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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="فرانسيسكو فاريلا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسيسكو فاريلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Франсиско Варела – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франсиско Варела" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_J._Varela" title="Francisco J. Varela – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francisco J. Varela" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81)" title="فرانسیسکو وارلا (فیلسوف) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیسکو وارلا (فیلسوف)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94_%EB%B0%94%EB%A0%90%EB%9D%BC" title="프란시스코 바렐라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프란시스코 바렐라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%94" title="פרנסיסקו וארלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסיסקו וארלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransisko_Varela" title="Fransisko Varela – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fransisko Varela" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9" title="フランシスコ・バレーラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシスコ・バレーラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Варела, Франсиско – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Варела, Франсиско" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Francisco Varela" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Chilean scientist and philosopher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Francisco Varela, see <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Francisco Varela (disambiguation)">Francisco Varela (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Varela</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> García</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Francisco Varela</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Varela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Francisco_Varela.jpg/220px-Francisco_Varela.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Francisco_Varela.jpg/330px-Francisco_Varela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Francisco_Varela.jpg/440px-Francisco_Varela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="798" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Varela in 1994</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1946-09-07</span>)</span>September 7, 1946<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Talcahuano" title="Talcahuano">Talcahuano</a>, Chile</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 2001<span style="display:none">(2001-05-28)</span> (aged 54)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Chile" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Chile">Pontifical Catholic University of Chile</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">University of Chile</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Theory of autopoiesis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leonor_Varela" title="Leonor Varela">Leonor Varela</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>; <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mind_and_Life_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind and Life Institute">Mind and Life Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1235505640">Insect retinas; visual processing in the compound eye</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1970)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francisco Javier Varela García</b> (September 7, 1946 – May 28, 2001) was a Chilean <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cybernetician" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybernetician">cybernetician</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuroscientist" title="Neuroscientist">neuroscientist</a> who, together with his mentor <a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a>, is best known for introducing the concept of <a href="/wiki/Autopoiesis" title="Autopoiesis">autopoiesis</a> to biology, and for co-founding the <a href="/wiki/Mind_and_Life_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind and Life Institute">Mind and Life Institute</a> to promote dialog between science and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Varela was born in 1946 in <a href="/wiki/Talcahuano" title="Talcahuano">Talcahuano</a> in Chile, the son of Corina María Elena García Tapia and Raúl Andrés Varela Rodríguez.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After completing secondary school at the Liceo Alemán del Verbo Divino in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a> (1951–1963), like his mentor <a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a>, Varela temporarily studied medicine at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Chile" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Chile">Pontifical Catholic University of Chile</a> and graduated with a degree in biology from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">University of Chile</a>. He later obtained a Ph.D. in biology at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. His thesis, defended in 1970 and supervised by <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a>, was titled <i>Insect Retinas: Information processing in the compound eye</i>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 military coup</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>, Varela and his family spent 7 years in <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> in the United States before he returned to Chile to become a professor of biology at the Universidad de Chile. </p><p>Varela became familiar, by practice, with <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> in the 1970s, initially studying, together with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keun-Tshen_Goba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keun-Tshen Goba (page does not exist)">Keun-Tshen Goba</a> (<i>né</i> Ezequiel Hernandez Urdaneta), with the meditation master <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche">Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Vajradhatu" title="Vajradhatu">Vajradhatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Training" title="Shambhala Training">Shambhala Training</a>, and later with <a href="/wiki/Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche" title="Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche">Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche</a>. </p><p>In 1986, he settled in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, where he first taught cognitive science and epistemology at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>, and later neuroscience at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>. From 1988 until his death, he led a research group, as Director of Research at the <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a> (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique). </p><p>In 1987, Varela, along with <a href="/wiki/R._Adam_Engle" title="R. Adam Engle">R. Adam Engle</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Mind_and_Life_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind and Life Institute">Mind and Life Institute</a>, initially to sponsor a series of dialogues between scientists and <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">the Dalai Lama</a> about the relationship between modern science and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Institute continues today as a major nexus for such dialog as well as promoting and supporting multidisciplinary scientific investigation in mind sciences, contemplative scholarship and practice and related areas in the interface of science with <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Contemplative" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemplative">contemplative practices</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist practices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varela died in 2001 in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">Hepatitis C</a> after having written an account of his 1998 liver transplant.