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class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Third District</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fourth District</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Division_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Division One</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_Two" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_Two"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Division Two</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_Two-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_Three" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_Three"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Division Three</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_Three-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Fifth District</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Sixth District</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_California" title="Law of California">California law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/200px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/300px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/400px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_California" title="Great Seal of California">Great Seal of California</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_ballot_proposition" title="California ballot proposition">Propositions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_California" title="Category:Amendments to the Constitution of California">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_constitutional_offices" title="List of California state constitutional offices">Offices</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/California_Codes" title="California Codes">Codes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Civil_Code" title="California Civil Code">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Code_of_Civil_Procedure" title="California Code of Civil Procedure">Civil Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Evidence_Code" title="California Evidence Code">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Health_and_Safety_Code" title="California Health and Safety Code">Health and Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Insurance_Code" title="California Insurance Code">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Labor_Code" title="California Labor Code">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Penal_Code" title="California Penal Code">Penal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Vehicle_Code" title="California Vehicle Code">Vehicle</a></li></ul> Note: There are 29 California codes.</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_California" title="Courts of California">Courts of record</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Courts of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_superior_courts" title="California superior courts">Superior courts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_California" title="Adoption in California">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_law_in_California" title="Bicycle law in California">Bicycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_criminal_law" title="California criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_California" title="Capital punishment in California">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_California" title="Cannabis in California">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_California" title="Taxation in California">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_California" title="Gambling in California">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_California" title="Gun laws in California">Gun law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil procedural law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="California Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagley-Keene_Act" title="Bagley-Keene Act">Bagley-Keene Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Style_Manual" title="California Style Manual">California Style Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Harassment_Restraining_Order" title="Civil Harassment Restraining Order">Civil Harassment Restraining Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_motion_to_strike" title="Special motion to strike">Special motion to strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_mandate_(California)" title="Writ of mandate (California)">Ordinary and administrative mandate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tort_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Tort law">Tort law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumis_counsel" title="Cumis counsel">Cumis counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regents_of_University_of_California_v._Superior_Court_of_Los_Angeles_County_(Rosen)" title="Regents of University of California v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County (Rosen)">Duty to protect students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salgo_v._Leland_Stanford_Jr._University_Board_of_Trustees" title="Salgo v. Leland Stanford Jr. University Board of Trustees">Informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress" title="Negligent infliction of emotional distress">Negligent infliction of emotional distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peculiar_risk_doctrine" title="Peculiar risk doctrine">Peculiar risk doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_v._Yellow_Cab_Co." title="Li v. Yellow Cab Co.">Pure comparative negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarasoff_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California"><i>Tarasoff</i> liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenman_v._Yuba_Power_Products,_Inc." title="Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc.">Strict product liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Tort_Claims_Act" title="California Tort Claims Act">Tort Claims Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights law">Civil rights law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_209" title="1996 California Proposition 209">Prop 209</a> (public affirmative action ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_54_(2017)" title="California Senate Bill 54 (2017)">SB 54</a> (sanctuary law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Act_to_Save_Lives" title="California Act to Save Lives">Act to Save Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Art_Preservation_Act" title="California Art Preservation Act">Art Preservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Celebrities_Rights_Act" title="California Celebrities Rights Act">Celebrities Rights Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_End_of_Life_Option_Act" title="California End of Life Option Act">End of Life Option Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Fair_Employment_and_Housing_Act_of_1959" title="California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959">Fair Employment and Housing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_procedure" title="Fair procedure">Fair procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Public_Records_Act" title="California Public Records Act">Public Records Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Shield_Law" title="California Shield Law">Shield Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins" title="Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins">Free speech on privately owned property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unruh_Civil_Rights_Act" title="Unruh Civil Rights Act">Unruh Civil Rights Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.50_Caliber_BMG_Regulation_Act_of_2004" title=".