Evaluation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell processing and analysis for Survival Motor Neuron protein

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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="FRI86aQJ6zaiA7WHWtx2ygiXHZk7wXxvCrydY5CkfwF8MDxtfiJzXbm6yQZ1xP5H"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="FRI86aQJ6zaiA7WHWtx2ygiXHZk7wXxvCrydY5CkfwF8MDxtfiJzXbm6yQZ1xP5H"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="FRI86aQJ6zaiA7WHWtx2ygiXHZk7wXxvCrydY5CkfwF8MDxtfiJzXbm6yQZ1xP5H"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="FRI86aQJ6zaiA7WHWtx2ygiXHZk7wXxvCrydY5CkfwF8MDxtfiJzXbm6yQZ1xP5H"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="23226377"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 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'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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Klott">Karen Klott</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=McGonigal+J&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Julie McGonigal">Julie McGonigal</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ghazal+N&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Nabil Ghazal">Nabil Ghazal</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Sly+L&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Laurel Sly">Laurel Sly</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chung+B&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Brett Chung">Brett Chung</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Vanderlugt+J&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="James Vanderlugt">James Vanderlugt</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chen+KS&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Karen S Chen">Karen S Chen</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/23226377/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div 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</li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050763&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050763" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1371/journal.pone.0050763 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <h1 class="heading-title"> Evaluation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell processing and analysis for Survival Motor Neuron protein </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Dione T Kobayashi</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> PLoS One<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <span class="citation-year">2012</span><span 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<span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050763. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2012 Nov 30. </span> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kobayashi+DT&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Dione T Kobayashi">Dione T Kobayashi</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Spinal Muscular Atrophy Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America. dkobayashi@smafoundation.org" href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Decker+D&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Douglas Decker">Douglas Decker</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zaworski+P&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Phillip Zaworski">Phillip Zaworski</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Klott+K&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Karen Klott">Karen Klott</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=McGonigal+J&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Julie McGonigal">Julie McGonigal</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ghazal+N&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Nabil Ghazal">Nabil Ghazal</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Sly+L&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Laurel Sly">Laurel Sly</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chung+B&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Brett Chung">Brett Chung</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Vanderlugt+J&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="James Vanderlugt">James Vanderlugt</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chen+KS&cauthor_id=23226377" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Karen S Chen">Karen S Chen</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Spinal Muscular Atrophy Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America. dkobayashi@smafoundation.org</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">23226377</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" 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styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/23226377/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/23226377/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Objectives: </strong> Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein levels may become key pharmacodynamic (PD) markers in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) clinical trials. SMN protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be quantified for trials using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We developed protocols to collect, process, store and analyze these samples in a standardized manner for SMA clinical studies, and to understand the impact of age and intraindividual variability over time on PBMC SMN signal. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Methods: </strong> Several variables affecting SMN protein signal were evaluated using an ELISA. Samples were from healthy adults, adult with respiratory infections, SMA patients, and adult SMA carriers. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Results: </strong> Delaying PBMCs processing by 45 min, 2 hr or 24 hr after collection or isolation allows sensitive detection of SMN levels and high cell viability (>90%). SMN levels from PBMCs isolated by EDTA tubes/Lymphoprep gradient are stable with processing delays and have greater signal compared to CPT-collected samples. SMN signal in healthy individuals varies up to 8x when collected at intervals up to 1 month. SMN signals from individuals with respiratory infections show 3-5x changes, driven largely by the CD14 fraction. SMN signal in PBMC frozen lysates are relatively stable for up to 6 months. Cross-sectional analysis of PBMCs from SMA patients and carriers suggest SMN protein levels decline with age. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Conclusions: </strong> The sources of SMN signal variability in PBMCs need to be considered in the design and of SMA clinical trials, and interpreted in light of recent medical history. Improved normalization to DNA or PBMC subcellular fractions may mitigate signal variability and should be explored in SMA patients. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one"><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: Authors DD, PZ and LS are employees of PharmOptima and KK, JM, NG, and JV are all employees of the Jasper Clinic. All are employed by for-profit companies and have received payments from the SMA Foundation to conduct the studies in this paper. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all PLOS ONE policies on data sharing and materials.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/c4c36ef423ff/pone.0050763.g001.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="703" data-image-height="390" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC3511312" data-figure-id="pone-0050763-g001"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/ef741e6b612f/pone.0050763.g001.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="703"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="390"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1. Study 1: Impact of short-term… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1. Study 1: Impact of short-term PBMC processing delays. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> PBMCs were collected via CPT… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1. Study 1: Impact of short-term PBMC processing delays. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">PBMCs were collected via CPT tubes from 3 individuals and processed with delays of 0, 45 minutes, 2 h and 24 h prior PBMC isolation by centrifugation. <b>A:</b> Cell viability was similar at all timepoints for all subjects, ranging from 94–99%. <b>B:</b> Cell counts were consistent through 45 minutes, but were significantly reduced by 30–40% with delays of 2 h and 24 h compared to the 0 h timepoint. <b>C:</b> Total soluble protein was consistent with up to 2 h processing delays, however at 24 h there was a trend towards increased protein concentrations by up to 40%. <b>D</b>: SMN levels with 24 h processing delays were accordingly reduced when normalized by total protein. <b>E</b>: SMN levels by cell counts were similar with all delays examined, albeit with trends for higher variability than the SMN signal generated by protein normalization. In Figure 1 error bars indicate the minimum and maximum values while the horizontal bar indicates the median value.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/defffd1e3165/pone.0050763.g002.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="704" data-image-height="358" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC3511312" data-figure-id="pone-0050763-g002"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/d0556fe24c6d/pone.0050763.g002.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="704"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="358"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2. Study 2: Impact of post-isolation… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2. Study 2: Impact of post-isolation delay and cell freezing. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SMN signals were evaluated… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2. Study 2: Impact of post-isolation delay and cell freezing. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">SMN signals were evaluated in PBMCs from 4 individuals that were analyzed with 45 minute, 2 h and 24 h delays after cell isolation. A subsample from each timepoint was frozen to assess post-freezing viability and SMN signals. <b>A:</b> Cell viability was generally lower in PBMCs that had been frozen, ranging from 88–95% viability compared to 93–98% in unfrozen cells. Statistical comparisons were made to the 0 h timepoint. <b>B</b>: The comparative recovery of viable PBMCs after freezing relative to fresh samples was only ∼40–60% at all timepoints, suggesting a major loss of cells in the freezing process. <b>C</b>: Delaying the processing of isolated PBMCs to lysates had no impact on protein concentrations through delays of 2 h, however there was again a trend for increased protein concentrations in samples left for 24 h. <b>D</b>: SMN levels (normalized to protein concentrations) in unfrozen PBMCs were generally similar across all timepoints, despite wide variability in signals. <b>E</b>: Analysis of SMN by cell counts revealed that SMN signals in unfrozen cells tended to increase with post-isolation delays. Frozen cell SMN signals generally seemed to decrease over time compared to both frozen cells processed with minimal delays or compared to unfrozen cells. Signals from frozen cells with 24 h post-isolation delays were lower than unfrozen cells. Error bars represent minimum and maximum values. In Figure 2 the bodies of the boxplots indicate the first and third quartiles, while the horizontal bar indicates the median.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/566b5ba7a9e2/pone.0050763.g003.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="736" data-image-height="599" data-image-alt="Figure 3" data-pmc-id="PMC3511312" data-figure-id="pone-0050763-g003"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/812173a1db90/pone.0050763.g003.gif" alt="Figure 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="736"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="599"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3. Study 3: Comparison of PBMC… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3. Study 3: Comparison of PBMC isolation methods and SMN measures from various blood… </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3. Study 3: Comparison of PBMC isolation methods and SMN measures from various blood fractions. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Due to the variability in SMN signal and protein concentrations seen with CPT tube PBMC isolation, other methods were explored using the four subjects from Study 2. <b>A</b>: PBMC yield was greatest in samples collected with EDTA tubes and subsequent Lymphoprep gradient separation, and showed no statistically significant changes with isolation delays of up to 24 h. <b>B</b>: Total soluble protein tended to increase with 24 h delays in samples collected by EDTA tube and isolated by CPT tubes, while there was no obvious change in protein concentrations in EDTA/Lymphoprep processing. <b>C</b>: SMN as measured by total protein tended to decrease with isolation delays with EDTA/CPT processing. SMN signals were similar with delays up to 24 h with EDTA/Lymphoprep processing. <b>D</b>: SMN by PBMC counts was variable for both EDTA/CPT and EDTA/Lymphoprep processing methods. However, the EDTA/Lymphoprep values were generally overlapping and did not appear to decrease from the no-delay timepoint (t = 0). In Figure 3 body of the boxplots indicate the first and third quartiles, while the horizontal bar indicates the median.