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varela had four children, including the actress, environmental spokesperson, and model <a href="/wiki/Leonor_Varela" title="Leonor Varela">Leonor Varela</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_and_legacy">Work and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work and 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Integral_theory_(Ken_Wilber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral theory (Ken Wilber)">Integral theory</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Integral theorists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Edward_Beck" title="Don Edward Beck">Don Edward Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Grof" title="Stanislav Grof">Stanislav Grof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard" title="George Leonard">George Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Murphy_(author)" title="Michael Murphy (author)">Michael Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Irwin_Thompson" title="William Irwin Thompson">William Irwin Thompson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Zimmerman" title="Michael E. Zimmerman">Michael E. Zimmerman</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Integral themes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_theory#Wilber's_metatheory" title="Integral theory">AQAL</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Influences on integral theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin">James Mark Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gebser" title="Jean Gebser">Jean Gebser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_W._Graves" title="Clare W. Graves">Clare W. Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Haskell" title="Edward Haskell">Edward Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Jantsch" title="Erich Jantsch">Erich Jantsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Sheldrake" title="Rupert Sheldrake">Rupert Sheldrake</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Integral artists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Davis_(musician)" title="Stuart Davis (musician)">Stuart Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Grey" title="Alex Grey">Alex Grey</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Integral_theory" title="Template:Integral theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Integral_theory" title="Template talk:Integral theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Integral_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Integral theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Varela was trained as a biologist, mathematician and philosopher through the influence of different teachers, <a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a>. </p><p>He wrote and edited a number of books and numerous journal articles in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. He founded, with others, the <a href="/wiki/Integral_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral Institute">Integral Institute</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Thinktank" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinktank">thinktank</a> dedicated to the cross-fertilization of ideas and disciplines. </p><p>Varela supported <a href="/wiki/Embodied_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embodied philosophy">embodied philosophy</a>, viewing human <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Enaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Enaction">enactive structures</a> in which they arise. These comprise the body (as a biological system and as personally experienced) and the physical world which it enacts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varela's work popularized within the field of neuroscience the concept of <a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">neurophenomenology</a>. This concept combined the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>, with "first-person science." Neurophenomenology requires observers to examine their own conscious experience using scientifically verifiable methods. </p><p>In the 1996 popular book <i>The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems</i>, physicist <a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Fritjof Capra</a> makes extensive reference to Varela and Maturana's theory of <a href="/wiki/Autopoiesis" title="Autopoiesis">autopoiesis</a> as part of a new, <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems-based</a> scientific approach for describing the interrelationships and interdependence of psychological, biological, physical, social, and cultural phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written for a general audience, <i>The Web of Life</i> helped popularize the work of Varela and Maturana, as well as that of <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varela's 1991 book <i>The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience</i>, co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Evan_Thompson" title="Evan Thompson">Evan Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Rosch" title="Eleanor Rosch">Eleanor Rosch</a>, is considered a classic in the field of cognitive science, offering pioneering phenomenological connections and introducing the Buddhism-informed <a href="/wiki/Enactivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Enactivist">enactivist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">embodied cognition</a> approach.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A revised edition of <i>The Embodied Mind</i> was published in 2017, featuring substantive introductions by the surviving authors, as well as a preface by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Varela wrote numerous books and articles:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1979. <i>Principles of Biological Autonomy</i>. North-Holland.</li> <li>1980 (with <a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a>). <i>Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living</i>. Boston: Reidel.