮（1877-1886年）、染料浪潮（1887-1896年）、化學浪潮（1897-1902年）和電氣浪潮（1903-1918年）<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。雖然德國的工業化進程比英國晚了將近70年，但也因此能夠以<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英國</a>摸索出的最佳工廠模式作為學習的對象吸取經驗，從而更有效地利用其國家型資本，並避免了採用傳統方法來邁向技術極限的過程。德國在科研方面的投入比英國大得多，尤其是在化學、電機和電力等第二次工業革命的方面。德國在物理學和化學領域的主導地位使當時所有諾貝爾獎的三分之一都授予了德國的發明家和研究人員。高度集中的德國<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94" title="卡特尔">卡特爾體系</a>（英語：<span lang="en">Cartel</span>；德語：<span lang="de">Konzerne</span>）能夠更有效地利用資本。不同於英法，德國並沒有承受遍佈世界殖民地的國防壓力。在1871年德國吞併了法國的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a>後，它還趁機吸收了法國工業技術的一部分，雖然法國的技術並不如英國，但在中低端領域相差無幾，可以讓德國簡單的無縫技術轉移<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>隨著經濟發展，加上普法戰爭後得到50億法郎賠款，在俾斯麥利用這些賠款刻意扶持舊<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a>範圍內的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="工業革命">工業革命</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="西里西亞">西里西亞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵蘭">萊茵蘭</a>地區，讓這些地區的經濟突飛猛進，鄉村人民湧入城市，提供了大量勞力，成為工業生產的勞動者，人民由手工無產階級變為工廠無產階級。1882年德國工業人口佔總勞動人口的40%，<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="魯爾區">魯爾區</a>更成為德國的工業中心，到了1914年德國農業人口降至總人口的三分之一<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。德國的工業生產集中在魯爾區、柏林、中部和西南德國地區，主導了德國經濟發展。到了19世紀末，紡織品和鋼鐵工業成為德國龍頭工業，接著化學和電氣工業也開始崛起<sup id="cite_ref-wirtschaft_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wirtschaft-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。縱使務農人口減少，但農業技術改良使農產量得以提升<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此後，德國製造商開始佔領英國進口產品的國內市場，並與國外的英國工業競爭，尤其是在美國。到1870年，德國的紡織和金屬工業在組織和技術效率上已超過英國，並在國內市場上取代了英國。德國成為歐洲大陸上的主要經濟大國，並且是僅次於英國的第二大出口國。德國的鋼產量大為提升，由1870年的140萬噸，去到1913年已超過1,000萬噸；<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a>產量更多，由1843年的310噸，到了1871年增加至3,400萬噸，增長了10倍有餘；自主研發的蒸汽機數量亦由1841年的40架增至1870年的5,000多架<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>第一次世界大戰爆發不久，德國欲以速戰速決方式擊敗法俄兩國，因此只有計算德國本土的經濟實力，沒有考慮到英法大量的海軍和殖民地支持。隨著現實中的戰事持續，德國依賴的俄國、美國糧食，因為英法尤其是英國的封鎖，使得國內開始糧荒，專為向荷蘭和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E5%9C%B0%E9%82%A3%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="斯堪地那維亞">斯堪地那維亞</a>國家購買精緻主食，這導致糧食價格飛漲、以及窮人無法吃上廉價麵包的問題。1916年至1917年的一戰末期，這個情況更為嚴重，甚至連粗糧麵包、不加工麵包都開始極度短缺，政府開始取消除了主食以外的食品供應，集中對麵包進行配額管制，這導致了不少人<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF" title="營養不良">營養不良</a>並且患上缺鹽、缺糖的疾病<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。隨著糧食短缺的加劇，麵包工業被優先供給，這又產生了連鎖效應，在戰爭中最最重要的軍需品的份額被抽走，軍工廠人手被拉去麵包廠，工廠無人工作；德國政府遂開放女性填補空缺，導致了1918年婦女在工廠就業人數高達230萬，較1913年的160萬高出許多，不過這也變相的提升了女性的地位，為了之後男女平權提供了先行條件。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="金融工商"><span id=".E9.87.91.E8.9E.8D.E5.B7.A5.E5.95.86"></span>金融工商</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：金融工商"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;"> <caption>德意志帝國各經濟部門就業人員佔比<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>經濟部門 </th> <th>1882 </th> <th>1895 </th> <th>1907 </th></tr> <tr> <td>農業 </td> <td align="right">41.6 </td> <td align="right">35.0 </td> <td align="right">28.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>工業/手工業 </td> <td align="right">34.8 </td> <td align="right">38.5 </td> <td align="right">42.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>運輸/貿易 </td> <td align="right">9.4 </td> <td align="right">11.0 </td> <td align="right">12.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>家庭服務 </td> <td align="right">5.0 </td> <td align="right">4.3 </td> <td align="right">3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>公共服務/自由職業 </td> <td align="right">4.6 </td> <td align="right">5.1 </td> <td align="right">5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>無業/退休 </td> <td align="right">4.7 </td> <td align="right">6.1 </td> <td align="right">8.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>工商業發展迅速還帶動了金融業、貸款產業的發達，德國各邦為了管控流動資本而相繼成立國家型銀行，政府亦統一了貨幣，設立帝國銀行作為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="中央銀行">中央銀行</a>，制定完善的商業法，帝國也得以藉此匯集大量資本。在經濟高速發展達到頂峰時，<a href="/wiki/1873%E5%B9%B4%E6%81%90%E6%85%8C" title="1873年恐慌">1873年的大蕭條</a>使德國經濟發展減緩，失業率上升，工人把經濟危機歸咎在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太人">猶太人</a>身上<sup id="cite_ref-wirtschaft2_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wirtschaft2-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但在統一後的爆發式繁榮過後，德國於1879年改行保護關稅政策，以保護國內工農業，導致經濟在1895年至1903年發生延緩，然而俾斯麥的保護關稅政策到了19世紀末已失去成效，不但使國內物價高漲，還造成外國的報復性攻擊，使德國工業產品雖然已高質量著稱，但是苦於沒有讓產品傾銷的殖民地，因此根本打不進英、法、美市場，外銷不甚理想；直到卡普里維時期，才透過和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奧匈帝國">奧匈帝國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭">荷蘭</a>加強經濟聯繫，形成了大日耳曼經濟圈，這才改善了關稅保護政策的弊端<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。第一次世界大戰爆發前的最後10年，德國經濟透過和德語區的國家建立密切互動關係，得到了巨大的發展<sup id="cite_ref-wirtschaft2_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wirtschaft2-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鐵路運輸"><span id=".E9.90.B5.E8.B7.AF.E9.81.8B.E8.BC.B8"></span>鐵路運輸</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：鐵路運輸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="德國鐵路運輸史">德國鐵路運輸史</a></div> <p>德國人最初缺乏技術基礎，他們需要從<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>進口他們的工程設備和硬件，但他們很快就學會了運營和擴展鐵路所需的技術。在許多城市，新的鐵路車間是技術革新和技能培訓的中心。因此，到1850年，德國已經能夠自給自足地滿足鐵路建設的需求，鐵路同時成為了<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%BC%E9%90%B5%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鋼鐵工業">鋼鐵工業</a>發展的主要動力。1870年德國統一促進了國家統一、企業國有化以及經濟進一步的發展。與法國的情況不同，德國的目標是支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化">工業化</a>，因此將縱橫交錯的重型線路鋪設在了<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%BA" title="鲁尔区">魯爾</a>和其他工業區，並為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="漢堡">漢堡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%86%E6%A2%85" class="mw-redirect" title="不來梅">不來梅</a>等主要港口提供了良好的聯繫。1873年俾斯麥創立帝國鐵路局，負責國家的<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="鐵路">鐵路</a>事務，迅速擴建帝國鐵路網。到1880年，德國擁有9400輛機車，拉動了43,000名乘客和30,000噸貨運，並領先於法國<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。德國鐵軌的總長度從1865年的14,690公里，到1875年已達27,960公里，最終增加到1913年的63,000公里，建立了僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>的世界上最大的鐵路網絡，而此時英國的鐵路里程為32,000公里<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="印染工業"><span id=".E5.8D.B0.E6.9F.93.E5.B7.A5.E6.A5.AD"></span>印染工業</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：印染工業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>到1900年，德國化學工業主導了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E6%96%99" title="染料">合成染料</a>的世界市場<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。三大公司<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="巴斯夫">巴斯夫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E8%80%B3" title="拜耳">拜耳</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍伊斯特公司（页面不存在）">霍伊斯特</a>與五家較小的公司一共生產了數百種不同的染料<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。到1913年，這八家公司生產了近90％的世界染料供應，並將其生產的約80％銷往國外。三大公司也已將上游整合到基本原料的生產中，並開始擴展到其他領域，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%93%81" title="藥品">藥品</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8%E8%86%A0%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="照相膠片">照相膠片</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E8%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="農藥">農藥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="電化學工程">電化學</a>。最高級別的決策掌握在專業的受薪經理手中，故而德國染料公司被稱為“世界上第一家真正的現代化管理的工業企業”<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_Bergwerke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="工業、礦山和冶煉廠"><img alt="工業、礦山和冶煉廠" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Deutsches_Reich_Bergwerke.jpg/120px-Deutsches_Reich_Bergwerke.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Deutsches_Reich_Bergwerke.jpg/180px-Deutsches_Reich_Bergwerke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Deutsches_Reich_Bergwerke.jpg/240px-Deutsches_Reich_Bergwerke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2452" data-file-height="1896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">工業、礦山和冶煉廠</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_Landwirtschaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="農業"><img alt="農業" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Deutsches_Reich_Landwirtschaft.jpg/120px-Deutsches_Reich_Landwirtschaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Deutsches_Reich_Landwirtschaft.jpg/180px-Deutsches_Reich_Landwirtschaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Deutsches_Reich_Landwirtschaft.jpg/240px-Deutsches_Reich_Landwirtschaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1902" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">農業</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1833年的鐵路網[註 9]"><img alt="1833年的鐵路網[註 9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg/98px-Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg/147px-Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg/196px-Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="2064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1833年的鐵路網<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1849年的鐵路網"><img alt="1849年的鐵路網" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1849.jpg/120px-Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1849.jpg/180px-Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1849.jpg/240px-Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4646" data-file-height="3766" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1849年的鐵路網</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1861年的鐵路網[註 10]"><img alt="1861年的鐵路網[註 10]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1861.jpg/120px-Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1861.jpg/180px-Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1861.jpg/240px-Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4878" data-file-height="3792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1861年的鐵路網<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1899年的鐵路網"><img alt="1899年的鐵路網" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1899.jpg/120px-Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1899.jpg/180px-Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1899.jpg/240px-Bahnkarte_Deutschland_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4710" data-file-height="3622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1899年的鐵路網</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社會"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83"></span>社會</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：社會"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法律法规"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B.E6.B3.95.E8.A7.84"></span>法律法规</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：法律法规"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="德國法院體系">德國法院體系</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="德意志帝国宪法">德意志帝国宪法</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichsgesetzblatt_1896_Seite_195.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Reichsgesetzblatt_1896_Seite_195.png/220px-Reichsgesetzblatt_1896_Seite_195.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Reichsgesetzblatt_1896_Seite_195.png/330px-Reichsgesetzblatt_1896_Seite_195.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Reichsgesetzblatt_1896_Seite_195.png/440px-Reichsgesetzblatt_1896_Seite_195.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>1896年8月24日出版的德国民法典</figcaption></figure> <p>1871年的德國有4,100萬人，到了1914年已增長至6,770萬人，人口在43年內增加了四分之三，相反鄰國法國只從3,600萬增至4,000萬人。大批年輕人離開鄉村到城市尋找機遇，德國的大城市迅速擴大，產生了一系列社會問題。早期大多數工人居住和工作環境都很惡劣，工人工資較低，缺乏保障，住屋與公共設施未能配合人口湧入的需要，許多工人為節省開支，往往與數人合租一間住房。城鎮衛生不良，衛生設施較原始。城市的迅速工業化，對舊地主產生極大影響，這些<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B" title="容克">容克地主</a>以三級制支配普魯士的政治，但他們的勢力隨著工業化而式微<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。為了解決社會問題，政府於是在1883年推出疾病保險法、1884年的意外災難保險法和1889年的老年和殘廢保險法、1911年的職員保險法，使德國成為一個擁有優良社會保障制度的國家。此外政府又大力興建房屋，縮短工人的工作時間，1878年立法規定婦女及兒童不得從事對有害身體的工作，14至16歲的青少年每天工作不得超過10時<sup id="cite_ref-wirtschaft_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wirtschaft-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>與此同時，德國也在努力通過制定和改變法律使幾個世紀以來一直獨立發展的各邦國之間的差異的縮小。完全不同的法律歷史和司法制度帶來了極大的複雜性，特別是對國家貿易而言。儘管邦聯於1861年引入了通用貿易法典（該法典在德意志帝國時期仍被採納，並經過重大修改，但直到今天仍在生效），但在其他方面，法律幾乎沒有相似之處。 </p><p>1871年，德意志各邦國制定了共同的《刑法》（<span lang="de">Reichsstrafgesetzbuch</span>）；1877年，在法院系統（<span lang="de">Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz</span>）、民事訴訟程序（<span lang="de">Zivilprozessordnung</span>）和刑事訴訟程序（<span lang="de">Strafprozessordnung</span>）中建立了共同的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%B3%95" title="程序法">司法程序</a>。1873年對憲法進行了修改，允許其取代各州的各種民法典（如果存在的話；例如以前由<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="拿破仑一世">拿破崙</a>占領的德國部分地區採用了《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="法国民法典">法國民法典</a>》，而在普魯士1794年的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E9%82%A6%E6%B3%95" title="普鲁士一般邦法">普鲁士一般邦法</a>》仍然有效）。1881年，德國成立了第一個委員會，為整個帝國製定通用的民法典。該委員會最終制定出了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="德国民法典">德國民法典</a>》，該法規最終於1900年1月1日生效，對世界各國的法律法規制定產生了深遠的影響。 </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Rechts-_und_Gerichtskarte_(1895).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1900年前德國不同的司法體系"><img alt="1900年前德國不同的司法體系" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Deutsche_Rechts-_und_Gerichtskarte_%281895%29.jpg/120px-Deutsche_Rechts-_und_Gerichtskarte_%281895%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Deutsche_Rechts-_und_Gerichtskarte_%281895%29.jpg/180px-Deutsche_Rechts-_und_Gerichtskarte_%281895%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Deutsche_Rechts-_und_Gerichtskarte_%281895%29.jpg/240px-Deutsche_Rechts-_und_Gerichtskarte_%281895%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6550" data-file-height="5100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1900年前德國不同的司法體系</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DR_Fields_of_Law.png" class="mw-file-description" title="德意志帝國內不同的法律體系"><img alt="德意志帝國內不同的法律體系" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DR_Fields_of_Law.png/120px-DR_Fields_of_Law.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DR_Fields_of_Law.png/180px-DR_Fields_of_Law.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DR_Fields_of_Law.png/240px-DR_Fields_of_Law.png 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">德意志帝國內不同的法律體系</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_b18_s0533a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="德法義三國各政區人口犯罪比例圖（1882–1886）"><img alt="德法義三國各政區人口犯罪比例圖（1882–1886）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Meyers_b18_s0533a.jpg/95px-Meyers_b18_s0533a.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Meyers_b18_s0533a.jpg/142px-Meyers_b18_s0533a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Meyers_b18_s0533a.jpg/190px-Meyers_b18_s0533a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2569" data-file-height="3245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">德法義三國各政區人口犯罪比例圖（1882–1886）</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="城市發展"><span id=".E5.9F.8E.E5.B8.82.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>城市發展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：城市發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="德意志帝國城市化">德意志帝國城市化</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">19世紀末德意志帝國的各大城市</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Cafe_Bauer_um_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Cafe_Bauer_um_1900.jpg/220px-Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Cafe_Bauer_um_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Cafe_Bauer_um_1900.jpg/330px-Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Cafe_Bauer_um_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Cafe_Bauer_um_1900.jpg/440px-Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Cafe_Bauer_um_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3501" data-file-height="2525" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">帝國首都<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E6%A8%B9%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%97" title="菩提樹下大街">菩提樹下大街</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiserstrasse,_Frankfort_on_Main_(i.e._Frankfurt_am_Main),_Germany-LCCN2002713666.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaiserstrasse%2C_Frankfort_on_Main_%28i.e._Frankfurt_am_Main%29%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713666.jpg/220px-Kaiserstrasse%2C_Frankfort_on_Main_%28i.e._Frankfurt_am_Main%29%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713666.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaiserstrasse%2C_Frankfort_on_Main_%28i.e._Frankfurt_am_Main%29%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713666.jpg/330px-Kaiserstrasse%2C_Frankfort_on_Main_%28i.e._Frankfurt_am_Main%29%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaiserstrasse%2C_Frankfort_on_Main_%28i.e._Frankfurt_am_Main%29%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713666.jpg/440px-Kaiserstrasse%2C_Frankfort_on_Main_%28i.e._Frankfurt_am_Main%29%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713666.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="2759" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE-%E6%8B%BF%E9%A8%B7%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="黑森-拿騷省">黑森-拿騷省</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="美茵河畔法蘭克福">美茵河畔法蘭克福</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%92%92%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%97_(%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F)" title="凱撒大街 (法蘭克福)">凱撒大街</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theater,_Leipsig,_Saxony,_Germany-LCCN2002720617.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Theater%2C_Leipsig%2C_Saxony%2C_Germany-LCCN2002720617.jpg/220px-Theater%2C_Leipsig%2C_Saxony%2C_Germany-LCCN2002720617.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Theater%2C_Leipsig%2C_Saxony%2C_Germany-LCCN2002720617.jpg/330px-Theater%2C_Leipsig%2C_Saxony%2C_Germany-LCCN2002720617.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Theater%2C_Leipsig%2C_Saxony%2C_Germany-LCCN2002720617.jpg/440px-Theater%2C_Leipsig%2C_Saxony%2C_Germany-LCCN2002720617.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3623" data-file-height="2695" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="薩克森王國">薩克森王國</a>最大城市<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%8C%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="萊比錫">萊比錫</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_(%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF)" title="剧院广场 (德累斯顿)">劇院廣場</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Justisplatz,_Munich,_Bavaria,_Germany-LCCN2002696144.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Justisplatz%2C_Munich%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany-LCCN2002696144.jpg/220px-Justisplatz%2C_Munich%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany-LCCN2002696144.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Justisplatz%2C_Munich%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany-LCCN2002696144.jpg/330px-Justisplatz%2C_Munich%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany-LCCN2002696144.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Justisplatz%2C_Munich%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany-LCCN2002696144.jpg/440px-Justisplatz%2C_Munich%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany-LCCN2002696144.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3655" data-file-height="2770" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亞王國</a>首府<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%AB_(%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91)" title="司法宫 (慕尼黑)">司法宮</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulm,_W%C3%BCrttemberg,_Germany,_ca._1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ulm%2C_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_Germany%2C_ca._1895.jpg/220px-Ulm%2C_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_Germany%2C_ca._1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ulm%2C_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_Germany%2C_ca._1895.jpg/330px-Ulm%2C_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_Germany%2C_ca._1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ulm%2C_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_Germany%2C_ca._1895.jpg/440px-Ulm%2C_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_Germany%2C_ca._1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3514" data-file-height="2568" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="符騰堡王國">符騰堡王國</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="烏爾姆">烏爾姆</a>遠觀，遠處是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%A7%86%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="乌尔姆大教堂">烏爾姆大教堂</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_view,_Schwerin,_Mecklenburg-Schwerin,_Germany-LCCN2002713948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/General_view%2C_Schwerin%2C_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713948.jpg/220px-General_view%2C_Schwerin%2C_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/General_view%2C_Schwerin%2C_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713948.jpg/330px-General_view%2C_Schwerin%2C_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/General_view%2C_Schwerin%2C_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713948.jpg/440px-General_view%2C_Schwerin%2C_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3644" data-file-height="2759" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E5%80%AB%E5%A0%A1-%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%AA%E6%9E%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="梅克倫堡-什未林大公國">梅克倫堡-什未林大公國</a>首府<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%AA%E6%9E%97" title="什未林">什未林</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E5%A8%81%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="施威林主教座堂">什未林主教座堂</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_(1890-1900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg/220px-Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg/330px-Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg/440px-Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="2511" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E7%9C%81_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="西里西亚省 (普鲁士)">西里西亞省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="布雷斯勞">布雷斯勞</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9B%86%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_(%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB)" title="中央集市广场 (弗罗茨瓦夫)">中央集市廣場</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg/220px-Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg/330px-Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg/440px-Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3512" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="東普魯士省">東普魯士省</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="柯尼斯堡">柯尼斯堡</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="柯尼斯堡城堡">柯尼斯堡城堡</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>1871年至1910年間，统一的德意志帝國經歷了大規模工業化和城市化。在此期间大量人口從農村地區向城市流動，而他們的生活和工作條件往往很差，这为之後的國內社會的衝突埋下了伏筆。 </p><p>1871年至1910年間，德國居住在城市地區的人口數量顯著增加<sup id="cite_ref-one2_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1871年至1910年間，居住在2,000人以下城市的德國人比例從64%下降至40%，而居住在20,000至99,999人城市的德國人比例從8%上升至13%，在同一時期，居住在人口超過100,000人的城市中的人口比例從5%增加到21%。 </p><p>然而這種城市化在德國各地發生的情況並不均衡<sup id="cite_ref-ghi-dc12_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghi-dc12-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。具體而言，德國的城市化和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化">工業化</a>集中在北部和西部的工業區，而德國南部和東部則保留了以農村為主的特徵<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams2007_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams2007-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如在1910年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="東普魯士">東普魯士</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE%E7%9C%81" title="波森省">波森</a>65%的人口居住在不到2,000人的小城市中，這個比例在全國中為40%，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵蘭">萊茵蘭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="威斯特法倫">威斯特法倫</a>為20%。總體而言，這一時期德國最迅猛的城市化發生在<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵蘭">萊茵蘭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="威斯特法倫">威斯特法倫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="薩克森">薩克森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E7%9C%81" title="勃兰登堡省">勃蘭登堡</a><sup id="cite_ref-ghi-dc1_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghi-dc1-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此外，這一時期德國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化">工業發展</a>集中在<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%BA" title="鲁尔区">魯爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="萨克森">薩克森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="西里西亞">西里西亞</a>。在這些地區的總人口中，47%的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E7%9C%81_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="勃兰登堡省 (普鲁士)">勃蘭登堡省</a>人口、40%的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6%E7%9C%81" title="威斯特法伦省">威斯特伐利亞省</a>人口和50%的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E7%9C%81" title="莱茵省">萊茵省</a>人口在1910年居住在20,000人或更多的城市中。 </p><p>1875年至1910年間，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E6%8C%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%92%E5%88%97)" title="德国城市列表 (按人口排列)">德國城市</a>的人口大幅增加。在此期間，擁有超過10,000名居民的德國城市數量從271個增加到576個。同時，德國人口超過20萬的城市數量從同期的3個增加到23個。此外，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="杜伊斯堡">杜伊斯堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%A3%AE" title="埃森">埃森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="基爾">基爾</a>等城市的人口在此期間都增加了五倍或更多<sup id="cite_ref-ghi-dc22_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghi-dc22-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。杜伊斯堡的人口從37,380人增加到229,438人，埃森的人口從54,790人增加到294,653人，基爾的人口從37,246人增加到211,627人<sup id="cite_ref-ghi-dc2_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghi-dc2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1900年代，隨著科技發展，一方面帶來了不少問題，例如了水、空氣和土地污染問題，但另一方面亦造就了不少便民設施，不但政府提供供水、電力和煤氣服務，私人企業亦拓展這些服務，以及修建<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%BB%8C%E9%9B%BB%E8%BB%8A" title="有軌電車">有軌電車</a>改善城市交通網絡。大都市出現了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B5" title="地鐵">地鐵</a>，街道上亦出現了汽車。 </p><p>日常娛樂和大眾文化方面，亦呈現多元化特徵。19世紀末，年青一代興起了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="候鳥運動" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wandervogel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%99%E9%B3%A5%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="候鳥運動（页面不存在）">候鳥運動</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandervogel" class="extiw" title="en:Wandervogel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wandervogel</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，侯鳥成員穿著寬身、舒適的休閒服裝出到田野鄉間遠足、宿營等，希望能脫離社會的束縛，過著一種貼近自然身活的方式。這團體對現代政治和教育制度作出批評，有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a>、反物質主義和反猶太主義的傾向。此外，人民相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实证主义">實證主義</a>，相信科學法則和進步的必然性。博物館和畫廊紛紛成立，不同的紀念碑亦在各城市建立，用以顯示<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼民族</a>的歷史<sup id="cite_ref-where_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。人民在經濟和公共生活上產生自我意識，成為了「城市的主人」。各種社交俱樂部和政治組織的出現，主導了公共生活、公民道德和價值觀念<sup id="cite_ref-kulture_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulture-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="10"><b>德國人口定居城市規模分布（1871–1910）</b><sup id="cite_ref-one_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>規模/年份</b> </td> <td><b>1871</b> </td> <td><b>1875</b> </td> <td><b>1880</b> </td> <td><b>1885</b> </td> <td><b>1890</b> </td> <td><b>1895</b> </td> <td><b>1900</b> </td> <td><b>1905</b> </td> <td><b>1910</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>少於 2,000</b> </td> <td>63.9% </td> <td>61.0% </td> <td>58.6% </td> <td>56.3% </td> <td>53.0% </td> <td>49.8% </td> <td>45.6% </td> <td>42.6% </td> <td>40.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2,000 至 4,999</b> </td> <td>12.4% </td> <td>12.6% </td> <td>12.7% </td> <td>12.4% </td> <td>12.0% </td> <td>12.0% </td> <td>12.1% </td> <td>11.8% </td> <td>11.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>5,000 至 19,999</b> </td> <td>11.2% </td> <td>12.0% </td> <td>12.6% </td> <td>12.9% </td> <td>13.1% </td> <td>13.6% </td> <td>13.5% </td> <td>13.7% </td> <td>14.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>20,000 至 99,999</b> </td> <td>7.7% </td> <td>8.2% </td> <td>8.9% </td> <td>8.9% </td> <td>9.8% </td> <td>10.7% </td> <td>12.6% </td> <td>12.9% </td> <td>13.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>100,000 及以上</b> </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>6.2% </td> <td>7.2% </td> <td>9.5% </td> <td>12.1% </td> <td>13.9% </td> <td>16.2% </td> <td>19.0% </td> <td>21.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_b4_s0812a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="人口密度（1885年）"><img alt="人口密度（1885年）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Meyers_b4_s0812a.jpg/120px-Meyers_b4_s0812a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Meyers_b4_s0812a.jpg/180px-Meyers_b4_s0812a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Meyers_b4_s0812a.jpg/240px-Meyers_b4_s0812a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">人口密度（1885年）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_der_Reichstagswahlkreise_farbig-2011-11-09.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="帝國議會選區"><img alt="帝國議會選區" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Karte_der_Reichstagswahlkreise_farbig-2011-11-09.svg/120px-Karte_der_Reichstagswahlkreise_farbig-2011-11-09.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Karte_der_Reichstagswahlkreise_farbig-2011-11-09.svg/180px-Karte_der_Reichstagswahlkreise_farbig-2011-11-09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Karte_der_Reichstagswahlkreise_farbig-2011-11-09.svg/240px-Karte_der_Reichstagswahlkreise_farbig-2011-11-09.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">帝國議會選區</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Kaiserreich_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1893年的帝國組成各部分及重要城市"><img alt="1893年的帝國組成各部分及重要城市" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Deutsches_Kaiserreich_1893.jpg/120px-Deutsches_Kaiserreich_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Deutsches_Kaiserreich_1893.jpg/180px-Deutsches_Kaiserreich_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Deutsches_Kaiserreich_1893.jpg/240px-Deutsches_Kaiserreich_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3049" data-file-height="2411" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1893年的帝國組成各部分及重要城市</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="平权福利"><span id=".E5.B9.B3.E6.9D.83.E7.A6.8F.E5.88.A9"></span>平权福利</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：平权福利"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>德國國內男女不平等現象甚為普遍，婦女是沒有投票權的二等公民、法律對婦女的歧視、同工不同酬、受教育權利、甚至在1908年帝國結社法通過前婦女是沒有參與政治權利，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="工會">工會</a>和政黨。戰前<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BF%E5%AD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="避孕">避孕方法</a>極不普及，故每家庭都有4至5名子女，加上死亡率漸漸下降，導致人口急增。德國出現了婦女運動，爭取教育和就業平等。資產階級婦女並對只局限在家庭領域的生活並不滿足，由於她們的女兒在完成學業與結婚之間有一段很長的時期，因此希望尋求更多教育和就業機會。1865年成立的德國婦女會和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%83" title="萊特會">萊特會</a>便在帝國成立初期積極爭取這些要求。他們的努力在20世紀初漸見成效，儘管受到德國各邦男性的反對，女性終於能夠有機會接受高等教育<sup id="cite_ref-kulture_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulture-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>相比<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>其它國家，德國的教育制度可以說是相當進步。19世紀初多數<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="邦">邦</a>通過立法，規定國民須接受<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="小學">小學</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%99%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="義務教育">義務教育</a>。1871年，普魯士就有33000所初級學校，在學學童約400萬人，1911年增至39000所，學生高達650萬人。因此德國民眾識字率甚高，直到十九世紀末，每1000名德國人中，無法讀寫的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B2" title="文盲">文盲</a>不到5人。學校向學生灌輸忠君愛國、紀律、苦幹的觀念，眾多課目中<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歷史">歷史</a>科最為重視，學童須熟習<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="德國歷史">德國歷史</a>。然而只有少數人能在完成<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="小學">小學</a>後繼續接受教育，只有關係良好的富家子弟才能升讀<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中學">中學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>。1871年的德國共有13,000名大學生，這數字在1885年上升至27,000人，而大學亦不鼓勵大學生以批評眼光判斷時事<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。普魯士女學生能參加1908年的高中畢業考試。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">一戰</a>前，約有4,000名女性接受<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="高等教育">高等教育</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語言"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>語言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：語言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_Deutsches_Reich_1900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sprachen_Deutsches_Reich_1900.png/220px-Sprachen_Deutsches_Reich_1900.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sprachen_Deutsches_Reich_1900.png/330px-Sprachen_Deutsches_Reich_1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sprachen_Deutsches_Reich_1900.png/440px-Sprachen_Deutsches_Reich_1900.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>1900年德意志帝國各區（<span lang="de">kreis</span>）的語言使用者比例</figcaption></figure> <p>德意志帝國中大約92％的人口以德語作為第一語言，1880年，德語的語法和拼寫規則首次出現在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%99%BB%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8" title="杜登辭典">杜登辭典</a>中。1901年，這被一詞典宣佈為標准德語的規範。標準德語正字法隨後基本上沒有修改，直到1998年德國、奧地利、列支敦士登和瑞士的政府代表正式頒布了1996年的德語拼寫改革。改革後的德語拼寫經歷了八年的過渡期，在此期間，大部分學校都教授了改革後的拼寫，而媒體則並存了傳統的拼寫和改革的拼寫。 </p><p>在19世紀後期，德語取代拉丁語成為西方科學的通用語言，這一地位持續到二戰結束。那個時代許多最偉大的科學論文首先以德語發表，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦">阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦</a>、馬克斯·普朗克、威廉·倫琴和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="冯·诺伊曼">馮·諾伊曼</a>的論文。 </p><p>少數民族中，唯一數量明顯的少數族裔語言（5.4％）是波蘭語，它的使用者主要分布在波蘭被普魯士瓜分的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="波森">波森</a>（波茲南）地區。 </p><p>非德語<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族">日耳曼語</a>（0.5％），例如丹麥語，荷蘭語和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="弗里斯兰语">弗里斯蘭語</a>，位於帝國的北部和西北部，靠近丹麥，荷蘭，比利時和盧森堡的邊界。低德語在整個德國北部都被使用，儘管在語言上與高德語的區別等同於與荷蘭語和英語的區別，但被歸為“德語”的範疇。丹麥語和弗里斯蘭語主要在普魯士的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC-%E8%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0" title="石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因">石勒蘇益格-荷爾斯泰因州</a>北部使用，而荷蘭語在普魯士的西部邊界地區（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AB%BE%E5%A8%81%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="漢諾威省">漢諾威</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6%E7%9C%81" title="威斯特法伦省">威斯特法伦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵省">萊茵省</a>）使用。 </p><p>波蘭語和其他<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="西斯拉夫语支">西斯拉夫語言</a>（6.28％）主要在東部使用。少數（0.5％）會講法語，其中絕大多數在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林地區</a>，法語人口占此地總人口的11.6％。 </p><p><b>人口统计</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5" title="德國人口普查">德國人口普查</a>和<a href="/wiki/1900%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5" title="1900年德意志帝國人口普查">1900年德意志帝國人口普查</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable toptextcells" style="text-align:left;"> <caption>德意志帝國公民語言使用情況<br />（1900年12月1日）<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>語言 </th> <th>人數 </th> <th>比例 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right">51,883,131 </td> <td style="text-align:right">92.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td>德語和其他外語 </td> <td style="text-align:right">252,918 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭語">波蘭語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,086,489 </td> <td style="text-align:right">5.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">211,679 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%98%87%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬蘇里亞語">馬蘇里亞語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">142,049 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥語">丹麥語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">141,061 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="立陶宛語">立陶宛語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">106,305 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%88%92%E6%AF%94%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="卡舒比語">卡舒比語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">100,213 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="索布語">索布語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">93,032 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語">荷蘭語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">80,361 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利語">義大利語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">65,930 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="摩拉維亞方言">摩拉維亞語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">64,382 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="捷克語">捷克語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">43,016 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="弗里斯兰语">弗里斯蘭語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">20,677 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">20,217 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄語">俄語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">9,617 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="瑞典語">瑞典語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">8,998 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="匈牙利语">匈牙利語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">8,158 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙語">西班牙語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,059 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙語</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">479 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>其他外語 </td> <td style="text-align:right">14,535 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.03 </td></tr> <tr style="background: lightcoral" class="sortbottom"> <td><b>帝國公民</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>56,367,187</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_d%C3%A4nisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="丹麥語"><img alt="丹麥語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_d%C3%A4nisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_d%C3%A4nisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_d%C3%A4nisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_d%C3%A4nisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_d%C3%A4nisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_d%C3%A4nisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥語">丹麥語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_niederl%C3%A4ndisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="荷蘭語"><img alt="荷蘭語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_niederl%C3%A4ndisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_niederl%C3%A4ndisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_niederl%C3%A4ndisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_niederl%C3%A4ndisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_niederl%C3%A4ndisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_niederl%C3%A4ndisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語">荷蘭語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_friesisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="弗里斯蘭語"><img alt="弗里斯蘭語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_friesisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_friesisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_friesisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_friesisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_friesisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_friesisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="弗里斯兰语">弗里斯蘭語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_polnisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="波蘭語"><img alt="波蘭語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_polnisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_polnisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_polnisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_polnisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_polnisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_polnisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语">波蘭語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_tschechisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="捷克語"><img alt="捷克語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_tschechisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_tschechisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_tschechisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_tschechisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_tschechisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_tschechisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="捷克语">捷克語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_masurisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="馬蘇里亞語"><img alt="馬蘇里亞語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_masurisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_masurisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_masurisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_masurisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_masurisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_masurisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%98%87%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬蘇里亞語">馬蘇里亞語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_kaschubisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="卡舒比語"><img alt="卡舒比語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_kaschubisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_kaschubisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_kaschubisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_kaschubisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_kaschubisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_kaschubisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%88%92%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡舒比语">卡舒比語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_sorbisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="索布語"><img alt="索布語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_sorbisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_sorbisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_sorbisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_sorbisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_sorbisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_sorbisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD" title="索布语">索布語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_franz%C3%B6sisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="法語"><img alt="法語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_franz%C3%B6sisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_franz%C3%B6sisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_franz%C3%B6sisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_franz%C3%B6sisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_franz%C3%B6sisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_franz%C3%B6sisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_wallonisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="瓦隆語"><img alt="瓦隆語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_wallonisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_wallonisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_wallonisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_wallonisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_wallonisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_wallonisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦隆語">瓦隆語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_italienisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="義大利語"><img alt="義大利語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_italienisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_italienisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_italienisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_italienisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_italienisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_italienisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">義大利語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_litauisch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="立陶宛語"><img alt="立陶宛語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_litauisch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_litauisch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_litauisch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_litauisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_litauisch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_litauisch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="立陶宛語">立陶宛語</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_nichtdeutsch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="非德語"><img alt="非德語" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_nichtdeutsch.png/120px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_nichtdeutsch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_nichtdeutsch.png/180px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_nichtdeutsch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_nichtdeutsch.png/240px-Sprachen_deutsches_reich_1900_nichtdeutsch.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">非德語</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宗教"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99"></span>宗教</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：宗教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_II_Auguste_Viktoria_Jerusalem_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wilhelm_II_Auguste_Viktoria_Jerusalem_1898.jpg/220px-Wilhelm_II_Auguste_Viktoria_Jerusalem_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wilhelm_II_Auguste_Viktoria_Jerusalem_1898.jpg/330px-Wilhelm_II_Auguste_Viktoria_Jerusalem_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wilhelm_II_Auguste_Viktoria_Jerusalem_1898.jpg/440px-Wilhelm_II_Auguste_Viktoria_Jerusalem_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>作為“<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="普魯士聯合教會">普魯士諸省福音會</a>最高總督”的威廉二世皇帝和皇后<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C-%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="什勒斯維希-霍爾斯坦的奧古斯塔·維多利亞">奧古斯塔·維多利亞</a>拜謁位於耶路撒冷的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%9A%E6%95%91%E8%B5%8E%E4%B8%BB%E5%A0%82" title="路德会救赎主堂">路德會救贖主堂</a>（1898年10月31日）</figcaption></figure> <p>總的來說，德意志帝國的宗教人口統計幾乎不變。仍然是幾乎完全是天主教的區域（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA" title="下巴伐利亚行政区">下巴伐利亞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA" title="上巴伐利亚行政区">上巴伐利亞</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6%E7%9C%81" title="威斯特法伦省">威斯特法伦</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="上西里西亞">上西里西亞</a>等）和幾乎完全是新教的區域（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC-%E8%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0" title="石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因">石勒蘇益格-荷爾斯泰因</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="波美拉尼亞">波美拉尼亞</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="萨克森">薩克森</a>等）。宗教偏見，特別是對混合婚姻的偏見，仍然很普遍。