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="figure-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/efe0b270943b/pone.0050763.g004.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="761" data-image-height="552" data-image-alt="Figure 4" data-pmc-id="PMC3511312" data-figure-id="pone-0050763-g004"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/653538b433e3/pone.0050763.g004.gif" alt="Figure 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="761"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="552"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4. Optimizing cell densities and reagents… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4. Optimizing cell densities and reagents for lysis and SMN extraction. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> To examine the… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 4. Optimizing cell densities and reagents for lysis and SMN extraction. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">To examine the impact of lysates and lysis reagents on SMN signal a number of factors were tested. <b>A</b>: SMN signal was evaluated in lysates created from a single sample purchased from AllCells. PBMCs were processed in ER4 at densities of 10<sup>6</sup>, 10<sup>7</sup> and 5×10<sup>7</sup> cells/mL and the resulting lysates diluted from 1∶2 to 1∶32 for analysis in the SMN ELISA. At the highest concentration SMN signal was linear with adjusted dilutions until after 1∶16, suggesting interference at this density. Concentrations of 10<sup>6</sup> and 10<sup>7</sup> cells/mL had parallel linear increases in signal between 1∶2 and 1∶8, with the 10<sup>7</sup> dilution continuing to rise at the 1∶32 dilution. <b>B</b>: Treatment of PBMCs in erythrocyte buffer for 5 minutes increased the SMN signal by roughly twofold over the untreated cells. <b>C</b>: SMN protein standard was formulated in different dilutions of ER4 at different concentrations to determine the impact on spiked SMN signal recovery. Use of 1∶4 to 1∶16 ER4 reagent allowed for >90% signal recovery across several SMN levels. Error bars represent standard deviations in Figures 4A–B. In Figure 4C error bars indicate the minimum and maximum values while the horizontal bar indicates the median value.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="figure-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/52a38bd61d66/pone.0050763.g005.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="724" data-image-height="373" data-image-alt="Figure 5" data-pmc-id="PMC3511312" data-figure-id="pone-0050763-g005"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/9d9f7651b867/pone.0050763.g005.gif" alt="Figure 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="724"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="373"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5. Study 4: Inter- and intra-individual… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5. Study 4: Inter- and intra-individual SMN signal variability. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> While PBMC SMN levels normalized… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 5. Study 4: Inter- and intra-individual SMN signal variability. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">While PBMC SMN levels normalized by total protein levels or cell counts are similar within a group; measures of individuals across timepoints reveal large differences. The 6 h timepoint is 3 h post-prandial to a large carbohydrate rich meal. <b>A</b>: PBMC SMN by protein level are not different by group analysis from at T = 0 h through 30d after initial collection. <b>B</b>: PBMC SMN by cell counts is not different by group analysis. <b>C,D</b>: SMN protein levels in PBMCs normalized by protein or cell counts by individual vary up to 8x over multiple blood collection timepoints, and between individuals the SMN levels can diverge by >25x. In Figures 5A–B the bodies of the boxplots indicate the first and third quartiles, while the horizontal bar indicates the median. In Figures 5C–D error bars depict standard deviation.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="figure-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/25464fc0ed15/pone.0050763.g006.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="739" data-image-height="372" data-image-alt="Figure 6" data-pmc-id="PMC3511312" data-figure-id="pone-0050763-g006"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/71a4864e9f6f/pone.0050763.g006.gif" alt="Figure 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="739"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="372"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6. Study 4: Subcellular PBMC populations… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6. Study 4: Subcellular PBMC populations and SMN signal. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SMN levels were analyzed by… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 6. Study 4: Subcellular PBMC populations and SMN signal. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">SMN levels were analyzed by CD+ cell subtype at the 7d timepoint from Study 4. <b>A</b>: Analysis of SMN by PBMC cell subpopulation revealed that the CD14+ population had statistically significant reductions in SMN levels. <b>B</b>: Fractionation of PBMCs with normalization by cell count showed no differences in SMN signal in group analysis. <b>C</b>: Evaluation of total soluble protein levels by CD+ population revealed that CD14+ cells had double the protein concentrations of CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD56+ cells. This differential is sufficient to drive variability in situations that cause CD14+ populations to fluctuate. <b>D</b>: SMN levels (normalized by protein) show consistently lower levels in CD14+ fractions compared to all other fractions, with differences up to 7x within individual PBMC subpopulations. <b>E</b>: SMN in individuals as measured by cell counts were also variable ranging up to 3.5x between individuals’ subcellular populations, but was overall less variable than protein normalized SMN measures. In Figures 5A–C the bodies of the boxplots indicate the first and third quartiles, while the horizontal bar indicates the median. In Figures 5D–E error bars depict standard deviation.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="6" data-label-slug="figure-7"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/5dbd9d54a60c/pone.0050763.g007.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-6" role="button" data-image-width="788" data-image-height="452" data-image-alt="Figure 7" data-pmc-id="PMC3511312" data-figure-id="pone-0050763-g007"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-6" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/961f698958af/pone.0050763.g007.gif" alt="Figure 7" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="788"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="452"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7. Study 5: Immune modulation of… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7. Study 5: Immune modulation of PBMC SMN signal. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SMN levels were examined in… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 7. Study 5: Immune modulation of PBMC SMN signal. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">SMN levels were examined in 2 Study 4 individuals that became symptomatic with upper respiratory infections. <b>A</b>: PBMCs were fractionated for SMN protein analysis with total protein normalization. The CD14+ population was highly variable, ranging up to 4–70x in subjects 1036 and 1002 over time. <b>B</b>: The SMN signal in CD14+ populations was also highly variable when quantified by cell counts ranging from 2–140x. By both protein and cell quantification method, SMN signal appeared to be least variable in the CD8+ subpopulation. In Figure 7 error bars represent standard deviations.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="7" data-label-slug="figure-8"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/c949613ead41/pone.0050763.g008.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-7" role="button" data-image-width="776" data-image-height="631" data-image-alt="Figure 8" data-pmc-id="PMC3511312" data-figure-id="pone-0050763-g008"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-7" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/498b/3511312/71ab586fd62a/pone.0050763.g008.gif" alt="Figure 8" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="776"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="631"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 8. Study SMAF-001: SMN in SMA… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 8. Study SMAF-001: SMN in SMA patients and carriers. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SMN protein (normalized by total… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-7" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 8. Study SMAF-001: SMN in SMA patients and carriers. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">SMN protein (normalized by total protein) was evaluated in Type 2 and 3 SMA patients and Carriers for differences by motor function and stability of signal with lysate storage. <b>A</b>: SMN protein classified by Type and Carrier status completely overlapped between groups. When adjusted by age there was a significant difference in SMN between patients and adult carriers (p<0.001) but not between SMA Types (p = 0.75). <b>B</b>: SMN levels differentiated by current motor function appeared to distinguish between sitters and ambulatory patients (P<0.05), with the exception of a 1.4 year old recently diagnosed child who could sit with assistance. When controlling for age this trend was not statistically significant (p = 0.97). <b>C</b>: SMN levels were plotted against subject age and there was a trend towards lower SMN levels in older individuals. The correlations for age-related decline were different between SMA and Carriers, with R<sup>2</sup>-values at 0.65 (p<0.005) and 0.30 (p<0.05) respectively. Arrows depict subjects taking valproic acid, a drug with putative SMN-upregulating effects. <b>D</b>: Samples from each subject were processed and frozen as lysates for storage for 48 h, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Comparability of signals between the 48 h timepoint and subsequent timepoints was generally high, with R<sup>2</sup>-values of 0.79–0.94 for each timepoints. In Figure 8A–B error bars indicate the minimum and maximum values while the horizontal bar indicates the median value. In Figure 8D the trendlines depict R<sup>2</sup>-values.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="see-all actions-bar"> <button class="show-more" aria-controls="slides-container" data-ga-category="figure" data-ga-action="show_all"> All figures (8) </button> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/21904622/" ref="article_id=21904622&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="21904622" data-ga-label=""> Utility of survival motor neuron ELISA for spinal muscular atrophy clinical and preclinical analyses. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Kobayashi DT, Olson RJ, Sly L, Swanson CJ, Chung B, Naryshkin N, Narasimhan J, Bhattacharyya A, Mullenix M, Chen KS.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Kobayashi DT, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e24269. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024269. 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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cell+Count" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Cell Count"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Cell Count"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Cell Count"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cell Separation" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Cell Separation </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cell Separation"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Cell+Separation%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Cell+Separation%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cell Separation"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Cell Separation"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cell+Separation" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Cell Separation"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Cell Separation"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Cell Separation"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Child" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Child </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Child"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Child%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Child%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Child"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Child"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Child" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Child"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Child"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Child"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Child, Preschool" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Child, Preschool </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Child, Preschool"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Child%2C+Preschool%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Child%2C+Preschool%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Child, Preschool"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Child, Preschool"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Child%2C+Preschool" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Child, Preschool"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Child, Preschool"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Child, Preschool"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / methods*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-7" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / methods* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-7" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / methods*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Enzyme-Linked+Immunosorbent+Assay%2Fmethods%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Enzyme-Linked+Immunosorbent+Assay%2Fmethods%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / methods*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Enzyme-Linked+Immunosorbent+Assay" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / methods*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Female" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Female </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Female"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Female"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Female"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Female"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Female"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Female"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Humans </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Infant" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Infant </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Infant"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Infant%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Infant%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Infant"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Infant"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Infant" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Infant"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Infant"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Infant"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Leukocytes, Mononuclear / cytology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-11" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Leukocytes, Mononuclear / cytology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-11" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Leukocytes, Mononuclear / cytology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Leukocytes%2C+Mononuclear%2Fcytology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Leukocytes%2C+Mononuclear%2Fcytology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Leukocytes, Mononuclear / cytology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Leukocytes%2C+Mononuclear" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Leukocytes, Mononuclear / cytology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Leukocytes, Mononuclear / metabolism*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-12" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Leukocytes, Mononuclear / metabolism* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Leukocytes, Mononuclear / metabolism*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Leukocytes%2C+Mononuclear%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Leukocytes%2C+Mononuclear%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Leukocytes, Mononuclear / metabolism*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Leukocytes%2C+Mononuclear" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Leukocytes, Mononuclear / metabolism*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Leukocytes, Mononuclear / pathology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Leukocytes, Mononuclear / pathology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Leukocytes, Mononuclear / pathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Leukocytes%2C+Mononuclear%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Leukocytes%2C+Mononuclear%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Leukocytes, Mononuclear / pathology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Leukocytes%2C+Mononuclear" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Leukocytes, Mononuclear / pathology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Male" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Male </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Male"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Male"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Male"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Male"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Male"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Male"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Middle Aged" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Middle Aged </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Middle Aged"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Middle+Aged%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Middle+Aged%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Middle Aged"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Middle Aged"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Middle+Aged" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Middle Aged"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Middle Aged"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Middle Aged"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Muscular Atrophy, Spinal / blood" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Muscular Atrophy, Spinal / blood </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Muscular Atrophy, Spinal / blood"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Muscular+Atrophy%2C+Spinal%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Muscular+Atrophy%2C+Spinal%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Muscular Atrophy, Spinal / blood"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Muscular+Atrophy%2C+Spinal" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Muscular Atrophy, Spinal / blood"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/blood"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Respiratory Tract Infections / blood" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Respiratory Tract Infections / blood </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Respiratory Tract Infections / blood"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Respiratory+Tract+Infections%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Respiratory+Tract+Infections%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Respiratory Tract Infections/blood"[MeSH]" 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Evaluation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell processing and analysis for Survival Motor Neuron protein - PubMed