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004">.50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_962_(2009)" title="California Assembly Bill 962 (2009)">AB 962</a> (handgun ammunition sales)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1471_(2007)" title="California Assembly Bill 1471 (2007)">AB 1471</a> (firearm microstamping)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_v._Berry" title="People v. Berry">Adequate provocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Comprehensive_Computer_Data_Access_and_Fraud_Act" title="California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act">Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_petty_theft" title="Felony petty theft">Felony petty theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Felony murder rule (California)">Felony murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsden_motion" title="Marsden motion">Marsden motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murgia_motion" title="Murgia motion">Murgia motion</a> (selective prosecution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder (California)">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_v._Superior_Court_(Romero)" title="People v. Superior Court (Romero)">Romero motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Determinate_Sentencing_Act_of_1976" title="Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act of 1976">Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act of 1976</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Laws concerning <a href="/wiki/Political_subdivisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Political subdivisions">political subdivisions</a> of the state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_811_(2008)" title="California Assembly Bill 811 (2008)">AB 811</a> (energy efficiency zoning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Housing_Accountability_Act" title="California Housing Accountability Act">Housing Accountability Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Act" title="Brown Act">Brown Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marks-Roos" title="Marks-Roos">Marks-Roos</a> (joint powers authorities)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mello-Roos" title="Mello-Roos">Mello-Roos</a> (local tax districts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Act" title="Mills Act">Mills Act</a> (historic structure preservation)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Statewide_Truck_and_Bus_Rule" title="2008 California Statewide Truck and Bus Rule">2008 Statewide Truck and Bus Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act" title="California Environmental Quality Act">California Environmental Quality Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Water_Plan" title="California Water Plan">California Water Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Electronic_Waste_Recycling_Act" title="California Electronic Waste Recycling Act">Electronic Waste Recycling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Endangered_Species_Act" title="California Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodge_decision" title="Hodge decision">Hodge decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Groundwater_Management_Act" title="Sustainable Groundwater Management Act">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor law">Labor law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_22" title="2020 California Proposition 22">Prop 22</a> (rideshare drivers as contractors)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_5_(2019)" title="California Assembly Bill 5 (2019)">AB 5</a> (independent contractors)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Agricultural_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1975" title="California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975">Agricultural Labor Relations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1066_(2016)" title="California Assembly Bill 1066 (2016)">AB 1066</a> (equal overtime for farmworkers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Rule_(pension_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Rule (pension law)">California Rule</a> (pensions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Child_Actor%27s_Bill" title="California Child Actor's Bill">Child Actor's Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Law" title="De Havilland Law">De Havilland Law</a> (seven year maximum on labor contracts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_Family_Leave_(California)" title="Paid Family Leave (California)">Paid Family Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_Agencies_Act_(California)" title="Talent Agencies Act (California)">Talent Agencies Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palimony_in_the_United_States" title="Palimony in the United States">Palimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereira_accounting" title="Pereira accounting">Pereira accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Camp_accounting" title="Van Camp accounting">Van Camp accounting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer protection law">Consumer protection law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Building_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Building codes">building codes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposition_103" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposition 103">Prop 103</a> (insurance rates)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alquist_Priolo_Special_Studies_Zone_Act" title="Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act">Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Building_Standards_Code" title="California Building Standards Code">Building Standards Code</a> (contains the <a href="/wiki/California_Energy_Code" title="California Energy Code">Energy Code</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Balloon_Law" title="California Balloon Law">Balloon Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_foie_gras_law" title="California foie gras law">California foie gras law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Consumers_Legal_Remedies_Act" title="California Consumers Legal Remedies Act">Consumers Legal Remedies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Consumer_Privacy_Act" title="California Consumer Privacy Act">Consumer Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Technical_Bulletin_117" title="California Technical Bulletin 117">Technical Bulletin 117</a> (fire extinguishers)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Education_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Education law">Education law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_277" title="California Senate Bill 277">SB 277</a> (removing vaccine exemptions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Education_Code_48907" title="California Education Code 48907">California Student Free Expression Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">DREAM Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Law" title="Leonard Law">Leonard Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Success_and_Opportunity_Act" title="School Success and Opportunity Act">School Success and Opportunity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergara_v._California" title="Vergara v. California">Vergara v. California</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1215_(2011)" title="California Assembly Bill 1215 (2011)">AB 1215</a> (automobile titling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1535_(2014)" title="California Assembly Bill 1535 (2014)">AB 1535</a> (naloxone prescription by pharmacists)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Corporate_Disclosure_Act" title="California Corporate Disclosure Act">Corporate Disclosure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_27" class="mw-redirect" title="California Senate Bill 27">Presidential