Industry - Energy System

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class="g-nav__menu" id="navigation-1" role="menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="g-nav__menu-inner"> <div class="g-nav__menu-header"> <span class="g-nav__menu-title">Explore the energy system by fuel, technology or sector</span> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails g-nav__menu-thumbnails--no-xl-list"> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-items"> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/fossil-fuels" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/727f5e9d-39d4-4b20-9e8f-fa9c19474abd/shutterstock_2135903469.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4400%2C2475&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/727f5e9d-39d4-4b20-9e8f-fa9c19474abd/shutterstock_2135903469.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4400%2C2475&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 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sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Oil and natural gas supply" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Fossil Fuels</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/renewables" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo depicts a solar panels and windmills in the power plant" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Renewables</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/electricity" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="photo from the perspective of looking up to the top of electricity tower pylons with a colorful blue and yellow background in the sky" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Electricity</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/low-emissions-fuels" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Low-emission fuels" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Low-Emissions Fuels</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/transport" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Transport" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Transport</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/industry" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Tracking industry" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Industry</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/buildings" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Tracking buildings" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Buildings</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/energy-efficiency-and-demand" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=600&h=336&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=112 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=308 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=617 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=336 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=673 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Hector Martinez Ruupyvdsnek Unsplash" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy Efficiency and Demand</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Ccus Tall" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/decarbonisation-enablers" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="LED screen macro" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Decarbonisation Enablers</p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails-list"> <ul> <li class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-item"> <a class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-link" href="/energy-system/buildings" tabindex="-1"> <span>Buildings</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" 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href="/energy-system/decarbonisation-enablers" tabindex="-1"> <span>Decarbonisation Enablers</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--sm-right icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--sm-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-link"> <a class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--soft-accent" href="/energy-system" data-focus-tabbed > <span class="a-button-rounded__label">Explore all</span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="g-nav__item"> <a href="/topics" aria-controls="navigation-2" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" data-nav-link>Topics <span class="g-nav__item-chevron"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use 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100w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Electricity security report cover" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy Security</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/artificial-intelligence" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=600&h=133&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 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1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=133 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=266 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo Depicts Abstract Curly Tendrils Against Blue Background Gettyimages 1041976390" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Artificial Intelligence</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/critical-minerals" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img 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600w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=516 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Climate Change</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/cop28-tracking-the-energy-outcomes" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=600&h=132&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=121 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=242 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=132 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=264 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo of planet earth taken from space" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/net-zero-emissions" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img 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550w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Aerial View Of Wind Turbines" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Net Zero Emissions</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/russias-war-on-ukraine" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=472 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=515 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Russias War On Ukraine Topic Page Cover An Empty Train Station In Lviv Urkaine" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Russia's War on Ukraine</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/energy-and-gender" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=600&h=132&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=121 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=242 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=132 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=264 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Thisisengineering X7cls0azgkg Unsplash" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy and Gender</p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails-list"> <ul> <li class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-item"> <a class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-link" href="/topics/cop28-tracking-the-energy-outcomes" tabindex="-1"> <span>COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--sm-right icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--sm-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li 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class="container"> <div class="g-nav__menu-inner"> <div class="g-nav__menu-header"> <span class="g-nav__menu-title">Read the latest analysis from the IEA</span> </div> <ul class="m-card-listing m-card-listing--nav"> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--fuel-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-default m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/oil-market-report-february-2025" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Oil Market Report - February 2025</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Fuel report — February 2025 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Oil tanker" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </li> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--flagship-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img 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With selective focus and bokeh." class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Energy Technology Perspectives 2024</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — October 2024 </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--flagship-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=348&h=471&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" 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Scene of Desert with glossy metallic arches geometric design" class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Net Zero Roadmap: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5 °C Goal in Reach</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">2023 Update</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — September 2023 </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="g-nav__menu-link"> <a class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--soft-accent" href="/analysis?type=report" data-focus-tabbed tabindex='-1' > <span class="a-button-rounded__label">All reports</span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="g-nav__tool g-nav__tool--search"> <a href="/search" data-behavior="openSearch"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--search icon--24-25"><svg><title>Search</title><use 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class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-breadcrumbs__link f-ui-3" href="/energy-system">Energy system</a> </li> <li class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-breadcrumbs__link f-ui-3" aria-current="page" href="/energy-system/industry">Industry</a> </li> </ol> </nav> </nav> </div> </header> <nav class="m-nav-page m-nav-page--tabs m-nav-page--w-cta" data-behavior="stickyNav tabs" data-stickynav-offset="60" data-tabs-check-url="true" data-tabs-select-first="true" data-tabs-scroll-update="true" > <div class="m-nav-page__bar "> <div class="container m-nav-page__inner"> <div class="m-nav-page__scroller" data-tabs-scroller> <div class="m-nav-page__ctas"> <nav class="m-nav-page__tabs m-nav-page__tabs--strong"> <a href="#overview" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Overview </a> <a href="#tracking" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Tracking </a> <a href="#programmes" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Programmes </a> <span class="m-nav-page__active-tab" data-tabs-status></span> </nav> </div> </div> <div data-buy-generic></div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="m-tab-wrapper" data-stickyNav-tracker> <section class="page__section" id="overview" data-tab-anchor="Overview"> <div class="page__section page__section--padded-b"> <section class="m-energy-questions container"> <div class="m-animation-reveal" data-behavior="animationReveal" > <div class="m-energy-questions__cards"> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">Why is industry important?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> Industrial energy consumption is still dominated by fossil fuels, in particular coal, and accounts for about a quarter of energy-related CO2 emissions. As the global economy and population grow, so will demand for materials and goods, increasing the importance of understanding which technologies and strategies can support the sustainable manufacture, use and disposal of indispensable commodities.</p> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">Where do we need to go?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> Industry is one of the most challenging sectors to decarbonise: low-carbon technologies for many processes are still under development or are too expensive, and industrial assets have long lifetimes and are infrequently replaced. Modest improvements have already been made, but progress is occurring far too slowly. Stronger government policies, especially to mandate CO2 emissions reductions and reduce the risks of developing and deploying new technologies, are needed to get on track with the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario.</p> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">What are the challenges?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> Many industrial processes involve chemical reactions and high-temperature heat that cannot be fully decarbonised with current commercially available technology. More than half of heavy industry emission reductions in the Net Zero Scenario come from technologies that have been proven to work but are not yet market-ready.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__accordions" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-forceFirstOpen="1" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom"> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="1" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="why-is-industry-important-9e5ab040-ee40-11ef-9636-00224839d811-content" id="why-is-industry-important-9e5ab040-ee40-11ef-9636-00224839d811"> Why is industry important? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="why-is-industry-important-9e5ab040-ee40-11ef-9636-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="why-is-industry-important-9e5ab040-ee40-11ef-9636-00224839d811" data-accordion-item data-accordion-init="" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> Industrial energy consumption is still dominated by fossil fuels, in particular coal, and accounts for about a quarter of energy-related CO2 emissions. As the global economy and population grow, so will demand for materials and goods, increasing the importance of understanding which technologies and strategies can support the sustainable manufacture, use and disposal of indispensable commodities. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="where-do-we-need-to-go-9e5ab91e-ee40-11ef-a436-00224839d811-content" id="where-do-we-need-to-go-9e5ab91e-ee40-11ef-a436-00224839d811"> Where do we need to go? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="where-do-we-need-to-go-9e5ab91e-ee40-11ef-a436-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="where-do-we-need-to-go-9e5ab91e-ee40-11ef-a436-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> Industry is one of the most challenging sectors to decarbonise: low-carbon technologies for many processes are still under development or are too expensive, and industrial assets have long lifetimes and are infrequently replaced. Modest improvements have already been made, but progress is occurring far too slowly. Stronger government policies, especially to mandate CO2 emissions reductions and reduce the risks of developing and deploying new technologies, are needed to get on track with the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="what-are-the-challenges-9e5abda6-ee40-11ef-bb79-00224839d811-content" id="what-are-the-challenges-9e5abda6-ee40-11ef-bb79-00224839d811"> What are the challenges? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="what-are-the-challenges-9e5abda6-ee40-11ef-bb79-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="what-are-the-challenges-9e5abda6-ee40-11ef-bb79-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> Many industrial processes involve chemical reactions and high-temperature heat that cannot be fully decarbonised with current commercially available technology. More than half of heavy industry emission reductions in the Net Zero Scenario come from technologies that have been proven to work but are not yet market-ready. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-recirculation-links container"> <header class="m-recirculation-links__header"> <h2 class="m-recirculation-links__title f-title-7">In this sector</h2> </header> <ul class="m-recirculation-links__items"> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/industry/steel"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Steel </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/industry/critical-minerals"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Critical Minerals </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/industry/light-industry"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Light Industry </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/industry/aluminium"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Aluminium </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/industry/paper"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Paper </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/industry/chemicals"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Chemicals </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/industry/cement"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Cement </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> </section> <div class="page__section page__section--padded page__section--dark page__section--no-border" data-tab-anchor="tracking"> <section id="tracking" class="m-energy-tracking-section container"> <header class="m-energy-tracking-section__header "> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__col"> <h2 class="f-title-6 m-energy-tracking-section__title">Tracking Industry</h2> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status-container"> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status"> <div class="a-status a-status--not-on-track a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">Not on track</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status-tooltip"> <span class="a-help" data-behavior="tooltip"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--help icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--help"></use></svg></span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--help-inverse icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--help-inverse"></use></svg></span> <script type="x-template" data-tooltip-template> <div> <div class="a-status a-status--on-track a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">On track</span> </div> </div> <div class="a-status a-status--more-efforts-needed a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">More efforts needed</span> </div> </div> <div class="a-status a-status--not-on-track a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">Not on track</span> </div> </div> </div> </script> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__col"> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__desc f-rte f-subtitle-1"><p>The industry sector in 2022 was directly responsible for emitting 9.0 Gt of CO<sub>2</sub>, accounting for a quarter of global energy system CO<sub>2</sub> emissions<sup>1</sup>. Annual emissions slightly declined in both 2020 and 2022, but not enough to align with the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario, in which industrial emissions fall to about 7 Gt CO<sub>2</sub> by 2030.  </p><p>Modest improvements have already been made in energy efficiency and in renewable energy uptake, and some positive steps have been taken in the areas of international collaboration and innovation. However, progress is occurring far too slowly. Greater material and energy efficiency, more rapid uptake of low carbon fuels, and faster development and deployment of near zero-emission production processes – including carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) and hydrogen – are all needed if meaningful progress towards NZE Scenario milestones is to be made by 2030. Government policy can accelerate progress, including by reducing risks associated with developing new technologies and adopting mandatory CO<sub>2</sub> emission reduction policies.</p><p><br class="softbreak"></p><p><em>1. Including process emissions but not including indirect emissions from electricity used for industrial processes.</em><br class="softbreak"></p></div> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__cta"> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="/reports/tracking-clean-energy-progress-2023" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2023</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__items container"> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="country-and-regional-highlights-9e5fad0c-ee40-11ef-8ac8-00224839d811-content" id="country-and-regional-highlights-9e5fad0c-ee40-11ef-8ac8-00224839d811"> Country and regional highlights <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Large-scale policy frameworks in several regions aim to spur industrial decarbonisation and capitalise on clean technology manufacturing opportunities </p> </div> <div id="country-and-regional-highlights-9e5fad0c-ee40-11ef-8ac8-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="country-and-regional-highlights-9e5fad0c-ee40-11ef-8ac8-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Large-scale policy frameworks in several regions aim to spur industrial decarbonisation and capitalise on clean technology manufacturing opportunities </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Notable country and regional progress in decarbonising industry includes the following developments: </p><ul><li><strong>China</strong>’s industrial emissions are estimated to have decreased by around 3% (around 150 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>) in 2022, largely due to a decrease in emissions from its cement (10%) and steel (3%) sectors. While some rebound is predicted, the delayed expansion of its emissions trading system (ETS) to industry is expected to begin in 2023 or 2024, and China’s industrial emissions could peak and plateau soon. </li><li><strong>The European Union </strong>released its Green Deal Industrial Plan in February 2023, and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism will begin its transitional phase in October 2023. </li><li><strong>The United States</strong>’ landmark Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 has significantly boosted clean technology manufacturing and industrial decarbonisation, and includes USD 6 billion for demonstration and deployment of low-carbon industrial production technologies.<br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="co2-emissions-9e662e52-ee40-11ef-bcf3-00224839d811-content" id="co2-emissions-9e662e52-ee40-11ef-bcf3-00224839d811"> CO2 emissions <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Though emissions declined in 2022, more efforts are needed to reduce emissions intensity and get on track with the NZE Scenario </p> </div> <div id="co2-emissions-9e662e52-ee40-11ef-bcf3-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="co2-emissions-9e662e52-ee40-11ef-bcf3-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Though emissions declined in 2022, more efforts are needed to reduce emissions intensity and get on track with the NZE Scenario </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="direct-co2-emissions-from-industry-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="0" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=";Iron and steel;Cement;Chemical and petrochemical;Pulp and paper;Aluminium;Other industry;Industry total (NZE) 2000;1.34;1.18;0.91;0.20;0.11;1.74; 2001;1.20;1.23;0.90;0.19;0.11;1.75; 2002;1.21;1.29;0.87;0.20;0.12;1.76; 2003;1.29;1.43;0.89;0.20;0.12;1.81; 2004;1.42;1.48;0.99;0.21;0.13;2.05; 2005;1.50;1.58;1.03;0.21;0.14;2.30; 2006;1.60;1.72;1.04;0.20;0.15;2.42; 2007;1.77;1.81;1.11;0.20;0.17;2.48; 2008;1.82;1.80;1.10;0.19;0.18;2.56; 2009;1.86;1.84;1.08;0.19;0.17;2.53; 2010;2.08;1.92;1.20;0.20;0.18;2.74; 2011;2.27;2.09;1.24;0.19;0.20;2.73; 2012;2.36;2.12;1.21;0.18;0.20;2.73; 2013;2.45;2.17;1.23;0.17;0.22;2.66; 2014;2.55;2.22;1.23;0.16;0.23;2.62; 2015;2.49;2.19;1.32;0.16;0.24;2.52; 2016;2.43;2.27;1.26;0.15;0.24;2.42; 2017;2.47;2.30;1.24;0.15;0.24;2.32; 2018;2.63;2.36;1.25;0.14;0.26;2.28; 2019;2.72;2.43;1.27;0.14;0.25;2.21; 2020;2.61;2.43;1.29;0.14;0.25;2.20; 2021;2.73;2.51;1.33;0.15;0.26;2.18; 2022;2.62;2.42;1.33;0.15;0.27;2.19; 2030;;;;;;;7.14" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="2" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="column" data-chart-chartoptions="{ \"xAxis\": { \"type\": \"numeric\", \"plotLines\": [{ \"value\": 2022.5, \"label\": { \"text\": \"NZE\" }, \"className\":\"\", \"zIndex\": 999 }] }, \"series\": [{ \"showInLegend\": true }, { \"showInLegend\": true }, { \"showInLegend\": true }, { \"showInLegend\": true }, { \"showInLegend\": true }, { \"showInLegend\": true }, { \"showInLegend\": true }] }" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="Gt CO2" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="normal" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Direct CO2 emissions from industry in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/direct-co2-emissions-from-industry-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030-2" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Direct CO2 emissions from industry in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Industrial emissions have risen by around 70% since 2000, mainly as a result of increasing global demand for industrial goods. Emissions stopped growing during the Covid-19 pandemic, but rebounded in 2021. In 2022, global emissions are estimated to have declined by about 2%, driven largely by decreased activity in China’s industrial sector due to pandemic restrictions, and the global energy crisis. While China’s industrial emissions could peak and plateau over the next few years, continued growth elsewhere means global industrial emissions are likely to continue to grow in a baseline scenario. </p><p>To get on track with the NZE Scenario, industry’s total direct emissions must decline by nearly a quarter to 2030, or about 3% per year on average, requiring accelerated policy action.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="energy-9e6be3ec-ee40-11ef-8517-00224839d811-content" id="energy-9e6be3ec-ee40-11ef-8517-00224839d811"> Energy <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Fossil fuels remain the dominant source of energy for industry, with electrification progressing more slowly than is needed </p> </div> <div id="energy-9e6be3ec-ee40-11ef-8517-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="energy-9e6be3ec-ee40-11ef-8517-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Fossil fuels remain the dominant source of energy for industry, with electrification progressing more slowly than is needed </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="industrial-energy-consumption-by-fuel-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="0" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=";Coal;Oil;Gas;Electricity;Heat;Bioenergy;Hydrogen;Solar thermal and geothermal 2000;24.9;24.3;20.5;19.4;4.2;7.0;0.0;0.0 2001;25.2;24.7;20.1;19.4;4.3;6.8;0.0;0.0 2002;25.6;24.9;20.2;19.5;4.4;6.8;0.0;0.0 2003;28.4;25.4;20.4;20.4;4.5;7.1;0.0;0.0 2004;32.6;26.6;20.9;21.5;4.6;7.5;0.0;0.0 2005;37.7;26.7;21.0;22.6;4.8;7.8;0.0;0.0 2006;40.3;27.5;21.7;23.9;5.1;8.3;0.0;0.0 2007;43.0;28.1;22.3;25.3;5.1;8.5;0.0;0.0 2008;44.0;27.1;22.9;25.3;4.9;8.4;0.0;0.0 2009;45.5;26.5;21.3;24.5;4.7;8.3;0.0;0.0 2010;49.5;28.8;24.0;26.8;5.3;8.6;0.0;0.0 2011;52.4;27.8;24.8;28.4;5.5;8.8;0.0;0.0 2012;52.6;27.8;25.5;29.1;5.7;8.9;0.0;0.0 2013;52.8;28.3;25.8;30.0;5.4;9.3;0.0;0.0 2014;53.8;28.5;26.2;31.1;5.2;9.4;0.0;0.0 2015;52.7;29.5;26.2;30.7;5.3;9.5;0.0;0.0 2016;49.9;29.9;26.6;31.3;5.8;9.9;0.0;0.0 2017;48.7;30.6;27.2;32.7;5.8;10.2;0.0;0.0 2018;47.9;31.1;28.5;34.1;6.0;10.6;0.0;0.0 2019;47.8;31.3;29.2;34.4;6.1;10.7;0.0;0.0 2020;46.9;31.5;29.3;34.3;6.3;11.0;0.0;0.0 2021;47.0;33.0;30.9;36.9;7.3;11.3;0.0;0.0 2022;47.0;32.3;29.8;37.8;7.3;11.9;0.0;0.0 2030;35.8;33.1;27.1;52.2;4.9;17.4;1.0;1.4" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="1" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="2023" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="NZE" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="column" data-chart-chartoptions="{ \"xAxis\": {\"type\":\"numeric\"}, \"yAxis\": { \"min\":0, \"tickInterval\":40 } }" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="EJ" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="normal" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Industrial energy consumption by fuel in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/industrial-energy-consumption-by-fuel-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Industrial energy consumption by fuel in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>The industrial sector accounted for 37% (166 EJ) of global energy use in 2022, compared to 34% in 2002. Growth in energy consumption over the past decade has been driven largely by continued rising production in energy-intensive industry subsectors. </p><p>Meanwhile, industrial energy productivity (industrial value added per unit of energy input) has risen in most regions since 2000, mainly thanks to the deployment of state-of-the-art technologies, use of more efficient equipment, and structural shifts that result in a larger role for high value-added light industry (e.g. electronics).  </p><p>In the NZE Scenario, growth in the sector’s total energy use grows by less than 0.5% per year to 2030, while industrial energy productivity increases by about 3% per year to 2030. The industrial sector’s energy mix has remained relatively unchanged since 2010, with the share of fossil fuel decreasing from 74% in 2010 to around 65% in 2022. Electricity was responsible for much of that decline, rising from a share of 19% to 23%, largely owing to higher activity in light industries. In the NZE Scenario, electricity climbs to nearly 30% of industrial energy use by 2030.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="activity-9e711c36-ee40-11ef-8111-00224839d811-content" id="activity-9e711c36-ee40-11ef-8111-00224839d811"> Activity <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Material efficiency strategies are needed to curb demand and help reduce emissions </p> </div> <div id="activity-9e711c36-ee40-11ef-8111-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="activity-9e711c36-ee40-11ef-8111-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Material efficiency strategies are needed to curb demand and help reduce emissions </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="industrial-production-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="0" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=";GDP;Population;Steel;Cement;Aluminium;Pulp and paper;Chemicals;GDP;Population;Steel;Cement;Aluminium;Pulp and paper;Chemicals 2000;100.0;100.0;100.0;100.0;100.0;100.0;100.0;;;;;;; 2001;102.3;101.3;100.3;104.9;103.2;98.3;99.6;;;;;;; 2002;105.1;102.7;106.5;111.5;110.2;101.6;103.0;;;;;;; 2003;109.1;104.0;114.3;122.2;118.6;104.4;107.6;;;;;;; 2004;114.7;105.3;125.0;131.7;127.2;109.6;113.6;;;;;;; 2005;119.9;106.6;135.0;141.6;134.7;112.5;116.6;;;;;;; 2006;126.1;108.0;147.2;157.5;143.5;117.7;120.7;;;;;;; 2007;132.7;109.3;158.8;169.0;155.0;120.8;126.8;;;;;;; 2008;136.4;110.7;158.5;171.7;162.7;120.1;123.8;;;;;;; 2009;135.5;112.1;146.1;183.6;155.0;114.2;126.2;;;;;;; 2010;142.4;113.4;169.0;197.3;174.6;120.9;136.6;;;;;;; 2011;148.1;114.8;181.4;218.6;188.6;123.3;140.6;;;;;;; 2012;152.8;116.2;184.1;229.9;195.4;123.0;143.1;;;;;;; 2013;157.7;117.6;194.7;242.7;213.0;122.3;149.9;;;;;;; 2014;163.0;119.1;197.3;249.6;223.6;124.5;153.0;;;;;;; 2015;168.3;120.5;191.3;244.9;233.8;125.4;159.3;;;;;;; 2016;173.6;121.9;192.3;249.8;242.2;126.1;162.8;;;;;;; 2017;179.9;123.3;204.5;248.3;255.3;127.9;168.2;;;;;;; 2018;186.3;124.6;215.3;245.6;269.9;125.8;174.9;;;;;;; 2019;191.5;126.0;221.1;251.9;269.0;124.5;179.4;;;;;;; 2020;185.8;127.3;221.6;251.9;275.8;123.4;181.5;;;;;;; 2021;197.2;128.4;230.9;263.1;291.5;128.6;189.0;;;;;;; 2022;203.7;129.4;221.2;250.1;298.2;128.0;190.7;;;;;;; 2030;;;;;;;;259.2;138.7;232.5;256.5;324.8;140.2;220.1" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="1" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="line" data-chart-chartoptions="{ \"series\": [{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {\"marker\": { \"enabled\": true }, \"zIndex\": 999, \"colorIndex\": 0}, {\"marker\": { \"enabled\": true }, \"zIndex\": 999, \"colorIndex\": 1}, {\"marker\": { \"enabled\": true }, \"zIndex\": 999, \"colorIndex\": 2}, {\"marker\": { \"enabled\": true }, \"zIndex\": 999, \"colorIndex\": 3}, {\"marker\": { \"enabled\": true }, \"zIndex\": 999, \"colorIndex\": 4}, {\"marker\": { \"enabled\": true }, \"zIndex\": 999, \"colorIndex\": 5}, { \"marker\": { \"enabled\": true }, \"zIndex\": 999, \"colorIndex\": 6 }], \"tooltip\":{\"shared\":true}, \"xAxis\": { \"type\": \"numeric\", \"plotLines\": [{ \"value\": 2022, \"label\": { \"text\": \"NZE\" }, \"zIndex\": 999 }] }, \"yAxis\": { \"title\": {\"text\":\"Index\"} } }" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Industrial production in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/industrial-production-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030-2" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Industrial production in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Industrial activity has grown at an astonishing pace during the past two decades, driven by increases in demand for industrial goods from a growing global population and economy. Historically, this trend has been common but not uniform, suggesting that growth and industrial production are not unavoidably linked, particularly as economies reach economic maturity. Material demand in China is expected to level off by the mid-2020s, however, this is likely to be offset by growth in demand from other emerging markets. </p><p>Decoupling material demand from economic growth can help curb CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, and steps should be taken to pursue this through material efficiency. In the NZE Scenario, demand for steel, cement and aluminium in 2030 are around 5% lower relative to a baseline scenario. This decrease comes from changes across supply chains: use phase reductions (such as extending building lifetimes through refurbishment); better product design and fabrication; recycling and reuse. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="technology-deployment-9e71294c-ee40-11ef-ad18-00224839d811-content" id="technology-deployment-9e71294c-ee40-11ef-ad18-00224839d811"> Technology deployment <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Near zero-emission technology must be deployed at a rapid pace for the industry sector to get on-track with the NZE Scenario </p> </div> <div id="technology-deployment-9e71294c-ee40-11ef-ad18-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="technology-deployment-9e71294c-ee40-11ef-ad18-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Near zero-emission technology must be deployed at a rapid pace for the industry sector to get on-track with the NZE Scenario </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>The NZE Scenario necessitates that progress be across the spectrum of production technologies, including production methods incorporating hydrogen, CCUS, direct electrification (including through high temperature heat pumps), and other innovative methods unique to certain products (such as inert anodes for aluminium). The result is strong initial deployment of all of these technologies by 2030. </p><p>In the NZE Scenario, electricity increases from 23% of the sector’s energy consumption to nearly 30% by 2030, with a greater proportion of that electricity coming from low carbon sources over time, as the power sector heads towards net zero globally by 2040. Industrial hydrogen demand increases substantially from 55 Mt in 2022 to about 70 Mt in 2030. CO<sub>2</sub> captured through CCUS sees an enormous increase from 4 Mt in 2022 to about 250-300 Mt in 2030. Implementation of these innovative production methods varies by industry – the pages on industry subsectors elaborate on deployment (see: <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/industry/iron-and-steel#tracking" rel="noopener noreferrer">steel</a>, <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/industry/cement#tracking" rel="noopener noreferrer">cement</a>, <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/industry/chemicals#tracking" rel="noopener noreferrer">chemicals</a>, <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/industry/aluminium#tracking" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">aluminium</a>, <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/industry/pulp-paper#tracking" rel="noopener noreferrer">paper</a>, <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/industry/light-industry#tracking" rel="noopener noreferrer">light industries</a>). <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="innovation-9e7aa0da-ee40-11ef-95e2-00224839d811-content" id="innovation-9e7aa0da-ee40-11ef-95e2-00224839d811"> Innovation <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Innovation is underway in many near zero-emission industrial technologies, but progress must be accelerated </p> </div> <div id="innovation-9e7aa0da-ee40-11ef-95e2-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="innovation-9e7aa0da-ee40-11ef-95e2-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Innovation is underway in many near zero-emission industrial technologies, but progress must be accelerated </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Many industrial processes involve chemical reactions and high-temperature heat that cannot be fully decarbonised with current commercially available technology. More than half of heavy industry emission reductions by 2050 in the NZE Scenario come from technologies that have been proven but are not currently market-ready at scale. Numerous industrial innovation efforts are underway around the world, with major highlights from 2022 including the <a href="https://www.hydro.com/en/media/news/2022/alunorte-alumina-plant-fires-up-first-electric-boiler/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">first operation</a> of an electric boiler in alumina refining and a <a href="https://www.leilac.com/news/leilac-2-passes-financial-investment-decision/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">final investment decision</a> on a large-scale demonstration of direct separation of process CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in cement, after <a href="http://www.leilac.