</li> <li>1987 (rev 1992, 1998) (with <a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Maturana</a>). <i>The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding</i>. Boston: Shambhala Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877736424" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877736424">978-0877736424</a></li> <li>1988. <i>Connaître:Les Sciences Cognitives, tendences et perspectivess</i>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" title="Éditions du Seuil">Éditions du Seuil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</li> <li>1991 (rev 2017) (with <a href="/wiki/Evan_Thompson" title="Evan Thompson">Evan Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Rosch" title="Eleanor Rosch">Eleanor Rosch</a>). <i>The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience</i>. MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-72021-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-72021-2">978-0-262-72021-2</a></li> <li>1992 (with P. Bourgine, eds.). <i>Towards a Practice of Autonomous Systems: The First European Conference on Artificial Life</i>. MIT Press.</li> <li>1992 (with J. Hayward, eds.). <i>Gentle Bridges: Dialogues Between the Cognitive Sciences and the Buddhist Tradition</i>. Boston: Shambhala Press. [Reprinted, 2014, as <i>Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind</i>.]</li> <li>1993 (with W. Stein, eds.). <i>Thinking About Biology: An Introduction to Theoretical Biology</i>. Addison-Wesley, SFI Series on Complexity. [Reprinted, 2018, as <i>Thinking About Biology: An Invitation to Current Theoretical Biology</i>, CRC Press.]</li> <li>1997 (ed.). <i>Sleeping, Dreaming and Dying: An Exploration of Consciousness with the Dalai Lama</i>. Boston: Wisdom Books.</li> <li>1999. <i>Ethical Know-How: Action, Wisdom and Cognition</i>. Stanford University Press.</li> <li>1999 (with J. Shear, eds.). <i>The View from Within: First-Person Methodologies in the Study of Consciousness</i>. London: Imprint Academic.</li> <li>1999 (with J. Petitot, B. Pachoud, and J-M. Roy, eds.). <i>Naturalizing Phenomenology: Contemporary Issues in Phenomenology and Cognitive Science</i>. Stanford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_articles">Notable articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2002 (with A. Weber). 'Life after Kant: Natural purposes and the autopoietic foundations of biological individuality'. <i>Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences</i> I:97–125, 2002.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/32px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/48px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/64px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Systems science portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_anxiety" title="Cartesian anxiety">Cartesian anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">Meaning-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cellular_cognition" title="Molecular cellular cognition">Molecular cellular cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">Neural oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalaciosBacigalupo2003" class="citation journal cs1">Palacios, Adrián G.; Bacigalupo, Juan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0716-97602003000100002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en">"Francisco Varela (1946-2001):: Filling the mind - brain gap: A life adventure"</a>. <i>Biological Research</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 9–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0716-97602003000100002">10.4067/S0716-97602003000100002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0716-9760">0716-9760</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12795203">12795203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Research&rft.atitle=Francisco+Varela+%281946-2001%29%3A%3A+Filling+the+mind+-+brain+gap%3A+A+life+adventure&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-12&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0716-9760&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12795203&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0716-97602003000100002&rft.aulast=Palacios&rft.aufirst=Adri%C3%A1n+G.&rft.au=Bacigalupo%2C+Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_abstract%26pid%3DS0716-97602003000100002%26lng%3Den%26nrm%3Diso%26tlng%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Varela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919184137/https://www.mindandlife.org/history/">"History"</a>. <i>Mind & Life Institute</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindandlife.org/history/">the original</a> on 2020-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mind+%26+Life+Institute&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindandlife.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Varela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindandlife.org/mission/">"Mission"</a>. <i>Mind & Life Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mind+%26+Life+Institute&rft.atitle=Mission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindandlife.org%2Fmission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Varela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikos.org/varelafragments.htm">Intimate Distances - Fragments for a Phenomenology of Organ Transplantation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160926014234/http://www.oikos.org/varelafragments.htm">Archived</a> 2016-09-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 148 'This shift requires that we move away from the idea of the world as independent and extrinsic, to the idea of a world as inseparable from the structure of these processes of self-modification.' Varela, Francisco J., Thompson, Evan T., and Rosch, Eleanor. (1991). The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. Cambridge, MA: The <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-72021-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-72021-3">0-262-72021-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapra1996" class="citation book cs1">Capra, Fritjof (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weboflifenewscie00capr"><i>The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems</i></a></span>. New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385476768" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385476768"><bdi>978-0385476768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Web+of+Life%3A+A+New+Scientific+Understanding+of+Living+Systems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0385476768&rft.aulast=Capra&rft.aufirst=Fritjof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweboflifenewscie00capr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Varela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon1998" class="citation web cs1">London, Scott (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottlondon.com/reviews/capra.html">"THE WEB OF LIFE: Book Review"</a>. <i>Scottlondon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 Dec</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottlondon.com&rft.atitle=THE+WEB+OF+LIFE%3A+Book+Review&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottlondon.com%2Freviews%2Fcapra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Varela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalmsley2017" class="citation