Tax Transparency and Accountability Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Repair_and_Accountability_Act" title="Road Repair and Accountability Act">Road Repair and Accountability Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical laws</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Government_and_Protection_of_Indians" title="Act for the Government and Protection of Indians">Act for the Government and Protection of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Alien_Land_Law_of_1913" title="California Alien Land Law of 1913">Alien Land Law of 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consenting_Adult_Sex_Bill" title="Consenting Adult Sex Bill">Consenting Adult Sex Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Criminal_Syndicalism_Act" title="California Criminal Syndicalism Act">Criminal Syndicalism Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_Ordinance" title="Sanitary Ordinance">Sanitary Ordinance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intermediate appellate courts of California</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Courts_of_Appeal_district_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/California_Courts_of_Appeal_district_map.svg/300px-California_Courts_of_Appeal_district_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/California_Courts_of_Appeal_district_map.svg/450px-California_Courts_of_Appeal_district_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/California_Courts_of_Appeal_district_map.svg/600px-California_Courts_of_Appeal_district_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Map of the districts of the California Courts of Appeal. <table> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> First District</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Second District</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Third District </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Fourth District</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808000; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Fifth District</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008080; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Sixth District </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>California Courts of Appeal</b> are the <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state</a> <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">intermediate appellate courts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. The state is geographically divided along <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California" title="List of counties in California">county lines</a> into six appellate districts.<sup id="cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctappstatutes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Courts of Appeal form the largest state-level intermediate appellate court system in the United States, with 106 justices. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdiction_and_responsibility">Jurisdiction and responsibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction and responsibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Californiaappellatereports.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Californiaappellatereports.jpg/220px-Californiaappellatereports.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Californiaappellatereports.jpg/330px-Californiaappellatereports.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Californiaappellatereports.jpg/440px-Californiaappellatereports.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>The California Appellate Reports, the court's official reporter</figcaption></figure> <p>The decisions of the Courts of Appeal are binding on the <a href="/wiki/California_superior_courts" title="California superior courts">California superior courts</a>, and both the Courts of Appeal and the superior courts are bound by the decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a>. Notably, all published California appellate decisions are binding on all trial courts.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoEquitySales_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoEquitySales-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is distinct from the practice in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">federal courts</a> and in other state court systems in which trial courts are bound only by the appellate decisions from the particular circuit in which it sits, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> or the <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">state supreme court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, "there is no horizontal <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">stare decisis</a> in the California Court of Appeal";<sup id="cite_ref-sarti_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Court of Appeal decisions are not binding between divisions or even between panels of the same division.<sup id="cite_ref-mccallum_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccallum-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, all superior courts (and hence all litigants) are bound by the decision of a Court of Appeal if it is the only published California precedent that articulates a point of law relevant to a particular set of facts, even if the superior court would have decided differently if writing on a fresh slate.<sup id="cite_ref-sarti_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, another Court of Appeal division or district may rule differently on that point of law after a litigant seeks relief from an adverse trial court ruling that faithfully applied existing precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-sarti_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that instance, all superior courts are free to pick and choose which precedent they wish to follow until the state supreme court settles the issue for the entire state, although a superior court confronted with such a conflict will normally follow the view of its own Court of Appeal (if it has already taken a side on the issue).<sup id="cite_ref-mccallum_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccallum-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is customary in federal courts and other state courts to indicate in case citations the particular circuit or district of an intermediate appellate court that issued the decision cited. But because the decisions of all six California appellate districts are equally binding upon all trial courts, district numbers are traditionally omitted in California citation style unless an actual interdistrict conflict is at issue. </p><p>All California appellate courts are required by the <a href="/wiki/California_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="California Constitution">California Constitution</a> to decide criminal cases in writing with reasons stated (meaning that even in criminal appeals where the defendant's own lawyer has tacitly conceded that the appeal has no merit,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the appellate decision <i>must</i> summarize the facts and law of the case and review possible issues independently before concluding that the appeal is without merit).