然而通過內部的移民，宗教交融逐漸地變得越來越普遍。在東部地區，宗教和種族緊密聯繫，“新教徒=德意志人，天主教徒=波蘭人”這一等式成為社會的共識。在西部，<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%BA" title="鲁尔区">魯爾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6%E7%9C%81" title="威斯特法伦省">威斯特伐利亞</a>受移民影響的發達地區地區以及一些大城市，宗教環境發生了很大變化，天主教逐漸被新教影響、代替。 </p><p>德國的宗教對政治產生了非常大影響。在天主教地區，中央黨有很多選民。另一方面，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="德国社会民主党">社會民主黨</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="自由聯盟 (德國)">自由聯盟</a>在魯爾的天主教地區幾乎得不到任何選票。隨著德意志帝國最後幾十年的世俗化，這種情況開始改變。 </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>1880年德意志帝國的宗教人口 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">面積 </th> <th colspan="2">新教 </th> <th colspan="2">天主教 </th> <th colspan="2">其他基督教 </th> <th colspan="2">猶太教 </th> <th colspan="2">其他 </th></tr> <tr> <th>數量 </th> <th>% </th> <th>數量 </th> <th>% </th> <th>數量 </th> <th>% </th> <th>數量 </th> <th>% </th> <th>數量 </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">普魯士</td> <td>17,633,279</td> <td>64.64</td> <td>9,206,283</td> <td>33.75</td> <td>52,225</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>363,790</td> <td>1.33</td> <td>23,534</td> <td>0.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">巴伐利亞</td> <td>1,477,952</td> <td>27.97</td> <td>3,748,253</td> <td>70.93</td> <td>5,017</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>53,526</td> <td>1.01</td> <td>30</td> <td>0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">薩克森</td> <td>2,886,806</td> <td>97.11</td> <td>74,333</td> <td>2.50</td> <td>4,809</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>6,518</td> <td>0.22</td> <td>339</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">符騰堡</td> <td>1,364,580</td> <td>69.23</td> <td>590,290</td> <td>29.95</td> <td>2,817</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>13,331</td> <td>0.68</td> <td>100</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">巴登</td> <td>547,461</td> <td>34.86</td> <td>993,109</td> <td>63.25</td> <td>2,280</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>27,278</td> <td>1.74</td> <td>126</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">阿爾薩斯-洛林</td> <td>305,315</td> <td>19.49</td> <td>1,218,513</td> <td>77.78</td> <td>3,053</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>39,278</td> <td>2.51</td> <td>511</td> <td>0.03 </td></tr> <tr style="background: lightcoral" class="sortbottom"> <td style="text-align:left"><b>德意志帝國</b></td> <td><b>28,331,152</b></td> <td><b>62.63</b></td> <td><b>16,232,651</b></td> <td><b>35.89</b></td> <td><b>78,031</b></td> <td><b>0.17</b></td> <td><b>561,612</b></td> <td><b>1.24</b></td> <td><b>30,615</b></td> <td><b>0.07</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在帝國的海外殖民地，數百萬的人口信仰當地宗教，同時，大約兩百萬的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>在德國統治下的東非生活<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="德意志帝國的新教和天主教分佈"><img alt="德意志帝國的新教和天主教分佈" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg/120px-Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg/180px-Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg/240px-Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="2547" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">德意志帝國的新教和天主教分佈</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_b4_s0817a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="德意志帝國的新教、天主教和猶太教分佈（Meyers Konversationslexikon)"><img alt="德意志帝國的新教、天主教和猶太教分佈（Meyers Konversationslexikon)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Meyers_b4_s0817a.jpg/120px-Meyers_b4_s0817a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Meyers_b4_s0817a.jpg/180px-Meyers_b4_s0817a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Meyers_b4_s0817a.jpg/240px-Meyers_b4_s0817a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">德意志帝國的新教、天主教和猶太教分佈（<span lang="de">Meyers Konversationslexikon</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbreitung_der_Juden_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="德意志帝國的猶太教分佈"><img alt="德意志帝國的猶太教分佈" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Verbreitung_der_Juden_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg/120px-Verbreitung_der_Juden_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Verbreitung_der_Juden_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg/180px-Verbreitung_der_Juden_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Verbreitung_der_Juden_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg/240px-Verbreitung_der_Juden_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3513" data-file-height="2554" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">德意志帝國的猶太教分佈</div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>文化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哲學藝術"><span id=".E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8.E8.97.9D.E8.A1.93"></span>哲學藝術</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=41" title="编辑章节：哲學藝術"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> 德意志帝國時期生了大量對後世影響深遠的思想文化人物。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡爾·馬克思">卡爾·馬克思</a>提出了<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社會主義">社會主義</a>學說，他的著作《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BA" title="资本论">資本論</a>》在1860至90年代陸續出版。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">弗里德里希·尼采</a>最初是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8F%94%E6%9C%AC%E5%8D%8E" title="阿图尔·叔本华">叔本華</a>的簇擁，然而他很快就拒絕了后者消極的人生觀，並尋求提供一種積極的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲學</a>。他的哲學思想攻擊人們自滿於呆板、淺薄和庸俗的生活，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%AA" title="超人說">超人</a>和奮進中尋求解脫，他在19世紀末接連出版了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E6%83%A1%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%BC%E5%B2%B8" title="善惡的彼岸">善惡的彼岸</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%A6%82%E6%98%AF%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="查拉圖斯特拉如是說">查拉圖斯特拉如是說</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%B2%E5%89%A7%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%9E%E7%94%9F" title="悲剧的诞生">悲劇的誕生</a>》等作品。<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="托马斯·曼">托马斯·曼</a>1900年的小說《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%99%BB%E5%8B%83%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="布登勃洛克一家">布登勃洛克一家</a>》記錄了德國北方一個資產階級家庭幾代人的銳變，描繪了1835年至1870年代間德國經濟與社會的變化。次年，在被<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="普鲁士科学院">普魯士科學院</a>的18位院士联名推荐后，文学家兼史学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE" title="特奥多尔·蒙森">特奧多爾·蒙森</a>因巨作《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%B2_(%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE)" title="羅馬史 (蒙森)">罗马史</a>》而获得<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔文学奖">诺贝尔文学奖</a>。十年后，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="格哈特·霍普特曼">格哈特·霍普特曼</a>以其空靈的詩歌和散文獲得了1912年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔文学奖">諾貝爾文學獎</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E" title="赫尔曼·黑塞">赫爾曼·黑塞</a>的最初兩篇長篇作品《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E9%97%A8%E9%9D%92" title="彼得·卡门青">彼得·卡門青</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E8%BD%AE%E4%B8%8B" title="在轮下">在輪下</a>》在1904和06年相繼發表，使其迅速成名。他因“高度的創意和深刻的洞見”而獲得了1946年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔文学奖">諾貝爾文學獎</a>，並在戰後的自由主義思潮中受到大量歡迎。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="埃德蒙德·胡塞尔">埃德蒙德·胡塞尔</a>在1886年至1916年间分别在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%9B%B7-%E7%BB%B4%E6%BB%95%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哈雷-维滕贝格大学">哈雷-维滕贝格大学</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哥廷根大学">哥廷根大学</a>教书，他在此期间的研究对<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">现象学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="知识论">认识论</a>的发展具有承前启后的价值。1913年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯">卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯</a>的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一般精神病理學（页面不存在）">一般精神病理學</a>》发表，此书已成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="精神病理學">精神病理學</a>的經典著作，許多現代診斷標準都源於其中的觀點。浪漫派音樂大師<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="理查德·瓦格纳">理查德·瓦格纳</a>的音樂劇主要以中世紀作題材，探究社會中的深層緊張關係<sup id="cite_ref-where_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，代表作有《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E4%BC%AF%E9%BE%99%E6%A0%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E7%8E%AF" title="尼伯龙根的指环">尼伯龙根的指环</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D%E6%AD%8C%E6%89%8B" title="纽伦堡的名歌手">紐倫堡的名歌手</a>》等。此時期的繪畫已脫離浪漫派，進入寫實的風格，代表者有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="威廉·莱布尔">威廉·莱布尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="埃米尔·诺尔德">埃米尔·诺尔德</a>等，前者擅長描畫農民的生活和繪製肖像畫，后者通过色彩浓烈的水彩展现出<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="表现主义">表现主义</a>的主题<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">德意志帝國時期思想文化方面著名人物</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Mann_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="托馬斯·曼 Thomas Mann （1875－1955）"><img alt="托馬斯·曼 Thomas Mann （1875－1955）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thomas_Mann_1937.jpg/95px-Thomas_Mann_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thomas_Mann_1937.jpg/142px-Thomas_Mann_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thomas_Mann_1937.jpg/189px-Thomas_Mann_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="托馬斯·曼">托馬斯·曼</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Thomas Mann</span></small><br />（1875－1955）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="赫爾曼·黑塞 Hermann Hesse （1877－1962）"><img alt="赫爾曼·黑塞 Hermann Hesse （1877－1962）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg/100px-Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg/151px-Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg/201px-Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2530" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="赫爾曼·黑塞">赫爾曼·黑塞</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Hermann Hesse</span></small><br />（1877－1962）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Mommsen_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="特奧多爾·蒙森 Theodor Mommsen （1817－1903）"><img alt="特奧多爾·蒙森 Theodor Mommsen （1817－1903）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Theodor_Mommsen_2.jpg/82px-Theodor_Mommsen_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Theodor_Mommsen_2.jpg/122px-Theodor_Mommsen_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Theodor_Mommsen_2.jpg/163px-Theodor_Mommsen_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE" title="特奥多尔·蒙森">特奧多爾·蒙森</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Theodor Mommsen</span></small><br />（1817－1903）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerhart_Hauptmann_nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="格哈特·霍普特曼 Gerhart Hauptmann （1862－1946）"><img alt="格哈特·霍普特曼 Gerhart Hauptmann （1862－1946）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerhart_Hauptmann_nobel.jpg/85px-Gerhart_Hauptmann_nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerhart_Hauptmann_nobel.jpg/127px-Gerhart_Hauptmann_nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerhart_Hauptmann_nobel.jpg/170px-Gerhart_Hauptmann_nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="格哈特·霍普特曼">格哈特·霍普特曼</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Gerhart Hauptmann</span></small><br />（1862－1946）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nietzsche187a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="弗里德里希·尼采 Friedrich Nietzsche （1844－1900）"><img alt="弗里德里希·尼采 Friedrich Nietzsche （1844－1900）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nietzsche187a.jpg/88px-Nietzsche187a.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nietzsche187a.jpg/133px-Nietzsche187a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nietzsche187a.jpg/177px-Nietzsche187a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">弗里德里希·尼采</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Friedrich Nietzsche</span></small><br />（1844－1900）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="埃德蒙德·胡塞爾 Edmund Husserl （1859－1938）"><img alt="埃德蒙德·胡塞爾 Edmund Husserl （1859－1938）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg/91px-Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg/137px-Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg/183px-Edmund_Husserl_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" title="埃德蒙德·胡塞爾">埃德蒙德·胡塞爾</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Edmund Husserl</span></small><br />（1859－1938）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Jaspers_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯 Karl Jaspers （1883－1969）"><img alt="卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯 Karl Jaspers （1883－1969）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Karl_Jaspers_1910.jpg/89px-Karl_Jaspers_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Karl_Jaspers_1910.jpg/133px-Karl_Jaspers_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Karl_Jaspers_1910.jpg/178px-Karl_Jaspers_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="975" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯">卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Karl Jaspers</span></small><br />（1883－1969）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_Emil_Nolde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="埃米爾·諾爾德 Emil Nolde （1867－1956）"><img alt="埃米爾·諾爾德 Emil Nolde （1867－1956）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/WP_Emil_Nolde.jpg/83px-WP_Emil_Nolde.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/WP_Emil_Nolde.jpg/124px-WP_Emil_Nolde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/WP_Emil_Nolde.jpg/166px-WP_Emil_Nolde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="埃米尔·诺尔德">埃米爾·諾爾德</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Emil Nolde</span></small><br />（1867－1956）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RichardWagner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="理查德·華格納 Richard Wagner （1813－1883）"><img alt="理查德·華格納 Richard Wagner （1813－1883）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/86px-RichardWagner.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/130px-RichardWagner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/173px-RichardWagner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="1897" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%C2%B7%E8%8F%AF%E6%A0%BC%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="理察·華格納">理查德·華格納</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Richard Wagner</span></small><br />（1813－1883）</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科學技術"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E6.8A.80.E8.A1.93"></span>科學技術</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节：科學技術"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德國的科學技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Science and technology in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國的科學技術（页面不存在）">德國的科學技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Science and technology in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Science and technology in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国的发明和发现列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of German inventions and discoveries"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国的发明和发现列表（页面不存在）">德国的发明和发现列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries" class="extiw" title="en:List of German inventions and discoveries"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of German inventions and discoveries</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></div> <p>在存在的47年中，德意志帝國迅速完成了工業化，並成長為歐陸首屈一指的工業、技術巨頭，自19世纪中期至第二次世界大战结束的百年间，德语實際上作为西方科学界的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="通用語">通用语</a>而存在<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1905年，當時尚不為人所知的<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="爱因斯坦">愛因斯坦</a>在科學雜誌《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="物理年鉴">物理年鑑</a>》中發表了三篇開創性的論文，第一次向人类介绍了<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a>。1915年，他又發表了一系列論文給出了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>的形式。經過7年的研究，1900年<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克">马克斯·普朗克</a>得出了<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BD%93%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="黑体辐射">黑體輻射</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="普朗克公式">普朗克公式</a>，這一成就標誌著<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子力學</a>的誕生。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="現代物理學">現代物理學</a>的這兩大支柱均是在20世紀前20年由德國科學家創造，而後又由另兩位德國科學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="维尔纳·海森堡">维尔纳·海森堡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94" title="埃尔温·薛定谔">埃爾溫·薛定諤</a>進一步發展<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·倫琴">威廉·倫琴</a>發現了<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="X射线">X射線</a>，使他成為首位諾貝爾物理學獎得主<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">海因里希·赫茲</a>也在電磁學領域做出了突出貢獻，奠定了現代<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1" title="电信">電子通訊</a>的基礎<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1904年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%81%A9" title="奥托·哈恩">奥托·哈恩</a>从镭盐中分离出一种新的放射性物质射<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">钍</a>，随后对<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="天然放射性核素">天然放射性元素</a>进行了深入的研究，并于1938年发现了<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98" title="核裂变">核裂变</a>现象，為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核能源">核能</a>的開發和利用提供了可能。 </p><p>在化學方面同樣也有許多開創性貢獻。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德">威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德</a>对<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="化学平衡">化学平衡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="化学反应">化学反应</a>速率以及催化剂的作用作出了开创性的贡献，大大推动了现代<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="化学工业">化学工业</a>的发展。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%BD" title="卡爾·博施">卡爾·博施</a>改進了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨">氨氣</a>合成的方法，使他取得了1931年<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾化學獎">諾貝爾化學獎</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%9C%E5%B0%94" title="阿道夫·冯·拜尔">阿道夫·冯·拜耳</a>对<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机化学">有机化学</a>做出了突出贡献，他合成了<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9B%E8%93%9D" title="靛蓝">靛藍</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%9A%E9%85%9E" title="酚酞">酚酞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A7%E5%85%89%E7%B4%A0" title="荧光素">荧光素</a>，并在1905年获得了<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">诺贝尔化学奖</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-meijere_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meijere-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" title="赫尔曼·埃米尔·费歇尔">赫尔曼·费歇尔</a>因对<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BC%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="肼类">肼类</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类">糖类</a>的研究，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E9%81%93%E6%96%AF" title="阿道夫·温道斯">阿道夫·温道斯</a>因对<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E8%83%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="组胺">组胺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87" class="mw-redirect" title="胆固醇">胆固醇</a>研究，分别获得了1902和1928年的诺贝尔化学奖<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在科技實業方面，德國同時也產生了許多產業巨頭。<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E5%A7%86%E5%8B%92" title="戈特利布·戴姆勒">戈特利布·戴姆勒</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E8%8C%A8" title="卡尔·本茨">卡尔·本茨</a>在1885年製造了第一台<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="汽車">汽車</a>，隨後創立了<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%B3%BD%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%8D%E8%B3%93%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="梅賽德斯－賓士">奔馳公司</a>，同時，<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E5%A7%86%E5%8B%92" title="戈特利布·戴姆勒">戈特利布·戴姆勒</a>發明了第一個載重汽車，建立了<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%A7%86%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="戴姆勒">戴姆勒發動機公司</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%96%80%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="維爾納·馮·西門子">維爾納·馮·西門子</a>的電氣技術被後世廣泛採用，並製造了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BA%95%E9%9B%BB%E7%BA%9C" title="海底電纜">海底電纜</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="魯道夫·狄塞爾">魯道夫·狄塞爾</a>發明了柴油。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="斐迪南·冯·齐柏林">斐迪南·馮·齊柏林伯爵</a>創立了齊柏林飛艇公司，創造了舉世聞名的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E9%A3%9B%E8%88%B9" title="齊柏林飛船">齊柏林飛艇</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%9E%97%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE" title="奧托·李林塔爾">奧托·李林塔爾</a>是首位能夠重複成功完成滑翔飛行的人，他雖然在試驗中身死，但促進了航天技術的發展與飛機的發明<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p> 地理學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="弗拉迪米爾·彼得·柯本">弗拉迪米爾·柯本</a>綜合了全球的氣候、植被和土壤模式，於1918年歸納創造出了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" title="柯本气候分类法">柯本氣候分類法</a>，在經過一些修改後，這一分類法今日通行於世界<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。柯本的女婿，地質兼氣象學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳">阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳</a>於1912年詳細闡述了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%BC%82%E7%A7%BB%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="大陆漂移学说">大陆漂移学说</a>，這一理論後續得到證實，成為了今日<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地質學</a>研究的基礎<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C" title="保罗·埃尔利希">保羅·埃爾利希</a>預測了<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%AB%94%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" title="自體免疫">自體免疫</a>的存在，大大推動了<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫學</a>的發展。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·冯特">威廉·馮特</a>開創了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="实验心理学">實驗心理學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="认知心理学">認知心理學</a>，並以《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生理心理學的原理（页面不存在）">生理心理學的原理</a>》一文宣告了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學">心理學</a>作為一門現代科學的誕生，他因此被後人視為心理學發展的重要里程碑式人物<sup id="cite_ref-plato.stanford.edu_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="鲁道夫·菲尔绍">鲁道夫·菲尔绍</a>是第一个详细描述<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病">白血病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%A0%93%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="血栓形成">血栓形成</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%93%E5%A1%9E" title="栓塞">栓塞</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%8A%E7%B4%A2%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脊索瘤（页面不存在）">脊索瘤</a>的人，因其在药学和医学的突出贡献，他被后世称为“现代<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学">病理学</a>之父”以及“药学教皇”<sup id="cite_ref-silver87_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver87-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">德意志帝國時期科學技術方面著名人物</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Diesel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="魯道夫·狄塞爾 Rudolf Diesel （1858－1913）"><img alt="魯道夫·狄塞爾 Rudolf Diesel （1858－1913）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rudolf_Diesel2.jpg/90px-Rudolf_Diesel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rudolf_Diesel2.jpg/135px-Rudolf_Diesel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rudolf_Diesel2.jpg/180px-Rudolf_Diesel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="魯道夫·狄塞爾">魯道夫·狄塞爾</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Rudolf Diesel</span></small><br />（1858－1913）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wvs_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="維爾納·馮·西門子 Werner von Siemens （1816－1892）"><img alt="維爾納·馮·西門子 Werner von Siemens （1816－1892）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wvs_1885.jpg/101px-Wvs_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wvs_1885.jpg/152px-Wvs_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wvs_1885.jpg/202px-Wvs_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%96%80%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="維爾納·馮·西門子">維爾納·馮·西門子</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Werner von Siemens</span></small><br />（1816－1892）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roentgen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="威廉·倫琴 Wilhelm Röntgen （1845－1923）"><img alt="威廉·倫琴 Wilhelm Röntgen （1845－1923）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/85px-Roentgen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/128px-Roentgen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/171px-Roentgen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·倫琴">威廉·倫琴</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Wilhelm Röntgen</span></small><br />（1845－1923）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Planck_1878.GIF" class="mw-file-description" title="馬克斯·普朗克 Max Planck （1889–1976）"><img alt="馬克斯·普朗克 Max Planck （1889–1976）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Max_Planck_1878.GIF/90px-Max_Planck_1878.GIF" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Max_Planck_1878.GIF/135px-Max_Planck_1878.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Max_Planck_1878.GIF/181px-Max_Planck_1878.GIF 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="441" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克斯·普朗克">馬克斯·普朗克</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Max Planck</span></small><br />（1889–1976）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_(Nobel).png" class="mw-file-description" title="阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦 Albert Einstein （1879－1955）"><img alt="阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦 Albert Einstein （1879－1955）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png/85px-Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png/127px-Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png/170px-Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦">阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Albert Einstein</span></small><br />（1879－1955）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_(1933).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="埃爾溫·薛定諤 Erwin Schrödinger (1887－1961）"><img alt="埃爾溫·薛定諤 Erwin Schrödinger (1887－1961）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg/85px-Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg/127px-Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg/170px-Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94" title="埃尔温·薛定谔">埃爾溫·薛定諤</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Erwin Schrödinger</span></small><br />(1887－1961）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Hahn_(Nobel).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="奧托·哈恩 Otto Hahn （1879－1968）"><img alt="奧托·哈恩 Otto Hahn （1879－1968）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Otto_Hahn_%28Nobel%29.jpg/85px-Otto_Hahn_%28Nobel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Otto_Hahn_%28Nobel%29.jpg/127px-Otto_Hahn_%28Nobel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Otto_Hahn_%28Nobel%29.jpg/170px-Otto_Hahn_%28Nobel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%81%A9" title="奥托·哈恩">奧托·哈恩</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Otto Hahn</span></small><br />（1879－1968）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="保羅·埃爾利希 Paul Ehrlich （1854－1915）"><img alt="保羅·埃爾利希 Paul Ehrlich （1854－1915）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg/90px-Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg/135px-Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg/180px-Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3123" data-file-height="4167" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C" title="保罗·埃尔利希">保羅·埃爾利希</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Paul Ehrlich</span></small><br />（1854－1915）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_von_Baeyer_(1905).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿道夫·冯·拜尔 Johann von Baeyer （1835－1917）"><img alt="阿道夫·冯·拜尔 Johann von Baeyer （1835－1917）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg/85px-Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg/127px-Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg/170px-Adolf_von_Baeyer_%281905%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%9C%E5%B0%94" title="阿道夫·冯·拜尔">阿道夫·冯·拜尔</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Johann von Baeyer</span></small><br />（1835－1917）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿道夫·溫道斯 Adolf Windaus （1876－1959）"><img alt="阿道夫·溫道斯 Adolf Windaus （1876－1959）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Windaus.jpg/86px-Windaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Windaus.jpg/129px-Windaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Windaus.jpg/172px-Windaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="344" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E9%81%93%E6%96%AF" title="阿道夫·温道斯">阿道夫·溫道斯</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Adolf Windaus</span></small><br />（1876－1959）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="威廉·馮特 Wilhelm Wundt （1832－1920）"><img alt="威廉·馮特 Wilhelm Wundt （1832－1920）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg/89px-Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg/134px-Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg/178px-Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="956" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·馮特">威廉·馮特</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Wilhelm Wundt</span></small><br />（1832－1920）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="赫爾曼·費歇爾 Hermann Fischer （1852－1919）"><img alt="赫爾曼·費歇爾 Hermann Fischer （1852－1919）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg/85px-Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg/127px-Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg/169px-Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="566" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔曼·费歇尔">赫爾曼·費歇爾</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Hermann Fischer</span></small><br />（1852－1919）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德 Friedrich Ostwald （1853－1932）"><img alt="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德 Friedrich Ostwald （1853－1932）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg/90px-Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg/135px-Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg/180px-Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德">威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Friedrich Ostwald</span></small><br />（1853－1932）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wladimir_Peter_K%C3%B6ppen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="弗拉迪米爾·柯本 Wladimir Köppen （1846－1940）"><img alt="弗拉迪米爾·柯本 Wladimir Köppen （1846－1940）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wladimir_Peter_K%C3%B6ppen.jpg/106px-Wladimir_Peter_K%C3%B6ppen.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wladimir_Peter_K%C3%B6ppen.jpg/158px-Wladimir_Peter_K%C3%B6ppen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wladimir_Peter_K%C3%B6ppen.jpg/211px-Wladimir_Peter_K%C3%B6ppen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="弗拉迪米爾·彼得·柯本">弗拉迪米爾·柯本</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Wladimir Köppen</span></small><br />（1846－1940）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳 Alfred Wegener （1880－1930）"><img alt="阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳 Alfred Wegener （1880－1930）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/99px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/149px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/198px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳">阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Alfred Wegener</span></small><br />（1880－1930）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="魯道夫·菲爾紹 Rudolf Virchow （1821－1902）"><img alt="魯道夫·菲爾紹 Rudolf Virchow （1821－1902）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg/87px-Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg/131px-Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg/175px-Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="魯道夫·菲爾紹">魯道夫·菲爾紹</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Rudolf Virchow</span></small><br />（1821－1902）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto-lilienthal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="奧托·李林塔爾 Otto Lilienthal （1848－1896）"><img alt="奧托·李林塔爾 Otto Lilienthal （1848－1896）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Otto-lilienthal.jpg/86px-Otto-lilienthal.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Otto-lilienthal.jpg/129px-Otto-lilienthal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Otto-lilienthal.jpg/172px-Otto-lilienthal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%9E%97%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE" title="奧托·李林塔爾">奧托·李林塔爾</a><br /><small><span lang="de">Otto Lilienthal</span></small><br />（1848－1896）</div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="軍事"><span id=".E8.BB.8D.E4.BA.8B"></span>軍事</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=43" title="编辑章节：軍事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="德意志帝國陸軍">德意志帝國陸軍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="德意志帝國海軍">德意志帝國海軍</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国军事历史（页面不存在）">德国军事历史</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_und_Gener%C3%A4le.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kaiser_und_Gener%C3%A4le.jpg/220px-Kaiser_und_Gener%C3%A4le.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kaiser_und_Gener%C3%A4le.jpg/330px-Kaiser_und_Gener%C3%A4le.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kaiser_und_Gener%C3%A4le.jpg/440px-Kaiser_und_Gener%C3%A4le.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption>德國皇帝和他的軍事領袖（<span lang="de">Heerführer</span>）們：<br />中：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a><br />上：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E7%9A%87%E5%82%A8_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉皇储 (德国)">威廉皇太子</a><br />左上：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%9B%A7%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大·馮·克盧克">亞歷山大·馮·克盧克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%B4%9B" title="卡爾·馮·比洛">卡爾·馮·比洛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%91%9F%E5%8B%92" title="漢斯·馮·貝瑟勒">漢斯·馮·貝瑟勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9_(%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%82%A8)" title="鲁普雷希特 (巴伐利亚王储)">魯普雷希特王太子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6" title="赫爾曼·馮·弗朗索瓦">赫爾曼·馮·弗朗索瓦</a><br />右上：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B8%8C" title="奧托·馮·埃米希">奧托·馮·埃米希</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9_(%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1)" title="阿尔布雷希特 (符腾堡)">阿爾布雷希特親王</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9B%A0" title="赫爾曼·馮·斯坦因">赫爾曼·馮·斯坦因</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="喬西亞斯·馮·赫林根">喬西亞斯·馮·赫林根</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%88%88%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="保羅·馮·興登堡">保羅·馮·興登堡</a><br />右：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C_(1862-1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="普魯士的海因里希 (1862-1929)">海因里希親王</a><br />左：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%AE%E8%8C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔弗雷德·冯·提尔皮茨">阿尔弗雷德·冯·提尔皮茨</a><br />左下：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%B1%AA" title="埃瓦爾德·馮·洛克豪">埃瓦爾德·馮·洛克豪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%82%AF%E6%A3%AE" title="奥古斯特·冯·马肯森">奧古斯特·馮·馬肯森</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%92" title="戈特利布·馮·海斯勒">戈特利布·馮·海斯勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E7%99%BB%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="埃里希·魯登道夫">埃里希·魯登道夫</a><br />右下：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E9%87%91%E6%BC%A2" title="埃里希·馮·法金漢">埃里希·馮·法金漢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%8C%A8%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE" title="約翰·馮·茨維爾">約翰·馮·茨維爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%8A%E7%88%BE%E6%96%BD" title="雷穆斯·馮·沃伊爾施">雷穆斯·馮·沃伊爾施</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%85%A7%E5%A7%86" title="卡爾·馮·艾內姆">卡爾·馮·艾內姆</a></figcaption></figure> <p>德國軍隊在1870年只有40萬人左右，到了1911年增加至864,000人。國家實行<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B5%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6" title="徵兵制">徵兵制</a>，全國男子都須要服役，期間不斷灌輸國家觀念，接受紀律訓練和意識形態的統一。軍官大多是來自貴族階級，1860年有65%軍官來自貴族家庭，可是這比例不斷下降，到1913年只有30%<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1890年代，德國出現了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="沙文主義">沙文主義</a>團體，其中勢力中最的是泛德意志協會，宣揚<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼</a>種族優越論，提出奪取<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法</a>等國<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="殖民地">殖民地</a>，再吞併歐美小國，以建立世界性的大日耳曼帝國，對當時的德國造成了一定的影響。1887年，通過了軍事法案，同意增加軍費。1898年德國海軍聯盟成立，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%AE%E8%8C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔弗雷德·冯·提尔皮茨">阿爾弗雷德·馮·提爾皮茨</a>被任命為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E8%BE%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="國家海軍辦公室 (德意志帝國)">国家海军部</a>秘書長，他倡議建造大型艦隊，並通過了第一個海軍擴建法案，在1904年前建造19艘<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="戰艦">戰艦</a>、8艘<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9D%E7%94%B2%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="裝甲艦">裝甲艦</a>和42艘<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="巡洋艦">巡洋艦</a><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1900年通過第二個海軍法案，建造更多的船艦，並使德國海軍實力僅次於英國。德國擴建海軍引起了英國關注，兩國展開了軍備競賽。1906年英國第一艘<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%95%8F%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="無畏艦">無畏艦</a>下水後，使德國大為緊張，當時<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="基爾運河">基爾運河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%B8%AF" title="威廉港">威廉港</a>的設備並不足以建造和容納此龐然大物<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1891年，德軍總參謀長<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E9%87%8C%E8%8A%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾弗雷德·馮·施里芬">施里芬</a>開始調整對俄法的作戰計劃，以速戰速決為原則，先在六星期內擊敗法國，然後目標轉向動員速度較慢的俄國，並在4個月內將其擊敗。此計劃最終在1905年完成，這便是著名的「<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E9%87%8C%E8%8A%AC%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="施里芬计划">施里芬計劃</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。為了準備戰爭，德國軍費開支不斷增加，1879年只有4.28億<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B" title="德國馬克">馬克</a>，到1913年已超過20億馬克，軍隊人數從1874年的40萬增加至戰前的75萬，390艘船艦，海員達8萬人。同時，威廉二世亦積極對外擴張，甚至在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="第二次摩洛哥危機">第二次摩洛哥危機</a>中派出「豹」號戰艦駛至<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a>，以示抗議。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84" title="三國協約">三國協約</a>的組成，宣示了對立的軍事集團形成，1914年6月28日<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E4%BD%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="塞拉耶佛事件">塞拉耶佛事件</a>成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>導火線，德國介入戰爭，實行施里芬計劃，向法俄宣戰。戰事的拖延使雙方死傷慘重，1917年<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5" title="齐默尔曼电报">齐默尔曼电报</a>事件，威廉二世建議<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>與德國結盟攻打美國，促使<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>加入戰爭。縱使俄國因<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>而退出戰爭、簽訂《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9-%E7%AB%8B%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="布列斯特-立托夫斯克条约">布列斯特-立托夫斯克条约</a>》，使德國能專心在西線作戰，但德國戰敗的命運已無法改變，山窮水絕。隨著<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="保加利亞">保加利亞</a>和奧匈帝國先後投降，德國最終在1918年11月11日投降<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HusarenAngriff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="行進中的德軍驃騎兵（1912）"><img alt="行進中的德軍驃騎兵（1912）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HusarenAngriff.jpg/120px-HusarenAngriff.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HusarenAngriff.jpg/180px-HusarenAngriff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HusarenAngriff.jpg/240px-HusarenAngriff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">行進中的德軍<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%83%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5" title="驃騎兵">驃騎兵</a>（1912）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B0082,_Odenwald,_Kaiserman%C3%B6ver.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="歐登瓦德山進行皇帝演習的德軍步兵（1888）"><img alt="歐登瓦德山進行皇帝演習的德軍步兵（1888）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B0082%2C_Odenwald%2C_Kaiserman%C3%B6ver.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B0082%2C_Odenwald%2C_Kaiserman%C3%B6ver.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B0082%2C_Odenwald%2C_Kaiserman%C3%B6ver.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B0082%2C_Odenwald%2C_Kaiserman%C3%B6ver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B0082%2C_Odenwald%2C_Kaiserman%C3%B6ver.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B0082%2C_Odenwald%2C_Kaiserman%C3%B6ver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%99%BB%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%B1" title="歐登瓦德山">歐登瓦德山</a>進行<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92" title="皇帝演習">皇帝演習</a>的德軍步兵（1888）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B2651,_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._(m.)_auf_der_SMS_%22Geier%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="威廉二世在禿鷲號巡洋艦（德語：Geier）上檢閱（1894）"><img alt="威廉二世在禿鷲號巡洋艦（德語：Geier）上檢閱（1894）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B2651%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._%28m.%29_auf_der_SMS_%22Geier%22.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B2651%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._%28m.%29_auf_der_SMS_%22Geier%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B2651%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._%28m.%29_auf_der_SMS_%22Geier%22.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B2651%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._%28m.%29_auf_der_SMS_%22Geier%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B2651%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._%28m.%29_auf_der_SMS_%22Geier%22.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B2651%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._%28m.%29_auf_der_SMS_%22Geier%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">威廉二世在禿鷲號巡洋艦（德語：<span lang="de">Geier</span>）上檢閱（1894）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hochseeflotte_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="行駛中的公海艦隊（德語：Hochseeflotte）（1917）"><img alt="行駛中的公海艦隊（德語：Hochseeflotte）（1917）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hochseeflotte_2.jpg/120px-Hochseeflotte_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hochseeflotte_2.jpg/180px-Hochseeflotte_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hochseeflotte_2.jpg/240px-Hochseeflotte_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">行駛中的公海艦隊（德語：<span lang="de">Hochseeflotte</span>）（1917）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C.VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="信天翁 C.II型飛機（1917）"><img alt="信天翁 C.II型飛機（1917）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/C.VII.jpg/120px-C.VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/C.VII.jpg/180px-C.VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/C.VII.jpg/240px-C.VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%A1%E5%A4%A9%E7%BF%81_C.II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="信天翁 C.II（页面不存在）">信天翁 C.II</a>型飛機（1917） </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外交"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E4.BA.A4"></span>外交</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=44" title="编辑章节：外交"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歐陸政策"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E9.99.B8.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96"></span>歐陸政策</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=45" title="编辑章节：歐陸政策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dual_Alliance_in_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dual_Alliance_in_1914.png/220px-Dual_Alliance_in_1914.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dual_Alliance_in_1914.png/330px-Dual_Alliance_in_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dual_Alliance_in_1914.png/440px-Dual_Alliance_in_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>德国（蓝）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥匈帝国</a>（红）建立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="德奥同盟">德奥同盟</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple_Alliance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Triple_Alliance.png/220px-Triple_Alliance.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Triple_Alliance.png/330px-Triple_Alliance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Triple_Alliance.png/440px-Triple_Alliance.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>德意志帝國、奧匈帝國和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E5%B9%B4-1946%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利王國 (1861年-1946年)">意大利王國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="三國同盟">三國同盟</a>（紅）</figcaption></figure> <p>俾斯麥知道德國剛剛建國，位於歐洲中央，四面均是強敵，加上德國的建立改變了歐洲勢力均衡的狀況，使列強感到不安。因此，他任內採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="大陆政策 (德意志帝国)">大陸政策</a>，宣稱德國是「滿足的帝國」，以安撫列強。他煽動英、俄兩國互相對抗、與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奧匈帝國">奧</a>結盟、阻止<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E4%BF%84" class="mw-redirect" title="帝俄">帝俄</a>擴張和孤立法國，目的是鞏固德意志帝國在歐洲大陸的霸權。1873年，德、俄、奧結成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="三皇同盟">三皇同盟</a>，是一個很模糊的軍事盟約，三國之間存在利益矛盾，所以三皇同盟並不是一個穩定的同盟。俾斯麥原以為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>需要一段很長時間，才能在<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="普法戰爭">普法戰爭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="巴黎公社">巴黎公社</a>中恢復元氣，可是1873年提前付清了50億<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%83%8E" title="法郎">法郎</a>賠款，迫使德軍撤出法國。俾斯麥不願意法國重新強大起來，在1874年藉口法國圖謀報復，在邊境集結軍隊，引發戰爭危機。俾斯麥相信三皇同盟剛剛建立，俄國不會反對德國對法國的行動，但俄國不希望德國過份強大，而法國又是一個能有效牽制德國的國家，沙皇<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大二世 (俄国)">亞歷山大二世</a>批評俾斯麥的行動，表示俄國不會視而不見，俾斯麥只好放棄行動<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1878年俾斯麥主持召開<a href="/wiki/1878%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="1878年柏林會議">柏林會議</a>，它對德國而言不僅是一個修訂<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%BA%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="圣斯特法诺条约">聖斯特法諾條約</a>的會議，而是一個顯示德國實力的會議。會議中，德國極力討好英國和奧國，而俄國原有的利益在會議幾乎完全失去，使德俄關係惡化，三皇同盟已名存實亡。到了1879年10月，德奧結成<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="德奧同盟">同盟</a>，條約規定締約國一方受到俄國攻擊，另一方應加入戰爭；<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E5%B9%B4-1946%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利王國 (1861年-1946年)">意大利王國</a>因為與法國爭奪<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="突尼斯">突尼斯</a>而在1882年加入該盟約，組成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="三國同盟">三國同盟</a>。1879年德國實行貿易保護政策，限制俄國糧食入口，到了八十年代，德俄關係基本上無法維持，這時法國主動出擊，1887年提出法俄結盟，1888年提供5億法郎幫助俄國解決財政困難，1889年又提供19億給俄國。俾斯麥為了維持德俄關係，在1887年簽定<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="再保險條約">再保險條約</a><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，規約締約國一方受攻擊時，另一方須保持中立，可是在1890年威廉二世拒絕與俄國續約<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，俄國轉為加入英法陣營<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由於德國建立過晚，英、法等老牌殖民強國早已將具有戰略價值的殖民地佔領，此時進行殖民無異於與將英、法推到對立面。