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Paul Greengard – Wikipedia

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href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Paul_Greengard rootpage-Paul_Greengard skin-vector action-view"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Greengard</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipediasta</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Siirry navigaatioon</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Siirry hakuun</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fi" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="font-size:92%;font-size: 0.9em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 22em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:15px; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color: #B2DFB2; color: #000000; font-size:large;">Paul Greengard</th> </tr><tr><td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height:1.4; border-top: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tiedosto:Paul_Greengard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Paul_Greengard.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color: #B2DFB2; color: #000000; ;">Henkilötiedot</th> </tr><tr><td class="" style=""><b>Syntynyt</b></td><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/11._joulukuuta" title="11. joulukuuta">11. joulukuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a></td></tr><tr><td class="" style=""><b>Kuollut</b></td><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/13._huhtikuuta" title="13. huhtikuuta">13. huhtikuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a>&#160;(93&#160;vuotta)</td></tr><tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color: #B2DFB2; color: #000000; ;">Koulutus ja ura</th> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; font-weight:bold;">Tutkimusalue</td> <td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"> Neurobiologia&#32;ja&#32;<a href="/wiki/Molekyylibiologia" title="Molekyylibiologia">molekyylibiologia</a></td> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; font-weight:bold;">Palkinnot</td> <td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nobel-palkinto" title="Nobel-palkinto"><img alt="Nobel-palkinto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nobelin_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinto" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelin lääketieteen palkinto">Nobelin lääketieteen palkinto</a> (2000)</td> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="2" style=""> <div style="text-align:center"> <small>[ <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309979" class="extiw" title="d:Q309979">Muokkaa Wikidatassa</a> ] <span style="display:none" class="showlinkback"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/" title="Näytä Wikidatasta tulevat arvot"><img alt="Näytä Wikidatasta tulevat arvot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/25px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/38px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/50px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></span></small></div> </td> </tr><tr class="infobox_tests" style="display:none"><td><span class="wd_tests"><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/fiwiki-tools/testit/INFOBOX/OK">Infobox OK</a></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Greengard</b> (<a href="/wiki/11._joulukuuta" title="11. joulukuuta">11. joulukuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yhdysvallat" title="Yhdysvallat">Yhdysvallat</a> – <a href="/wiki/13._huhtikuuta" title="13. huhtikuuta">13. huhtikuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) oli yhdysvaltalainen hermostotutkija, joka on tutkinut etenkin <a href="/wiki/Hermoston_v%C3%A4litt%C3%A4j%C3%A4aine" title="Hermoston välittäjäaine">hermoston välittäjäaineita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Greengardin löydöksiä on voitu soveltaa esimerkiksi Parkinsonin taudin hoitamisessa<sup id="cite_ref-Rockefeller_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockefeller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Hän sai vuonna 2000 <a href="/wiki/Nobelin_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinto" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelin lääketieteen palkinto">Nobelin lääketieteen palkinnon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Greengard syntyi New Yorkissa. Toisen maailmansodan aikana hän toimi <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technologyn</a> yksikössä, joka kehitti japanilaisista <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a>-lentäjistä varoittavaa järjestelmää. Sodan jälkeen hän opiskeli matematiikkaa ja fysiikkaa, mutta luopui fysiikan jatko-opinnoista, koska ei halunnut osallistua ydinaseiden kehittämiseen. Fysiikan sijaan hän suuntasi mielenkiintonsa biofysiikkaan. Hän väitteli 1953 ja jatkoi <a href="/wiki/Postdoc" title="Postdoc">postdoc</a>-opintoja Lontoossa ja Amsterdamissa<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ja oli vuodesta <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller-yliopisto" title="Rockefeller-yliopisto">Rockefeller-yliopiston</a> professori.<sup id="cite_ref-Rockefeller_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockefeller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lähteet"><span id="L.C3.A4hteet"></span>Lähteet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Greengard&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Muokkaa osiota Lähteet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Greengard&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Lähteet"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="viitteet-malline" class="viitteet-malline" style="list-style-type:decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/25634-pioneering-neuroscientist-nobel-laureate-paul-greengard-dies-93/">Pioneering neuroscientist and Nobel laureate Paul Greengard dies at 93</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">(englanniksi)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_2-0"><sup><i>a</i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_2-1"><sup><i>b</i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_2-2"><sup><i>c</i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/greengard.html">Paul Greengard - Autobiography</a>&#32;Nobelprize.org. Viitattu 11.7.2010.&#32;<span style="font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">(englanniksi)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rockefeller-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Rockefeller_3-0"><sup><i>a</i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rockefeller_3-1"><sup><i>b</i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326023158/https://www.rockefeller.edu/research/faculty/abstract.php?id=53#content">Heads of Laboratories: Paul Greengard, Ph.D., Vincent Astor Professor</a>&#160;(Archive.org)&#32;The Rockefeller University. Viitattu 11.7.2010.&#32;<span style="font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">(englanniksi)</span></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="margin: auto; clear:both; color: var( --color-emphasized, #000000 ); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #FFFFFF ); width: auto;"><div class="NavHead" style="display:block;text-align:center; color: var( --color-emphasized, #000 ); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #E6E6FA ); font-weight:bold;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nobelin_fysiologian_tai_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinto" title="Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinto">Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinnon</a> saajat</b></div><div class="NavContent" style="text-align: center"> <table style="text-align: left; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1901–1925 </th> <td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;"> <p>1901:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a> 1902:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> 1903:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Finsen</a> 1904:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> 1905:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> 1906:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Ramón&#160;y&#160;Cajal</a> 1907:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> 1908:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ilja_Met%C5%A1nikov" title="Ilja Metšnikov">Metšnikov</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> 1909:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> 1910:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> 1911:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> 1912:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> 1913:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Richet</a> 1914:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> 1919:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> 1920:&#160;<a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> 