<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such procedure is not mandated for civil cases, but for certain types of civil cases where a liberty interest is implicated, the Courts of Appeal may, but are not required to, follow a similar procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Court of Appeal opinions are not published and have no precedential value;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the opinions that are published are included in the official reporter, <i>California Appellate Reports</i>. </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/West_(publisher)" title="West (publisher)">West Publishing</a> traditionally included Court of Appeal opinions in its unofficial reporter, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Reporter" title="Pacific Reporter">Pacific Reporter</a></i>. In 1959, West began publishing both Supreme Court and Court of Appeal opinions in <i>West's California Reporter</i>, and no longer included Court of Appeal opinions in the <i>Pacific Reporter</i>. </p><p>Due to their huge caseloads and volume of output, the Courts of Appeal in turn see the largest number of decisions appealed to the state supreme court and the Supreme Court of the United States. A few famous U.S. Supreme Court cases, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Burnham_v._Superior_Court_of_California" title="Burnham v. Superior Court of California">Burnham v. Superior Court of California</a></i>, came to the high court on writ of <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> to one of the Courts of Appeal after the state supreme court had denied review. Many Court of Appeal opinions have become nationally prominent in their own right, such as the 1959 opinion that carved out the first judge-made exception to the <a href="/wiki/At-will_employment" title="At-will employment">at-will employment</a> doctrine, the 1980 opinion that authorized a cause of action for <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_life" title="Wrongful life">wrongful life</a>, and the 1984 opinion that created the right to <a href="/wiki/Cumis_counsel" title="Cumis counsel">Cumis counsel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/California_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="California Constitution">California Constitution</a> originally made the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court</a> the only appellate court for the whole state. As the state's population skyrocketed during the 19th century, the Supreme Court was expanded from three to seven justices, and then the Court began hearing the majority of appeals in three-justice panels.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dear_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court became so overloaded that it frequently issued summary dispositions in minor cases, meaning that it was merely saying "affirmed" or "reversed" without saying why.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dear_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state's second Constitution, enacted in 1879, halted that practice by expressly requiring the Court to issue every dispositive decision in writing "with reasons stated."<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dear_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, the Legislature authorized the Supreme Court to appoint five commissioners to help with its work.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dear_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite implementing all these measures, the Supreme Court was no longer able to keep up with the state's rapidly growing appellate caseload by the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, in 1903, the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">Legislature</a> proposed a constitutional amendment to create what were then called the District Courts of Appeal. On November 8, 1904, the electorate adopted the amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The District Courts of Appeal originally consisted of three appellate districts, headquartered in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Sacramento, with three justices each. These first nine justices were appointed by the Governor. Each district was assigned an ordinal number (i.e., first, second, and third). The first nine justices included the five members of the Supreme Court Commission, which had been simultaneously abolished by the same constitutional amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, the word "District" was dropped from the official names of the Courts of Appeal by another constitutional amendment which extensively revised the sections governing the state judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This left <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> as the sole state in the United States with "<a href="/wiki/Florida_District_Courts_of_Appeal" title="Florida District Courts of Appeal">District Courts of Appeal</a>." Since then, each of the Courts of Appeal has been named officially as "the Court of Appeal of the State of California" for a particular numbered appellate district. </p><p>A serious flaw in the 1904 constitutional amendment is that it authorized the Legislature to create new appellate districts and to add divisions of three justices to existing appellate districts, but it did not authorize the Legislature to add one or two justices at a time to existing divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelso_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelso-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This explains why the First and Second Districts were traditionally expanded by adding more divisions, and then much of the Second District's territory was broken off to form the Fourth and Fifth Districts.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelso_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelso-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1966 constitutional amendment authorized the Legislature to create divisions consisting of "a presiding justice and 2 or more associate justices."<sup id="cite_ref-Kelso_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelso-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relying on the words "or more", the Legislature expanded the existing divisions of the First and Second Districts from three to four justices each, but chose to expand the other appellate districts by adding more justices one by one, rather than more divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelso_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelso-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appointment,_retention,_and_removal"><span id="Appointment.2C_retention.2C_and_removal"></span>Appointment, retention, and removal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Appointment, retention, and removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, after appointment by the Governor incumbents ran in potentially contested head-to-head elections. However, after a particularly bitter contest in 1932, the California Constitution was amended to provide for the present retention election system, where the voters are given the choice to retain or reject a candidate. To date no incumbent has been denied retention. </p><p>To fill a vacant position, the Governor must first submit a candidate's name to the Commission on Judicial Nominees Evaluation of the <a href="/wiki/State_Bar_of_California" title="State Bar of California">State Bar of California</a>, which prepares and returns a thorough confidential evaluation of the candidate. Next, the Governor officially nominates the candidate, who must then be evaluated by the Commission on Judicial Appointments, which consists of the Chief Justice of California, the Attorney General of California, and a senior presiding justice of the Court of Appeal. The Commission holds a public hearing and if satisfied with the nominee's qualifications, confirms the nomination, which enables the nominee to be sworn in and begin serving immediately. </p><p>All nominees must have been members of the <a href="/wiki/State_Bar_of_California" title="State Bar of California">State Bar of California</a> for at least 10 years preceding their nomination. Typical nominees include experienced attorneys in private practice, current superior court judges, and current federal district judges. Some nominees have taught as adjunct professors or lecturers in law schools, but tenured professors are extremely rare. Another path to the Courts