於是，俾斯麥宣稱德國是一個滿足的帝國，因此在建國早年並沒有向外建立殖民地，以免與列強發生摩擦，所以德國的殖民帝國起步較晚。1882年12月6日在法蘭克福成立「德意志殖民事業協會」（Deutscher Kolonialverein），1884年在柏林成立「德意志移民團體」（Gesellschaft für deutsche Kolonisation），這兩個組織在1887年合併。1884年德國在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="納米比亞">納米比亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5" title="多哥">多哥</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A5%E9%9A%86" class="mw-redirect" title="喀麥隆">喀麥隆</a>建立了殖民地，1890年在坦噶尼喀建立殖民地<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="世界政策"><span id=".E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96"></span>世界政策</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=46" title="编辑章节：世界政策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="德國殖民地">德國殖民地</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg/220px-Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg/330px-Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg/440px-Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>在德屬巴布亞新幾內亞升起德國國旗</figcaption></figure> <p>威廉二世推行的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="世界政策">世界政策</a>，德國要尋找「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%AD%E4%B9%8B%E5%9C%B0" title="太阳下的一席之地">太陽下的位置</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，藉以建立一個殖民帝國，作風與俾斯麥的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="大陆政策 (德意志帝国)">大陸政策</a>完全不同。世界政策即是建立強大的軍隊和殖民帝國，與列強發生衝突是無可避免的，導致與英國關係惡化。1890年7月英德簽定<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%B0%94%E6%88%88%E5%85%B0%EF%BC%8D%E6%A1%91%E7%BB%99%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="黑尔戈兰－桑给巴尔条约">黑爾戈蘭－桑給巴爾條約</a>，德國承認<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E7%B5%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE" title="桑給巴爾">桑給巴爾</a>是英國殖民地，英國則把<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%88%BE%E6%88%88%E8%98%AD%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="黑爾戈蘭島">黑爾戈蘭島</a>讓給德國，解決了英德殖民地之爭的問題，暫時改善兩國關係。這條約使俄國把靠向法國，因為英俄兩國在遠東的殖民地競爭非常激烈，兩國並在1892年訂立<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%84%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="法俄同盟">法俄同盟</a>，使俾斯麥的孤立法國的努力毀於一旦<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。威廉二世早在19世紀末積極擴軍，尤其是海軍，介入外國殖民地事務，引起了英國的關注。1895英國進攻<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%A3%AB%E7%93%A6%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="德蘭士瓦殖民地">德蘭士瓦</a>，威廉二世作出抗議，最後英國行動失敗，威廉二世祝賀德蘭士瓦，結果英國派艦艇到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B)" title="北海 (大西洋)">北海</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="英吉利海峽">英吉利海峽</a>示威。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichskolonialflagge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/220px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/330px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/440px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>德意志殖民帝國旗</figcaption></figure> <p>由於俾斯麥時期並沒有向積極外擴張其殖民地，因此德國的海外殖民地已大大落後於列強。威廉二世掌政時便加快殖民帝國步伐，1897年德國佔領<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="大清">大清</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="山東半島">山東半島</a>。1898年英德簽定秘密協定，瓜分葡屬非洲，以防德國干預即將進行的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%B3%A2%E8%80%B3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次波耳戰爭">第二次波耳戰爭</a>，而德國亦答應不再支持波耳人。1899年乘<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="美西戰爭">美西戰爭</a>的機會，出資購買<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E5%B3%B6" title="關島">關島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BD%97%E6%9E%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="加罗林群岛">加羅林群島</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9B%E7%90%89" title="帛琉">帛琉</a>。然而當時德國的殖民地面積遠遠不及英法兩國，而且多是資源貧乏的土地，威廉二世不甘這些收獲，便與英法兩國直接競爭。德國決定建造一支僅次於英國的艦隊，這無疑會引起英國的不滿，威脅英國的海上霸權，使英德關係惡化<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1902年6月，德、奧、意延長了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="三國同盟">三國同盟</a>，然而數個月後意大利私自與法國達成秘密協議，意大利承認在法國在摩洛哥的利益，三國同盟變得不可靠。1903年得到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="巴格達">巴格達</a>鐵路建築權後，推出一項橫跨歐亞的鐵路計劃，連接<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>和巴格達，中途經<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>，以把德國勢力滲入<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">鄂圖曼帝國</a>。英國提出要德國把連接<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯灣">波斯灣</a>沿岸鐵路最後一段建築權讓給英國，但德國拒絕。於是英印總督在英軍艦隊護航下，在波斯灣進行一次示威性航行，使英德關係越來越緊張。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongokonferenz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kongokonferenz.jpg/220px-Kongokonferenz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kongokonferenz.jpg/330px-Kongokonferenz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kongokonferenz.jpg/440px-Kongokonferenz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3631" data-file-height="2790" /></a><figcaption>1884年的柏林會議</figcaption></figure> <p>1905年在摩洛哥與法國發生爭執，引發<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="第一次摩洛哥危機">第一次摩洛哥危機</a>，威廉二世出訪摩洛哥並表示會保護摩洛哥的獨立及其領土的完整。1906年，德法兩國在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%AB%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔赫西拉斯">阿尔赫西拉斯</a>召開<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%B5%AB%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="阿爾赫西拉斯會議">會議</a>，商討解決摩洛哥問題，最後雙方同意摩洛哥港口警察由法國和西班牙警察擔任，德國在會議中被孤立。1911年引發<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="第二次摩洛哥危機">第二次摩洛哥危機</a>，德國派出艦艇開進摩洛哥港口<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%A0%E8%BF%AA%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="阿加迪爾">阿加迪爾</a>。德國的存心挑釁引致英國介入，最後德法兩國簽署《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5%EF%BC%8D%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摩洛哥－剛果條約（页面不存在）">摩洛哥－剛果條約</a>》，德國獲得部份<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="剛果">剛果</a>領土，與德屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A5%E9%9A%86" class="mw-redirect" title="喀麥隆">喀麥隆</a>東南土地連接，並承認法國為摩洛哥的保護國。縱使危機解決，使德法關係惡化是無可挽回的事實<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1914年6月28日發生<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E7%83%AD%E7%AA%9D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="萨拉热窝事件">塞拉耶佛事件</a>，德國向奧國表示無條件支持，奧國隨即向塞爾維亞發出最後通牒，塞爾維亞拒絕完全接受條款，結果奧國向塞爾維亞宣戰，德國向俄國及法國宣戰，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>爆發。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中東地區"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E6.9D.B1.E5.9C.B0.E5.8D.80"></span>中東地區</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=47" title="编辑章节：中東地區"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>俾斯麥和威廉二世在都曾尋求與鄂圖曼帝國建立更緊密的經濟聯繫。在威廉二世統治時，在德意志銀行的資金支持下，1900年開始興建巴格達鐵路，儘管到1914年，它仍距離目的地在巴格達500公里<sup id="cite_ref-sturmer_p91_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sturmer_p91-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9" title="塞西尔·罗兹">塞西尔·罗兹</a>在1899年對威廉二世的一次採訪中，曾試圖“說服皇帝德意志帝國在海外外的未來在於中東，而不是非洲。擁有龐大的中東帝國，德國有能力讓英國不受阻礙地完成<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9" title="塞西尔·罗兹">塞西尔·罗兹</a>所希望建成的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E6%99%AE%E6%95%A6-%E9%96%8B%E7%BE%85%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="開普敦-開羅鐵路（页面不存在）">開普-開羅鐵路</a><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。英國最初支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%94%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="巴格達鐵路">巴格達鐵路</a>，但是到1911年，英國政治家開始擔心它可能會擴展到波斯灣的巴士拉，威脅英國在印度洋的海軍優勢。因此他們要求停止建造，德國和鄂圖曼帝國默許了這一要求。 </p><p>在第一次世界大戰中，鄂圖曼帝國作為德國的盟友加入了<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0)" title="同盟國 (第一次世界大戰)">同盟國</a>陣營，並與英法在中東的勢力展開了數次戰役。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="南美地區"><span id=".E5.8D.97.E7.BE.8E.E5.9C.B0.E5.8D.80"></span>南美地區</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=48" title="编辑章节：南美地區"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%B9%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德国对智利共和国的影响">德国对智利共和国的影响</a></div> <p>在南美，德國的主要利益是在南美南部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9" title="智利">智利</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="烏拉圭">烏拉圭</a>，並將南美北部的國家（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="厄瓜多爾">厄瓜多爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哥倫比亞">哥倫比亞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89" title="委內瑞拉">委內瑞拉</a>）作為以保護其利益不受美國日益增長影響的緩衝區<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2008_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2008-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。德國的決策者分析了在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BD%E5%A1%94%E5%B2%9B" title="玛格丽塔岛">瑪格麗塔島</a>建立基地的可能性，並對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="加拉帕戈斯群岛">加拉帕戈斯群島</a>表現出興趣，但由於在南美洲北部建立分佈廣泛的基地補給將十分困難，德國當局很快放棄了任何此類提案。德國試圖將智利這個受德國影響較大的國家與美國的代理人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲">南美</a>進行對抗<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2008_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2008-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carlos2011_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlos2011-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，德國和英國曾通過智利設法使厄瓜多爾否認美國在加拉帕戈斯群島的海軍基地。在一戰前，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%B9%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德国对智利共和国的影响">德國對智利的影響力</a>達到了頂峰<sup id="cite_ref-Penny2017_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penny2017-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="徽章"><span id=".E5.BE.BD.E7.AB.A0"></span>徽章</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=49" title="编辑章节：徽章"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BE%BD" title="德国国徽">德国国徽</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德意志帝國大徽章"><img alt="德意志帝國大徽章" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/89px-Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/134px-Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/179px-Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">德意志帝國大徽章</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德意志帝國中徽章"><img alt="德意志帝國中徽章" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Middle_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/119px-Middle_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Middle_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/178px-Middle_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Middle_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/238px-Middle_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">德意志帝國中徽章</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德意志帝國小徽章"><img alt="德意志帝國小徽章" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/96px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/145px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/193px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">德意志帝國小徽章</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_und_Flaggen_des_Deutschen_Reichs_und_der_Preu%C3%9Fischen_Provinzen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="德意志帝國各邦的紋章"><img alt="德意志帝國各邦的紋章" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_und_Flaggen_des_Deutschen_Reichs_und_der_Preu%C3%9Fischen_Provinzen.png/120px-Wappen_und_Flaggen_des_Deutschen_Reichs_und_der_Preu%C3%9Fischen_Provinzen.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_und_Flaggen_des_Deutschen_Reichs_und_der_Preu%C3%9Fischen_Provinzen.png/180px-Wappen_und_Flaggen_des_Deutschen_Reichs_und_der_Preu%C3%9Fischen_Provinzen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_und_Flaggen_des_Deutschen_Reichs_und_der_Preu%C3%9Fischen_Provinzen.png/240px-Wappen_und_Flaggen_des_Deutschen_Reichs_und_der_Preu%C3%9Fischen_Provinzen.png 2x" data-file-width="2702" data-file-height="2618" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">德意志帝國各邦的紋章</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="皇帝"><span id=".E7.9A.87.E5.B8.9D"></span>皇帝</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=50" title="编辑章节：皇帝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="德意志皇帝">德意志皇帝</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="3%">序列 </th> <th width="9%">肖像 </th> <th width="9%">姓名 </th> <th width="9%">所属王朝 </th> <th width="10%">开始日期 </th> <th width="10%">结束日期 </th> <th width="30%">备注 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_I.jpg/100px-Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_I.jpg/150px-Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_I.jpg/200px-Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="446" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="德意志皇帝">德意志皇帝</a></b><br /><small><span lang="de">Wilhelm I, Deutscher Kaiser</span></small> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappenschild_des_Deutschen_Kaiserreiches_(1889-1918).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wappenschild_des_Deutschen_Kaiserreiches_%281889-1918%29.svg/80px-Wappenschild_des_Deutschen_Kaiserreiches_%281889-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wappenschild_des_Deutschen_Kaiserreiches_%281889-1918%29.svg/120px-Wappenschild_des_Deutschen_Kaiserreiches_%281889-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wappenschild_des_Deutschen_Kaiserreiches_%281889-1918%29.svg/160px-Wappenschild_des_Deutschen_Kaiserreiches_%281889-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="1302" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="霍亨索伦王朝">霍亨索伦王朝</a></b> </td> <td align="center">1871年1月18日 <p>登基 </p> </td> <td align="center">1888年3月9日 <p>逝世 </p> </td> <td align="center">1871年1月18日在巴黎<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E5%AE%AB" title="凡尔赛宫">凡尔赛宫</a>镜厅登基为德意志皇帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Friedrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Friedrich.jpg/100px-Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Friedrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Friedrich.jpg/150px-Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Friedrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Friedrich.jpg/200px-Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Friedrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="443" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈三世</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="德意志皇帝">德意志皇帝</a></b><br /><small><span lang="de">Friedrich III, Deutscher Kaiser</span></small> </td> <td align="center">1888年3月9日 <p>登基 </p> </td> <td align="center">1888年6月15日 <p>逝世 </p> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">德意志皇帝兼普鲁士国王 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_II.jpg/100px-Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_II.jpg/150px-Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_II.jpg/200px-Die_deutschen_Kaiser_Willhelm_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="444" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="德意志皇帝">德意志皇帝</a></b><br /><small><span lang="de">Wilhelm II, Deutscher Kaiser</span></small> </td> <td align="center">1888年6月15日 <p>登基 </p> </td> <td align="center">1918年11月9日 <p>退位 </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="总理"><span id=".E6.80.BB.E7.90.86"></span>总理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=51" title="编辑章节：总理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%BA%9C_(1871%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941945%E5%B9%B4)" title="德國總理府 (1871年—1945年)">德國總理府 (1871年—1945年)</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">德国总理</a></div> <p>德意志帝國的帝國总理由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="德意志皇帝">德意志皇帝</a>任免并向其负责，在絕大多數情況下由普魯士王國的內閣首長兼任。在德意志帝國的構架中，帝國總理（Reichskanzler）既擔任皇帝的第一部長，又擔任帝國議會上議院的議長，他既不被議會選舉，也不必對帝国議會負責，相反總理都是由皇帝親自任命的。 </p><p>帝國總理可以管轄或干涉四個層次： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士国王列表">普鲁士国王</a>，自1871年起，普魯士國王在聯邦憲法中规定，擔任聯邦議院負責人，並被授予德意志皇帝的稱號</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦参议院">聯邦參議院</a>（Bundesrat），由聯邦各州的代表組成，由總理主持</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="帝國議會 (德意志帝國)">帝國議會</a>（Reichstag）</li> <li>聯邦行政機構，最初由<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E9%A6%96%E9%95%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士内阁首长">普魯士內閣首長</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="奧托·馮·俾斯麥">奧托·馮·俾斯麥</a>領導</li></ul> <p>從理論上講，帝國各州的外交部長將其州的代表指示給<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦参议院">聯邦议院</a>（Bundesrat），因此高於總理。出於這個原因，俾斯麥（從1871年起）繼續擔任普魯士首相和外交部長，幾乎在他擔任帝國總理的整個任期內，因為他想繼續行使這一權力。由於普魯士在聯邦參議院控制了17票，俾斯麥可以通過與較小的邦達成交易來有效地控制議事程序。 </p><p>總理一詞表明與德國各州政府相比，該機構的優先級似乎較低，因為與各邦首长相比，聯邦帝國的新總理不應該是一位成熟的總理。總理的頭銜還像徵著強大的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="君主主義">君主主義</a>、官僚主義和明显的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反議會（页面不存在）">反議會成分</a>，就像普魯士歷史上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%99%BB%E8%B2%9D%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="奧古斯特·馮·哈登貝格">哈登贝格</a>一樣。 </p><p>在這兩個方面，聯邦的行政部門，然後是1867年和1871年成立的帝國，都故意不同於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%971848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志1848年革命">1848-49年革命</a>年代的邦聯，後者由由政府選舉產生的首相領導、國民議會。1871年，聯邦總理的概念被轉移到新成立的德意志帝國的行政部門，該帝國現在還包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%9B%E9%82%A6" title="南德四邦">南德意志各州</a>。在這裡，“總理”和“聯邦機構”（與“部”或“政府”相對）的術語表明，與聯邦州政府相比，聯邦行政部門的（明顯）優先級較低。出於這個原因，直到1918年，總理和他麾下的帝國部門領導人都沒有使用大臣的頭銜。 </p><p>1918年10月29日，德國憲法被修改，给予議會罷免總理的权利。然而這種變化並不能阻止幾天后<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="德国十一月革命">革命</a>的爆發。 </p><p><b>政黨：</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#BBCCDD; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%BB%A8" title="德國中央黨">德国中央党</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#EEEEEE; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%BB%A8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="無黨派">無黨派</a></span> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="3%">届次 </th> <th width="9%">肖像 </th> <th width="9%">姓名 </th> <th width="9%">所属政党 </th> <th width="10%">在任时期 </th> <th width="10%">持續時間 </th> <th width="30%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E9%A6%96%E9%95%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士内阁首长">普鲁士王国内阁首长</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">1 </th> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057,_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/85px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/128px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="789" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</a></b><br /><small><span lang="de">Otto Fürst von Bismarck</span></small> </td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%85%9A%E7%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="无党籍">无党籍</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">1871年3月21日<br />-1890年3月20日<br /><small>（被皇帝解任）</small> </td> <td rowspan="3">18年364天 </td> <td>兼任<br />（—1873年1月） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%81%A9" title="阿爾布雷希特·馮·羅恩">阿尔布雷希特·冯·罗恩</a>伯爵<br />（1873年1月—11月） </td></tr> <tr> <td>兼任<br />（1873年11月—1890年3月） </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2 </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09316,_Leo_Graf_von_Caprivi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09316%2C_Leo_Graf_von_Caprivi.jpg/85px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09316%2C_Leo_Graf_von_Caprivi.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09316%2C_Leo_Graf_von_Caprivi.jpg/128px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09316%2C_Leo_Graf_von_Caprivi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09316%2C_Leo_Graf_von_Caprivi.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09316%2C_Leo_Graf_von_Caprivi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%B6%AD" title="列奧·馮·卡普里維">列奧·馮·卡普里維</a></b><br /><small><span lang="de">Leo Graf von Caprivi</span></small> </td> <td rowspan="2">1890年3月20日<br />-1894年10月26日 </td> <td rowspan="2">4年220天 </td> <td>兼任<br />（1890年3月—1892年3月） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E7%A5%96%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E4%BC%8A%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博托·祖·奥伊伦堡（页面不存在）">博托·祖·奥伊伦堡</a>伯爵<br />（1892年3月—1894年10月） </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlodwig_zu_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chlodwig_zu_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst_1880.jpg/85px-Chlodwig_zu_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chlodwig_zu_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst_1880.jpg/128px-Chlodwig_zu_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chlodwig_zu_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst_1880.jpg/170px-Chlodwig_zu_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="365" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84-%E5%B8%8C%E7%81%B5%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="克洛德维希·卡尔·维克托·菲斯特·霍恩洛厄-希灵斯菲斯特"><b>克洛德维希·霍恩洛厄-希灵斯菲斯特</b></a><br /><small><span lang="de">Chlodwig Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst</span></small> </td> <td>1894年10月29日<br />-1900年10月17日 </td> <td>9年353天 </td> <td rowspan="4">兼任 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow.jpg/85px-Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow.jpg/128px-Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow.jpg/170px-Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3655" data-file-height="4481" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%B4%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="伯恩哈特·冯·比洛">伯恩哈特·冯·比洛</a></b><br /><small><span lang="de">Bernhard Fürst von Bülow</span></small> </td> <td>1900年10月17日<br />-1909年7月14日 </td> <td>8年270天 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1931" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="特奥巴登·冯·贝特曼·霍尔维格">特奥巴登·冯·贝特曼·霍尔维格</a></b><br /><small><span lang="de">Theobald von Bethmann Hollwega</span></small> </td> <td>1909年7月14日<br />-1917年7月13日 </td> <td>7年364天 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0720-500,_Georg_Michaelis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0720-500%2C_Georg_Michaelis.jpg/85px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0720-500%2C_Georg_Michaelis.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0720-500%2C_Georg_Michaelis.jpg/128px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0720-500%2C_Georg_Michaelis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0720-500%2C_Georg_Michaelis.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0720-500%2C_Georg_Michaelis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="778" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A4%8F%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·米夏埃利斯">乔治·米夏埃利斯</a></b><br /><small><span lang="de">Georg Michaelis</span></small> </td> <td>1917年7月14日<br />-1917年11月1日<br /><small>（被皇帝解任）</small> </td> <td>110天 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#BBCCDD"> <td style="background:#AABBCC"><b>7</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_von_Hertling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Georg_von_Hertling.jpg/85px-Georg_von_Hertling.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Georg_von_Hertling.jpg/128px-Georg_von_Hertling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Georg_von_Hertling.jpg/170px-Georg_von_Hertling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E6%9E%97" title="乔治·冯·赫特林">乔治·冯·赫特林</a></b><br /><small><span lang="de">Georg von Hertling</span></small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%BB%A8" title="德國中央黨">德國中央黨</a> </td> <td>1917年11月1日<br />-1918年9月30日 </td> <td>333天 </td> <td>兼任 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R04103,_Prinz_Max_von_Baden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R04103%2C_Prinz_Max_von_Baden.jpg/85px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R04103%2C_Prinz_Max_von_Baden.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R04103%2C_Prinz_Max_von_Baden.jpg/128px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R04103%2C_Prinz_Max_von_Baden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R04103%2C_Prinz_Max_von_Baden.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R04103%2C_Prinz_Max_von_Baden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="马克斯·冯·巴登"><b>马克斯·冯·巴登亲王</b></a><br /><small><span lang="de">Max Prinz von Baden</span></small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%85%9A%E7%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="无党籍">无党籍</a> </td> <td>1918年10月3日<br />-1918年11月9日<br /><small>（革命爆发辞任）</small> </td> <td>37天 </td> <td>兼任 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="帝國遺產"><span id=".E5.B8.9D.E5.9C.8B.E9.81.BA.E7.94.A2"></span>帝國遺產</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=52" title="编辑章节：帝國遺產"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發展奠基"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95.E5.A5.A0.E5.9F.BA"></span>發展奠基</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=53" title="编辑章节：發展奠基"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A0%E5%9F%BA%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="奠基時代">奠基時代</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nernst,_Einstein,_Planck,_Millikan,_Laue_in_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nernst%2C_Einstein%2C_Planck%2C_Millikan%2C_Laue_in_1931.jpg/220px-Nernst%2C_Einstein%2C_Planck%2C_Millikan%2C_Laue_in_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nernst%2C_Einstein%2C_Planck%2C_Millikan%2C_Laue_in_1931.jpg/330px-Nernst%2C_Einstein%2C_Planck%2C_Millikan%2C_Laue_in_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nernst%2C_Einstein%2C_Planck%2C_Millikan%2C_Laue_in_1931.jpg/440px-Nernst%2C_Einstein%2C_Planck%2C_Millikan%2C_Laue_in_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3449" data-file-height="2481" /></a><figcaption>1931年11月11日，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E5%8E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="冯·劳厄">馮·勞厄</a>家中的聚会，左起为<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%BD%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="瓦爾特·能斯特">瓦爾特·能斯特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克">马克斯·普朗克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E7%AB%8B%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="羅伯特·密立根">羅伯特·密立根</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E5%8E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克斯·馮·勞厄">馬克斯·馮·勞厄</a>，除美国人密立根外<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>，其他几位均成长于德意志帝国</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大戰</a>的失敗和戰後的混亂，以及《<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="凡尔赛条约">凡爾賽條約</a>》所施加的嚴厲懲罰，塑造了人們對於德意志帝國的正面記憶，尤其是在那些不信任和鄙視魏瑪共和國的德國人中。保守派、自由主義者、社會主義者、民族主義者、天主教徒和新教徒都有自己的理解和想法，這導致了帝國崩潰後德國的政治和社會氣氛異常艱難。 </p><p>在俾斯麥領導下，一個統一的德意志國家終於被建立，但它仍然是普魯士人統治的國家，沒有像泛德意志民族主義者所希望的那樣包括奧地利。普魯士軍國主義體制、殖民開拓及其強大工業實力，都使它受到其他歐洲國家的厭惡和嫉妒。德意志帝國實施了一系列漸進式改革，例如落實了歐洲第一個社會福利制度和新聞自由制度。還有一個現代的選舉聯邦議會的製度，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="帝國議會 (德意志帝國)">帝國議會</a>，其中每個成年男子都有一票表決權。儘管普魯士貴族繼續敵視，社會主義者和天主教中央黨在帝國的政治生活中仍可以發揮重要作用。 </p><p>德意志帝國是德意志民族思想文化的一個巔峰時期。日後數位諾貝爾文學獎得主的主要作品均在該時期出版，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="托马斯·曼">托马斯·曼</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%99%BB%E5%8B%83%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="布登勃洛克家族">布登勃洛克家族</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE" title="特奥多尔·蒙森">特奧多爾·蒙森</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%B2_(%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE)" title="羅馬史 (蒙森)">羅馬史</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E" title="赫尔曼·黑塞">赫爾曼·黑塞</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E9%97%A8%E9%9D%92" title="彼得·卡门青">彼得·卡門青</a>》以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E9%93%BF" title="倭铿">倭鏗</a>的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9%E8%88%87%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人生的意義與價值（页面不存在）">人生的意義與價值</a>》。繪畫組織<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB" title="青骑士">青騎士社</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%A5%E7%A4%BE" title="桥社">橋社</a>對現代藝術的發展做出了重要貢獻。這個時代形成了獨特的審美風格，為德國在20世紀成長為建築和藝術大國打下了深厚的基礎，故而德國文藝界將這個時代称为為後來一切發展<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A0%E5%9F%BA%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="奠基時代">奠基的時代</a>（<span lang="de">Gründerzeit</span>）。 </p><p>在經濟方面，皇帝時代（<span lang="de">Kaiserzeit</span>）奠定了德國作為世界領先經濟大國的地位。<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%BA" title="鲁尔区">魯爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" title="薩爾蘭">薩爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="萨克森">萨克森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="西里西亞">西里西亞</a>工業區的開發、各地快速的城市化、以及各種發明創造的應用均發生在這一時期。德國借助<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第二次工业革命">第二次工業革命</a>的刺激以及人口、領土優勢，後來居上，成為了歐洲第一大工業國，並將此優勢延續至今。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="道路辯論"><span id=".E9.81.93.E8.B7.AF.E8.BE.AF.E8.AB.96"></span>道路辯論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=54" title="编辑章节：道路辯論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="德意志特殊道路">德意志特殊道路</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichstagsfraktion_der_Deutschkonservativen_Partei_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Reichstagsfraktion_der_Deutschkonservativen_Partei_1889.jpg/220px-Reichstagsfraktion_der_Deutschkonservativen_Partei_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Reichstagsfraktion_der_Deutschkonservativen_Partei_1889.jpg/330px-Reichstagsfraktion_der_Deutschkonservativen_Partei_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Reichstagsfraktion_der_Deutschkonservativen_Partei_1889.jpg/440px-Reichstagsfraktion_der_Deutschkonservativen_Partei_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E9%BB%A8" title="德國保守黨">德國保守黨</a>成立於1876年，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B" title="容克">容克貴族階級</a>的代表，在帝國內具有很大影響力。圖中是參加1889年德國保守黨黨團會議的主要成員（從左至右）：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="魯道夫·維希曼（页面不存在）">魯道夫·維希曼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E8%8C%A8" title="奧托·馮·塞德維茨">奧托·馮·塞德維茨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔穆特·卡尔·贝恩哈特·冯·毛奇">赫爾穆特·馮·毛奇</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康拉德·馮·克萊斯特（页面不存在）">康拉德·馮·克萊斯特</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E7%88%BE%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB-%E8%B2%9D%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧托·馮·海爾道夫-貝德拉（页面不存在）">奧托·馮·海爾道夫-貝德拉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E6%9B%BC" title="卡爾·古斯塔夫·阿克曼">卡爾·古斯塔夫·阿克曼</a></figcaption></figure> <p>許多歷史學家強調德國的“特殊道路”或“例外性”作為納粹主義和20世紀德國災難根源的核心重要性，根據科卡的研究，自上而下地進行國家建設的過程具有非常嚴重的長期影響。 </p><p>就<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會民主</a>而言，這種情況下的議會軟弱無力，政黨四分五裂、相互猜忌。納粹正是建立在<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪</a>政治文化中的不自由、反多元主義的元素之上。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B" title="容克">容克</a>精英階層和高級公務員利用其強大的權力和影響力挫敗、阻礙了任何走向民主的運動。他們在1930-1933年的危機中發揮了特別不利的作用。俾斯麥對軍事的重視擴大了軍官的聲音，後者將軍事技術的現代化與政治的反動化相結合。在商業、金融和專業領域，新興的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="中產階級">中產階級</a>精英傾向於接受舊傳統精英階層的價值觀。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF-%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E5%8B%92" title="漢斯-烏爾里希·韋勒">漢斯-烏爾里希·韋勒</a>認為，德意志帝國是一個混合體，它既是成功推動了<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="資本主義">資本主義</a>工業化和社會經濟現代化，殘存了大量前工業時代的製度、權力關係和傳統文化。韋勒認為，這產生了高度的內部緊張，一方面導致了對社會主義者，天主教徒和改革者的壓制，另一方面導致了高度侵略性的外交政策<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%8B%92%E8%B2%BB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="比勒費爾德學派">比勒費爾德學派</a>的代表人物<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF-%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E5%8B%92" title="漢斯-烏爾里希·韋勒">漢斯-烏爾里希·韋勒</a>將德國的災難之路的起源歸結於1860年代至1870年代，當時的德國經濟進行了現代化，但政治現代化並未發生，普魯士的農村精英階層依然有力地控制著軍事、外交和內政。傳統的、貴族的、前現代的社會與新興的現代化資產階級進行鬥爭。韋勒認識到工業、經濟和文化領域的現代化力量的重要性，因此認為反動傳統主義仍然在德國的權力政治等級、社會心態和階級關係（德語：<span lang="de">Klassenhabitus</span>）中占主導地位。此後的德國社會結構並沒有發生根本性的變革，並最終導致了1914年至1945年之間的政治災難進行解釋<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>德意志特殊道路的研究具有曲折的歷史。早在19世紀，德國學者就提出這一概念，他們強調了德國通往現代化的獨立、特殊道路，認為這是使德國與以<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英國</a>為代表的“西方道路”區分開來的積極因素。他們強調了強大的官僚國家、俾斯麥和其他強有力的領導人發起的改革、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="普魯士">普魯士</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%BE%8E%E5%BE%B7" title="普魯士美德">奉獻精神</a>、哲學和音樂的高度發達以及德國倡導的社會福利國家的優越性。1950年代，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a>的歷史學家認為，特殊道路帶領德國走向了1933-1945年的災難。德國歷史結構和經驗的特殊性被解釋為先決條件，儘管這些先決條件並沒有直接導致<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%85%9A" title="纳粹党">國家社會主義</a>，但確實阻礙了自由民主的發展並促進了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="法西斯主義">法西斯主義</a>的興起。1990年以後，對文化維度以及比較史和關係史的關注日益增加，德國的史學開始轉向不同的主題，而對特殊道路的關注則大大減少。儘管一些歷史學家放棄了特殊道理的論點，但他們並沒有提供公認的替代性解釋<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="領土損失"><span id=".E9.A0.98.E5.9C.9F.E6.90.8D.E5.A4.B1"></span>領土損失</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=55" title="编辑章节：領土損失"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7" title="德國領土變遷">德國領土變遷</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="德国前东部领土">德国前东部领土</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:115%">20世纪<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7" title="德國領土變遷">德国领土范围的演变</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">第二次世界大战前</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="凡尔赛条约">凡尔赛条约</a>（1919）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="西里西亚起义">西里西亚起义</a>（1918–1919）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%B5%B0%E5%BB%8A" title="波兰走廊">波兰走廊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935%E5%B9%B4%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="1935年萨尔公民投票">萨尔盆地回归</a>（1935）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E5%85%B0%E5%86%8D%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85" class="mw-redirect" title="莱茵兰再武装">莱茵兰再武装</a>（1936）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="德奥合并">德奥合并</a>（1938）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="慕尼黑协定">慕尼黑协定</a>（1938）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%92%8C%E6%91%A9%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="波希米亞和摩拉維亞保護國">夺取捷克斯洛伐克</a>（1939）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E4%BD%A9%E9%81%94%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="克萊佩達地區">梅梅尔领地割让条约</a>（1939）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="大德意志">大德意志</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9E%E5%B9%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="纳粹德国吞并的波兰领土">纳粹德国吞并的波兰领土</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%BB%91%E5%85%B0%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="德黑兰会议">德黑兰会议</a>（1943）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="雅尔塔会议">雅尔塔会议</a>（1945）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">第二次世界大战后</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%A8%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="波茨坦会议">波茨坦会议</a>（1945）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%88%B0%E7%B5%90%E6%9D%9F%E5%BE%8C%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%B0%8D%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%81%B2%E7%B4%A2" title="二戰結束後荷蘭對德國的領土聲索">荷兰声索</a>（1949）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%88%98%E7%BB%93%E6%9D%9F%E5%90%8E%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%E5%AF%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%B0%E7%B4%A2" title="二战结束后比利时对德国的领土声索">比利时声索</a>（1949）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二戰結束後盧森堡對德國的領土聲索" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Luxembourg annexation plans after the Second World War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%88%B0%E7%B5%90%E6%9D%9F%E5%BE%8C%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%81%B2%E7%B4%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二戰結束後盧森堡對德國的領土聲索（页面不存在）">盧森堡聲索</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_annexation_plans_after_the_Second_World_War" class="extiw" title="en:Luxembourg annexation plans after the Second World War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Luxembourg annexation plans after the Second World War</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（1949）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B9%E6%88%88%E7%83%AD%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="兹戈热莱茨条约">兹戈热莱茨条约</a>（1950）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%B0%94%E6%88%88%E5%85%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="黑尔戈兰岛">黑尔戈兰岛回归</a>（1952）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="薩爾條約">萨尔条约</a>（1956）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E9%A0%98" title="薩爾保護領">萨尔“小统一”</a>（1957）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%9D%8E%E7%89%B9" title="塞尔夫坎特">塞尔夫坎特回归</a>（1963）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1970%E5%B9%B4)" title="華沙條約 (1970年)">华沙条约</a>（1970）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E7%BB%88%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="最终解决德国问题条约">4+2条约</a>（1990）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B3%A2%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="德波邊界條約">德波邊界條約</a>（1990）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">地区</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="德国前东部领土">德国前东部领土</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">邻国</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波兰领土演变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Territorial evolution of Poland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰领土演变（页面不存在）">波兰领土演变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Poland" class="extiw" title="en:Territorial evolution of Poland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Territorial evolution of Poland</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波罗的海国家领土演变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Territorial changes of the Baltic states"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波罗的海国家领土演变（页面不存在）">波罗的海国家领土演变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_the_Baltic_states" class="extiw" title="en:Territorial changes of the Baltic states"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Territorial changes of the Baltic states</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%8C" title="Template:德国国界"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:德国国界（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%8C" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德国国界"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_enter_Essen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/French_enter_Essen.jpg/220px-French_enter_Essen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/French_enter_Essen.jpg/330px-French_enter_Essen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/French_enter_Essen.jpg/440px-French_enter_Essen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>一戰後根據列強的裁定，德國需要擔負發動<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E7%BD%AA%E8%B2%AC%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="戰爭罪責問題">戰爭的全部責任</a>，其大量國土和殖民地被割讓。圖為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E9%A2%86%E9%B2%81%E5%B0%94" title="占领鲁尔">法國佔領魯爾</a>期間法軍騎兵進入<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%A3%AE" title="埃森">埃森</a></figcaption></figure> <p>1918年11月11日，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A1%E6%AF%94%E6%B6%85%E5%81%9C%E6%88%98%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="贡比涅停战协定">貢比涅停戰協定</a>簽署，戰爭宣告結束。次年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="凡爾賽條約">凡爾賽條約</a>於1919年6月28日簽署。德國將<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a>割讓給法國。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BC%8A%E5%BD%AD-%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E8%BF%AA" title="奧伊彭-馬爾默迪">奧伊彭-馬爾默迪</a>將暫時被割讓給比利時，並舉行公投，以允許人民選擇留在比利時或返回德國控制的領土。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" class="mw-redirect" title="公投">公投</a>結束後，該領土於1920年9月20日分配給比利時。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%98%87%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="北石勒蘇益格">北石勒蘇益格</a>的未來將由公投決定。在<a href="/wiki/1920%E5%B9%B4%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="1920年石勒苏益格公投">1920年石勒蘇益格公投</a>中，北部說丹麥語的民眾投票給了丹麥，而南部說德語的民眾則部分投票給了德國，石勒蘇益格因此被分割。荷爾斯泰因在沒有公投的情況下仍然屬於德國。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="梅梅爾領地">梅梅爾領地</a>被割讓給協約國，以決定該地區的未來。1923年1月9日，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="立陶宛军队">立陶宛軍隊</a>入侵該領土。經過談判，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="國際聯盟">國際聯盟</a>於1924年5月8日批准了這一吞併，理由是立陶宛接受了《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE%E8%A6%8F%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梅梅爾規約（页面不存在）">梅梅爾規約</a>》，這是一項保護領土內非立陶宛人及其自治地位的權力分享安排。波蘭取得波森省和西普魯士的大部分地區，上西里西亞的一些地區在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="上西里西亚公投">公投</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="西里西亚起义">獨立起義</a>也併入了新成立的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭第二共和國">第二共和國</a>。所有德國殖民地都被移交給國際聯盟，國際聯盟隨後將它們作為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" title="國際聯盟託管地">託管地</a>分配給澳大利亞、法國、日本、新西蘭、葡萄牙和英國。新的所有者被要求在該地區充當無私的受託人，以各種方式促進其居民的福利，直到他們能夠管理自己。<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵河">萊茵河</a>左岸和右岸將永久<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8C%96" title="非軍事化">非軍事化</a>。工業上重要的<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" title="薩爾蘭">薩爾地區</a>將由國際聯盟管理15年，其<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E7%85%A4%E7%94%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩爾煤田（页面不存在）">煤田</a>由法國管理。在此段時間結束時，<a href="/wiki/1935%E5%B9%B4%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="1935年萨尔公民投票">公民投票</a>將決定薩爾的未來地位。為確保條約條款的執行，盟軍將佔領<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E5%85%B0%E9%9D%9E%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="莱茵兰非军事区">萊茵河左岸</a>5-15年。德國軍隊被限制在100,000名官兵並且解散<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E5%8F%82%E8%B0%8B%E9%83%A8" title="德国总参谋部">總參謀部</a>，大量戰爭物資將被移交，而軍需品的生產也將被嚴格削減。海軍也將同樣縮減，德國不被允許使用軍用飛機。德國還被要求賠償戰爭期間造成的所有平民損失。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>一戰後德意志帝國東部諸省的分割： </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>前省份 </th> <th>1910年區域 </th> <th>領土佔比 </th> <th>1910年人口佔比 </th> <th>一戰後的歸屬 </th> <th>注釋 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#000000;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" title="西普鲁士">西普鲁士</a> </th> <th><small>25,580 km<sup>2</sup></small><sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>100% </th> <th><small>1.703.474</small> </th> <th>分割為： </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰</a> </td> <td><b><small>15,900 km<sup>2</sup></small></b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><small>62% <sup id="cite_ref-:4_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></b> </td> <td><b><small>57%</small></b><sup id="cite_ref-:4_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81_(1919-1939)" title="濱海省 (1919-1939)">波美拉尼亚省</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E6%BE%A4%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" title="但澤自由市">但澤自由市</a> </td> <td><small><b>1,966 km<sup>2</sup></b></small> </td> <td><b><small>8%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>19%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E6%B3%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="但泽自由市">但泽自由市</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="東普魯士">東普魯士</a> </td> <td><small><b>2,927 km<sup>2</sup></b></small> </td> <td><b><small>11%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>15%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%9E%97%E9%9F%8B%E5%BE%B7%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80" title="馬林韋德行政區">馬林韋德行政區</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="魏玛共和国">德国西部</a> </td> <td><small><b>4,787 km<sup>2</sup></b></small> </td> <td><b><small>19%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>9%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE-%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="波森-西普鲁士">波森-西普魯士</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#000000;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="東普魯士">东普鲁士</a> </th> <th><small>37,002 km<sup>2</sup></small><sup id="cite_ref-:1_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>100% </th> <th><small>2.064.175</small> </th> <th>分割為： </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰</a> </td> <td><b><small>565 km<sup>2</sup></small></b><sup id="cite_ref-GUS1_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS1-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><small>2%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>2%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81_(1919-1939)" title="濱海省 (1919-1939)">波美拉尼亚省</a><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a> </td> <td><b><small>2,828 km<sup>2</sup></small></b> </td> <td><b><small>8%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>7%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E4%BD%A9%E9%81%94%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="克萊佩達地區">克莱佩达地区</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">德国</a> </td> <td><b><small>33,609 km<sup>2</sup></small></b> </td> <td><b><small>90%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>91%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="東普魯士省">東普魯士省</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#000000;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE%E7%9C%81" title="波森省">波森</a> </th> <th><small>28,992 km<sup>2</sup></small><sup id="cite_ref-:1_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>100% </th> <th><small>2.099.831</small> </th> <th>分割為： </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰</a> </td> <td><b><small>26,111 km<sup>2</sup></small></b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><small>90%</small></b><sup id="cite_ref-:4_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><small>93%</small></b><sup id="cite_ref-:4_165-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_(1919-1939)" title="波茲南省 (1919-1939)">波兹南省</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="魏玛共和国">德国</a> </td> <td><b><small>2,881 km<sup>2</sup></small></b> </td> <td><b><small>10%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>7%</small></b> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE-%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="波森-西普鲁士">波森-西普魯士</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-:3_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#000000;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%81_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="下西里西亞省 (德國)">下西里西亞</a> </th> <th><small>27,105 km<sup>2</sup></small><sup id="cite_ref-:2_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>100% </th> <th><small>3.017.981</small> </th> <th>分割為： </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰</a> </td> <td><b><small>527 km<sup>2</sup></small></b><sup id="cite_ref-GUS1_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS1-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><small>2%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>1%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_(1919-1939)" title="波茲南省 (1919-1939)">波兹南省</a><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="魏玛共和国">德国</a> </td> <td><b><small>26,578 km<sup>2</sup></small></b> </td> <td><b><small>98%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>99%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%81_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="下西里西亞省 (德國)">下西里西亞省</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#000000;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%81" title="上西里西亞省">上西里西亞</a> </th> <th><small>13,230 km<sup>2</sup></small><sup id="cite_ref-:2_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>100% </th> <th><small>2.207.981</small> </th> <th>分割為： </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰</a> </td> <td><b><small>3,225 km<sup>2</sup></small></b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><small>25%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>41%</small></b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%9C%81" title="西里西亞自治省">西里西亞省</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克">捷克斯洛伐克</a> </td> <td><small><b>325 km<sup>2</sup></b></small><sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><small>2%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>2%</small></b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%9B%A7%E6%AC%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="赫盧欽地區">赫盧欽地區</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="魏玛共和国">德国</a> </td> <td><b><small>9,680 km<sup>2</sup></small></b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><small>73%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>57%</small></b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%81" title="上西里西亞省">上西里西亚省</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#000000;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>總計 </th> <th><small>131,909 km<sup>2</sup></small> </th> <th>100% </th> <th><small>11.093.442</small> </th> <th>分割為： </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰</a> </td> <td><b><small>46,328 km<sup>2</sup></small></b> </td> <td><b><small>35%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>35%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a> </td> <td><b><small>2,828 km<sup>2</sup></small></b> </td> <td><b><small>2%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>2%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E4%BD%A9%E9%81%94%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="克萊佩達地區">克莱佩达地区</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E6%B3%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="但泽自由市">但泽自由市</a> </td> <td><small><b>1,966 km<sup>2</sup></b></small> </td> <td><b><small>2%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>3%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E6%B3%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="但泽自由市">但泽自由市</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克">捷克斯洛伐克</a> </td> <td><small><b>325 km<sup>2</sup></b></small> </td> <td><b><small>0%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>0%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="捷克西里西亞">捷克西里西亚</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>给予<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="魏玛共和国">德国</a> </td> <td><b><small>80,462 km<sup>2</sup></small></b> </td> <td><b><small>61%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>60%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6" title="普魯士自由邦">普魯士自由邦</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>此外，對比於現今，有一大片原屬於德意志帝國的領土現時是屬於數個歐洲國家的領土： </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_German_territories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Former_German_territories.svg/220px-Former_German_territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Former_German_territories.svg/330px-Former_German_territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Former_German_territories.svg/440px-Former_German_territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>自1914年至今的德國領土損失。