web cs1">Walmsley, Lachlan Douglas (2 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metapsychology.net/index.php/book-review/the-embodied-mind-cognitive-science-and-human-experience/">"Review - The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience Revised Edition"</a>. <i>Metapsychology Online</i>. Metapsychology (Volume 21, Issue 18)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Dec</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metapsychology+Online&rft.atitle=Review+-+The+Embodied+Mind%3A+Cognitive+Science+and+Human+Experience+Revised+Edition&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft.aulast=Walmsley&rft.aufirst=Lachlan+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetapsychology.net%2Findex.php%2Fbook-review%2Fthe-embodied-mind-cognitive-science-and-human-experience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Varela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/embodied-mind-revised-edition"><i>The Embodied Mind, Revised Edition</i></a>. The MIT Press. January 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262529365" title="Special:BookSources/9780262529365"><bdi>9780262529365</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Dec</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Embodied+Mind%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2017-01&rft.isbn=9780262529365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Fembodied-mind-revised-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Varela" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comprehensive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enolagaia.com/Varela.html#Bib">bibliography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110121837/http://www.enolagaia.com/Varela.html#Bib">Archived</a> 2017-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Randall Whitaker.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Maharaj" title="Sarat Maharaj">Sarat Maharaj</a> & Francisco Varela in conversation: "Ahamkara". In: <a href="/wiki/Florian_Dombois" title="Florian Dombois">Florian Dombois</a>, Ute Meta Bauer, Claudia Mareis, and Michael Schwab, eds. <i>Intellectual Birdhouse: Artistic Practice as Research</i>. London: Koenig, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86335-118-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86335-118-2">978-3-86335-118-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" class="extiw" title="commons:Francisco Varela"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Francisco Varela</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Francisco_Varela" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160926014234/http://www.oikos.org/varelafragments.htm">Intimate Distances</a> An autobiographical essay written shortly before his death</li> <li>Francisco Varela: In memoriam: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/varela/varela_index.html">John Brockman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enolagaia.com/Varela.html">Randall Whitaker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110121837/http://www.enolagaia.com/Varela.html">Archived</a> 2017-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Embodied Mind</i>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/evant/">Evan Thompson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216190709/http://www.yorku.ca/evant/">Archived</a> 2006-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, coauthor.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060313140912/http://psychology.berkeley.edu/faculty/profiles/erosch.html">Eleanor Rosch</a>, coauthor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>, 1993, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.tufts.edu/concern/pdfs/rn301c501">Review of The Embodied Mind</a>," <i>American Journal of Psychology 106</i>: 121–26.</li></ul></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060406164458/http://enactive.do.sapo.pt/">Escher, enaction & intersubjectivity.</a>"</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070618111131/http://www.expo-cosmos.or.jp/letter/letter12e.html">Why the mind is not in the head</a>" The Cosmos Letter, Expo'90 Foundation, Japan</li> <li>Franz Reichle, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000UEMA68">Film Monte Grande - What is Life?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_(systems_scientist)" title="Charles François (systems scientist)">Charles François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Bell" title="Genevieve Bell">Genevieve Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Joslyn" title="Cliff Joslyn">Cliff Joslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Holst" title="Erich von Holst">Erich von Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Glasersfeld" title="Ernst von Glasersfeld">Ernst von Glasersfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Vester" title="Frederic Vester">Frederic Vester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Vickers" title="Geoffrey Vickers">Charles Geoffrey Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown" title="Gordon S. Brown">Gordon S. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Aleksander" title="Igor Aleksander">Igor Aleksander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco">Jacque Fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Johann_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" title="Jakob Johann von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Jixuan_Hu" title="Jason Jixuan Hu">Jason Jixuan Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleyka_Abbaszadeh" title="Maleyka Abbaszadeh">Maleyka Abbaszadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Mazur" title="Marian Mazur">Marian Mazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Katherine_Hayles" title="N. Katherine Hayles">N. Katherine Hayles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Bekhtereva" title="Natalia Bekhtereva">Natalia Bekhtereva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Grigorenko" title="Petro Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville" title="Ranulph Glanville">Ranulph Glanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trappl" title="Robert Trappl">Robert Trappl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_P._Kurdyumov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei P. Kurdyumov">Sergei P. Kurdyumov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Stuart Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Umpleby" title="Stuart Umpleby">Stuart Umpleby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulla_Mitzdorf" title="Ulla Mitzdorf">Ulla Mitzdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Turchin" title="Valentin Turchin">Valentin Turchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentino_Braitenberg" title="Valentino Braitenberg">Valentin Braitenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">Walter Bradford Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_science" title="Template:Systems science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_science" title="Template talk:Systems science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">Systems