of Appeal is to work for the Governor, especially as appointments secretary, cabinet secretary, or legal affairs secretary. </p><p>Terms of both Court of Appeal and Supreme Court justices are 12 years. However, if a nominee is confirmed to an existing seat partway through a term, the nominee can only serve the remaining period of the term before standing for election. All California appellate justices must undergo retention elections every 12 years at the same time as the general gubernatorial election, in which the sole question is whether to retain the justice for another 12 years. If a majority votes "no," the seat becomes vacant and may be filled by the Governor. While Supreme Court justices are voted on by the entire state, Court of Appeal justices are voted on only by the residents of their districts. </p><p>Like all other California judges, Court of Appeal justices are bound by the California Code of Judicial Conduct and can be removed prior to the expiration of their terms by the Commission on Judicial Performance. In order to protect judicial independence (and because the losing party to a lawsuit will almost always regard the judge who ruled against them to be incompetent or biased), the CJP generally only initiates removal proceedings in cases of severe or extensive judicial misconduct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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width="240" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USA_California_location_map.svg/360px-USA_California_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USA_California_location_map.svg/480px-USA_California_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1171" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.641%;left:21.134%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="←San Francisco (1)"><img alt="←San Francisco (1)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>←San Francisco (1)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.051%;left:50.669%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ventura,_California" title="Ventura (2.6)"><img alt="Ventura (2.6)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Ventura (2.6)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.353%;left:67.629%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside (4.2)"><img alt="Riverside (4.2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Riverside (4.2)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.325%;left:59.75%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="  Los Angeles (2)↗"><img alt="  Los Angeles (2)↗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div> <br />Los Angeles (2)↗</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.582%;left:29.639%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento (3) ↓"><img alt="Sacramento (3) ↓" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Sacramento (3)<br />↓</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.446%;left:63.135%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="  Santa Ana (4.3)↗"><img alt="  Santa Ana (4.3)↗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div> <br />Santa Ana (4.3)↗</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:95.777%;left:69.834%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" title="San Diego (4.1)"><img alt="San Diego (4.1)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>San Diego (4.1)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.222%;left:45.543%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno (5)"><img alt="Fresno (5)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Fresno (5)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.154%;left:25.963%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose (6)"><img alt="San Jose (6)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>San Jose (6)</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_California_location_map.svg" title="File:USA California location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Locations of Courts of Appeal courthouses</div></div></div> <p>When there is a vacancy on the Supreme Court of California, or if a Supreme Court justice recuses themself from a case, a Court of Appeal justice is temporarily assigned to hear each Supreme Court case requiring such assignment. When there are vacancies on the Court of Appeal, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court temporarily assigns a judge from the superior court or a retired justice of the Court of Appeal to sit as a Court of Appeal justice. </p><p>Some of the appellate <a href="/wiki/Districts_in_California" title="Districts in California">districts</a> (First and Second) are divided into divisions that have four appellate justices, who are randomly selected to form three-justice panels for each appellate case, and whose workloads are divided semi-randomly to ensure even division of work. Some of the appellate districts (Third, Fifth, and Sixth) are not divided into divisions; for each appellate case, three-justice panels are semi-randomly drawn, again to ensure even division of work. The Fourth District is unique in that it is divided into three geographically based divisions that are administratively separate, each of which works much like the Third, Fifth, and Sixth Districts. When the presiding justice of a district or division is part of the three-justice panel, they serve as the presiding justice on the case. When the presiding justice is not part of the three-justice panel, the senior justice of the three-justice panel serves as the acting presiding justice on the case. </p><p>The First, Second, and Third Districts each have one big courtroom at their main courthouses which they share with the Supreme Court of California. Therefore, on a typical weekday, the courtrooms of those districts will have three Court of Appeal justices seated at an extra-wide bench large enough to accommodate the seven justices of the Supreme Court. </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">federal courts of appeals</a>, the state Courts of Appeal have no provision allowing rehearing of cases <i>en banc</i> by all justices of a district (or a division in the case of the Fourth District). If a conflict becomes evident between published opinions of different panels or divisions of the same district, and the newer opinion creating the conflict is not immediately appealed to the Supreme Court of California or depublished by that court, the conflict will simply persist until the high court reaches the issue in a future case. </p><p>Each court of appeal is led by an administrative presiding justice (APJ).<sup id="cite_ref-rule_101004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rule_101004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In courts of appeal with divisions, the Chief Justice of California may designate the presiding justice of one division as the APJ, while in courts of appeal without divisions, the presiding justice is also the APJ.