德國的領土從德意志帝國時期的54萬平方千米縮減到了兩德統一後的35萬平方千米，曾在中東歐地區居住千年的德意志裔人口在二戰後被大量遣返、驅逐回國</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: absolute; text-indent: -1000px;">WhenlostfromGermany</div> </th> <th scope="col">名稱 </th> <th scope="col">今屬於 </th> <th scope="col">現今區劃 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #c0c0c0; width: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: absolute; text-indent: -1000px;">BothWorldWars</div> </td> <td scope="row" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="下萊茵省">下萊茵省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="上萊茵省">上萊茵省</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%E7%9C%81" title="摩泽尔省">摩澤爾省</a>（屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%80" title="大東部大區">大東部大區</a>） </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #c0c0c0; width: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: absolute; text-indent: -1000px;">BothWorldWars</div> </td> <td scope="row" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BC%8A%E5%BD%AD-%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E8%BF%AA" title="奧伊彭-馬爾默迪">奧伊彭-馬爾默迪</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%9C%AC_(%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82)" class="mw-redirect" title="歐本 (比利時)">歐本</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%BB%98%E8%BF%AA" title="马尔默迪">馬爾梅迪</a>市，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%97%A5%E7%9C%81" title="列日省">列日省</a>鄰近德國邊界的兩個城市及鄰近自治区 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #696969; width: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: absolute; text-indent: -1000px;">WorldWarII</div> </td> <td scope="row" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal;">威勒貝格 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷蘭</a> </td> <td>荷蘭語稱<span lang="nl">Duivelsberg</span>，德荷邊境的一座小山，在二戰後被荷蘭吞併 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: white; width: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: absolute; text-indent: -1000px;">WorldWarI</div> </td> <td scope="row" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%AD%E9%83%A1" title="南日德蘭郡">北石勒苏益格</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%AD%E9%83%A1" title="南日德蘭郡">南日德兰郡</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #c0c0c0; width: 1em; width: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: absolute; text-indent: -1000px;">BothWorldWars</div> </td> <td scope="row" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%9B%A7%E6%AC%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="赫盧欽地區">赫盧欽地區</a>（沿德國與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奧匈帝國">奧匈帝國</a>邊界延伸的一帶<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%8F%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="蘇台德地區">蘇台德地區</a>） </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a> </td> <td>捷克境內西里西亞鄰近波蘭邊界的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%9B%A7%E6%AC%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="赫盧欽地區">赫盧欽地區</a><br />（1938年10月德国<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%8F%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%80%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇台德區問題">重新夺回</a>，1944年1月－1945年5月期间該区德國人被苏军驅逐，此亦發生於整個蘇台德地區） </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #c0c0c0; width: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: absolute; text-indent: -1000px;">BothWorldWars</div> </td> <td scope="row" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="梅梅爾領地">梅梅爾領地</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E4%BD%A9%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="克萊佩達">梅梅爾</a>市 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E4%BD%A9%E9%81%94%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="克萊佩達地區">克萊佩達地區</a>，包括波羅的海沿岸的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E4%BD%A9%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="克萊佩達">克萊佩達</a>市<br />（1939年3月德国<a href="/wiki/1939%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%B9%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E9%80%9A%E7%89%92" title="1939年德国对立陶宛的最后通牒">重新夺回</a>，1944年1月－1945年5月期间該地区的德國人被苏军驅逐） </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #c0c0c0; width: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: absolute; text-indent: -1000px;">BothWorldWars</div> </td> <td scope="row" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal;">大部分<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" title="西普鲁士">西普鲁士</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE%E7%9C%81" title="波森省">波森</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="东上西里西亚">东上西里西亞</a>，波美拉尼亞的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%9C%96%E5%A4%AB" title="貝圖夫">比托</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E6%81%A9%E5%A0%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%AF%94%E6%89%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="劳恩堡和比托地区">勞恩堡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%AD%A6%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="斯武普斯克">施托爾普</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brockhaus_19332_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockhaus_19332-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，東普魯士的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E7%83%8F%E5%A4%9A%E6%B2%83" title="賈烏多沃">索爾達乌</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a> </td> <td>现为波兰的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E7%9C%81" title="西里西亚省">西里西亞省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81_(%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD)" title="濱海省 (波蘭)">波美拉尼亞省</a>，現今波蘭語稱這四個城市為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%9C%96%E5%A4%AB" title="貝圖夫">貝圖夫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%A0%A1" title="倫堡">勞恩堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%AD%A6%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="斯武普斯克">斯武普斯克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E7%83%8F%E5%A4%9A%E6%B2%83" title="賈烏多沃">賈烏多沃</a>，其中的德意志人口在二戰後被盡數驅逐 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #696969; width: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: absolute; text-indent: -1000px;">WorldWarII</div> </td> <td scope="row" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="加里寧格勒">東勃蘭登堡</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="加里寧格勒">、</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="瓦尔米亚">瓦爾米亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%96%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬祖里亞">馬祖里亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="西普魯士">西普魯士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="東普魯士">東普魯士</a>南部、波美拉尼亞中部和東部 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a> </td> <td>波兰的北部和西部地區，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="波美拉尼亞">波美拉尼亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="西里西亞">西里西亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E7%9C%81" title="盧布斯卡省">盧布斯卡省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E-%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%96%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%81" title="瓦爾米亞-馬祖里省">瓦爾米亞及馬祖里亞</a><br />（1944年1月－1945年5月期间該地区的德國人被苏军驅逐） </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #696969; width: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: absolute; text-indent: -1000px;">WorldWarII</div> </td> <td scope="row" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="東普魯士">東普魯士</a>北部和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="加里寧格勒">哥尼斯堡</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a> </td> <td>俄國位於波羅的海的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A3%9B%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="外飛地">外飛地</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="加里寧格勒州">加里寧格勒州</a><br />（1944年1月－1945年5月期间該地区的德國人被苏军驅逐） </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="wikitable" style="width: auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"> </span> 第一次世界大戰后德國損失的領土</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0c0c0; color:black;"> </span> 第一次世界大战失去，第二次世界大戰奪回，但是战后再次失去的領土</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#696969; color:white;"> </span> 第二次世界大戰后德國損失的領土</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=56" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=57" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">對於即將成為皇帝的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>而言，他最渴望的頭銜是「<b>德意志國土的皇帝</b>（Kaiser von Deutschland）」，然而這受到了除普魯士以外所有德意志邦國的反對，因為這個頭銜會讓普魯士有理由在實際的國土上掌控其他邦國，而其它德意志小邦只想要一個名義上的虚位皇帝就够了；此外，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">俾斯麥</a>也强烈反對這個第一選項，理由是普魯士並沒真正的把所有德意志土地都納入旗下，这會讓另一個德意志國家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奧匈帝國</a>覺得它的德意志地區也歸德國管，惡化德奧關係。<br />第二個選項是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%971848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志1848年革命">1848年</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰克福国民议会">法蘭克福國民議會</a>定下的「<b>德意志人民的皇帝</b>（Kaiser der Deutschen）」，这个遭到的却是威廉一世的反對，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="君主主義">君主主義</a>者的威廉一世看來，权力必须是受恩於<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E5%85%B8_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8)" title="恩典 (宗教學)">“天”</a>而非授權自“民”，他不想本應高高在上的皇位被一群熱血的人民随便賜予，這會讓他觉得自己的皇位很廉價；而俾斯麥則是從另一種角度看待此事，他認為這个稱號跟<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="神聖羅馬皇帝">神聖羅馬皇帝</a>雷同，都是由選舉產生的虛位君主，和他心目中那種<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="獨裁制">獨裁制</a>的、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="單一制">單一制</a>的國家不符。<br />經過一系列的辯論，德皇最終採用第三個折中選項，即「<b>一個當上皇帝的德意志人</b>（Deutscher Kaiser）」，在這個意思裡面“德皇”僅僅是“這個皇帝所屬的民族是德意志人”而已，並不是“這個皇帝有权管理全德意志國土、或全德意志的人民”，俾斯麥認為這個稱號可以完全避免奧匈皇帝的不滿；而且它還甚至有其歷史依據，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)" title="奧古斯都 (稱號)">奧古斯都</a>」就是“<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="第一公民">第一公民</a>”的榮譽称号，那“皇帝”也可以當做是“德意志聯邦主席”的榮譽称号。此種頗為複雜的理解方式受到了德皇本人、普鲁士议会及俾斯麦的三方認可，写入了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="德意志帝国宪法">德意志帝国宪法</a>》之中，使得“德皇”一词被精确定義為“一个當上皇帝的德意志人”。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1876年普魯士吞并<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E5%8B%9E%E6%81%A9%E5%A0%A1" title="薩克森-勞恩堡">萨克森-劳恩堡</a>前為六個</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">值得注意的是英語中一戰的「同盟國」為「Central Powers」德語為「Mittelmächte」，並沒有「同盟」意思，而有「中央」的意思。英語語境將兩次世界大戰的西方戰勝國均表述為「Allies」（盟国），而兩次世界大戰的戰敗國「Central Powers」和「Axis Powers」則均有「中心」的意思。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4" title="英國王室">英國王室</a>姓氏由<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E7%A7%91%E5%A0%A1-%E5%93%A5%E8%BE%BE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝">薩克森-科堡-哥達</a>改为<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E8%8E%8E%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="溫莎王朝">温莎</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4" title="比利時王室">比利時王室</a>的姓氏由<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E7%A7%91%E5%A0%A1-%E5%93%A5%E8%BE%BE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝">薩克森-科堡-哥達</a>改為了比利時的（van België/de Belgique/von Belgien）；俄国首都<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1" title="圣彼得堡">圣彼得堡</a>改名彼得格勒。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">詳見<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E5%88%BA%E5%9C%A8%E8%83%8C%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4" title="刀刺在背传说">刀刺在背傳說</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">日後成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="德國總理">德國總理</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">阿道夫·希特勒</a>因為不滿奥匈帝国将德意志人和“劣等”的斯拉夫人和馬扎爾人編入一支部队的政策，之后选择加入的就是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="德意志帝國陸軍">德意志帝國陸軍</a>下屬的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亞王國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="巴伐利亞陸軍">軍隊</a>。<br /> 1914年初，奧地利政府在要求在慕尼黑逗留的希特拉回國參軍，但是希特拉返回<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8%E5%A0%A1" title="萨尔茨堡">萨尔茨堡</a>时故意裝病沒通過體檢，之後返回慕尼黑。第一次世界大戰爆發後，希特拉跟随巴伐利亞陸軍預備步兵團第16團前往<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%88%B0%E7%B7%9A_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0)" title="西方戰線 (第一次世界大戰)">西線</a>與英法聯軍作戰，他先後參與了<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次伊普爾斯戰役">第一次伊普尔斯戰役</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="索姆河戰役">索姆河戰役</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9_(1917%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拉斯戰役 (1917年)（页面不存在）">阿拉斯戰役</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%A3%AE%E8%BE%BE%E5%8B%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="帕森达勒战役">帕森达勒战役</a>，並因作戰勇敢獲得了「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%B4%9A%E9%90%B5%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="一級鐵十字勳章">一級鐵十字勳章</a>」和「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%B4%9A%E9%90%B5%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="二級鐵十字勳章">二級鐵十字勳章</a>」。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德語：<br />(Papst:) „Der letzte Zug war mir allerdings unangenehm; aber die Partie ist deßhalb noch nicht verloren. Ich habe noch einen sehr schönen Zug in petto!“<br />(Bismarck:) „Das wird auch der letzte sein, und dann sind Sie in wenigen Zügen matt - - wenigstens für Deutschland.“ <br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">11月28日，威廉二世在逃到荷蘭後正式簽署退位文件<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">此铁路网仅为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="弗里德里希·李斯特">弗里德里希·李斯特</a>的设想，德国第一条铁路，长6km的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" title="巴伐利亚路德维希铁路">巴伐利亚路德维希铁路</a>在1835年才开通</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">注意普魯士和奧地利境內鐵路網密度的對比，密佈的鐵路網和高效的運輸體制奠定了五年後<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="普奧戰爭">普魯士對奧地利戰爭</a>大勝的基礎</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">密立根在本科時也曾留學<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哥廷根大学">哥廷根大學</a>修習物理</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=58" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Meyer, H.J. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. Volume 4 5th. Bibliographisches Institut. 1894. Deutschland <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=H.J.&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.btitle=Meyers+Konversations-Lexikon&rft.date=1894&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=Deutschland&rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gem1900-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gem1900_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?gem1900_2.htm">German Empire: administrative subdivision and municipalities, 1900 to 1910</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2007]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226072855/http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?gem1900_2.htm%20">存档</a>于2018-12-26） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=German+Empire%3A+administrative+subdivision+and+municipalities%2C+1900+to+1910&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemeindeverzeichnis.de%2Fgem1900%2Fgem1900.htm%3Fgem1900_2.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop1871-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pop1871_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405061459/http://deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/einwohner.htm">Population statistics of the German Empire, 1871</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2007]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/einwohner.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2007-04-05） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=Population+statistics+of+the+German+Empire%2C+1871&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de%2Feinwohner.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Book, Inc. <i>The World Book dictionary, Volume 1</i>. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Whitaker. <i>Whitaker's almanack, 1991</i>. J Whitaker & Sons, 1990. Pp. 765. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kitchen, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng0002kitc">A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present</a>. John Wiley & Sons. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-44439-689-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-44439-689-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-44439-689-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany%3A+1800+to+the+Present&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-44439-689-8&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderng0002kitc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Toyka-Seid, Gerd Schneider, Christiane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/das-junge-politik-lexikon/231954/reichsgruendung-deutsches-reich">Reichsgründung/ Deutsches Reich | bpb</a>. bpb.de. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026193718/https://m.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/das-junge-politik-lexikon/231954/reichsgruendung-deutsches-reich">存档</a>于2020-10-26） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Reichsgr%C3%BCndung%2F+Deutsches+Reich+%7C+bpb&rft.aufirst=Gerd+Schneider%2C+Christiane&rft.aulast=Toyka-Seid&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpb.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.bpb.de%2Fnachschlagen%2Flexika%2Fdas-junge-politik-lexikon%2F231954%2Freichsgruendung-deutsches-reich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sturm, Reinhard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/weimarer-republik/275834/1918-19-vom-kaiserreich-zur-republik">Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19 – Weimarer Republik</a>. bpb.de. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917075919/https://m.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/weimarer-republik/275834/1918-19-vom-kaiserreich-zur-republik">存档</a>于2021-09-17） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Vom+Kaiserreich+zur+Republik+1918%2F19+%E2%80%93+Weimarer+Republik&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft.aulast=Sturm&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpb.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.bpb.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fdeutsche-geschichte%2Fweimarer-republik%2F275834%2F1918-19-vom-kaiserreich-zur-republik&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kotulla: <i>Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806–1918. Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einführungen. 1. Band: Gesamtdeutschland, Anhaltische Staaten und Baden.</i> Springer, Berlin 2006, pp. 231, 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. H. Clapham, <i>The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815–1914</i> (1936)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vagts, Alfred. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3038611?origin=crossref">Land and Sea Power in the Second German Reich</a>. The Journal of the American Military Institute. 1939, <b>3</b> (4): 210 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-05-02</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1520-8613"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1520-8613</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3038611"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/3038611</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910142704/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3038611?origin=crossref">存档</a>于2021-09-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Land+and+Sea+Power+in+the+Second+German+Reich&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.aulast=Vagts&rft.date=1939&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1520-8613&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Military+Institute&rft.pages=210&rft.volume=3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3038611%3Forigin%3Dcrossref&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3038611&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Kennedy, <i>The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000</i> (1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/sci.html">Nobel Prizes by Country – Evolution of National Science Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century, by Citizenship (Juergen Schmidhuber, 2010)</a>. Idsia.ch. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102222720/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/sci.html">存档</a>于2014-01-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prizes+by+Country+%E2%80%93+Evolution+of+National+Science+Nobel+Prize+Shares+in+the+20th+Century%2C+by+Citizenship+%28Juergen+Schmidhuber%2C+2010%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Idsia.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsia.ch%2F~juergen%2Fsci.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gat2008-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gat2008_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gat, Azar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6gSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA517">War in Human Civilization</a>. Oxford University Press. 2008: 517 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-07</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-923663-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-923663-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-923663-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917075932/https://books.google.com/books?id=S6gSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA517">存档</a>于2021-09-17） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Azar&rft.aulast=Gat&rft.btitle=War+in+Human+Civilization&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923663-3&rft.pages=517&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6gSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA517&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Heine, Matthias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/kultur/plus168705897/Diese-deutschen-Woerter-kennt-man-noch-in-der-Suedsee.html">Deutsche Lehnwörter in der Südsee – Palau, Samoa, Nauru, Mikronesien</a>. DIE WELT. 2017-09-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019142308/https://www.welt.de/kultur/article168705897/Diese-deutschen-Woerter-kennt-man-noch-in-der-Suedsee.html">存档</a>于2017-10-19） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Deutsche+Lehnw%C3%B6rter+in+der+S%C3%BCdsee+%E2%80%93+Palau%2C+Samoa%2C+Nauru%2C+Mikronesien&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.date=2017-09-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIE+WELT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fkultur%2Fplus168705897%2FDiese-deutschen-Woerter-kennt-man-noch-in-der-Suedsee.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Blakemore, Erin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/germany-world-war-i-debt-treaty-versailles">Germany's World War I Debt Was So Crushing It Took 92 Years to Pay Off</a>. HISTORY. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-11-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917075943/https://www.history.com/news/germany-world-war-i-debt-treaty-versailles">存档</a>于2021-09-17） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft.aulast=Blakemore&rft.btitle=Germany%27s+World+War+I+Debt+Was+So+Crushing+It+Took+92+Years+to+Pay+Off&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=HISTORY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fgermany-world-war-i-debt-treaty-versailles&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/how-did-hitler-happen">How Did Hitler Happen?</a>. The National WWII Museum. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-11-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917081720/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/how-did-hitler-happen">存档</a>于2021-09-17） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=How+Did+Hitler+Happen%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fhow-did-hitler-happen&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/German-Empire">German Empire | Facts, History, Flag, & Map</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-11-23</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917080005/https://www.britannica.com/place/German-Empire">存档</a>于2021-09-17） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=German+Empire+%7C+Facts%2C+History%2C+Flag%2C+%26+Map&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGerman-Empire&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">例如 Roger Chickering, <i>Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918</i>. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014; Cornelius Torp and Sven Oliver Müller, eds., <i>Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates & New Perspectives</i>. Oxford: Berghahn, 2011; James Retallack, ed., <i>Imperial Germany 1871–1918</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008; Isabel V. Hull, <i>Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Hermann_Ludwig_Heeren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren（页面不存在）">Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Alphonso_Talboys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Alphonso Talboys（页面不存在）">Talboys, David Alphonso</a> , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amanualhistoryp00talbgoog">A Manual of the History of the Political System of Europe and its Colonies</a>. London: H. G. Bohn. 1873: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amanualhistoryp00talbgoog/page/n516">480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Hermann+Ludwig&rft.aulast=Heeren&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+the+History+of+the+Political+System+of+Europe+and+its+Colonies&rft.date=1873&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=480&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famanualhistoryp00talbgoog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Kenneth Barkin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-von-Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>. Britannica. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2019]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917080008/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-von-Bismarck">存档</a>于2021-09-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Otto+von+Bismarck&rft.au=Kenneth+Barkin&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FOtto-von-Bismarck&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史-中歐強權的起伏, p.137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Case, Nelson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJ">European Constitutional History</a>. Cincinnati: Jennings & Pye. 1902: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJ/page/n151">139</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/608806061"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 608806061</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft.aulast=Case&rft.btitle=European+Constitutional+History&rft.date=1902&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=139&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=Jennings+%26+Pye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJ&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608806061&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國文化史, p.242-248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-case139-140-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-case139-140_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCase1902">Case 1902</a>，第139–140頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-case140-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-case140_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCase1902">Case 1902</a>，第140頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德語：Die Politik ist keine Wissenschaft, wie viele der Herren Proffessoren sich einbilden, sondern eine Kunst.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ralph Keyes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quoteverifierwho00keye">The Quote Verifier : Who Said What, Where, and When</a>. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=Ralph+Keyes&rft.btitle=The+Quote+Verifier+%3A+Who+Said+What%2C+Where%2C+and+When&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquoteverifierwho00keye&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.490-491</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kampf-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kampf_37-0"><sup><b>30.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kampf_37-1"><sup><b>30.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.494-496</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge_p195-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_p195_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">劍橋德國簡史, p.195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">劍橋德國簡史, p.196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world_40-0"><sup><b>33.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world_40-1"><sup><b>33.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">世界現代史, p.351-352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俾斯麥與德意志帝國, p.51-55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deutschland-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deutschland_42-0"><sup><b>35.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deutschland_42-1"><sup><b>35.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.496-498</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俾斯麥與德意志帝國, p.58-60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俾斯麥與德意志帝國, p.69-74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Baycroft and Mark Hewitson, <i>What is a nation?: Europe 1789–1914</i> (2006) p 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Broszat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Broszat（页面不存在）">Martin Broszat</a>: <i>Zweihundert Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik</i>. suhrkamp 1978, p. 144; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-518-36574-6" title="Special:网络书源/3-518-36574-6">3-518-36574-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kitchen, Martin. Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany. Cambridge University Press. 2000: 214. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-79432-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-79432-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-79432-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+Germany&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79432-9&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engen, Rodney K. <i>Sir John Tenniel: Alice's White Knight</i>, Aldershot, Hants, England: Scolar Press, 1991, 140–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Michael Balfour. The Kaiser and His Times. 倫敦: Penguin. 1975: 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=Michael+Balfour&rft.btitle=The+Kaiser+and+His+Times&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=157&rft.place=%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">世界現代史, p.352-353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.506-507</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabel_V._Hull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabel V. Hull（页面不存在）">Isabel V. Hull</a>, <i>The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918</i> (2004) p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz197067-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz197067_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1970">Kurtz 1970</a>，67.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKurtz1970 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.536-538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurtz_p72-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kurtz_p72_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1970">Kurtz 1970</a>，72<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKurtz1970 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H. Jarausch, eds. <i>German Professions, 1800–1950</i> (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Jefferies, <i>Imperial Culture in Germany, 1871–1918</i> (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz197056-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz197056_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1970">Kurtz 1970</a>，56.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKurtz1970 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamar Cecil, <i>Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941</i> (1996) ch 9–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Matthew Stibbe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iCGEPwGvqVUC&pg=PA177">German Anglophobia and the Great War, 1914–1918</a>. Cambridge UP. 2006: 176–178 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-07</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521027281" title="Special:网络书源/9780521027281"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780521027281</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917080014/https://books.google.com/books?id=iCGEPwGvqVUC&pg=PA177">存档</a>于2021-09-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=Matthew+Stibbe&rft.btitle=German+Anglophobia+and+the+Great+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780521027281&rft.pages=176-178&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiCGEPwGvqVUC%26pg%3DPA177&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holger H. Herwig, <i>The First World War: Germany and Austria–Hungary 1914–1918</i> (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rod Paschall, <i>The defeat of imperial Germany, 1917–1918</i> (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Historical_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Historical Museum（页面不存在）">German Historical Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/wk1/wirtschaft/versorgung/index.html">1914–18: Lebensmittelversorgung</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001102140012/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/wk1/wirtschaft/versorgung/index.html">存档</a>于2000-11-02） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=German+Historical+Museum&rft.btitle=1914%E2%80%9318%3A+Lebensmittelversorgung&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2Fwk1%2Fwirtschaft%2Fversorgung%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德意志帝國, p.191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俾斯麥與德意志帝國, p.129-131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德語：Der Kaiser hat abgedankt. […] Das alte und morsche, die Monarchie ist zusammengebrochen. Es lebe das Neue. Es lebe die deutsche Republik!</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zit. nach Michalka u. Niedhart (Hrsg.): <i>Deutsche Geschichte 1918–1933</i>, S. 20 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.565-569</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. Ryder, <i>The German Revolution of 1918: A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt</i> (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俾斯麥與德意志帝國, p.132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_72-0"><sup><b>64.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_72-1"><sup><b>64.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_72-2"><sup><b>64.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Stephen Tonge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211051936/http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/bisdom.htm">Bismarck's Domestic Polices 1871 -1890</a>. History Home. 11 November 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/bisdom.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2020-12-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=Stephen+Tonge&rft.btitle=Bismarck%27s+Domestic+Polices+1871+-1890&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=History+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Feurope%2Fbisdom.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-build2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-build2_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stefan Berger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220513003302/https://www.academia.edu/14039014">Building the Nation among Visions of German Empire</a>. Stefan Berger/Alexei Miller (Eds.): National Empires (Academia). January 2015: 247–308 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14039014">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Building+the+Nation+among+Visions+of+German+Empire&rft.au=Stefan+Berger&rft.date=2015-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stefan+Berger%2FAlexei+Miller+%28Eds.%29%3A+National+Empires&rft.pages=247-308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14039014&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge_p191-193-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_p191-193_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">劍橋德國簡史, p.191-193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.488</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zahlen nach Tormin: <i>Geschichte deutscher Parteien</i>, S. 282 f. Hinweise: Sozialdemokraten umfassen bis 1874 die SDAP und den ADAV, unter Minderheiten sind subsumiert: Welfen, Polen, Dänen, Elsaß-Lothringer, unter Sonstige finden sich bis 1878 (Alt-)Liberale, Deutsche Volkspartei, 1881 und 1884 nur Deutsche Volkspartei, 1887 außerdem 1 Abg. der Christlich-Sozialen Partei und 2 weitere Abg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zahlen nach Loth: <i>Kaiserreich</i>, S. 236. Unter Linksliberale sind <i>Deutsche-Friesinnige Partei</i>, ab 1893 <i>Freisinnige Volkspartei</i> und <i>Freisinnige Vereinigung</i>, ab 1910 <i>Fortschrittliche Volkspartei</i> subsumiert.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Röhl, J. C. G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200946700200306">Higher Civil Servants in Germany, 1890–1900</a>. Journal of Contemporary History. 1967-07, <b>2</b> (3) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-10</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0022-0094</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/259809"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 259809</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160827181"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 160827181</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200946700200306"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1177/002200946700200306</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221110133119/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200946700200306">存档</a>于2022-11-10） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Higher+Civil+Servants+in+Germany%2C+1890%E2%80%931900&rft.aufirst=J.+C.+G.&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hl&rft.date=1967-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.volume=2&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F259809&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F002200946700200306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160827181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200946700200306&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2006158,_603–623-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2006158,_603–623_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2006">Clark 2006</a>，第158, 603–623頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFClark2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hans-Ulrich Wehler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503023312/https://www.scribd.com/document/371706306/Hans-Ulrich-Wehler-The-German-Empire-1871-1918-Berg-1985">Hans Ulrich Wehler-The German Empire 1871-1918-Berg (1985)</a>. Scribd: 157. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/371706306/Hans-Ulrich-Wehler-The-German-Empire-1871-1918-Berg-1985">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=Hans-Ulrich+Wehler&rft.btitle=Hans+Ulrich+Wehler-The+German+Empire+1871-1918-Berg+%281985%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Scribd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F371706306%2FHans-Ulrich-Wehler-The-German-Empire-1871-1918-Berg-1985&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandra Richie, <i>Faust's Metropolis. A History of Berlin</i> (1998) p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Blackbourn, <i>The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918</i> (1998) p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moses, John Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510080130/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yy6oSv2N_iIC&pg=PA149">Trade Unionism in Germany from Bismarck to Hitler, 1869–1933</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. 1982: 149 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780860434504" title="Special:网络书源/9780860434504"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780860434504</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yy6oSv2N_iIC&pg=PA149">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=John+Anthony&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.btitle=Trade+Unionism+in+Germany+from+Bismarck+to+Hitler%2C+1869%E2%80%931933&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780860434504&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYy6oSv2N_iIC%26pg%3DPA149&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1995" class="citation">Beck, Hermann, Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815–1870, 1995</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Authoritarian+Welfare+State+in+Prussia%2C+1815%E2%80%931870&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHennock2007" class="citation">Hennock, E. 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O'Rourke. <i>The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe</i> (2 vol. 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.511-512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wirtschaft-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wirtschaft_91-0"><sup><b>83.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wirtschaft_91-1"><sup><b>83.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Das Deutsche Kaiserreich, Industrialisierung und moderne Gesellschaft</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.519-520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.513-516</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History, p.114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerd Hohorst, Jürgen Kocka, Gerhard A. Ritter: <i>Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch Bd. 2: Materialien zur Statistik des Kaiserreichs 1870–1914</i>. München 1978, S. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wirtschaft2-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wirtschaft2_96-0"><sup><b>88.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wirtschaft2_96-1"><sup><b>88.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deutsche Historische Museum, Industrie & Wirtschaft</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.516-518</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan Mitchell, <i>Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Feuchtwanger, Ed. Imperial Germany 1850–1918. Routledge. 2002. Table 1. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-13462-072-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-13462-072-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-13462-072-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.aulast=Feuchtwanger&rft.btitle=Imperial+Germany+1850%E2%80%931918&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-13462-072-2&rft.pages=Table+1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John J. Beer, <i>The Emergence of the German Dye Industry</i> (1959).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Abelshauser, <i>German History and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company</i> (2004) covers 1865 to 2000;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandler (1990) pp. 474–475<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Incomplete_short_citation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Incomplete short citation（页面不存在）">Template:Incomplete short citation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">劍橋德國簡史, p.201-202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-one2-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-one2_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1738">GHDI – Document</a>. Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174440/http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1738">存档</a>于2017-04-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=GHDI+%E2%80%93+Document&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org%2Fsub_document.cfm%3Fdocument_id%3D1738&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghi-dc12-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghi-dc12_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=3073">GHDI – Document – Page</a>. Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424173830/http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=3073">存档</a>于2017-04-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=GHDI+%E2%80%93+Document+%E2%80%93+Page&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org%2Fdocpage.cfm%3Fdocpage_id%3D3073&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams2007-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrams2007_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Abrams, Lynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o1eAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Bismarck and the German Empire: 1871–1918</a>. Routledge. 24 January 2007: 13–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-134-22915-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-134-22915-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-134-22915-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424193115/https://books.google.com/books?id=o1eAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">存档</a>于24 April 2017）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+the+German+Empire%3A+1871%E2%80%931918&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-134-22915-4&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do1eAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghi-dc1-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghi-dc1_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=3073">GHDI – Document – Page</a>. Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424173830/http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=3073">存档</a>于2017-04-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=GHDI+%E2%80%93+Document+%E2%80%93+Page&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org%2Fdocpage.cfm%3Fdocpage_id%3D3073&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghi-dc22-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghi-dc22_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=644">GHDI – Document</a>. Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424173833/http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=644">存档</a>于2017-04-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=GHDI+%E2%80%93+Document&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org%2Fsub_document.cfm%3Fdocument_id%3D644&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghi-dc2-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghi-dc2_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=644">GHDI – Document</a>. Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424173833/http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=644">存档</a>于2017-04-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=GHDI+%E2%80%93+Document&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org%2Fsub_document.cfm%3Fdocument_id%3D644&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-where-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-where_112-0"><sup><b>102.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-where_112-1"><sup><b>102.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">劍橋德國簡史, p.210-214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kulture-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kulture_113-0"><sup><b>103.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kulture_113-1"><sup><b>103.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Das Deutsche Kaiserreich, Bürgerliche Kultur und ihre Reformbewegungen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-one_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1738">GHDI – Document</a>. Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174440/http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1738">存档</a>于2017-04-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=GHDI+%E2%80%93+Document&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org%2Fsub_document.cfm%3Fdocument_id%3D1738&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俾斯麥與德意志帝國, p.64-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德意志帝國, p.104-110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deutsche Historische Museum, Wissenschaft & Forschung</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206125600/http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/fremdsprachen.html">Fremdsprachige Minderheiten im Deutschen Reich</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2010]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/fremdsprachen.html">原始内容</a>存档于6 February 2010） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=Fremdsprachige+Minderheiten+im+Deutschen+Reich&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verwaltungsgeschichte.de%2Ffremdsprachen.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">包含<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="低地德語">低地德語</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Hitler Legacy: The Nazi Cult in Diaspora" p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國文化史, p.258-314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Nina Porzucki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014153546/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29543708">Nobel Prize: How English beat German as language of science</a>. 2014-10-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-25</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29543708">原始内容</a>存档于2014-10-14） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=Nina+Porzucki&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize%3A+How+English+beat+German+as+language+of+science&rft.date=2014-10-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-29543708&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, J. M. <i>The New Penguin History of the World</i>, Penguin History, 2002. Pg. 1014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-14-100723-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-14-100723-0">0-14-100723-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國文化史, p.254-257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=226611">The Alfred B. Nobel Prize Winners, 1901-2003</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210025438/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=226611">存檔</a>，存档日期2010-02-10. History Channel from <i>The World Almanac and Book of Facts</i> 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-02</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/aboutitu/HistoricalFigures.html">Historical figures in telecommunications.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110425065237/http://www.itu.int/aboutitu/HistoricalFigures.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） International Telecommunication Union. Jan. 14, 2004. Retrieved 2007-01-02</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Adolf Baeyer, Viggo Drewsen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k906950/f1258.image.langEN">Darstellung von Indigblau aus Orthonitrobenzaldehyd [Preparation of blue indigo from o-nitrobenzaldehyde]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berichte_der_deutschen_chemischen_Gesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft（页面不存在）">Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft</a>. 1882, <b>15</b> (2): 2856–2864 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-08</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.188201502274"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1002/cber.188201502274</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523174324/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k906950/f1258.image.langEN">存档</a>于2021-05-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Darstellung+von+Indigblau+aus+Orthonitrobenzaldehyd&rft.au=Adolf+Baeyer%2C+Viggo+Drewsen&rft.date=1882&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Berichte+der+deutschen+chemischen+Gesellschaft&rft.pages=2856-2864&rft.volume=15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k906950%2Ff1258.image.langEN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcber.188201502274&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meijere-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meijere_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Adolf von Baeyer: Winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1905 </i> Armin de Meijere <a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie_International_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Angewandte Chemie International Edition">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</a> Volume 44, Issue 48 , Pages 7836 – 7840 <b>2005</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/112190460/ABSTRACT">Abstract</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210203036/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/112190460/ABSTRACT">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-12-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/373/000100073/">Adolf Windaus</a>. www.nndb.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917081725/https://www.nndb.com/people/373/000100073/">存档</a>于2021-09-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Adolf+Windaus&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nndb.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F373%2F000100073%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1928/windaus/biographical/">The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928</a>. NobelPrize.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724002502/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1928/windaus-bio.html">存档</a>于2018-07-24） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">（美国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1928&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1928%2Fwindaus%2Fbiographical%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. <i>These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame</i>. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-57864-397-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-57864-397-4">978-1-57864-397-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmag.com/photo-gallery/photos/51-heroes-aviation?pnid=41832">"51 Heroes of Aviation"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917080110/http://www.flyingmag.com/photo-gallery/photos/51-heroes-aviation?pnid=41832">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <i>Flying</i>. Retrieved: March 24, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*Allaby, Michael (2002). <i>Encyclopedia of Weather and Climate</i>. New York: Facts On File, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8160-4071-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-8160-4071-0">0-8160-4071-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Frankel, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lp_n-Ng-hhoC&pg=PA203">The Continental Drift Debate</a>. H.T. Engelhardt Jr and A.L. Caplan (编). Scientific Controversies: Case Solutions in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology. Cambridge University Press. 1987 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-08</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-27560-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-27560-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-27560-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917080113/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp_n-Ng-hhoC&pg=PA203">存档</a>于2021-09-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=The+Continental+Drift+Debate&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.btitle=Scientific+Controversies%3A+Case+Solutions+in+the+resolution+and+closure+of+disputes+in+science+and+technology&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27560-6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlp_n-Ng-hhoC%26pg%3DPA203&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brady Haran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105042558/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/nottinghamshire/2956026.stm">The millimetre men</a>. BBC News UK. 4 June 2003 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2011]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/nottinghamshire/2956026.stm">原始内容</a>存档于5 November 2011）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=Brady+Haran&rft.btitle=The+millimetre+men&rft.date=2003-06-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC+News+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fnottinghamshire%2F2956026.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plato.stanford.edu_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kim, Alan. Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt. Zalta, Edward N. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/wilhelm-wundt/">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> Winter 2022. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Maximilian+Wundt&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2022&rft.edition=Winter+2022&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2022%2Fentries%2Fwilhelm-wundt%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Butler-Bowdon, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wfjB9Blnk8kC">50 Psychology Classics: Who We Are, How We Think, What We Do: Insight and Inspiration from 50 Key Books</a>. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. 2010-12-07. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-85788-473-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-85788-473-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-85788-473-9</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.aulast=Butler-Bowdon&rft.btitle=50+Psychology+Classics%3A+Who+We+Are%2C+How+We+Think%2C+What+We+Do%3A+Insight+and+Inspiration+from+50+Key+Books&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85788-473-9&rft.pub=Nicholas+Brealey+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfjB9Blnk8kC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silver87-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-silver87_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Silver, G A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.77.1.82">Virchow, the heroic model in medicine: health policy by accolade.</a>. American Journal of Public Health. 1987-01-01, <b>77</b> (1) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-10</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0090-0036</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646803"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 1646803</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3538915"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 3538915</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.77.1.82"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2105/AJPH.77.1.82</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121221621/https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.77.1.82">存档</a>于2022-11-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Virchow%2C+the+heroic+model+in+medicine%3A+health+policy+by+accolade.&rft.aufirst=G+A&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0090-0036&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.volume=77&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1646803&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajph.aphapublications.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.77.1.82&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.77.1.82&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3538915&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nordenström, Jörgen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0UmWnc-lYUC">The Hunt for the Parathyroids</a>. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. 2012: 10 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-08</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-118-34339-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-118-34339-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-118-34339-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917084158/https://books.google.com/books?id=k0UmWnc-lYUC">存档</a>于2021-09-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rgen&rft.aulast=Nordenstr%C3%B6m&rft.btitle=The+Hunt+for+the+Parathyroids&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-118-34339-5&rft.pages=10&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk0UmWnc-lYUC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Huisman, Frank; Warner, John Harley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND5d0K4sE8AC">Locating Medical History: The Stories and Their Meanings</a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2004: 415 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-08</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8018-7861-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8018-7861-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8018-7861-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917085615/https://books.google.com/books?id=ND5d0K4sE8AC">存档</a>于2021-09-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=Warner%2C+John+Harley&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Huisman&rft.btitle=Locating+Medical+History%3A+The+Stories+and+Their+Meanings&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7861-9&rft.pages=415&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DND5d0K4sE8AC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俾斯麥與德意志帝國, p.67-68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Germany p.220-221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Germany p.222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History, p.98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.538-542</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俾斯麥與德意志帝國, p.118-119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俾斯麥與德意志帝國, p.74-81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俾斯麥與德意志帝國, p.120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.498-503</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.504-505</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Das Deutsche Kaiserreich, Außenpolitik und Imperialismus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.546-549</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.542-544</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德國史, p.544-546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sturmer_p91-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sturmer_p91_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stürmer, Michael (2000) 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis, <i>Ruanda-Urundi 1884–1919</i>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer2008-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer2008_157-0"><sup><b>147.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer2008_157-1"><sup><b>147.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fischer, Ferenc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=243316550011">La expansión (1885-1918) del modelo militar alemán y su pervivencia (1919-1933) en América Latina</a>. Revista del CESLA. 2008, (11): 135–160 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-05-02</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1641-4713"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1641-4713</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905053534/https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=243316550011">存档</a>于2021-09-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=La+expansi%C3%B3n+%281885-1918%29+del+modelo+militar+alem%C3%A1n+y+su+pervivencia+%281919-1933%29+en+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&rft.aufirst=Ferenc&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1641-4713&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Revista+del+CESLA&rft.pages=135-160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Farticulo.oa%3Fid%3D243316550011&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlos2011-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carlos2011_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sanhueza, Carlos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.iai.spk-berlin.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/Document_derivate_00000510/BIA%20146%20Sanhueza.pdf">El debate sobre "el embrujamiento alemán" y el papel de la ciencia alemana hacia fines del siglo XIX en Chile</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Ideas viajeras y sus objetos. El intercambio científico entre Alemania y América austral. Madrid–Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana–Vervuert. 2011: 29–40 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-03-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108035633/https://publications.iai.spk-berlin.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/Document_derivate_00000510/BIA%20146%20Sanhueza.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2022-01-08） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">（西班牙语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=El+debate+sobre+%22el+embrujamiento+alem%C3%A1n%22+y+el+papel+de+la+ciencia+alemana+hacia+fines+del+siglo+XIX+en+Chile&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.aulast=Sanhueza&rft.btitle=Ideas+viajeras+y+sus+objetos.+El+intercambio+cient%C3%ADfico+entre+Alemania+y+Am%C3%A9rica+austral.+Madrid%E2%80%93Frankfurt+am+Main%3A+Iberoamericana%E2%80%93Vervuert&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=29-40&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.iai.spk-berlin.de%2Fservlets%2FMCRFileNodeServlet%2FDocument_derivate_00000510%2FBIA%2520146%2520Sanhueza.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penny2017-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penny2017_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Penny, H. Glenn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/material-connections-german-schools-things-and-soft-power-in-argentina-and-chile-from-the-1880s-through-the-interwar-period/0FA72CBBF44C2C944477364ED259E153">Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period</a>. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 2017-07, <b>59</b> (3): 519–549 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-05-02</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0010-4175</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417517000159"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0010417517000159</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917080221/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/material-connections-german-schools-things-and-soft-power-in-argentina-and-chile-from-the-1880s-through-the-interwar-period/0FA72CBBF44C2C944477364ED259E153">存档</a>于2021-09-17） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Material+Connections%3A+German+Schools%2C+Things%2C+and+Soft+Power+in+Argentina+and+Chile+from+the+1880s+through+the+Interwar+Period&rft.aufirst=H.+Glenn&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.date=2017-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.pages=519-549&rft.volume=59&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcomparative-studies-in-society-and-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fmaterial-connections-german-schools-things-and-soft-power-in-argentina-and-chile-from-the-1880s-through-the-interwar-period%2F0FA72CBBF44C2C944477364ED259E153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417517000159&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kocka, Jürgen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200948802300101">German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German Sonderweg</a>. Journal of Contemporary History. 1988-01, <b>23</b> (1): 3–16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-05-02</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0022-0094</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/260865"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 260865</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200948802300101"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1177/002200948802300101</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917080224/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200948802300101">存档</a>于2021-09-17） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=German+History+before+Hitler%3A+The+Debate+about+the+German+Sonderweg&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.aulast=Kocka&rft.date=1988-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.pages=3-16&rft.volume=23&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260865&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F002200948802300101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200948802300101&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wehler, <i>Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte: Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zur Gründung der Beiden Deutschen Staaten 1914–1949</i> (2003) is the fourth volume of his monumental history of German society. None of the series has yet been translated into English. A partial summary appears in Hans-Ulrich Wehler, <i>The German Empire, 1871–1918</i> (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Helmut Walser Smith. When the <i>Sonderweg</i> Debate Left Us. German Studies Review. May 2008, <b>31</b> (2): 225–240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=When+the+Sonderweg+Debate+Left+Us&rft.au=Helmut+Walser+Smith&rft.date=2008-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.pages=225-240&rft.volume=31&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_164-0"><sup><b>153.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_164-1"><sup><b>153.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_164-2"><sup><b>153.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_164-3"><sup><b>153.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_164-4"><sup><b>153.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_164-5"><sup><b>153.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_164-6"><sup><b>153.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_164-7"><sup><b>153.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_164-8"><sup><b>153.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_164-9"><sup><b>153.09</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weinfeld, Ignacy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225031/http://cyfrowa.chbp.chelm.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=11366">Tablice statystyczne Polski: wydanie za rok 1924 [Poland's statistical tables: edition for year 1924]</a>. Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy "Bibljoteka Polska". 1925: 2 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyfrowa.chbp.chelm.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=11366">原始内容</a>存档于2018-12-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Ignacy&rft.aulast=Weinfeld&rft.btitle=Tablice+statystyczne+Polski%3A+wydanie+za+rok+1924+%5BPoland%27s+statistical+tables%3A+edition+for+year+1924%5D&rft.date=1925&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=2&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Instytut+Wydawniczy+%22Bibljoteka+Polska%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyfrowa.chbp.chelm.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdocmetadata%3Fid%3D11366&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_165-0"><sup><b>154.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_165-1"><sup><b>154.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_165-2"><sup><b>154.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_165-3"><sup><b>154.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nadobnik, Marcin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023910/https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/15285/1/020%20Marcin%20Nadobnik%20RPEiS%201(3),%201921.pdf">Obszar i ludność b. dzielnicy pruskiej [Area and population of former Prussian district]</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (Poznań). 1921, <b>1</b> (3) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/15285/1/020%20Marcin%20Nadobnik%20RPEiS%201%283%29%2C%201921.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2018-12-24） –通过AMUR - Adam Mickiewicz University Repository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Obszar+i+ludno%C5%9B%C4%87+b.+dzielnicy+pruskiej+%5BArea+and+population+of+former+Prussian+district%5D&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft.aulast=Nadobnik&rft.date=1921&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Ruch+Prawniczy%2C+Ekonomiczny+i+Socjologiczny&rft.volume=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.amu.edu.pl%2Fbitstream%2F10593%2F15285%2F1%2F020%2520Marcin%2520Nadobnik%2520RPEiS%25201%25283%2529%252C%25201921.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_168-0"><sup><b>155.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_168-1"><sup><b>155.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331122507/http://gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Posen-Westpr/uebersichtskarte.html">Die Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen Übersichtskarte</a>. Gonschior.de. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Posen-Westpr/uebersichtskarte.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Die+Grenzmark+Posen-Westpreu%C3%9Fen+%C3%9Cbersichtskarte&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gonschior.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gonschior.de%2Fweimar%2FPreussen%2FPosen-Westpr%2Fuebersichtskarte.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_170-0"><sup><b>156.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_170-1"><sup><b>156.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220513003529/https://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?preussen1900.htm">Gemeindeverzeichnis Deutschland</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?preussen1900.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=Gemeindeverzeichnis+Deutschland&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemeindeverzeichnis.de%2Fgem1900%2Fgem1900.htm%3Fpreussen1900.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUS1-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GUS1_171-0"><sup><b>157.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUS1_171-1"><sup><b>157.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUS1_171-2"><sup><b>157.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUS1_171-3"><sup><b>157.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620013024/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plik:Rocznik_Statystyki_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_-_1920-21.djvu">Rocznik statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1920/21</a>. Rocznik Statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny). 1921, <b>I</b>: 56–62 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span>]</span>. （<a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plik:Rocznik_Statystyki_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_-_1920-21.djvu">原始内容</a>存档于2019-06-20） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语及法语网页">（波兰语及法语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Rocznik+statystyki+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej+1920%2F21&rft.date=1921&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rocznik+Statystyki+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft.pages=56-62&rft.volume=I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlik%3ARocznik_Statystyki_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_-_1920-21.djvu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jehke, Rolf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004164413/http://www.territorial.de/ostp/rball.htm">Rbz. Allenstein: 10.1.1920 Abtretung des Kreises Neidenburg (teilweise) an Polen; 15.8.1920 Abtretung der Landgemeinden Groschken, Groß Lehwalde (teilweise), Klein Lobenstein (teilweise), Gut Nappern und der Gutsbezirke Groß Grieben (teilweise) und Klein Nappern (teilweise) an Polen.</a>. territorial.de. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.territorial.de/ostp/rball.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2018-10-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Rbz.+Allenstein%3A+10.1.1920+Abtretung+des+Kreises+Neidenburg+%28teilweise%29+an+Polen%3B+15.8.1920+Abtretung+der+Landgemeinden+Groschken%2C+Gro%C3%9F+Lehwalde+%28teilweise%29%2C+Klein+Lobenstein+%28teilweise%29%2C+Gut+Nappern+und+der+Gutsbezirke+Gro%C3%9F+Grieben+%28teilweise%29+und+Klein+Nappern+%28teilweise%29+an+Polen.&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft.aulast=Jehke&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=territorial.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.territorial.de%2Fostp%2Frball.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175646/http://gov.genealogy.net/item/show/object_290144">Działdowo, Soldauer Gebiet, Soldauer Ländchen</a>. GOV The Historic Gazetteer. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.genealogy.net/item/show/object_290144">原始内容</a>存档于2018-12-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Dzia%C5%82dowo%2C+Soldauer+Gebiet%2C+Soldauer+L%C3%A4ndchen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV+The+Historic+Gazetteer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgov.genealogy.net%2Fitem%2Fshow%2Fobject_290144&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Khan, Daniel-Erasmus. Die deutschen Staatsgrenzen. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. 2004: 78. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-16-148403-_7" title="Special:网络书源/3-16-148403- 7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-16-148403- 7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=Daniel-Erasmus&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.btitle=Die+deutschen+Staatsgrenzen&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-16-148403-7&rft.pages=78&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_177-0"><sup><b>161.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_177-1"><sup><b>161.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710092602/http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?schlesien%2Fschlesien1900.htm">Gemeindeverzeichnis Deutschland: Schlesien</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?schlesien/schlesien1900.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2016-07-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=Gemeindeverzeichnis+Deutschland%3A+Schlesien&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemeindeverzeichnis.de%2Fgem1900%2Fgem1900.htm%3Fschlesien%2Fschlesien1900.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818191153/http://ome-lexikon.uni-oldenburg.de/regionen/schlesien/">Schlesien: Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert</a>. OME-Lexikon - Universität Oldenburg. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ome-lexikon.uni-oldenburg.de/regionen/schlesien/">原始内容</a>存档于2019-08-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Schlesien%3A+Geschichte+im+20.+Jahrhundert&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OME-Lexikon+-+Universit%C3%A4t+Oldenburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fome-lexikon.uni-oldenburg.de%2Fregionen%2Fschlesien%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sperling, Gotthard Hermann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225015/http://obc.opole.pl/Content/7836/D8150.pdf">Aus Niederschlesiens Ostmark</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Opolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa. 1932 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obc.opole.pl/Content/7836/D8150.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于25 December 2018）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=Aus+Niederschlesiens+Ostmark&rft.aufirst=Gotthard+Hermann&rft.aulast=Sperling&rft.date=1932&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opolska+Biblioteka+Cyfrowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobc.opole.pl%2FContent%2F7836%2FD8150.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127193450/http://istmat.info/files/uploads/51382/maly_rocznik_statystyczny_1939.pdf">Mały Rocznik Statystyczny [Little Statistical Yearbook] 1939</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Warsaw: GUS. 1939: 14 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://istmat.info/files/uploads/51382/maly_rocznik_statystyczny_1939.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于27 November 2018）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=Ma%C5%82y+Rocznik+Statystyczny+%5BLittle+Statistical+Yearbook%5D+1939&rft.date=1939&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=14&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=GUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fistmat.info%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2F51382%2Fmaly_rocznik_statystyczny_1939.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockhaus_19332-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brockhaus_19332_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Der Große Brockhaus</i>. 15th edition, vol. 14, Leipzig 1933, p. 741.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="解釋性筆記"><span id=".E8.A7.A3.E9.87.8B.E6.80.A7.E7.AD.86.E8.A8.98"></span>解釋性筆記</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=59" title="编辑章节：解釋性筆記"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">波蘭接收了位於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="維斯瓦河">維斯瓦河</a>以東的西普魯士的幾個市縣：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E5%B7%B4%E7%93%A6" title="盧巴瓦">勒包</a>（Löbau）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%AF%9F" title="布罗德尼察">施特拉斯堡</a>（Strasburg）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E5%B8%83%E7%86%B1%E4%BC%8A%E8%AB%BE" title="翁布熱伊諾">布里森</a>（Briesen）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E4%BC%A6" title="托伦">托恩</a>（Thorn）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%A7%86_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔姆 (西普鲁士)">库尔姆</a>（Culm）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E7%93%8A%E8%8C%B2" title="格魯瓊茲">格劳登茨</a>（Graudenz）；以及位於其西部的西普魯士的大部分城市和縣：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%B6%AD%E5%88%87%E7%B8%A3" title="希維切縣">希維切縣</a>（Świecie）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%9C%8D%E6%8B%89" title="圖霍拉">圖霍拉</a>（Tuchola）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E4%BD%86%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%88%8A%E5%9F%8E" title="格但斯克舊城">格但斯克舊城</a>（Starogard Gdański）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%9E%97%E9%9F%8B%E5%BE%B7_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="馬林韋德 (西普魯士)">馬林韋德</a>（Kwidzyn），僅維斯瓦河以西的一部分），<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="迪尔绍">迪尔绍縣</a>（Tczew）大部、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B2%E6%B2%83%E5%9C%96%E5%A4%AB%E7%B8%A3" title="茲沃圖夫縣">茲沃圖夫縣</a>（Złotów）東部、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%AD%A6%E8%83%A1%E5%A4%AB%E7%B8%A3" title="奇武胡夫縣">奇武胡夫縣</a>（Człuchów）的一部分，以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87%E7%B8%A3" title="霍伊尼采縣">霍伊尼采</a>（Chojnice）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B8%8C%E5%88%87%E6%97%A5%E7%B4%8D%E7%B8%A3" title="科希切日納縣">科希切日納</a>（Kościerzyna）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%96%E6%BF%9F%E7%B8%A3" title="卡爾圖濟縣">卡爾圖濟</a>（Kartuzy）、 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E4%BC%8A%E6%B5%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%B2%83" title="韋伊海羅沃">韋伊海羅沃</a>（Wejherowo）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="格丁尼亞">格丁尼亞</a>；以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%86%E6%B3%BD%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%8E%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="但泽高地县（页面不存在）">但泽高地县</a>（Kreis Danziger Höhe）的小西部和維斯瓦河以東亞諾沃（Janowo）的周邊地區。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3" title="諾加特河">諾加特河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="維斯瓦河">維斯瓦河</a>以東的西普魯士部分地區，1918年後仍留在德國，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="埃爾賓">埃尔宾</a>（Elbląg）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%A0%A1_(%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="馬爾堡 (波蘭)">馬爾堡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3" title="諾加特河">諾加特河</a>以東的部分地區)、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%9C%96%E5%A7%86" title="什圖姆">什圖姆</a>（Sztum）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%9E%97%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="馬林韋爾德 (西普鲁士)">馬林韋爾德</a>（僅維斯瓦河以東的一部分）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84%E7%BE%85%E6%A3%AE%E8%B2%9D%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西普魯士的羅森貝格（页面不存在）">西普魯士的羅森貝格</a>（Susz），併入東普魯士作為西普魯士地區。歷史上的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波美尼亞（页面不存在）">波美尼亞</a>地區有一個顯著的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國波蘭人聯盟（页面不存在）">波蘭少數民族</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">西普魯士西部的瓦烏奇縣（Wałcz）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B2%E6%B2%83%E5%9C%96%E5%A4%AB%E7%B8%A3" title="茲沃圖夫縣">茲沃圖夫縣</a>（Złotów）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%AD%A6%E8%83%A1%E5%A4%AB%E7%B8%A3" title="奇武胡夫縣">奇武胡夫縣</a>（Człuchów）的部分（後兩者在波蘭和德國之間分裂）。該地區包括12個城鎮：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%AD%A6%E8%83%A1%E5%A4%AB" title="奇武胡夫">奇武胡夫</a>（Człuchów）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%83%E6%97%A5%E8%AB%BE" title="代布日諾">代布日諾</a>（Debrzno）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" title="比亞維布爾">比亞維布爾</a>（Biały Bór）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E5%B0%94%E5%86%85" title="恰尔内">恰爾內</a>（Czarne）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%A6%E8%BF%AA%E5%88%87%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伦迪切克（页面不存在）">伦迪切克</a>（Lędyczek）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B2%E6%B2%83%E5%9C%96%E5%A4%AB" title="茲沃圖夫">茲沃圖夫</a>（Złotów）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BB%B6%E5%8D%A1" title="克拉延卡">克拉延卡</a>（Krajenka）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%83%8F%E5%A5%87" title="瓦烏奇">瓦烏奇</a>（Wałcz）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E7%B6%AD%E8%8C%A8" title="米羅斯瓦維茨">米羅斯瓦維茨</a>（Mirosławiec）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%B2%83%E5%B8%95" title="奇沃帕">奇沃帕</a>（Człopa）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%A5%87%E8%AB%BE" title="圖奇諾">圖奇諾</a>（Tuczno）和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E7%B6%AD" title="亞斯特羅維">亞斯特羅維</a>（Jastrowie）。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國波蘭人聯盟（页面不存在）">波蘭少數族裔</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1918 年以前的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%BF%9F%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%A3" title="尼濟察縣">尼濟察縣</a>（Nidzica）的一部分，有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E7%83%8F%E5%A4%9A%E6%B2%83%E7%B8%A3" title="賈烏多沃縣">賈烏多沃</a>（Działdowo）和大約27,000名居民；<sup id="cite_ref-GUS1_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS1-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E8%AB%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達布朗諾（页面不存在）">達布朗諾</a>（Dąbrówno）附近的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%94%E7%B8%A3" title="奧斯特魯達縣">奧斯特魯達縣</a>（Ostróda）的部分地區、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥羅沃斯基（页面不存在）">哥羅沃斯基</a>（Groszki）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A7%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盧布斯廷（页面不存在）">盧布斯廷</a>（Lubstynek）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內波羅梅克（页面不存在）">內波羅梅克</a>（Napromek）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%87%E7%88%BE%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="切爾林（页面不存在）">切爾林</a>（Czerlin）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%92%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勒瓦德維爾基（页面不存在）">勒瓦德維爾基</a>（Lewałd Wielki）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%88%E8%8C%B2%E6%AF%94%E5%85%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戈茲比內（页面不存在）">戈茲比內</a>（Grzybiny）和大約4786名居民。<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 提供給自己的省太小，這塊領土被合併入了<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81_(1919-1939)" title="濱海省 (1919-1939)">波美拉尼亞省</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="大波兰">普魯屬大波蘭</a>的西部邊緣在1918年後仍留在德國。該地區包括整個<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E7%B6%AD%E6%97%A5%E7%B4%8D" title="斯克維日納">斯克維日納</a>（Skwierzyna）以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%96%AF%E9%9C%8D%E7%93%A6" title="弗斯霍瓦">弗斯霍瓦</a>（Wschowa）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="巴比莫斯特">巴比莫斯特</a>（Babimost）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E6%BF%9F%E7%86%B1%E5%A5%87" title="緬濟熱奇">緬濟熱奇</a>（Międzyrzecz）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%82%91%E6%97%A5" title="霍傑日">霍傑日</a>（Chodzież）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BC%A6_(%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0)" title="维伦 (波兰)">維倫</a>（Wieleń）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E6%81%A9%E5%BA%AB%E5%A4%AB" title="恰恩庫夫">恰恩庫夫</a>（Czarnków）。它包含12個城鎮和城市：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E5%A5%88%E5%BE%B7%E7%A9%86%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="施奈德穆爾">施耐德穆尔</a>（Piła）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%BE%A4%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%AA%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦澤河畔什未林">瓦澤河畔什未林</a>（Skwierzyna）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bledzew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bledzew（页面不存在）">Bledzew</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%96%AF%E9%9C%8D%E7%93%A6" title="弗斯霍瓦">弗斯霍瓦</a>（Wschowa）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%88%A9%E8%B5%AB%E6%BB%95%E6%88%88%E7%93%A6" title="什利赫滕戈瓦">什利赫滕戈瓦</a>（Szlichtyngowa）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="巴比莫斯特">巴比莫斯特</a>（Babimost）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%88%88%E7%93%A6" title="卡爾戈瓦">卡爾戈瓦</a>（Kargowa）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E6%BF%9F%E7%86%B1%E5%A5%87" title="緬濟熱奇">緬濟熱奇</a>（Międzyrzecz）、茲邦申（Zbąszyń）、布魯斯（Brójce）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%88%87%E7%88%BE" title="奇切爾">奇切爾</a>（Trzciel）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E6%81%A9%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="紹恩蘭克">紹恩蘭克</a>（Trzcianka）。該地區是重要的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國波蘭人聯盟（页面不存在）">波蘭少數民族</a>的所在地。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>之後，波蘭獲得了歷史上<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="下西里西亞">下西里西亞</a>的一小部分，截至1918年，大多數人口為 <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="波蘭人">波蘭人</a>。該地區包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9F%E6%A5%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="瑟楚夫">瑟楚夫</a>（Syców）的部分地區（德語：Polnisch Wartenberg)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF%E6%AD%A6%E5%A4%AB" title="納梅斯武夫">納梅斯武夫</a>（Namysłów）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89_(%E5%9F%8E%E9%95%87)" title="古拉 (城镇)">古拉</a>（Góra）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%87" title="米利奇">米利奇</a>（Milicz）。總面積約526平方公里，約3萬<sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GUS1_171-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS1-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 居民，包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里希塔爾（页面不存在）">里希塔爾</a>（Rychtal）。