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/LEILAC-Roadmap.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">the successful completion of the LEILAC-1 project</a>.</p><p>Most key near zero-emission technologies are currently expected to see commercial market penetration between the mid-2020s and the early 2030s. However, for some technologies, this may not be fast enough to ensure that near zero-emissions production methods are implemented in the next investment cycle for industrial sites to limit stranded assets. Hastening the development and deployment of key low emission technologies through funding RD&D efforts will be critical to put the industrial sector on a NZE Scenario trajectory.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:relatedLink"> <div class="m-block m-block--links"> <div class="m-block__content"> <div class="m-block__links-highlight"> <p class="m-block__links-description f-body">For more information</p> <ul class="m-block__links"> <li><a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/etp-clean-energy-technology-guide?selectedSector=Industry" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>IEA's Clean Energy Technology Guide</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="supporting-infrastructure-9e7aad82-ee40-11ef-9ebd-00224839d811-content" id="supporting-infrastructure-9e7aad82-ee40-11ef-9ebd-00224839d811"> Supporting infrastructure <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Low-emission industrial technology requires faster deployment of supporting infrastructure </p> </div> <div id="supporting-infrastructure-9e7aad82-ee40-11ef-9ebd-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="supporting-infrastructure-9e7aad82-ee40-11ef-9ebd-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Low-emission industrial technology requires faster deployment of supporting infrastructure </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>The NZE Scenario implies early deployment and rapid scale-up of technologies like hydrogen and carbon capture and storage in heavy industrial plants between now and 2030, such that about 10% of total global production employs near zero emission technologies by 2030. Meanwhile, light industries undergo rapid increases in electrification. After 2030, deployment rates accelerate even more quickly. </p><p>Near zero-emission technologies are contingent upon the planning and deployment of supporting infrastructure. <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/electricity/smart-grids#tracking" rel="noopener noreferrer">Transmission grids</a> and generation capacity for near zero-emissions electricity will require substantial expansion and modernisation to enable direct and indirect electricification of industrial production. For novel technologies like <a href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/5bd46d7b-906a-4429-abda-e9c507a62341/GlobalHydrogenReview2021.pdf#page=142&zoom=100,72,105" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">hydrogen</a> and <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage/co2-transport-and-storage#tracking" rel="noopener noreferrer">carbon capture and storage</a>, essential supporting infrastructure is altogether lacking in many places. Such infrastructure can have <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2023" rel="noopener noreferrer">very long</a> lead times, meaning it could become the main bottleneck to meeting 2030 targets. Efforts to plan and develop supporting infrastructure should begin immediately to ensure readiness for large-scale technology deployment from 2030 onwards, with <a href="https://initiatives.weforum.org/transitioning-industrial-clusters/home" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">industrial clusters</a> being obvious starting points. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="policy-9e83ad38-ee40-11ef-a5c9-00224839d811-content" id="policy-9e83ad38-ee40-11ef-a5c9-00224839d811"> Policy <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">While policies covering industry continue to develop, stronger ambition across all regions is needed to get on track with the NZE Scenario </p> </div> <div id="policy-9e83ad38-ee40-11ef-a5c9-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="policy-9e83ad38-ee40-11ef-a5c9-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>While policies covering industry continue to develop, stronger ambition across all regions is needed to get on track with the NZE Scenario </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <ul><li> Many jurisdictions have national mechanisms in place to <strong>price industrial emissions</strong>, including Canada and Korea. <a href="https://www.asiafinancial.com/china-carbon-market-expansion-delayed-caijing" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">China</a> has announced that its ETS – launched in 2021 to initially only cover power – will begin covering emissions from heavy industry in 2023 or 2024, and the European Union <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20221212IPR64527/climate-change-deal-on-a-more-ambitious-emissions-trading-system-ets" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">announced in 2022</a> that its <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets/revision-phase-4-2021-2030_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ETS</a> will be moving to raise prices on industrial emissions more quickly. </li><li>The transition phase of the <a href="https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/green-taxation-0/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">European Union</a>’s landmark <strong>carbon border adjustment mechanism</strong> for emissions-intensive goods such as steel, cement and aluminium comes into force in October 2023.  </li><li>The <a href="https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/funding-climate-action/innovation-fund_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">EU Innovation Fund</a> will provide at least EUR 10 billion to <strong>fund large-scale demonstrations</strong> of low-carbon technologies, with <a href="https://www.iea.org/policies/17538-carbon-contracts-for-difference-ccfd-program-for-energy-intensive-industries" rel="noopener noreferrer">Germany</a> also looking to provide <a href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/berlin-launches-e50-billion-climate-contracts-for-industry/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">EUR 50 billion</a> for industrial decarbonisation over 15 years through a carbon contracts for difference scheme.  </li><li>The United States’ 2022 <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5376/text" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (IRA) provides support for decarbonising industry and developing manufacturing of low carbon technologies, with nearly <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/03/08/fact-sheet-biden-%E2%81%A0harris-administration-advances-cleaner-industrial-sector-to-boost-american-manufacturing-and-cut-emissions/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">USD 6 billion</a> in funding.</li><li>Major economies are acting to combine their climate, energy security and industrial policies into broader <strong>industrial strategies</strong>. As well as the IRA in the United States, examples include the <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_510" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Green Deal Industrial Plan</a> and <a href="https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/publications/net-zero-industry-act_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Net Zero Industry Act</a> (2023) in the European Union, Japan’s <a href="https://japan.kantei.go.jp/101_kishida/actions/202207/_00021.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Green Transformation</a> programme (2022), the UK <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/powering-up-britain" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Net Zero Growth plan</a> (2023), and the <a href="https://www.investindia.gov.in/production-linked-incentives-schemes-india" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Production Linked Incentive</a> scheme in India (2020) that encourages manufacturing of solar PV and batteries – and China is working to meet and even exceed the goals of its latest <a href="https://www.undp.org/china/publications/issue-brief-chinas-14th-five-year-plan" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Five-Year Plan</a>. </li><li>Many jurisdictions are centring incentives around <a href="https://initiatives.weforum.org/transitioning-industrial-clusters/home" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">industrial clusters</a>, such as the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-decarbonisation-strategy/industrial-decarbonisation-strategy-accessible-webpage" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">United K</a>ingdom, <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/02/chinese-industrial-clusters-energy/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">China</a> and <a href="https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/letters/2021/04/09/vision-on-industry-in-the-netherlands/Vision+on+Industry+in+The+Netherlands.