science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a><br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_human%E2%80%93environment_system" title="Coupled human–environment system">Coupled human–environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_time" title="Doubling time">Doubling time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points" title="Twelve leverage points">Leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">Limiting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">Positive feedback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_pharmacology" title="Systems pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_philosophy" title="Systems philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists" title="List of systems scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy" title="Béla H. Bánáthy">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bowen" title="Murray Bowen">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Emery" title="Fred Emery">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Forrest" title="Stephanie Forrest">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._S._Hall" title="Charles A. S. Hall">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Kay" title="James J. Kay">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova" class="mw-redirect" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seddon" title="John Seddon">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trist" title="Eric Trist">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" title="Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_sciences_organizations" title="List of systems sciences organizations">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica" title="Principia Cybernetica">Principia Cybernetica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_science" title="Category:Systems science">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Systems_theory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Systems theory">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Template:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Template talk:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">Holism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Springbok_pronk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/80px-Springbok_pronk.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/120px-Springbok_pronk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/160px-Springbok_pronk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives to Darwinian evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">Mutationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">Spandrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">Tree of life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_biology" title="Category:Philosophers of biology">Philosophers of biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beatty_(philosopher)" title="John Beatty (philosopher)">John Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Darden" title="Lindley Darden">Lindley Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dupr%C3%A9" title="John Dupré">John Dupré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Fehr" title="Carla Fehr">Carla Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Grene" title="Marjorie Grene">Marjorie Grene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Godfrey-Smith" title="Peter Godfrey-Smith">Peter Godfrey-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Griesemer" title="James R. Griesemer">James R. Griesemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Griffiths" title="Paul E. Griffiths">Paul E. Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hull_(philosopher)" title="David Hull (philosopher)">David Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kitcher" title="Philip Kitcher">Philip Kitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Lewens" title="Tim Lewens">Tim Lewens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Longino" title="Helen Longino">Helen Longino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Maienschein" title="Jane Maienschein">Jane Maienschein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Millstein" title="Roberta Millstein">Roberta Millstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mitchell" title="Sandra Mitchell">Sandra Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Oyama" title="Susan Oyama">Susan Oyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rosenberg" title="Alexander Rosenberg">Alex Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruse" title="Michael Ruse">Michael Ruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahotra_Sarkar" title="Sahotra Sarkar">Sahotra Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Sober" title="Elliott Sober">Elliott Sober</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sterelny" title="Kim Sterelny">Kim Sterelny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_I._Tauber" title="Alfred I. Tauber">Alfred I. Tauber</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Verschuuren" title="Gerard Verschuuren">Gerard Verschuuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Wimsatt" title="William C. Wimsatt">William C. Wimsatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ghiselin" title="Michael Ghiselin">Michael Ghiselin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Noble" title="Denis Noble">Denis Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Roughgarden" title="Joan Roughgarden">Joan Roughgarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Sattler" title="Rolf Sattler">Rolf Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108728186">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/44985/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc7XRhCWxc4QbD7Yq8jYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122328434">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79125799">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121075193">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121075193">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00476543">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Varela, Francisco J."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV062818">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2006351494&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1145944">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068381417">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&oldid=1257724168">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&oldid=1257724168</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_births" title="Category:1946 births">1946 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2001_deaths" title="Category:2001 deaths">2001 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Santiago,_Chile" title="Category:People from Santiago, Chile">People from Santiago, Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhists_from_Chile" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhists from Chile">Tibetan Buddhists from Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chilean_biologists" title="Category:Chilean biologists">Chilean 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