1922:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Archibald_Vivian_Hill" title="Archibald Vivian Hill">Hill</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> 1923:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Banting</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_James_Rickard_Macleod" title="John James Rickard Macleod">Macleod</a> 1924:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1926–1950 </th> <td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;"> <p>1926:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" title="Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger">Fibiger</a> 1927:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> 1928:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> 1929:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hopkins" title="Frederick Hopkins">Hopkins</a> 1930:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> 1931:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Warburg</a> 1932:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Sherrington</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Adrian</a> 1933:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a> 1934:&#160;<a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">Whipple</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">Minot</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/William_Murphy" title="William Murphy">Murphy</a> 1935:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> 1936:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Henry_Dale" title="Henry Dale">Dale</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> 1937:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> 1938:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Heymans</a> 1939:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> 1943:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Doisy</a> 1944:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gasser" title="Herbert Gasser">Gasser</a> 1945:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Chain</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Florey</a> 1946:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a> 1947:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">C.&#160;Cori</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G.&#160;Cori</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Alberto_Houssay" title="Bernardo Alberto Houssay">Houssay</a> 1948:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> 1949:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Hess</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> 1950:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Kendall</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Reichstein</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Hench</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1951–1975 </th> <td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;"> <p>1951:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> 1952:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Waksman</a> 1953:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Krebs</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lipmann" title="Fritz Lipmann">Lipmann</a> 1954:&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">Enders</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Weller</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Robbins</a> 1955:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> 1956:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">Cournand</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a> 1957:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> 1958:&#160;<a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">Beadle</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Tatum</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> 1959:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> 1960:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> 1961:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy</a> 1962:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">Watson</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> 1963:&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles" title="John Carew Eccles">Eccles</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a> 1964:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bloch" title="Konrad Bloch">Bloch</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Lynen</a> 1965:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff" title="André Lwoff">Lwoff</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Monod</a> 1966:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Peyton_Rous" title="Peyton Rous">Rous</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Charles_Huggins" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Huggins">Huggins</a> 1967:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> 1968:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Holley</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> 1969:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Delbrück</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Hershey</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Luria</a> 1970:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Euler</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a> 1971:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Sutherland</a> 1972:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Edelman</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Porter</a> 1973:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Frisch</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> 1974:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Duve</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">Palade</a> 1975:&#160;<a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Temin</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1976–2000 </th> <td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;"> <p>1976:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> 1977:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Schally</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Yalow</a> 1978:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Smith" title="Hamilton Smith">Smith</a> 1979:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Cormack</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> 1980:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">Snell</a> 1981:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" title="Roger Sperry">Sperry</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a> 1982:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sune_K._Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune K. Bergström">Bergström</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_R._Vane" title="John R. Vane">Vane</a> 1983:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> 1984:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Niels_K._Jerne" title="Niels K. Jerne">Jerne</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Köhler</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> 1985:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" title="Michael S. Brown">Brown</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Goldstein</a> 1986:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Cohen</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a> 1987:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a> 1988:&#160;<a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" title="James W. Black">Black</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Elion</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a> 1989:&#160;<a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">Bishop</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Varmus</a> 1990:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray" title="Joseph E. Murray">Murray</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> 1991:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> 1992:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Krebs</a> 1993:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Richard_Roberts" title="Richard Roberts">Roberts</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Sharp</a> 1994:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gilman" title="Alfred Gilman">Gilman</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a> 1995:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis">Lewis</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Eric_Wieschaus" title="Eric Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> 1996:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Peter_Doherty" title="Peter Doherty">Doherty</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Rolf_Zinkernagel" title="Rolf Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> 1997:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Stanley_Prusiner" title="Stanley Prusiner">Prusiner</a> 1998:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Ignarro" title="Louis J. Ignarro">Ignarro</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> 