太小形成自己的省，該地區被併入給予<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_(1919-1939)" title="波茲南省 (1919-1939)">波茲南省</a>（原前<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE%E7%9C%81" title="波森省">波森省</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">兩次世界大戰期間的西里西亞省由普魯士<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="东上西里西亚">東上西里西亞</a>（面積3,225平方公里<sup>2</sup>）和奧地利的波蘭部分即<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%94%B3%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="泰申西里西亚">切申西里西亚</a>（1,010平方公里<sup>2</sup>）組成，總共4,235平方千米<sup>2</sup>。1938年德國兼併捷克斯洛伐克的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%B0" title="扎奥尔杰">扎奧爾傑</a>（Zaolzie後，增加了55122平方千米<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>西里西亞省的省會是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98%E7%BB%B4%E8%8C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="卡托维茨">卡托維茨</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">總而言之，普魯士屬波蘭<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="一戰">一戰</a>結束時大約有400萬居民，其中約200萬來自波森省，約100萬來自西普魯士和100萬來自上西里西亞，6萬來自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%81_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="下西里西亞省 (德國)">下西里西亞</a>和東普魯士</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=60" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span 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.refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/kaiserreich/">Das Deutsche Kaiserreich</a>. bpb.de. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2014]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108035649/https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/kaiserreich/">存档</a>于2022-01-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=Das+Deutsche+Kaiserreich&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=bpb.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fdeutsche-geschichte%2Fkaiserreich%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" 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Deutsche Historische Museum. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2014]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009062004/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/kaiserreich/industrie/">存档</a>于2013-10-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=Industrie+%26+Wirtschaft&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Deutsche+Historische+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2Fkaiserreich%2Findustrie%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/kaiserreich/wissenschaft/index.html">Wissenschaft & Forschung</a>. 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[<span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2014]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?gem1900_2.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2015-02-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=Gemeindeverzeichnis+Deutschland+1900&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=gemeindeverzeichnis.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgemeindeverzeichnis.de%2Fgem1900%2Fgem1900.htm%3Fgem1900_2.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="書籍"><span id=".E6.9B.B8.E7.B1.8D"></span>書籍</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=62" title="编辑章节：書籍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt><b>漢語</b></dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">王軍瑋、萬方. 劍橋德國簡史. 左岸文化. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/986-7174-13-5" title="Special:网络书源/986-7174-13-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 986-7174-13-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=%E5%8A%8D%E6%A9%8B%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B0%A1%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=986-7174-13-5&rft.pub=%E5%B7%A6%E5%B2%B8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">賴麗琇. 德國史 (下). 台北: 五南. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/957-11-3438-4" title="Special:网络书源/957-11-3438-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 957-11-3438-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=%E8%B3%B4%E9%BA%97%E7%90%87&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2+%28%E4%B8%8B%29&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=957-11-3438-4&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">劉增泉. 世界現代史. 台北: 五南. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/957-11-3335-3" title="Special:网络书源/957-11-3335-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 957-11-3335-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=%E5%8A%89%E5%A2%9E%E6%B3%89&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=957-11-3335-3&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">俾斯麥與德意志帝國. 麥田出版. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/957-469-005-9" title="Special:网络书源/957-469-005-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 957-469-005-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.btitle=%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5%E8%88%87%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=957-469-005-9&rft.pub=%E9%BA%A5%E7%94%B0%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">邢來順. 德意志帝國. 青海人民出版. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-225-03315-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-225-03315-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-225-03315-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=%E9%82%A2%E4%BE%86%E9%A0%86&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-225-03315-0&rft.pub=%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">賴麗琇. 德國文化史. 台北: 中央圖書. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/957-637-498-7" title="Special:网络书源/957-637-498-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 957-637-498-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=%E8%B3%B4%E9%BA%97%E7%90%87&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=957-637-498-7&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">周惠民. 德國史-中歐強權的起伏. 臺北: 三民書局. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-14-5197-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-14-5197-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-14-5197-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E6%83%A0%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2-%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%90%E5%BC%B7%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E4%BC%8F&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-14-5197-8&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">邢来顺、吴友法. 德国通史. 南京: 江苏人民出版社. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-721-42-1492-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-721-42-1492-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-721-42-1492-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=%E9%82%A2%E6%9D%A5%E9%A1%BA%E3%80%81%E5%90%B4%E5%8F%8B%E6%B3%95&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-721-42-1492-8&rft.place=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">丁建弘. 德國通史. 上海: 上海社会科学院出版社. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-780-68-1069-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-780-68-1069-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-780-68-1069-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=%E4%B8%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%BC%98&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-780-68-1069-9&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">李工真. 德意志道路. 武漢: 武汉大学出版社. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-730-70-4521-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-730-70-4521-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-730-70-4521-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%9C%9F&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-730-70-4521-7&rft.place=%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2&rft.pub=%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <dl><dt><b>英語</b></dt></dl> <ul><li>Barker, J. Ellis. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderngermanyhe00barkgoog">Modern Germany; her political and economic problems, her foreign and domestic policy, her ambitions, and the causes of her success</a></i> (1907)</li> <li>Berghahn, Volker Rolf. <i>Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century</i> (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01673">ACLS E-book</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230909062008/http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01673">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Berghahn, Volker Rolf. <i>Imperial Germany, 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture, and Politics</i> (2nd ed. 2005)</li> <li>Berghahn, Volker Rolf. "German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler". <i>German Studies Review</i>, vol. 40, no. 1 (2017) pp. 147–162 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353/gsr.2017.0007">Online</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200807113350/https://doi.org/10.1353/gsr.2017.0007">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Blackbourn, David. <i>The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918</i> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Germany-1780-1918-Nineteenth-Blackwell/dp/063123196X/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917080329/https://www.amazon.com/History-Germany-1780-1918-Nineteenth-Blackwell/dp/063123196X/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Blackbourn, David, and Geoff Eley. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/27706474">The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091007173120/https://www.questia.com/read/27706474">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i> (1984) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-873058-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-873058-6">0-19-873058-6</a></li> <li>Blanke, Richard. <i>Prussian Poland in the German Empire</i> (1981)</li> <li>Brandenburg, Erich. <i>From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914</i> (1927) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315175229/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/12322">online free</a>.</li> <li>Carroll, E. Malcolm. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000411913">Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917080340/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000411913">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i> (1938); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/80995518/germany-and-the-great-powers-1866-1914-a-study-in">online at Questia</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200801024342/https://www.questia.com/library/80995518/germany-and-the-great-powers-1866-1914-a-study-in">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unz.org/Pub/SaturdayRev-1939mar18-00016?View=PDF">online review</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170920044247/http://www.unz.org/Pub/SaturdayRev-1939mar18-00016?View=PDF">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）; 862pp; written for advanced students.</li> <li>Cecil, Lamar. <i>Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859–1900</i> (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23057779">online edition</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110914151923/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23057779">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）; vol2: <i>Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941</i> (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105767371">online edition</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100420055859/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105767371">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Chickering, Roger. <i>Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918</i> (2nd ed. 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Imperial-Germany-1914-1918-Approaches-European/dp/0521839084/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917080421/https://www.amazon.com/Imperial-Germany-1914-1918-Approaches-European/dp/0521839084/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Clark, Christopher. <i> Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947</i> (2006), the standard scholarly survey</li> <li>Dawson, William Harbutt. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_neRCAAAAIAAJ">The Evolution of Modern Germany</a></i> (1908), 503 pages, covers 1871–1906 with focus on social and economic history and colonies</li> <li>Dawson, William Harbutt. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarckstatesoc00daws">Bismarck and state socialism; an exposition of the social and economic legislation of Germany since 1870</a></i> (1890) 175 pages</li> <li>Dawson, William Harbutt. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/municipallifean00dawsgoog">Municipal life and government in Germany</a></i> (1914); 507 pages, describes the workings of local government and bureaucracy</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Dawson, William Harbutt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUEBAAAAYAAJ">Germany and the Germans</a>. Chapman and Hall. 1894 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.aufirst=William+Harbutt&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Germans&rft.date=1894&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUEBAAAAYAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Eyck, Erich. <i>Bismarck and the German Empire</i> (1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393002357/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917080430/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393002357/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Fischer, Fritz. <i>From Kaiserreich to Third Reich: Elements of Continuity in German History, 1871–1945</i>. (1986). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-04-943043-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-04-943043-2">0-04-943043-2</a>.</li> <li>Geiss, Imanuel. <i>German Foreign Policy, 1871–1914</i> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0415606357/">excerpt</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917084221/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0415606357/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><cite class="citation">Hayes, Carlton J. H., The History of German Socialism Reconsidered, American Historical Review, 1917, <b>23</b> (1): 62–101, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1837686"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1837686</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1837686"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1837686</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=The+History+of+German+Socialism+Reconsidered&rft.aufirst=Carlton+J.+H.&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.date=1917&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.pages=62-101&rft.volume=23&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1837686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1837686&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Hewitson, Mark. "Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy." <i>English Historical Review</i> 115.462 (2000): 570–606; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority</li> <li>Holborn, Hajo. <i>A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945</i> (1969), pp. 173–532</li> <li>Jefferies, Mattew. <i>Imperial Culture in Germany, 1871–1918</i>. (Palgrave, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-4039-0421-9" title="Special:网络书源/1-4039-0421-9">1-4039-0421-9</a>.</li> <li>Kennedy, Paul. <i>The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914</i> (2nd ed. 1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-57392-301-X" title="Special:网络书源/1-57392-301-X">1-57392-301-X</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Martin Kitchen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521453417">Germany</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-45341-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-45341-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-45341-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=Martin+Kitchen&rft.btitle=Germany&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-45341-0&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521453417&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Koch, Hannsjoachim W. <i>A constitutional history of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries</i> (1984).</li> <li>Kurlander, Eric. <i>The Price of Exclusion: Ethnicity, National Identity, and the Decline of German Liberalism, 1898–1933</i> (2007).</li> <li>Levy, Richard S. <i>The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany</i> (Yale University Press, 1975).</li> <li>Levy, Richard S. ed/ <i>Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution</i> (2 vol Abc-clio, 2005).</li> <li>Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. <i>The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914</i> (1977) pp. 17–70.</li> <li>Mombauer, Annika and Wilhelm Deist, eds. <i>The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/107344481/the-kaiser-new-research-on-wilhelm-ii-s-role-in">online</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180904052700/https://www.questia.com/library/107344481/the-kaiser-new-research-on-wilhelm-ii-s-role-in">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Mommsen, Wolfgang. <i>Imperial Germany 1867–1918: Politics, Culture, and Society in an Authoritarian State</i>. (1995). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-340-64534-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-340-64534-2">0-340-64534-2</a>.</li> <li>Nipperdey, Thomas. <i>Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck</i> (1996) dense coverage of chief topics</li> <li>Padfield, Peter. <i>The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914</i> (2005)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Dietrich Orlow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00orlo_1">A History of Modern Germany 1871 to present</a>. Prentice Hall. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-104886-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-104886-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-13-104886-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=Dietrich+Orlow&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany+1871+to+present&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-104886-4&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderng00orlo_1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Ragins, Sanford. <i>Jewish Responses to Anti-Semitism in Germany, 1870–1914: A Study in the History of Ideas</i> (ISD, 1980.</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Reagin, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/319879">The Imagined Hausfrau: National Identity, Domesticity, and Colonialism in Imperial Germany</a>. The Journal of Modern History. 2001-03, <b>73</b> (1) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-10</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0022-2801</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18335627"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 18335627</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F319879"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/319879</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121222216/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/319879">存档</a>于2022-11-21） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&rft.atitle=The+Imagined+Hausfrau%3A+National+Identity%2C+Domesticity%2C+and+Colonialism+in+Imperial+Germany&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.aulast=Reagin&rft.date=2001-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.volume=73&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F319879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F319879&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18335627&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Retallack, James. <i>Germany in the Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II</i>, (1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-312-16031-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-312-16031-3">0-312-16031-3</a>.</li> <li>Retallack, James. <i>Imperial Germany 1871–1918</i> (2008)</li> <li>Ritter, Gerhard. <i>The Sword and the Scepter; the Problem of Militarism in Germany</i>. (4 vol University of Miami Press 1969–1973)</li> <li>Richie, Alexandra. <i>Faust's Metropolis: A History of Berlin</i> (1998), 1139 pages, pp. 188–233</li> <li>Scheck, Raffael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/Contents.html">"Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120324100055/http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/Contents.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (2008), a brief textbook by a leading scholar</li> <li>Schollgen, Gregor. <i>Escape into War? The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany</i>. (Berg, 1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-85496-275-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-85496-275-1">0-85496-275-1</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History</i> (2011), 862 pp; 35 essays by specialists; Germany since 1760 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Modern-History-Handbooks/dp/0198728913">excerpt</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917080511/https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Modern-History-Handbooks/dp/0198728913">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Smith, Woodruff D. <i>The German Colonial Empire</i> (1978</li> <li>Sperber, Jonathan. <i>The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany</i> (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A443988560/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=77ce3ca5">online review</a></li> <li>Stern, Fritz. <i>Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire</i> (1979) Bismarck worked closely with this leading banker and financier <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Gold-Iron-Bismark-Bleichroder-Building/dp/0394740343/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917080522/https://www.amazon.com/Gold-Iron-Bismark-Bleichroder-Building/dp/0394740343/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Steinberg, Jonathan. <i>Bismarck: A Life</i> (2011), a recent scholarly biography; emphasis on Bismarck's personality</li> <li>Steinmetz, George (2007) <i>The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780226772417" title="Special:网络书源/9780226772417">9780226772417</a></li> <li>Taylor, A.J.P. <i>Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman</i> (1967) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14683010">online edition</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110624020231/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14683010">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Wehler, Hans-Ulrich. <i>The German Empire, 1871–1918</i>. (Berg, 1985). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-907582-22-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-907582-22-2">0-907582-22-2</a></li> <li>Wildenthal, Lora. <i>German Women for Empire, 1884–1945</i> (2001)</li></ul> <dl><dt><b>德语</b></dt></dl> <ul><li>Margaret Anderson, Sibylle Hirschfeld (Übers.): <i>Lehrjahre der Demokratie – Wahlen und politische Kultur im Deutschen Kaiserreich</i>. Steiner, Stuttgart 2009 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783515090315" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-515-09031-5</a>.</li> <li>Volker Berghahn: <i>Das Kaiserreich 1871–1914. Industriegesellschaft, bürgerliche Kultur und autoritärer Staat</i> (= Gebhardt. Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte; Bd. 16), 10., völlig neu bearb. Aufl., Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783608600162" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-608-60016-2</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sehepunkte.de/2004/05/5078.html">Rezension</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120522151954/http://www.sehepunkte.de/2004/05/5078.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）).</li> <li>Eckart Conze: <i>Schatten des Kaiserreichs. Die Reichsgründung von 1871 und ihr schwieriges Erbe.</i> dtv, München 2020, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783423282567" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-423-28256-7</a>.</li> <li>Gerd Fesser: <i>Die Kaiserzeit. Deutschland 1871–1918.</i> Hrsg. von der Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. Erfurt 2000, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3931426394" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-931426-39-4</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Webarchiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Webarchiv（页面不存在）">Template:Webarchiv</a>).</li> <li>Ewald Frie: <i>Das Deutsche Kaiserreich</i> (= Kontroversen um die Geschichte). 2. Auflage, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2013, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783534248933" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-534-24893-3</a>.</li> <li>Carola Groppe: <i>Im deutschen Kaiserreich: Eine Bildungsgeschichte des Bürgertums 1871–1918.</i> Böhlau, Köln u. a. 2018.</li> <li>Oliver F. R. Haardt: <i>Bismarcks ewiger Bund. Eine neue Geschichte des Kaiserreichs.</i> Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Theiss, Darmstadt 2020. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783806241792" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8062-4179-2</a>.</li> <li>Klaus Hildebrand: <i>Das vergangene Reich. Deutsche Außenpolitik von Bismarck bis Hitler.</i> Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1996, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/354826557X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-548-26557-X</a>.</li> <li>Klaus Hildebrand (Hrsg.): <i>Das Deutsche Reich im Urteil der Großen Mächte und europäischen Nachbarn (1871–1945)</i> (= Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. Kolloquien 33). München 1995, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783486560848" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-486-56084-8</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historischeskolleg.de/fileadmin/pdf/kolloquien_pdf/Kolloquien33.pdf">Digitalisat</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210905054429/http://www.historischeskolleg.de/fileadmin/pdf/kolloquien_pdf/Kolloquien33.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）).</li> <li>Heinrich Hirschfelder, Wilhelm Nutzinger: <i>Das Kaiserreich 1871–1918</i>. 2. Auflage, Bamberg 1999, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3766146327" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7661-4632-7</a>.</li> <li>Gerd Hohorst, Jürgen Kocka, Gerhard Ritter: <i>Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch Bd. 2: Materialien zur Statistik des Kaiserreichs 1870–1914</i>. München 1978, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3406054064" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-05406-4</a>.</li> <li>Matthew Jefferies: <i>Imperial Culture in Germany, 1871–1918</i>. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke [u. a.] 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1403904219" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4039-0421-9</a>.</li> <li>Wilfried Loth: <i>Das Kaiserreich. Obrigkeitsstaat und politische Mobilisierung</i>. dtv, München 1996, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3423045051" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-423-04505-1</a>.</li> <li>Martina G. Lüke: <i>Zwischen Tradition und Aufbruch. Deutschunterricht und Lesebuch im Deutschen Kaiserreich.</i> Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783631564080" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-631-56408-0</a>.</li> <li>Sven Oliver Müller, Cornelius Torp (Hrsg.): <i>Das deutsche Kaiserreich in der Kontroverse</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2009, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783525367520" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-525-36752-0</a>.</li> <li>Thomas Nipperdey: <i>Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918. Arbeitswelt und Bürgergeist</i>. Beck, München 1990, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3406344534" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-34453-4</a>.</li> <li>Thomas Nipperdey: <i>Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918. Machtstaat vor der Demokratie</i>. C.H. Beck, München 1992, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3406348017" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-34801-7</a>.</li> <li>Christoph Nonn: <i>12 Tage und ein halbes Jahrhundert. Eine Geschichte des deutschen Kaiserreichs 1871–1918.</i> C.H. Beck, München 2020, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783406755699" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3406755699</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-29086">Fachbesprechung</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917080609/https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-29086">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）).</li> <li>Christoph Nonn: <i>Das deutsche Kaiserreich. Von der Gründung bis zum Untergang.</i> C.H. Beck, München 2017, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783406708022" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-70802-2</a>.</li> <li>Otto Pflanze (Hrsg.): <i>Innenpolitische Probleme des Bismarck-Reiches</i> (= <i>Schriften des Historischen Kollegs.</i> Kolloquien. Bd. 2). Oldenbourg, München 1983, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3486514814" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-486-51481-4</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historischeskolleg.de/fileadmin/pdf/kolloquien_pdf/Kolloquien02.pdf">Digitalisat</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210905060738/http://www.historischeskolleg.de/fileadmin/pdf/kolloquien_pdf/Kolloquien02.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）).</li> <li>Otto Pflanze: <i>Bismarcks Herrschaftstechnik als Problem der gegenwärtigen Historiographie</i> (= Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. Vorträge 2). München 1982 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historischeskolleg.de/fileadmin/pdf/vortraege_pdf/Vortraege02_pflanze.pdf">Digitalisat</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917080616/http://www.historischeskolleg.de/fileadmin/pdf/vortraege_pdf/Vortraege02_pflanze.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）).</li> <li>Hedwig Richter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/kaiserreich/innenpolitik/die-reformzeit-um-1900.html">Die Reformzeit um 1900</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917080624/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/kaiserreich/innenpolitik/die-reformzeit-um-1900.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, in: LeMO, hg. vom Deutschen Historischen Museum Berlin, 2019.</li> <li>Michael Stürmer: <i>Das ruhelose Reich. Deutschland 1866–1918</i>. Berlin 1983, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3442755263" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-442-75526-3</a>.</li> <li>Hans-Peter Ullmann: <i>Das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1871–1918</i>. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1995, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3518115464" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-11546-4</a>.</li> <li>Volker Ullrich: <i>Die nervöse Großmacht. Aufstieg und Untergang des deutschen Kaiserreichs 1871–1918</i>. 5. Aufl., Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3596116945" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-596-11694-5</a>.</li> <li>Volker Ullrich: <i>Deutsches Kaiserreich</i>. Fischer Kompakt. Frankfurt am Main 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3596153646" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-596-15364-6</a>.</li> <li>Hans-Ulrich Wehler: <i>Das deutsche Kaiserreich 1871–1918</i>. 7. Auflage, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1994, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3525335423" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-525-33542-3</a>.</li> <li>Hans-Ulrich Wehler: <i>Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte. Bd. 3: Von der deutschen Doppelrevolution bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges. 1849–1914</i>. Beck, München 1995, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3406324908" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-32490-8</a>.</li> <li>Heinrich August Winkler: <i>Der lange Weg nach Westen. Deutsche Geschichte 1806–1933</i>. Bd. 1, Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn 2002, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3893314636" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89331-463-6</a>.</li> <li>Beate Althammer: <i>Das Bismarckreich 1871–1890.</i> 2., aktualisierte Aufl. Paderborn 2017 (= Seminarbuch Geschichte, utb-Band Nr. 2995)</li> <li>Christoph Jahr: <i>Blut und Eisen. Wie Preußen Deutschland erzwang, 1864–1871.</i> C. H. Beck, München 2020, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783406755422" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-75542-2</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-29086">Fachbesprechung</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210917080609/https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-29086">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）).</li> <li>Wolfgang J. Mommsen: <i>Das Ringen um den nationalen Staat. Die Gründung und der innere Ausbau des Deutschen Reiches unter Otto von Bismarck, 1850 bis 1890</i>. Propyläen-Verlag, Berlin 1993 (= Propyläen Geschichte Deutschlands 7/1), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3549058179" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-549-05817-9</a>.</li> <li>Nils Freytag: <i>Das Wilhelminische Kaiserreich 1890–1914.</i> Paderborn 2018 (= Seminarbuch Geschichte, utb-Band Nr. 2892)</li> <li>Frank-Lothar Kroll: <i>Geburt der Moderne. Politik, Gesellschaft und Kultur vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg</i> (= Deutsche Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert, Bd. 1). be.bra Verlag, Berlin 2013, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783898094016" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-89809-401-6</a>.</li> <li>Wolfgang J. Mommsen: <i>Bürgerstolz und Weltmachtstreben. Deutschland unter Wilhelm II. 1890 bis 1918</i>. Berlin 1995 (= Propyläen Geschichte Deutschlands 7/2), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3549058209" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-549-05820-9</a>.</li> <li>Wolfgang J. Mommsen: <i>Die Herausforderung der bürgerlichen Kultur durch die künstlerische Avantgarde. Zum Verhältnis von Kultur und Politik im Wilhelminischen Deutschland (= Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. Vorträge 41).</i> München 1994 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historischeskolleg.de/fileadmin/pdf/vortraege_pdf/Vortraege41_mommsen.pdf">Digitalisat</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210905054515/http://www.historischeskolleg.de/fileadmin/pdf/vortraege_pdf/Vortraege41_mommsen.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）).</li> <li>Thomas Nipperdey: <i>Religion und Gesellschaft: Deutschland um 1900</i> (= Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. Dokumentationen 5). München 1988 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historischeskolleg.de/fileadmin/pdf/dokumentationen_allgemein_pdf/dok05_nipperdey.pdf">Digitalisat</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130309032817/http://www.historischeskolleg.de/fileadmin/pdf/dokumentationen_allgemein_pdf/dok05_nipperdey.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）).</li> <li>Uwe Puschner, Christina Stange-Fayos, Katja Wimmer (Hrsg.): <i>Laboratorium der Moderne. Ideenzirkulation im Wilhelminischen Reich</i> (= Zivilisationen & Geschichte, Bd. 31), Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. [u. a.] 2015, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783631650462" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-631-65046-2</a>.</li> <li>John C. G. Röhl: 《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id={{{id}}}">德意志帝國</a>》在<a href="/wiki/Google%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8" title="Google圖書">Google Books</a>的內容。. C.H. Beck, München 1988 (TB 2002), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783406494055" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-49405-5</a>.</li> <li>John C. G. Röhl: <i>Wilhelm II.</i> C.H. Beck, München 1993–2008: <ul><li>Band 1: 《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id={{{id}}}">德意志帝國</a>》在<a href="/wiki/Google%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8" title="Google圖書">Google Books</a>的內容。. München 1993, ²2001, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3406376681" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-37668-1</a>.</li> <li>Band 2: 《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id={{{id}}}">德意志帝國</a>》在<a href="/wiki/Google%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8" title="Google圖書">Google Books</a>的內容。. München 2001, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3406482295" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-48229-5</a>.</li> <li>Band 3: <i>Der Weg in den Abgrund, 1900–1941</i>. München 2008, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783406577796" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-57779-6</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/rezensionen/2009-1-118">Rezension von Lothar Machtan, Institut für Geschichtswissenschaft, Universität Bremen</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110927185137/http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/rezensionen/2009-1-118">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） auf H-Soz-u-Kult)</li></ul></li> <li>Holger Afflerbach: <i>Auf Messers Schneide. Wie das Deutsche Reich den Ersten Weltkrieg verlor.</i> C.H. Beck, München 2018, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783406719691" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-71969-1</a>.</li> <li>Fritz Fischer: <i>Griff nach der Weltmacht. Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18</i> (1961), Droste 2000 (Nachdruck der Sonderausgabe 1967), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3770009029" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7700-0902-9</a>.</li> <li>Gerhard Hirschfeld, Gerd Krumeich, Irina Renz in Verbindung mit Markus Pöhlmann (Hrsg.): <i>Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg.</i> Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3506739131" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-506-73913-1</a>; aktualisierte und erweiterte Studienausgabe Paderborn 2014, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783825285517" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8252-8551-7</a>.</li> <li>Jürgen Kocka: <i>Klassengesellschaft im Krieg. Deutsche Sozialgeschichte 1914–1918.</i> Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen 1978, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3525359845" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-525-35984-5</a>.</li> <li>Jörn Leonhard: <i>Die Büchse der Pandora. Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges.</i> C.H. Beck, München 2014, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783406661914" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-66191-4</a>.</li> <li>Gunther Mai: <i>Das Ende des Kaiserreichs: Politik und Kriegführung im Ersten Weltkrieg</i>. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, München 1993, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3423045108" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-423-04510-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="链接"><span id=".E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>链接</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=63" title="编辑章节：链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相關多媒體資源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:German Empire">德意志帝國</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/kaiserreich/">Das Kaiserreich</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121108172512/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/kaiserreich/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）Um fangreiche Seite des <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="德国历史博物馆">Deutschen Historischen Museums</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungen.ch/de/de67-18/verfassung71.htm"><i>Gesetz betreffend die Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches</i> vom 16. April1871, einschließlich aller späterer Änderungen</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180618204033/http://www.verfassungen.ch/de/de67-18/verfassung71.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/ksr.html">document Archiv.de – Dokumente zum Deutschen Kaiserreich, u. a. Sammlung verlassener Rechtsnormen im Zeitraum von 1870/71 bis 1918</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120907153418/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ksr.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?gem1900_2.htm">Gemeindever zeichnisdes Deutschen Reich sum 1900/1910</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181226072855/http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?gem1900_2.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reichstagsprotokolle.de/rtbiauf.html">Reichstags protokolle 1867–1895</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121023115901/http://www.reichstagsprotokolle.de/rtbiauf.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Deutsche Geschichte in Bildern und Dokumenten.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/section.cfm?section_id=10">1866–1890</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120907204131/http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/section.cfm?section_id=10">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/section.cfm?section_id=11">1890–1918</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120910081837/http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/section.cfm?section_id=11">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）(englisch)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hgis-germany.de/">HGIS-Germany</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131231144957/http://www.hgis-germany.de/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）– historisch -geographisches Informations system der deutschen Staaten welt seit 1815 (konkret: 1820–1914)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/krtw.htm">Über blicks seite zu den Reichstags wahlergebnissen zwischen 1867 und 1918 (Tabellenbezüglich Parteien, Stimmenanteilen, Mandaten etc.)</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120404092426/http://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/krtw.