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">the Netherlands</a>, enabling industrial sites to collaborate on decarbonisation plans and <strong>build-out of supporting infrastructure</strong>. </li><li>Several countries have announced initiatives for <strong>creating a market for low-emission industrial goods</strong>, including <a href="https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/re2020-nouvelle-etape-vers-future-reglementation-environnementale-des-batiments-neufs-plus" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">embodied carbon targets for new buildings</a> in France, the US <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/12/08/fact-sheet-president-biden-signs-executive-order-catalyzing-americas-clean-energy-economy-through-federal-sustainability/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Buy Clean Executive Order and Taskforce</a>, and Japan’s <a href="https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2022/0201_001.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">GX League</a>. <br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:relatedLink"> <div class="m-block m-block--links"> <div class="m-block__content"> <div class="m-block__links-highlight"> <p class="m-block__links-description f-body">View all industry policies</p> <ul class="m-block__links"> <li><a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="https://www.iea.org/policies?q=industry" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>Policies and Measures database (PAMS)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="international-collaboration-9e83bff8-ee40-11ef-bfa6-00224839d811-content" id="international-collaboration-9e83bff8-ee40-11ef-bfa6-00224839d811"> International collaboration <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Countries are undertaking mutually beneficial co-operation towards decarbonising industry, although much work remains </p> </div> <div id="international-collaboration-9e83bff8-ee40-11ef-bfa6-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="international-collaboration-9e83bff8-ee40-11ef-bfa6-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Countries are undertaking mutually beneficial co-operation towards decarbonising industry, although much work remains </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <ul><li>At the 2022 G7 Summit, leaders signed an initiative to develop a <a href="https://www.g7germany.de/resource/blob/974430/2057926/2a7cd9f10213a481924492942dd660a1/2022-06-28-g7-climate-club-data.pdf?download=1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><strong>climate club</strong></a> – with industrial decarbonisation as one of its three central pillars. A more detailed workplan will be announced at COP28. </li><li><strong>Mission Innovation</strong> published its <a href="http://mission-innovation.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/MINZI_roadmap_draft_May2022_MISec.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">roadmap for net zero industry</a> in May 2022, with the official launch of its <a href="http://mission-innovation.net/missions/net-zero-industries-mission/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">net zero industries mission</a> action plan in March 2023.  </li><li>In 2022 the <a href="https://www.cleanenergyministerial.org/initiatives-campaigns/industrial-deep-decarbonisation-initiative/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><strong>Industrial Deep Decarbonisation Initiative</strong></a> launched the Green Public Procurement Pledge to encourage the public procurement of low-emission steel and concrete.  </li><li>The <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cop26-world-leaders-summit-statement-on-the-breakthrough-agenda-2-november-2021/cop26-world-leaders-summit-statement-on-the-breakthrough-agenda" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><strong>Breakthrough Agenda</strong>,</a> launched at COP26, has 45 signatories committed to collaborate internationally on faster development and deployment of low-carbon technologies, making these solutions globally affordable and accessible. Two of the Agenda's current four initiatives are particularly relevant for industry: hydrogen and steel. </li><li>The <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/996388/EPD3_G7_Industrial_Decarbonisation_Agenda.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><strong>G7 Industrial Decarbonisation Agenda</strong></a> continues to enhance collaboration, and multiple references were made to industrial decarbonisation in the <a href="https://www.env.go.jp/content/000127828.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">2023 G7 communiqué</a> from Climate, Energy and Environment Ministers.<strong> </strong>The IEA’s new <strong>Working Party on Industrial Decarbonisation</strong> plans to focus initially on definitions and measurement methodologies for heavy industry, building on contributions to the G7 Presidencies of <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/achieving-net-zero-heavy-industry-sectors-in-g7-members" rel="noopener noreferrer">Germany</a> (2022) and <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/emissions-measurement-and-data-collection-for-a-net-zero-steel-industry" rel="noopener noreferrer">Japan</a> (2023).<br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="private-sector-strategies-9e83cdae-ee40-11ef-85c4-00224839d811-content" id="private-sector-strategies-9e83cdae-ee40-11ef-85c4-00224839d811"> Private sector strategies <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Many firms and industry organisations are acting proactively on emissions </p> </div> <div id="private-sector-strategies-9e83cdae-ee40-11ef-85c4-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="private-sector-strategies-9e83cdae-ee40-11ef-85c4-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Many firms and industry organisations are acting proactively on emissions </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <ul><li>The <a href="https://www.weforum.org/first-movers-coalition" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">First Movers Coalition</a> aims to create a market for near zero-emission industrial goods, with members pledging to obtain a proportion of their industrial materials from suppliers using near zero-emission production technologies. Concrete and cement were added as a sector in 2023, and new members also joined the coalition. </li><li>Private and non-governmental organisations have brought forward clean finance initiatives to facilitate a faster transition. These include the Financial Stability Board’s <a href="https://www.fsb-tcfd.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures</a>, the OECD’s <a href="https://www.oecd.org/development/financing-sustainable-development/Framework-for-SDG-Aligned-Finance-OECD-UNDP.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Framework for SDG Aligned Finance</a> and the UN’s <a href="https://www.unpri.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Principles for Responsible Investment</a>, among many others.  </li><li><a href="https://missionpossiblepartnership.org/our-approach/sector-transition-strategies/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mission Possible Partnership</a> is promoting decarbonisation across the industrial value chain, with the <a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/business-ambition-for-1-5c" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Science-Based Targets initiative</a> attempting similar goals for the private sector more generally.<br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-energy-recommendations container"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--blue m-section-title--no-spacing m-section-title--y-center" > <h2 class="m-section-title__title f-title-6 " > Recommendations </h2> </header> <ol class="m-energy-recommendations__list"> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-629"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">1</span> Adopt mandatory CO2 policies covering industry and expand international co-operation <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-629" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Governments can promote CO<sub>2</sub> emission reduction by adopting industry sector transition plans and mandatory emissions policies, such as a carbon price.</p><p>Ideally, governments would make efforts to apply mandatory policies globally at a similar level, but if the strength of international action differs, measures such as carbon border adjustments could be considered in order to help prevent carbon leakage. Further participation in multilateral fora is needed to negotiate sectoral agreements and provide international finance to assist the transition in developing economies.