1999:&#160;<a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> 2000:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a>,&#160;<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greengard</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">2001– </th> <td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;"> <p>2001:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Hartwell</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> 2002:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">Sulston</a> 2003:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a> 2004:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a> 2005:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a> 2006:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Mello</a> 2007:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Capecchi</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a> 2008:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">zur Hausen</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré-Sinoussi</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> 2009:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Blackburn" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn">Blackburn</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Greider</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Szostak</a> 2010:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Edwards" title="Robert G. Edwards">Edwards</a> 2011:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Steinman</a> 2012:&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> 2013:&#160;<a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Südhof</a> 2014:&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_O%E2%80%99Keefe" title="John O’Keefe">O’Keefe</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">M.-B. Moser</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">E. Moser</a> 2015:&#160;<a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell" title="William C. Campbell">Campbell</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Ōmura</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu</a> 2016:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_%C5%8Csumi" title="Yoshinori Ōsumi">Ōsumi</a> 2017:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Rosbash</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Young</a> 2018:&#160;<a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">Allison</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Honjo</a> 2019:&#160;<a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin" title="William Kaelin">Kaelin</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Semenza</a> 2020:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Alter</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Houghton</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Rice</a> 2021:&#160;<a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">Julius</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Patapoutian</a> 2022:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Pääbo</a> 2023:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Karikó</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Weissman</a> 2024:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Ambros</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Ruvkun</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <div id="stub" class="noprint" style="background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-emphasized, #101418 ); font-size: 95%; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 2em; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; border-top: 1px solid var( --border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1 ); clear: both"><i>Tämä <a href="/wiki/Tieteilij%C3%A4" title="Tieteilijä">tieteilijään</a> liittyvä artikkeli on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tynk%C3%A4" title="Wikipedia:Tynkä">tynkä</a>. 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<h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Muilla kielillä</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="بول غرينغارد — arabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول غرينغارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پائول گرینگارد — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پائول گرینگارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — malaiji" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পল গ্রিনগার্ড — bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল গ্রিনগার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грынгард — valkovenäjä" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пол Грынгард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valkovenäjä" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грийнгард — bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол Грийнгард" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грингард — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пол Грингард" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — tšekki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšekki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — viro" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="viro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Πολ Γκρίνγκαρντ — kreikka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολ Γκρίνγκαρντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreikka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — englanti" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — espanja" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پال گرینگارد — persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پال گرینگارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — ranska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ranska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%B0%EA%B0%80%EB%93%9C" title="폴 그린가드 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 그린가드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — kroatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93" title="פול גרינגרד — heprea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול גרינגרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heprea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грингард — kazakki" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пол Грингард" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Greengard" title="Paulus Greengard — latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Greengard" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — unkari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="unkari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="პოლ გრინგარდი — mingreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლ გრინგარდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="بول جرينجارد — egyptinarabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول جرينجارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptinarabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پال گرینگارد — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پال گرینگارد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — hollanti" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ポール・グリーンガード — japani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・グリーンガード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — norjan bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norjan bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88" title="پال گرینگارڈ — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پال گرینگارڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — alasaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alasaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — puola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="puola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Грингард, Пол — venäjä" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грингард, Пол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="venäjä" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — slovakki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грингард — serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пол Грингард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — ruotsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ruotsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грингард — tadžikki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пол Грингард" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžikki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — turkki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грінгард — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пол Грінгард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88" title="پاول گرین گارڈ — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاول گرین گارڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard — joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7" title="保罗·格林加德 — kiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保罗·格林加德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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