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928051656/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/bilder_dokumente/01107/index.html.de">Bundesarchiv: Die Reichskanzler des Deutschen Reiches 1871 bis 1918</a> (Archivlink)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=64" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:德国">德国主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:历史">历史主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志国">德意志国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="历史上的帝国与强权" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #CCCCCC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="Template:帝国"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="Template talk:帝国"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:帝国"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="历史上的帝国与强权" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">历史上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="帝国">帝国</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="大国">强权</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;">古代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="东亚史">东亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="晋朝">晋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%AE%8B" title="刘宋">刘宋</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏">北魏</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E7%84%B6" title="柔然">柔然</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E4%B8%BD" title="高句丽">高句丽</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="孔雀王朝">孔雀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="笈多王朝">笈多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E6%97%A5%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="戒日王朝">戒日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="貴霜帝國">贵霜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%88%E5%99%A0" title="嚈噠">嚈噠</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="西亚">西亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿卡德帝国">阿卡德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="新亚述帝国">亚述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="新巴比倫王國">巴比伦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="赫梯帝國">赫梯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BA%95%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="米底王国">米底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿契美尼德王朝">阿契美尼德（波斯第一）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="馬其頓王國">亚历山大</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="塞琉古帝国">塞琉古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="安息帝国">安息</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨珊王朝">萨珊（波斯第二）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="新王國時期">埃及</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="托勒密王國">托勒密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="庫施王國">库施</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%8F%E5%A7%86%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿克苏姆帝国">阿克苏姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%AA%E5%9F%BA" title="古迦太基">迦太基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="腓尼基">腓尼基</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">罗马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西罗马</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" title="匈人">匈人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">拜占庭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中部美洲">中部美洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A7%E8%92%82%E7%93%A6%E5%9D%8E" title="特奧蒂瓦坎">特奧蒂瓦坎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;">中世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="东亚史">东亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="突厥汗国">突厥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐</a><sup>1</sup>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="回鹘汗国">回鶻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E6%9C%9D" title="辽朝">大辽</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" title="金朝">大金</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国">蒙古</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">大元</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">大明</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="高棉帝国">高棉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%9B%E9%BD%90" title="三佛齐">三佛齐</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%BD%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="朱罗王朝">朱罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%BF%E6%8A%98%E7%BD%97-%E6%99%AE%E8%85%8A%E8%92%82%E5%93%88%E8%85%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="瞿折罗-普腊蒂哈腊王朝">瞿折罗-普腊蒂哈腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="波罗王朝">波罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%81%92%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="东恒伽王朝">东恒伽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="德里蘇丹國">德里</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AF%9F%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="欽察汗國">钦察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E5%8F%B0%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="察合台汗國">察合台</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="西亚">西亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B" title="哈里發國">阿拉伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BB%9F%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="正统哈里发时期">正统哈里发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="倭马亚王朝">倭马亚</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝">阿拔斯</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="塔希爾王朝">塔希尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%9B%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="薩曼王朝">萨曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9B%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="白益王朝">白益</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨拉里王朝">萨拉里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E4%BA%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="齊亞爾王朝">齐亚尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加兹尼王朝">加兹尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E6%9F%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="塞尔柱帝国">塞尔柱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="花剌子模王朝">花剌子模</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%92%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="伊兒汗國">伊儿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="帖木儿帝国">帖木儿</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">拜占庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="拉丁帝国">拉丁</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="尼西亚帝国">尼西亚</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="特拉比松帝国">特拉比松</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="保加利亚第一帝国">保加利亚第一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="保加利亚第二帝国">保加利亚第二</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="塞尔维亚帝国">塞尔维亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西王國">法蘭西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="加洛林帝国">加洛林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="北海帝國">北海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%8C%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="安茹帝国">安茹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="后倭马亚王朝">科尔多巴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E7%8E%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="法蒂玛王朝">法蒂玛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%A4%E5%B8%83%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿尤布王朝">阿尤布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="伊德里斯王朝">伊德里斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="穆拉比特王朝">穆拉比特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="穆瓦希德王朝">穆瓦希德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="马林王朝">马林</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%9D%9E" title="东非">东非</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="索马里历史">索马里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%B0%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="阿朱兰苏丹国">阿居兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%B3%95%E7%89%B9%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="伊法特苏丹国">伊法特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="阿达尔苏丹国">阿达尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%8A%A0%E8%BF%AA%E6%B2%99%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="摩加迪沙苏丹国">摩加迪沙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="瓦桑加利苏丹国">瓦桑加利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="埃塞俄比亚帝国">衣索比亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%B4%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="扎格维王朝">扎格维</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="中部非洲">中部非洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%AF%BA%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="博诺帝国">博诺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B6%85%E5%A7%86%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="加涅姆帝國">加涅姆</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" title="西非">西非</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%AF%A7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="貝寧帝國">贝宁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%B4%84%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧約帝國">奥约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="桑海帝国">桑海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="马里帝国">马利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E7%B4%8D%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="迦納帝國">加纳</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中部美洲">中部美洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿兹特克帝国">阿兹特克</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲">南美洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="印加帝國">印加</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;">近现代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="东亚史">东亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">大清</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="中華帝國">中華</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国">大日本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="大韓帝國">大韩</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9C%E9%99%80%E8%80%B6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="阿瑜陀耶王国">阿瑜陀耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%90%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="東吁王朝">東吁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E8%80%85%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%B7" title="满者伯夷">满者伯夷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="汶萊帝國">文莱</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="莫卧儿帝国">蒙兀兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="馬拉塔帝國">马拉塔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="锡克帝国">锡克</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="西亚">西亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E9%9D%9E%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨非王朝">萨非</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿夫沙尔王朝">阿夫沙尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="桑德王朝">桑德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%B4%87%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%8B" title="伊朗崇高國">伊朗崇高國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%8E%E5%B0%94%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="卡扎尔王朝">卡扎尔</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="伊朗王國">伊朗王國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%97%E7%BB%B4%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="巴列维王朝">巴列维</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國">葡萄牙</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙</a><sup>1、2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="荷蘭帝國">荷兰</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">英国</a><sup>1、2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西王國">法兰西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第一帝国">法兰西第一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">法蘭西第二</a><sup>1、2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">法蘭西第三</a><sup>1、2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧地利帝國">奥地利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥地利-匈牙利</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德意志</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="意大利殖民帝国">意大利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="比利時殖民地">比利时</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="丹麥殖民地">丹麦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="瑞典帝國">瑞典</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨阿德王朝">萨阿德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拉维王朝">阿拉维</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%9D%9E" title="东非">东非</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="埃塞俄比亚帝国">衣索比亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="索马里历史">索马利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E8%BF%AA%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="格勒迪苏丹国">格勒迪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%BB%B7%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="马吉尔廷苏丹国">马吉尔廷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%AF%94%E5%A5%A5%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="霍比奥苏丹国">奥比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="德爾維希國">达维什</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" title="西非">西非</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%95%A3%E8%92%82%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿散蒂王国">阿散蒂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="中部非洲">中部非洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="中非帝國">中非</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中部美洲">中部美洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="墨西哥第一帝國">墨西哥第一</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="墨西哥第二帝國">墨西哥第二</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲">南美洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="巴西帝國">巴西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="海地第一帝国">海地第一</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="海地第二帝國">海地第二</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2" title="大洋洲">大洋洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%BC%8A%E6%B1%A4%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="图伊汤加帝国">图伊汤加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E6%B5%A6%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="雅浦帝国">雅浦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="殖民地">殖民</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="美帝國主義">美國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="比利時殖民地">比利時</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">英國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="英格兰殖民地">英格蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="苏格兰美洲殖民地">蘇格蘭</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="丹麥殖民地">丹麥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="荷蘭帝國">荷蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西殖民帝國">法國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="德國殖民地">德國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="意大利殖民帝国">義大利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="日本殖民地">日本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="阿曼帝國">阿曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="波蘭立陶宛聯邦">波蘭立陶宛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國">葡萄牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="瑞典殖民地">瑞典</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="超级大国">超级大国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5" title="美國領土擴張">美国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCCC;">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="帝国列表">帝国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="最大帝國列表">最大</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="大国">现代前帝国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #CCCCCC;"><div><sup>1</sup> 至今历史上出现过的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="最大帝國列表">幅员最广阔的十大政权</a>；<sup>2</sup> 广义上的「<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%8D%E8%90%BD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD#昔日其他殖民帝国和今日英法" title="日不落帝国">日不落帝国</a>」；<sup>3</sup> 国号中带「帝国」或推行「帝制」</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="前德国殖民地、租借地及保护国" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="Template:前德国殖民地"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:前德国殖民地（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:前德国殖民地"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="前德国殖民地、租借地及保护国" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="德國殖民地">前德国殖民地、租借地及保护国</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">殖民地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">非洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="维图兰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wituland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E5%9B%BE%E5%85%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维图兰（页面不存在）">维图兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wituland" class="extiw" title="en:Wituland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wituland</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%AC%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" title="德屬東非">德屬東非</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%BF%81%E5%8A%A0%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92" title="基翁加三角">基翁加三角</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="德属西南非洲">德属西南非洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%AC%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" title="德屬西非">德属西非</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%9E%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86" title="德属喀麦隆">喀麦隆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5%E8%98%AD" title="多哥蘭">多哥蘭</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">大洋洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%AC%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" title="德屬新幾內亞">德屬新幾內亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%9E%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="德属萨摩亚">德属萨摩亚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image plainlist" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichskolonialflagge.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德意志殖民帝国旗帜"><img alt="德意志殖民帝国旗帜" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/100px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/150px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/200px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F%E5%9C%B0" title="租借地">租借地</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E7%95%8C" title="租界">租界</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="中国" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">中国</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%B7%9E%E6%B9%BE%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F%E5%9C%B0" title="胶州湾租借地">胶州湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%8F%A3%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%9F%E7%95%8C" title="汉口德租界">汉口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%9F%E7%95%8C" title="天津德租界">天津</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">未获承认</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="南极洲" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">南极洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="新斯瓦比亚">新斯瓦比亚</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a>宣称主权）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="德意志歷史上的各個帝國" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%90%84%E5%80%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="Template:德意志歷史上的各個帝國"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%90%84%E5%80%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:德意志歷史上的各個帝國（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%90%84%E5%80%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德意志歷史上的各個帝國"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="德意志歷史上的各個帝國" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" class="mw-disambig" title="德意志">德意志</a>歷史上的各個<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="帝國">帝國</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国"><img alt="神圣罗马帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/22px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/33px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/44px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国"><b>第一帝國</b>（962年–1806年）</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國"><img alt="德意志帝國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>第二帝國</b>（1871年–1918年）</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國"><img alt="納粹德國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國"><b>第三帝國</b>（1933年–1945年）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="第四帝國"><b>第四帝國</b>（假想）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="其它相關模板" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:black;color:white;"><div id="其它相關模板" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">其它相關模板</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;"><div style="padding:0px;"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="德国主題" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:德国主题"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template talk:德国主题"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德国主題"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="德国主題" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>主題</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="德国历史">历史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%BD%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="德国历史时间轴">历史年表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国编史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Historiography Of Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BC%96%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国编史（页面不存在）">编史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_Of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Historiography Of Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Historiography Of Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国军事史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military history of Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国军事史（页面不存在）">军事史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Military history of Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military history of Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大迁徙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国">法兰克王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%90%91%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="东向移民运动">东向移民运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="萊茵邦聯">萊茵邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="保罗教堂宪法">法兰克福宪法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一">德意志统一</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德意志帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="第一次世界大战期间的德国">第一次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B#第二次世界大战" title="納粹德國">第二次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2_(1945%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941990%E5%B9%B4)" title="德国历史 (1945年—1990年)">两德分立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="同盟國軍事佔領德國">同盟国军事占领</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%88%98%E5%90%8E%E5%AF%B9%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%B1%E9%80%90" title="第二次世界大战战后对德意志人的驱逐">驱逐德意志人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A5%E4%BE%86%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="兩德統一以來德國歷史">两德统一以来德国历史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="德国地理">地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="德國行政區劃">行政区划</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="联邦州 (德国)">联邦州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BF_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="县 (德国)">县</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国城市列表">市镇</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国岛屿列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of islands of Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%B2%9B%E5%B1%BF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国岛屿列表（页面不存在）">岛屿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of islands of Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国湖泊列表">湖泊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%B1%B1%E5%B3%B0" title="Category:德国山峰">山峰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="Category:德国河流">河流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="德國政治">政治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦议院">联邦议院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦参议院">联邦参议院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德國聯邦國防軍">联邦国防军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E9%98%81" title="德国内阁">内阁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">总理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95" title="德意志聯邦共和國基本法">宪法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="德國法院體系">法院体系</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国选举" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elections in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国选举（页面不存在）">选举</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Elections in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elections in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="德國外交">外交</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" title="德国人权">人权</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国法律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Law of Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国法律（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Law of Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Law of Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="德國執法機構">执法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国政党列表">政党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="德國聯邦總統">总统</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="德國經濟">经济</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国农业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Agriculture in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国农业（页面不存在）">农业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Agriculture in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Agriculture in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="德國汽車工業">德國汽車業</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国银行业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Banking in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国银行业（页面不存在）">银行业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Banking in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Banking in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="德意志联邦银行">中央银行</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中德意志化学三角" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle German Chemical Triangle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中德意志化学三角（页面不存在）">化学三角</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" class="extiw" title="en:Middle German Chemical Triangle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle German Chemical Triangle</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="德国经济史">经济史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="德國能源">能源</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国出口列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of exports of Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国出口列表（页面不存在）">出口</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:List of exports of Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of exports of Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国模式（页面不存在）">德国模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_model" class="extiw" title="en:German model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German model</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%84%E5%B7%9E%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国各州国内生产总值列表">各州GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%A6%E6%A5%AD" title="Category:德國礦業">矿业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中型企业 (德语国家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mittelstand"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9E%8B%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A_(%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中型企业 (德语国家)（页面不存在）">中型企业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelstand" class="extiw" title="en:Mittelstand"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mittelstand</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国科技" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Science and technology in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国科技（页面不存在）">科技</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Science and technology in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Science and technology in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="法兰克福证券交易所">证券交易所</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国税赋" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taxation in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A8%8E%E8%B5%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国税赋（页面不存在）">税赋</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Taxation in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taxation in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国电信业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Telecommunications in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国电信业（页面不存在）">电信业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Telecommunications in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Telecommunications in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%85%89" title="德國觀光">旅游业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国工会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trade unions in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国工会（页面不存在）">工会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Trade unions in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trade unions in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="德国交通">交通</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国社会福利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Welfare in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国社会福利（页面不存在）">社会福利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Welfare in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Welfare in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="Category:德国社会">社会</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国犯罪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crime in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国犯罪（页面不存在）">犯罪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Crime in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crime in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="德國人口">人口</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国毒品管制政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国毒品管制政策（页面不存在）">毒品管制政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="德國教育">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="德意志人">德意志人</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="Category:德國民族">种族群体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="德国医疗制度">医疗制度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国移民" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Immigration to Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国移民（页面不存在）">移民</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Immigration to Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Immigration to Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="退休保險 (德國)">退休保险</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志宗教改革">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="社会问题">社会问题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="德国文化">文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C" title="德意志之歌">国歌</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国建筑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Architecture of Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国建筑（页面不存在）">建筑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Architecture of Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Architecture of Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国美术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国美术（页面不存在）">美术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_art" class="extiw" title="en:German art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German art</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="Category:德国艺术">艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="德国电影">电影</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BE%BD" title="德国国徽">国徽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="德國飲食">饮食</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:德国舞蹈（页面不存在）">舞蹈</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国时尚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German fashion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E5%B0%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国时尚（页面不存在）">时尚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_fashion" class="extiw" title="en:German fashion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German fashion</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5" title="Category:德國節日">节日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="德国国旗">国旗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="德语文学">文学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国互联网" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internet in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国互联网（页面不存在）">互联网</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Internet in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internet in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="德國音樂">音乐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0" title="德国的名称">名称</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="德国古典哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%BE%8E%E5%BE%B7" title="普魯士美德">普鲁士美德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2" title="德國體育">体育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="德國電視">电视</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国世界遗产列表">世界遗产</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="Category:德国">分类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:德国">主题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="德国总理（列表）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="Template:德国总理"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="Template talk:德国总理"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德国总理"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="德国总理（列表）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">德国总理</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国总理列表">列表</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德意志帝國</a><br /><small>(1871–1918)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">俾斯麥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%B6%AD" title="列奧·馮·卡普里維">卡普里維</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84-%E5%B8%8C%E9%9D%88%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="克洛德維希·霍恩洛厄-希靈斯菲斯特">霍恩洛厄-希灵斯菲斯特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%B4%9B" title="伯恩哈德·冯·比洛">比洛</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC-%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E9%9F%A6%E6%A0%BC" title="特奥巴尔德·冯·贝特曼-霍尔韦格">贝特曼-霍尔维格</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A4%8F%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·米夏埃利斯">米夏埃利斯</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E6%9E%97" title="乔治·冯·赫特林">赫特林</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E9%80%A3%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB" title="馬克西米連·馮·巴登">巴登</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國"><img alt="魏瑪共和國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="魏瑪共和">魏瑪共和</a><br /><small>(1919–1933)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" title="弗里德里希·艾伯特">艾伯特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="菲利普·沙伊德曼">沙伊德曼</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%B0%94" title="古斯塔夫·鲍尔">鮑爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%8B%92" title="赫爾曼·穆勒">穆勒</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="康斯坦丁·费伦巴赫">費倫巴赫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·维尔特">維爾特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%BA" title="威廉·古诺">庫諾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E6%BE%A4%E6%9B%BC" title="古斯塔夫·施特雷澤曼">施特雷澤曼</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="威廉·马克思">馬克思</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="汉斯·路德">路德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="威廉·马克思">馬克思</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%8B%92" title="赫爾曼·穆勒">穆勒</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%90%95%E5%AE%81" title="海因里希·布吕宁">布呂寧</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%BD%AD" title="弗朗茨·馮·帕彭">帕彭</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E8%90%8A%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE" title="庫爾特·馮·施萊謝爾">施萊謝爾</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1933%E2%80%931935).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德國國旗（1933-1935）"><img alt="德國國旗（1933-1935）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a><br /><small>(1933–1945)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">希特勒</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%9F%B9%E7%88%BE" title="約瑟夫·戈培爾">戈培爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%AA%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B" title="盧茨·格拉夫·什未林·馮·克羅西克">什未林·馮·科洛希克伯爵</a><small>（首席部长）</small></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7" title="东德"><img alt="东德" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">德意志民主共和国</a><br /><small>(1949–1990)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%8F%90%E6%B8%A5" title="奥托·格罗提渥">格罗提渥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="维利·斯多夫">斯多夫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="霍斯特·辛德曼">辛德曼</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="维利·斯多夫">斯多夫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97" title="汉斯·莫德罗">莫德罗</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%A2%85%E9%BD%90%E5%9F%83" title="洛塔尔·德梅齐埃">德梅齐埃</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国"><img alt="德国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德意志联邦共和国</a><br /><small>(1949–)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%99%BB%E7%BA%B3" title="康拉德·阿登纳">阿登纳</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" title="路德维希·艾哈德">艾哈德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC" title="库尔特·格奥尔格·基辛格">基辛格</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9" title="维利·勃兰特">勃蘭特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9" title="赫尔穆特·施密特">施密特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94" title="赫尔穆特·科尔">科爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7" title="格哈德·施羅德">施羅德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE" title="安格拉·默克爾">默克爾</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%94%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="奥拉夫·朔尔茨">朔尔茨</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="德国君主列表" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="Template:德国君主"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:德国君主（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德国君主"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="德国君主列表" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">德国君主列表</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="東法蘭克王國">東法蘭克王國</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93" title="日耳曼人路易">日耳曼人路易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93" title="青年路易">青年路易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9B%BC_(%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B)" title="卡洛曼 (巴伐利亚国王)">卡洛曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%96%E5%AD%90%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86" title="胖子查理">胖子查理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B)" title="阿努尔夫 (东法兰克)">阿努尔夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%AD%90%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93" title="童子路易">童子路易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B)" title="康拉德一世 (东法兰克)">康拉德一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B)" title="亨利一世 (东法兰克)">亨利一世</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_Crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holy_Roman_Empire_Crown.svg/50px-Holy_Roman_Empire_Crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holy_Roman_Empire_Crown.svg/75px-Holy_Roman_Empire_Crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holy_Roman_Empire_Crown.svg/100px-Holy_Roman_Empire_Crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="204" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_-_Kaiserkrone_(1889).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Deutsches_Reich_-_Kaiserkrone_%281889%29.svg/50px-Deutsches_Reich_-_Kaiserkrone_%281889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Deutsches_Reich_-_Kaiserkrone_%281889%29.svg/75px-Deutsches_Reich_-_Kaiserkrone_%281889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Deutsches_Reich_-_Kaiserkrone_%281889%29.svg/100px-Deutsches_Reich_-_Kaiserkrone_%281889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="奥托一世 (神圣罗马帝国)">奥托一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="奥托二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">奥托二世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="奥托三世 (神圣罗马帝国)">奥托三世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="亨利二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">亨利二世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="康拉德二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">康拉德二世</a>（长者）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="亨利三世 (神圣罗马帝国)">亨利三世</a>（虔诚者）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="亨利四世 (神圣罗马帝国)">亨利四世</a>（忏悔者）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="亨利五世 (神圣罗马帝国)">亨利五世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%B3%B0%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="洛泰尔二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">洛泰尔二世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="腓特烈一世 (神圣罗马帝国)">弗里德里希一世</a>（巴巴洛萨）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="亨利六世 (神圣罗马帝国)">亨利六世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="奥托四世 (神圣罗马帝国)">奥托四世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="腓特烈二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">弗里德里希二世</a>（贤明者）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="亨利七世 (神圣罗马帝国)">亨利七世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="路易四世 (神圣罗马帝国)">路德维希四世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="查理四世 (神圣罗马帝国)">卡尔四世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="西吉斯蒙德 (神圣罗马帝国)">西吉斯蒙德一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="腓特烈三世 (神圣罗马帝国)">弗里德里希三世</a>（和平者）</li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/1884%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1884年德國聯邦選舉">1884年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1887年德國聯邦選舉">1887年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1890年德國聯邦選舉">1890年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1893年德國聯邦選舉">1893年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1898年德國聯邦選舉">1898年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1903年德國聯邦選舉">1903年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1907年德國聯邦選舉">1907年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1912年德國聯邦選舉">1912年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1919年德國國會選舉">1919年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1920年德国国会选举">1920年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1924年5月德國國會選舉">1924年5月</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1924年12月德國國會選舉">1924年12月</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1928年德國國會選舉">1928年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1930年德国国会选举">1930年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1932年7月德国国会选举">1932年7月</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1932年11月德国国会选举">1932年11月</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1933年3月德國國會選舉">1933年3月</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1933年11月德国国会选举">1933年11月</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1936年德国国会选举">1936年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1938年德国国会选举">1938年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%AA%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1949年东德制宪议会选举">1949年（東德）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1949年西德聯邦議院選舉">1949年（西德）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1950年東德大選" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1950 East German general election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950年東德大選（页面不存在）">1950年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_East_German_general_election" class="extiw" title="en:1950 East German general election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1950 East German general election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1953年西德聯邦議院選舉">1953年（西德）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1954年東德大選" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1954 East German general election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954年東德大選（页面不存在）">1954年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_East_German_general_election" class="extiw" title="en:1954 East German general election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1954 East German general election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1957年西德聯邦議院選舉">1957年（西德）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1958年東德大選" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1958 East German general election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958年東德大選（页面不存在）">1958年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_East_German_general_election" class="extiw" title="en:1958 East German general election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1958 East German general election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1961年西德聯邦議院選舉">1961年（西德）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1963年東德大選" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1963 East German general election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963年東德大選（页面不存在）">1963年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_East_German_general_election" class="extiw" title="en:1963 East German general election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1963 East German general election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1965年西德聯邦議院選舉">1965年（西德）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1967年東德大選" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1967 East German general election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967年東德大選（页面不存在）">1967年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_East_German_general_election" class="extiw" title="en:1967 East German general election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1967 East German general election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1969年西德聯邦議院選舉">1969年（西德）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1971年東德大選" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1971 East German general election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971年東德大選（页面不存在）">1971年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_East_German_general_election" class="extiw" title="en:1971 East German general election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1971 East German general election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1972年西德聯邦選舉">1972年（西德）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1976年西德聯邦議院選舉">1976年（西德）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1976年東德大選" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1976 East German general election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976年東德大選（页面不存在）">1976年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_East_German_general_election" class="extiw" title="en:1976 East German general election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1976 East German general election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1980年西德聯邦議院選舉">1980年（西德）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1981年東德大選" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1981 East German general election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981年東德大選（页面不存在）">1981年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_East_German_general_election" class="extiw" title="en:1981 East German general election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1981 East German general election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1983年西德聯邦議院選舉">1983年（西德）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1986年東德大選" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1986 East German general election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986年東德大選（页面不存在）">1986年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_East_German_general_election" class="extiw" title="en:1986 East German general election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1986 East German general election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1987年西德聯邦議院選舉">1987年（西德）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%89" title="1990年东德大选">1990年（東德）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1990年德國聯邦議院選舉">1990年（統一後）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1994年德國聯邦議院選舉">1994年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1998年德國聯邦議院選舉">1998年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="2002年德國聯邦議院選舉">2002年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="2005年德国联邦议院选举">2005年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="2009年德國聯邦議院選舉">2009年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="2013年德国联邦议院选举">2013年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="2017年德国联邦议院选举">2017年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="2021年德國聯邦議院選舉">2021年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="2025年德國聯邦議院選舉">2025年</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">總統選舉</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="直接选举">直接选举</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1925%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1925年德國總統選舉">1925年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1932年德國總統選舉">1932年</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="間接選舉">間接選舉</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1919年德国总统选举">1919年</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1949年西德總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1949 West German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949年西德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1949年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_West_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:1949 West German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1949 West German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949年東德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1949年（東德）</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953年東德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1953年（東德）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1954年西德總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1954 West German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954年西德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1954年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_West_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:1954 West German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1954 West German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957年東德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1957年（東德）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1959年西德總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1959 West German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959年西德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1959年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_West_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:1959 