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-398"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">2</span> Manage existing assets and near-term investments in order to create a smooth energy transition <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-398" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>The next investment cycle could have an enormous impact on the trajectory of emissions from industry in the next three decades, and action today is needed to lay the groundwork for a smooth transition. Policy makers should consider mandating retrofit-ready process designs, promoting refurbishment to near zero-emission technologies, and assessing whether relative taxation levels on different fuels can be better designed or rebalanced.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-37"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">3</span> Create a market for near zero-emission industrial products to incentivise uptake of innovative production processes, and develop supporting infrastructure <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-37" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Creating demand for <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/achieving-net-zero-heavy-industry-sectors-in-g7-members" rel="noopener noreferrer">near zero-emission material</a>s allows firms to be confident that if they invest in near zero-emission production technologies, there will be a buyer for their products. In the near term, time-limited demand creation for low-emission materials – which achieve substantial emission reductions but are not yet at near zero-emissions – can be an important step to catalyse the transition.</p><p>Initial policies should guarantee long-term support for early market entrants – examples include carbon contracts for difference, public procurement and advance market commitments. Later, policies such as requiring a minimum market share for near zero- and low-emission materials can help improve these producers’ market share. Private firms can also support this trend by joining initiatives to purchase near zero-emission industrial products.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-746"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">4</span> Develop the supporting infrastructure for industrial decarbonisation <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-746" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Due to long lead times, supporting infrastructure could become a significant bottleneck to significant action on industrial decarbonisation before 2030. Governments have a crucial role to draw up a long-term vision and need to send clear and early signals to developers and system operators. In addition, policies and regulations need to be put in place to reduce permitting times without undermining environmental standards.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-760"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">5</span> Substantially increase investment in RD&D of essential near zero-emission industrial technologies <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-760" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Innovation this decade will be critical to develop and reduce the costs of near zero-emissions industrial processes. Increased support for RD&D is needed from governments and financial investors, particularly to advance large-scale demonstration and deployment of promising technologies.</p><p>Finance mechanisms to mobilise private sector investment in early deployment will also be important. This may include blended finance mechanisms, public-private partnerships, and low interest and concessional loans.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-590"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">6</span> Maximise energy productivity by accelerating progress in energy efficiency, recycling and material efficiency <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-590" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Deployment of best available technologies can improve industrial energy efficiency and should be pursued, keeping in mind the longer-term need to transition to breakthrough near zero-emissions technologies. More efficient use of energy – such as through waste heat recovery and cogeneration – can lower emissions and reduce costs.</p><p>Material efficiency can be improved by shifting towards secondary (recycled) production; considering life cycle emissions when designing products; reducing waste during manufacturing and construction; and developing circular economy-based business models.</p><p>Energy and material efficiency regulations, such as minimum efficiency performance standards for electric motors, will be needed to accelerate the process.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-554"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">7</span> Improve data collection, tracking and classification systems <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-554" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Improving the collection, transparency and accessibility of energy and emission statistics on industry facilitates research, regulatory and monitoring activity. For example, <a href="https://www.sohu.com/a/548347746_120845342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">reports</a> suggested that data inaccuracies might have led to delays in the inclusion of industry in China’s ETS. Industry participation and government co‑ordination are both important, as governments need to clarify avenues for greater data sharing in a way that will not put industries at risk of breaching competition laws.</p><p>A critical enabler of any “policy toolbox” is agreeing on definitions – ideally internationally – for “near zero-emission” materials production. Clear and widely accepted definitions and their underlying emissions measurement methodologies (elaborated on in the IEA’s work with the G7 on <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/achieving-net-zero-heavy-industry-sectors-in-g7-members" rel="noopener noreferrer">Net Zero for Heavy Industry</a> and <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/emissions-measurement-and-data-collection-for-a-net-zero-steel-industry" rel="noopener noreferrer">Emissions Measurement and Data Collection for a Net Zero Steel Industry</a>) will be required to provide clarity for different actors; facilitate targeted policy support; and to track the market penetration of near zero-emissions products.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ol> <div class="m-energy-recommendations__footer"> <p class="f-ui-1 ">Last update on 11 July 2023</p> <a class="a-link a-link--tertiary " href="#" data-focus-tabbed data-behavior='modal' data-modal='recommendations-authors' role='button' > <span class="a-link__label">Authors and contributors</span></a> </div> </section> </div> <div id="programmes" data-tab-anchor="programmes"> <div class="container"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--blue" > <h2 class="m-section-title__title f-title-6 " > Programmes and partnerships </h2> </header> <div class="m-slider m-slider--mobile-nav m-slider--program" data-behavior="slider" data-inViewport-item> <div class="container"> <div class="m-slider__container"> <div class="m-slider__list" data-slider-list role="list"> <div role="listitem" class="m-slider__item"> <a href="/programmes/technology-collaboration-programme" class="m-card-program"> <h3 class="m-card-program__title f-title-9">Technology Collaboration Programme</h3> <p class="m-card-program__desc f-ui-1">Advancing the research, development and commercialisation of energy technologies</p> <span class="m-card-program__tag f-ui-3">Programme</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page__section"> <div class="m-animation-reveal" data-behavior="animationReveal" > <div class="m-must-read-report container m-must-read-report--report "> <div class="m-must-read-report__content"> <div class="m-must-read-report__col"> <h3 class="m-must-read-report__title">Achieving Net Zero Heavy Industry Sectors in G7 Members</h3> <p class="m-must-read-report__desc"> A report by the International Energy Agency that focuses on the implementation of policies aimed at drastically lowering CO2 emissions from heavy industries in the G7 and beyond. This work, requested by Germany’s 2022 G7 Presidency, builds on analysis from the IEA’s Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector.</p> <div class="m-must-read-report__link"> <a class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--weak a-button-rounded--overlay" href="/reports/achieving-net-zero-heavy-industry-sectors-in-g7-members" data-focus-tabbed > <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--show-password icon--24"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--show-password"></use></svg></span> <span class="a-button-rounded__label">Read more</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="m-must-read-report__col-report"> <div class="m-must-read-report__report"> <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-default m-card--report-default" href="/reports/achieving-net-zero-heavy-industry-sectors-in-g7-members" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Achieving Net Zero Heavy Industry Sectors in G7 Members</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Report — May 2022 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/edd0bfb0-bac0-468f-acbf-919078d8b70e/MicrosoftTeams-image13.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5122%2C3415&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/edd0bfb0-bac0-468f-acbf-919078d8b70e/MicrosoftTeams-image13.