West German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1959 West German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1964年西德總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1964 West German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964年西德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1964年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_West_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:1964 West German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1964 West German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1969年西德總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1969 West German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969年西德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1969年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_West_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:1969 West German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1969 West German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1974年西德總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1974 West German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974年西德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1974年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_West_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:1974 West German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1974 West German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1979年西德總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1979 West German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979年西德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1979年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_West_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:1979 West German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1979 West German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1984年西德總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1984 West German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984年西德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1984年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_West_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:1984 West German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1984 West German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1989年西德總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1989 West German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989年西德總統選舉（页面不存在）">1989年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_West_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:1989 West German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1989 West German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1994年德國總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1994 German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994年德國總統選舉（页面不存在）">1994年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:1994 German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1994 German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1999年德國總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1999 German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999年德國總統選舉（页面不存在）">1999年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:1999 German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1999 German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2004年德國總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2004 German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004年德國總統選舉（页面不存在）">2004年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:2004 German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2004 German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2009年德國總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2009 German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009年德國總統選舉（页面不存在）">2009年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:2009 German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2009 German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2010年德國總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2010 German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010年德國總統選舉（页面不存在）">2010年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:2010 German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2010 German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="2012年德国总统选举">2012年</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2017年德國總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2017 German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017年德國總統選舉（页面不存在）">2017年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:2017 German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2017 German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2022年德國總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2022 German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2022年德國總統選舉（页面不存在）">2022年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:2022 German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2022 German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2027年德國總統選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2027 German presidential election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2027%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2027年德國總統選舉（页面不存在）">2027年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_German_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="en:2027 German presidential election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2027 German presidential election</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="歐洲議會選舉">歐洲議會選舉</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1979年歐洲議會選舉 (西德)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89_(%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979年歐洲議會選舉 (西德)（页面不存在）">1979年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:1979 European Parliament election in West Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1979 European Parliament election in West Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1984年歐洲議會選舉 (西德)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1984 European Parliament election in West Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89_(%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984年歐洲議會選舉 (西德)（页面不存在）">1984年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:1984 European Parliament election in West Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1984 European Parliament election in West Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1989年歐洲議會選舉 (西德)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89_(%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989年歐洲議會選舉 (西德)（页面不存在）">1989年（西德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:1989 European Parliament election in West Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1989 European Parliament election in West Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1994年歐洲議會選舉 (西德)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1994 European Parliament election in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89_(%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994年歐洲議會選舉 (西德)（页面不存在）">1994年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:1994 European Parliament election in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1994 European Parliament election in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1999年歐洲議會選舉 (德國)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1999 European Parliament election in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999年歐洲議會選舉 (德國)（页面不存在）">1999年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:1999 European Parliament election in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1999 European Parliament election in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2004年歐洲議會選舉 (德國)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2004 European Parliament election in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004年歐洲議會選舉 (德國)（页面不存在）">2004年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:2004 European Parliament election in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2004 European Parliament election in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2009年歐洲議會選舉 (德國)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009年歐洲議會選舉 (德國)（页面不存在）">2009年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:2009 European Parliament election in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2009 European Parliament election in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2014年歐洲議會選舉 (德國)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014年歐洲議會選舉 (德國)（页面不存在）">2014年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:2014 European Parliament election in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2014 European Parliament election in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="2019年歐洲議會選舉 (德國)">2019年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="2024年歐洲議會選舉 (德國)">2024年</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德國公投" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Referendums in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國公投（页面不存在）">公投</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Referendums in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Referendums in Germany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1926%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="1926年德国公投">1926年</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1929年德國楊格計劃公投" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1929 German Young Plan referendum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1929%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%A5%8A%E6%A0%BC%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1929年德國楊格計劃公投（页面不存在）">1929年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_German_Young_Plan_referendum" class="extiw" title="en:1929 German Young Plan referendum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1929 German Young Plan referendum</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1933年德國退出國際聯盟公投" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1933 German League of Nations withdrawal referendum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%80%80%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933年德國退出國際聯盟公投（页面不存在）">1933年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_German_League_of_Nations_withdrawal_referendum" class="extiw" title="en:1933 German League of Nations withdrawal referendum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1933 German League of Nations withdrawal referendum</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="1934年德国全民公投">1934年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1936年德国国会选举">1936年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1938年德国国会选举">1938年</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1951年東德公投" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1951 East German referendum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951年東德公投（页面不存在）">1951年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_East_German_referendum" class="extiw" title="en:1951 East German referendum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1951 East German referendum</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1954年東德公投" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1954 East German referendum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954年東德公投（页面不存在）">1954年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_East_German_referendum" class="extiw" title="en:1954 East German referendum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1954 East German referendum</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1968年東德憲法公投" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1968 East German constitutional referendum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968年東德憲法公投（页面不存在）">1968年（東德）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_East_German_constitutional_referendum" class="extiw" title="en:1968 East German constitutional referendum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1968 East German constitutional referendum</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>參見：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模板:巴登－符騰堡選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Baden-Württemberg state elections"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:巴登－符騰堡選舉（页面不存在）">巴登－符騰堡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_state_elections" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Baden-Württemberg state elections"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Baden-Württemberg state elections</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="Template:巴伐利亞選舉">巴伐利亞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模板:柏林選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Berlin state elections"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:柏林選舉（页面不存在）">柏林</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Berlin_state_elections" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Berlin state elections"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Berlin state elections</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模板:勃蘭登堡選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Brandenburg state elections"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%8B%83%E8%98%AD%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:勃蘭登堡選舉（页面不存在）">勃蘭登堡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brandenburg_state_elections" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Brandenburg state elections"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Brandenburg state elections</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模板:不來梅選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Bremen state elections"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%86%E6%A2%85%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:不來梅選舉（页面不存在）">不來梅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bremen_state_elections" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Bremen state elections"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Bremen state elections</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模板:漢堡選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Hamburg state elections"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:漢堡選舉（页面不存在）">漢堡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hamburg_state_elections" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Hamburg state elections"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Hamburg state elections</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="Template:黑森選舉">黑森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%8B%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="Template:下薩克森選舉">下薩克森</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模板:梅克倫堡－前波美拉尼亞選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election"><span class="ilh-page"><a 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title="Template:薩爾蘭選舉（页面不存在）">薩爾蘭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Saarland_state_elections" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Saarland state elections"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Saarland state elections</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模板:薩克森選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Saxony state elections"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:薩克森選舉（页面不存在）">薩克森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a 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href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9C%96%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%B9%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="Template:圖林根選舉">圖林根</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模板:普魯士自由邦選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Prussian state elections"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:普魯士自由邦選舉（页面不存在）">普魯士自由邦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Prussian_state_elections" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Prussian state elections"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Prussian state elections</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="魏瑪共和國時期的東普魯士地方議會選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" 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href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会自由主义">社会自由主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E9%BB%A8" title="德國進步黨">德國進步黨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="民主人民黨 (德國)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Democratic People's Party (Germany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民主人民黨 (德國)（页面不存在）">民主人民黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" class="extiw" title="en:Democratic People's Party (Germany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Democratic People's Party (Germany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德國人民黨 (1868年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German People's Party (1868)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8_(1868%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國人民黨 (1868年)（页面不存在）">德國人民黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(1868)" class="extiw" title="en:German People's Party (1868)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German People's Party (1868)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="自由聯盟 (德國)">自由聯盟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德國自由思想黨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German Free-minded Party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國自由思想黨（页面不存在）">德國自由思想黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Free-minded_Party" class="extiw" title="en:German Free-minded Party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German Free-minded Party</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自由思想人民黨 (德國)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Free-minded People's Party (Germany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由思想人民黨 (德國)（页面不存在）">自由思想人民黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-minded_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" class="extiw" title="en:Free-minded People's Party (Germany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Free-minded People's Party (Germany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自由思想聯盟" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Free-minded Union"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由思想聯盟（页面不存在）">自由思想聯盟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-minded_Union" class="extiw" title="en:Free-minded Union"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Free-minded Union</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="民族社會協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National-Social Association"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民族社會協會（页面不存在）">民族社會協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National-Social_Association" class="extiw" title="en:National-Social Association"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National-Social Association</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="民主聯盟 (德國)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Democratic Union (Germany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民主聯盟 (德國)（页面不存在）">民主聯盟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="extiw" title="en:Democratic Union (Germany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Democratic Union (Germany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="進步人民黨 (德國)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="進步人民黨 (德國)（页面不存在）">進步人民黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" class="extiw" title="en:Progressive People's Party (Germany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Progressive People's Party (Germany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族自由主義">民族自由主義</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%BB%A8" title="民族自由黨">民族自由黨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帝國自由黨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Imperial Liberal Party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帝國自由黨（页面不存在）">帝國自由黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Liberal_Party" class="extiw" title="en:Imperial Liberal Party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Imperial Liberal Party</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="保守主义">保守主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E9%BB%A8" title="自由保守黨">自由保守黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E9%BB%A8" title="德國保守黨">德國保守黨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基督教社會黨 (德國)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Christian Social Party (Germany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%BB%A8_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督教社會黨 (德國)（页面不存在）">基督教社會黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Germany)" class="extiw" title="en:Christian Social Party (Germany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Christian Social Party (Germany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德國祖國黨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German Fatherland Party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A5%96%E5%9C%8B%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國祖國黨（页面不存在）">德國祖國黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Fatherland_Party" class="extiw" title="en:German Fatherland Party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German Fatherland Party</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反犹太主义">反犹太主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德國改革黨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German Reform Party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國改革黨（页面不存在）">德國改革黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reform_Party" class="extiw" title="en:German Reform Party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German Reform Party</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德國社會黨 (1889年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German Social Party (German Empire)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%BB%A8_(1889%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國社會黨 (1889年)（页面不存在）">德國社會黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Social_Party_(German_Empire)" class="extiw" title="en:German Social Party (German Empire)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German Social Party (German Empire)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德國社會改革" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German Social Reform Party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國社會改革（页面不存在）">德國社會改革</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Social_Reform_Party" class="extiw" title="en:German Social Reform Party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German Social Reform Party</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="地区主义">地区主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="撒克遜人民黨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Saxon People's Party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="撒克遜人民黨（页面不存在）">撒克遜人民黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_People%27s_Party" class="extiw" title="en:Saxon People's Party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Saxon People's Party</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德意志－漢諾威黨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German-Hanoverian Party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%EF%BC%8D%E6%BC%A2%E8%AB%BE%E5%A8%81%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德意志－漢諾威黨（页面不存在）">德意志－漢諾威黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-Hanoverian_Party" class="extiw" title="en:German-Hanoverian Party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German-Hanoverian Party</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%BE%B2%E6%B0%91%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="巴伐利亞農民聯盟">巴伐利亞農民聯盟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波蘭人黨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Polish Party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波蘭人黨（页面不存在）">波蘭人黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Party" class="extiw" title="en:Polish Party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Polish Party</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麥人黨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Danish Party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E4%BA%BA%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麥人黨（页面不存在）">丹麥人黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Party" class="extiw" title="en:Danish Party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Danish Party</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_德意志帝國各邦（1871年德意志統一–1918年德國革命）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#111111;color:white;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%84%E9%82%A6" title="Template:德意志帝國各邦"><abbr title="查看该模板" style="color:white">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">德意志帝國</span></a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國的邦國"><span style="color:white">各邦</span></a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志統一"><span style="color:white">1871年德意志統一</span></a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德國革命"><span style="color:white">1918年德國革命</span></a>）</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fdfdfd;color:black;border: 1px solid black;">王國</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="萨克森王国">薩克森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="符騰堡王國">符騰堡</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-de.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德意志帝國地圖"><img alt="德意志帝國地圖" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg/175px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg/263px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg/350px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="917" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fdfdfd;color:black;border: 1px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="大公國"><span style="color:black">大公国</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="巴登大公國">巴登</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="黑森大公国">黑森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E5%80%AB%E5%A0%A1-%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%AA%E6%9E%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="梅克倫堡-什未林大公國">梅克倫堡-什未林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1-%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9%E8%8C%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="梅克伦堡-施特雷利茨大公国">梅克倫堡-施特雷利茨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="奥尔登堡大公国">奧爾登堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B-%E7%88%B1%E6%A3%AE%E7%BA%B3%E8%B5%AB" title="萨克森-魏玛-爱森纳赫">萨克森-魏玛-艾森纳赫</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fdfdfd;color:black;border: 1px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="公國"><span style="color:black">公国</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="安哈尔特公国">安哈特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BC%A6%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="不伦瑞克公国">不倫瑞克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%95%E5%A0%A1" title="萨克森-阿尔滕堡">萨克森-阿尔滕堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E7%A7%91%E5%A0%A1-%E5%93%A5%E8%BE%BE" title="萨克森-科堡-哥达">萨克森-科堡-哥达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E5%8B%9E%E6%81%A9%E5%A0%A1" title="薩克森-勞恩堡">薩克森-勞恩堡</a> <small>(至1876年)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E8%BF%88%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9" title="萨克森-迈宁根">萨克森-迈宁根</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fdfdfd;color:black;border: 1px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="親王國"><span style="color:black">亲王国</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%80%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="利珀亲王国">利珀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF-%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="羅伊斯-格拉親王國">羅伊斯幼系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF-%E6%A0%BC%E8%B3%B4%E8%8C%A8%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="羅伊斯-格賴茨親王國">羅伊斯-格賴茨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A0%A1-%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%80%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="紹姆堡-利珀親王國">紹姆堡-利珀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%A8%E5%A0%A1-%E9%AD%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E6%96%BD%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="施瓦茨堡-魯多爾施塔特">施瓦茨堡-魯多爾施塔特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%A8%E5%A0%A1-%E6%9D%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE" title="施瓦茨堡-松德斯豪森">施瓦茨堡-松德斯豪森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%85%8B%E5%92%8C%E7%9A%AE%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="瓦爾代克和皮爾蒙特親王國">瓦爾德克-皮爾蒙特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fdfdfd;color:black;border: 1px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦"><span style="color:black">自由市</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%86%E6%A2%85%E5%B7%9E" title="不來梅州">不來梅</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡">汉堡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" title="呂貝克自由市">呂貝克</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fdfdfd;color:black;border: 1px solid black;">帝國領地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fdfdfd;color:black;border: 1px solid black;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="德國殖民地">殖民地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%90_(%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99)" title="中歐 (德語詞彙)">中歐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E" title="德属中非">德屬中非</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#dd0000;color:white;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="列表级条目"><img alt="列表级条目" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> 行政區劃列表：<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%9C%88" title="Template:神圣罗马帝国行政圈"><span style="color:white">神聖羅馬帝國</span></a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" title="Template:莱茵邦联"><span style="color:white">萊茵邦聯</span></a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%88%87%E7%9C%81%E4%BB%BD" title="Template:普魯士的領土與省份"><span style="color:white">普魯士</span></a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0" title="Template:奧地利帝國皇室土地"><span style="color:white">奥地利</span></a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" title="Template:德意志邦联"><span style="color:white">德意志邦聯</span></a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%88%90%E5%93%A1%E9%82%A6" title="Template:北德意志邦聯成員邦"><span style="color:white">北德意志邦聯</span></a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%84%E9%82%A6" title="Template:德意志帝國各邦"><span style="color:white">德意志帝國</span></a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="Template:魏玛共和国行政区划"><span style="color:white">魏玛共和国</span></a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92%E5%8F%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%A0%E9%A2%86%E5%8C%BA" title="Template:纳粹德国行政区划及德国占领区"><span style="color:white">纳粹德国</span></a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%9E" title="Template:盟國軍事佔領德國的州"><span style="color:white">軍事佔領</span></a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Bezirke_DDR" title="Template:Bezirke DDR"><span style="color:white">民主德国</span></a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="Template:德國的聯邦州"><span style="color:white">聯邦德國</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1806年—1871年德意志諸邦聯領袖" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%AB%B8%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="Template:德意志諸邦聯領袖"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%AB%B8%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:德意志諸邦聯領袖（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%AB%B8%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德意志諸邦聯領袖"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1806年—1871年德意志諸邦聯領袖" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">1806年—1871年德意志諸邦聯領袖</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="萊茵邦聯">萊茵邦聯</a><br />（1806年—1813年）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">護國公</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="拿破仑一世">拿破仑一世</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="采邑主教长" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prince-primate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%87%E9%82%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E9%95%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="采邑主教长（页面不存在）">采邑主教长</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-primate" class="extiw" title="en:Prince-primate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prince-primate</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="卡尔·特奥多尔·安东·马里亚·冯·达尔贝格">卡爾·馮·達爾貝格</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BB%81%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%86%85" title="欧仁·德·博阿尔内">欧仁·德·博阿尔内</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a><br />（1815年—1866年）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主席</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="弗朗茨二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">法蘭茲一世</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="斐迪南一世 (奥地利皇帝)">斐迪南一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世">弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B_(1848%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941849%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志帝國 (1848年—1849年)">帝國</a>攝政</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC" title="約翰大公">奧地利的約翰</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a><br />（1867年—1871年）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主席</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">總理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="class=notpageimage&#124;22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=德意志帝國&#124;link=德意志帝國_德意志統一" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:black;color:white;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="Template:德意志統一"><abbr title="查看该模板" style="color:white">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="Template talk:德意志統一"><abbr title="讨论该模板" style="color:white">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德意志統一"><abbr title="编辑该模板" style="color:white">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=notpageimage&#124;22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=德意志帝國&#124;link=德意志帝國_德意志統一" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國"><img alt="德意志帝國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一"><span style="color:white">德意志統一</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;color:black;border: 1px solid black;">邦國</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧地利帝國">奧地利帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="汉诺威王国">汉诺威王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="萨克森王国">萨克森王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%9B%E9%82%A6" title="南德四邦">南德四邦</a> <small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亞王国</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="符騰堡王國">符騰堡王國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="黑森大公国">黑森大公国</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="巴登大公國">巴登大公國</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="德國歷史上的邦國">更多</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_Germania_(painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg/170px-Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg/255px-Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg/340px-Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2690" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;color:black;border: 1px solid black;">聯合</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95_(1815%E5%B9%B4)" title="德意志邦聯憲法 (1815年)">憲法</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="德意志關稅同盟">德意志關稅同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9C%8B_(1848%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941849%E5%B9%B4)" title="德意志國 (1848年—1849年)">德意志國 (1848年—1849年)</a> <small>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="保罗教堂宪法">憲法</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="埃尔福特联盟">埃尔福特联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%8E%8B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="四王聯盟">四王聯盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a> <small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="北德意志邦聯憲法">憲法</a>）</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德意志帝國</a> <small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95_(1871%E5%B9%B4)" title="德意志邦聯憲法 (1871年)">預備憲法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="德意志帝国宪法">憲法</a>）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;color:black;border: 1px solid black;">事件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><small>1806</small> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="神圣罗马帝国解体">神聖羅馬帝國解體</a></li> <li><small>1807–19</small> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="普魯士改革運動">普魯士改革運動</a></li> <li><small>1814–15</small> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="维也纳会议">維也納會議</a></li> <li><small>1814–15</small> <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF)" title="邦聯議會 (德意志邦聯)">德意志邦聯議會</a></li> <li><small>1819</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0" title="卡爾斯巴德決議">卡爾斯巴德決議</a></li> <li><small>1832</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%A7%86%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E9%9B%86%E6%9C%83" title="哈姆巴赫集會">哈姆巴赫集會</a></li> <li><small>1833</small> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E6%93%8A%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E8%A1%9B%E5%85%B5%E5%AE%A4" title="衝擊法蘭克福衛兵室">衝擊法蘭克福衛兵室</a></li> <li><small>1848</small> <a href="/wiki/1848%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941849%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1848年—1849年德意志革命">德意志革命</a></li> <li><small>1848–49</small> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="法蘭克福國民議會">法蘭克福國民議會</a></li> <li><small>1850</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="埃爾福特聯盟議會">埃爾福特聯盟議會</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E8%8C%A8%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="奧爾米茨條約">奧爾米茨條約</a>》</li> <li><small>1850-51</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="德累斯頓會議">德累斯頓會議</a></li> <li><small>1862</small> <a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AA%AA" title="鐵血演說">鐵血演說</a></li> <li><small>1864</small> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%B9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普丹战争">普丹战争</a></li> <li><small>1866</small> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普奥战争">普奥战争</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1866%E5%B9%B4)" title="布拉格條約 (1866年)">布拉格條約</a>》</li> <li><small>1867</small> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="立憲帝國議會" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Konstituierender Reichstag"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="立憲帝國議會（页面不存在）">立憲帝國議會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstituierender_Reichstag" class="extiw" title="de:Konstituierender Reichstag"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Konstituierender Reichstag</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><small>1867-71</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF)" title="帝國議會 (北德意志邦聯)">帝國議會</a></li> <li><small>1867-71</small> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="聯邦議會 (德意志帝國)">聯邦議會</a></li> <li><small>1870–71</small> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="普法戰爭">普法戰爭</a></li> <li><small>1871</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">帝國宣告成立</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1871%E5%B9%B4)" title="凡爾賽條約 (1871年)">凡爾賽條約</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="法蘭克福條約">法蘭克福條約</a>》</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;color:black;border: 1px solid black;">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%99%BB%E8%B2%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="卡爾·奧古斯特·馮·哈登貝格">奧古斯特·馮·哈登貝格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="海因里希·弗里德里希·卡尔·冯·施泰因帝国男爵">馮·施泰因男爵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%81%A9%E9%9C%8D%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="格哈德·馮·沙恩霍斯特">格哈德·馮·沙恩霍斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%88%E6%A3%AE%E7%91%99" title="奥古斯特·奈德哈特·冯·格奈森瑙">奧古斯特·馮·格奈森瑙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1" title="威廉·馮·洪堡">威廉·馮·洪堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8D%A2%E5%A7%86" title="罗伯特·布卢姆">罗伯特·布卢姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E9%96%80%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E6%B6%85" title="克萊門斯·馮·梅特涅">克萊門斯·馮·梅特涅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1)" title="卡尔一世 (符腾堡)">符騰堡的卡爾一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%96" title="克里斯蒂安九世">丹麥的克里斯蒂安九世</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛德華·馮·西姆森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eduard von Simson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛德華·馮·西姆森（页面不存在）">愛德華·馮·西姆森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_von_Simson" class="extiw" title="en:Eduard von Simson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eduard von Simson</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="弗朗茨二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">奧地利的弗朗茨一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="奧地利的約翰">奧地利的約翰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世">奧地利的弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="腓特烈·威廉三世">普魯士的腓特烈·威廉三世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="腓特烈·威廉二世">普魯士的腓特烈·威廉二世</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗里德里希·丹尼爾·巴斯瑟曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Friedrich Daniel Bassermann"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%91%9F%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗里德里希·丹尼爾·巴斯瑟曼（页面不存在）">弗里德里希·丹尼爾·巴斯瑟曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Daniel_Bassermann" class="extiw" title="en:Friedrich Daniel Bassermann"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Friedrich Daniel Bassermann</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="弗里德里希·費迪南德·馮·貝斯特">弗里德里希·費迪南德·馮·貝斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%81%A9" title="亨里希·馮·加格恩">亨里希·馮·加格恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9" title="約翰·戈特利布·費希特">約翰·戈特利布·費希特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%A3%AE" title="約翰·古斯塔夫·德羅森">約翰·古斯塔夫·德羅森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0_(%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B)" title="約翰 (薩克森國王)">薩克森的約翰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" title="路德维希二世 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style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="德意志民族主義">德意志民族主義</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C" title="德意志之歌">德意志之歌</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E5%8D%AB%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5" title="守卫莱茵">守卫莱茵</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%AE%E8%80%80" title="普魯士的榮耀">普魯士的榮耀</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="德国国旗">德国国旗</a> <small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E6%8E%AA%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E5%86%9B" title="吕措志愿军">吕措志愿军</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="泛日耳曼主義">泛日耳曼主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="德意志問題">德國問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="大德意志">大德意志</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="小德意志">小德意志</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="大奧地利">大奧地利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83" title="德意志二元">德意志二元</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%BE%8E%E5%BE%B7" title="普魯士美德">普魯士美德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="德意志特殊道路">德意志特殊道路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC-%E8%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因问题">石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%81%8B%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%A5" title="命運之日">命運之日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:red;color:white;"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国"><img alt="德国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/25px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/38px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/50px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:德国"><span style="color:white">德國主題</span></a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43287#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43287#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43287#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305549089">VIAF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119347320">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119347320">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Deutsches Kaiserreich"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7509421-6">德国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529119005171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85054578">美国</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027268942">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=德意志帝國&oldid=85615097">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=德意志帝國&oldid=85615097</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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title="Category:前联邦君主制国家">前联邦君主制国家</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有德語的條目">含有德語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(de)" title="Category:CS1德语来源 (de)">CS1德语来源 (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFwayback%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板wayback链接">Webarchive模板wayback链接</a></li><li><a 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1,\n [\"LIT\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 130,\n [\"Lang-de\"] = 8,\n [\"Lang-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-nl\"] = 1,\n [\"Le\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 15,\n [\"Legend2\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 29,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"NET\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTA\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 3,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"POL\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal box\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"RUS\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"ReflistF\"] = 1,\n [\"ReflistH\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 8,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Tsl\"] = 2,\n [\"Wayback\"] = 38,\n [\"Webarchiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"前德国殖民地\"] = 1,\n [\"帝國\"] = 1,\n [\"德国主题\"] = 1,\n [\"德国国界\"] = 1,\n [\"德國君主\"] = 1,\n [\"德國歷史\"] = 1,\n [\"德國總理\"] = 1,\n [\"德國選舉\"] = 1,\n [\"德意志帝国邦国地图\"] = 1,\n [\"德意志帝國各邦\"] = 1,\n [\"德意志帝國政黨\"] = 1,\n [\"德意志歷史上的各個帝國\"] = 1,\n [\"德意志統一\"] = 1,\n [\"德意志諸邦聯領袖\"] = 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