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5122%2C3415&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/edd0bfb0-bac0-468f-acbf-919078d8b70e/MicrosoftTeams-image13.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5122%2C3415&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/edd0bfb0-bac0-468f-acbf-919078d8b70e/MicrosoftTeams-image13.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5122%2C3415&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 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324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Photo depicts Hellisheidi geothermal powerplant shot from the air in early june, pipes and steam visible" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/energy-efficiency-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Energy Efficiency 2024</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Fuel report — November 2024 </p> </div> </div> <img 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sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Image shows a large conference room with rounded tables across the edges with people sitting in the chairs" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/massive-expansion-of-renewable-power-opens-door-to-achieving-global-tripling-goal-set-at-cop28" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Massive expansion of renewable power opens door to achieving global tripling goal set at COP28</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 11 January 2024 </p> </div> </div> <img 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324w,https://iea.imgix.net/5860051d-c92e-4fea-8a90-12bf5334dbef/Renewables_2023_shutterstock_1527609272.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C566%2C5440%2C3058&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/5860051d-c92e-4fea-8a90-12bf5334dbef/Renewables_2023_shutterstock_1527609272.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C566%2C5440%2C3058&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/5860051d-c92e-4fea-8a90-12bf5334dbef/Renewables_2023_shutterstock_1527609272.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C566%2C5440%2C3058&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Photo depicts and aerial view of hundreds solar energy panels rows along the dry lands at Atacama Desert, Chile. 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src="https://iea.imgix.net/c1231332-3420-4d48-b6f2-e96a38bf5f35/CCUSPoliciesandBusinessModels-shutterstock_697121830.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3983%2C2242&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/c1231332-3420-4d48-b6f2-e96a38bf5f35/CCUSPoliciesandBusinessModels-shutterstock_697121830.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3983%2C2242&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/c1231332-3420-4d48-b6f2-e96a38bf5f35/CCUSPoliciesandBusinessModels-shutterstock_697121830.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3983%2C2242&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/c1231332-3420-4d48-b6f2-e96a38bf5f35/CCUSPoliciesandBusinessModels-shutterstock_697121830.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3983%2C2242&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/c1231332-3420-4d48-b6f2-e96a38bf5f35/CCUSPoliciesandBusinessModels-shutterstock_697121830.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3983%2C2242&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/c1231332-3420-4d48-b6f2-e96a38bf5f35/CCUSPoliciesandBusinessModels-shutterstock_697121830.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3983%2C2242&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/c1231332-3420-4d48-b6f2-e96a38bf5f35/CCUSPoliciesandBusinessModels-shutterstock_697121830.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3983%2C2242&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Photo depicts an aerial view oil tanker ship at the port, Import export business logistic and transportation by tanker ship." class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/commentaries/now-is-the-time-to-climate-proof-europes-economy" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Now is the time to climate-proof Europe’s economy</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <div class="m-card__authors"> <span class="m-author-avatars__imgs"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/61d33f04-96fa-443e-a578-77facc97b78f/EDFatihBirol.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C696%2C696&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Dr Fatih Birol" /> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/e11572e1-a56b-4fb6-9736-8602788d39fa/christine-lagarde.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C530%2C530&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Christine Lagarde" /> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/bd547ffc-1849-4a04-aa15-eb9558f41e93/hoyer.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C300%2C300&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Werner Hoyer" /> </span> </div> <p class="m-card__type"> Commentary — 24 November 2023 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/the-oil-and-gas-industry-in-net-zero-transitions" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">The Oil and Gas Industry in Net Zero Transitions</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">World Energy Outlook Special Report</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Fuel report — November 2023 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C1011%2C6080%2C4045&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C1011%2C6080%2C4045&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C1011%2C6080%2C4045&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C1011%2C6080%2C4045&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C1011%2C6080%2C4045&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C1011%2C6080%2C4045&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C1011%2C6080%2C4045&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Photo depicts green and fossil energy production" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/oil-and-gas-industry-faces-moment-of-truth-and-opportunity-to-adapt-as-clean-energy-transitions-advance" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Oil and gas industry faces moment of truth – and opportunity to adapt – as clean energy transitions advance</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 23 November 2023 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C860%2C8256%2C4644&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C860%2C8256%2C4644&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C860%2C8256%2C4644&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C860%2C8256%2C4644&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C860%2C8256%2C4644&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C860%2C8256%2C4644&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/a7203412-6f79-4fd1-87cb-72c06a14178f/TheOilandGasIndustryinNetZero_GettyImages-1417752074.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C860%2C8256%2C4644&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Photo depicts green and fossil energy production" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div 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srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/15a0814a-737a-4311-8126-c47d8c3f6636/RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforMauritania-GettyImages-1367538568.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=347%2C313%2C4769%2C3174&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/15a0814a-737a-4311-8126-c47d8c3f6636/RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforMauritania-GettyImages-1367538568.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=347%2C313%2C4769%2C3174&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/15a0814a-737a-4311-8126-c47d8c3f6636/RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforMauritania-GettyImages-1367538568.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=347%2C313%2C4769%2C3174&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/15a0814a-737a-4311-8126-c47d8c3f6636/RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforMauritania-GettyImages-1367538568.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=347%2C313%2C4769%2C3174&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 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and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="TCEP" class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2023</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">Assessing critical energy technologies for global clean energy transitions</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — July 2023 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2023" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=348&h=473&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=784 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=441 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=882 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288w,https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Cover Of Energy Efficiency 2022 A Photo Of The Eiffel Tower At Dusk" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/energy-efficiency-2021" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Energy Efficiency 2021</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p 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