<sup id="cite_ref-rule_101004_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rule_101004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the title implies, the APJ is responsible for managing the court's personnel, operations, caseload, budget, and facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-rule_101004_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rule_101004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_District">First District</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg/275px-Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg/413px-Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg/550px-Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The Supreme Court of California's headquarters is also home to the First District</figcaption></figure> <p>The California Court of Appeal for the First District is one of the first three appellate districts created in 1904 and is located in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. Its jurisdiction is over the following counties: <a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California" title="Del Norte County, California">Del Norte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California" title="Humboldt County, California">Humboldt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_California" title="Lake County, California">Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California" title="Mendocino County, California">Mendocino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napa_County,_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solano_County,_California" title="Solano County, California">Solano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctappstatutes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is divided into five non-geographical divisions with four justices each: </p><p>Division One: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Humes" title="Jim Humes">Jim Humes</a>, Administrative Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_M._Banke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen M. Banke (page does not exist)">Kathleen M. Banke</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monique_Langhorne_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monique Langhorne Wilson (page does not exist)">Monique Langhorne Wilson</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li>(Vacant), Associate Justice</li></ul> <p>Division Two: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theresa_M._Stewart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theresa M. Stewart (page does not exist)">Theresa M. Stewart</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_A._Richman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James A. Richman (page does not exist)">James A. Richman</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marla_J._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marla J. Miller (page does not exist)">Marla J. Miller</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tara_M._Desautels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tara M. Desautels (page does not exist)">Tara M. Desautels</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <p>Division Three: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alison_M._Tucher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alison M. Tucher (page does not exist)">Alison M. Tucher</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carin_T._Fujisaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carin T. Fujisaki (page does not exist)">Carin T. Fujisaki</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioana_Petrou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioana Petrou (page does not exist)">Ioana Petrou</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Rodriguez_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Rodriguez (judge) (page does not exist)">Victor Rodriguez</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <p>Division Four: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tracie_L._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tracie L. Brown (page does not exist)">Tracie L. Brown</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_B._Streeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon B. Streeter (page does not exist)">Jon B. Streeter</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_M._Goldman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy M. Goldman (page does not exist)">Jeremy M. Goldman</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li>(vacant), Associate Justice</li></ul> <p>Division Five: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teri_L._Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teri L. Jackson (page does not exist)">Teri L. Jackson</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_B._Simons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark B. Simons (page does not exist)">Mark B. Simons</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_B._Burns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon B. Burns (page does not exist)">Gordon B. Burns</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danny_Y._Chou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danny Y. Chou (page does not exist)">Danny Y. Chou</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_District">Second District</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg/250px-Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg/375px-Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg/500px-Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The Second District's main courthouse in Los Angeles, which it shares with the Supreme Court's branch office</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calctappealventura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Calctappealventura.jpg/250px-Calctappealventura.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Calctappealventura.jpg/375px-Calctappealventura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Calctappealventura.jpg/500px-Calctappealventura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="3380" /></a><figcaption>The secondary courthouse in Ventura for Division Six</figcaption></figure> <p>The California Court of Appeal for the Second District is one of the first three appellate districts created in 1904 and has its main courthouse in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and the secondary courthouse, hosting Division Six, in <a href="/wiki/Ventura,_California" title="Ventura, California">Ventura</a>. Division Six handles appeals from <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ventura_County,_California" title="Ventura County, California">Ventura</a> Counties, while Divisions One through Five, Seven, and Eight handle appeals from <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctappstatutes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each division has four justices. </p><p>Division One: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Rothschild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frances Rothschild (page does not exist)">Frances Rothschild</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_I._Bendix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen I. Bendix (page does not exist)">Helen I. Bendix</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_J._Weingart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory J. Weingart (page does not exist)">Gregory J. Weingart</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michelle_C._Kim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michelle C. Kim (page does not exist)">Michelle C. Kim</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <p>Division Two: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elwood_Lui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elwood Lui (page does not exist)">Elwood Lui</a>, Administrative Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judith_M._Ashmann-Gerst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judith M. Ashmann-Gerst (page does not exist)">Judith M. Ashmann-Gerst</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_M._Chavez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoria M. Chavez (page does not exist)">Victoria M. Chavez</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li>Anne Richardson, Associate Justice</li></ul> <p>Division Three: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Ann_Edmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Ann Edmon (page does not exist)">Lee Ann Edmon</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_H._Egerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne H. Egerton (page does not exist)">Anne H. Egerton</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashida_A._Adams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rashida A. Adams (page does not exist)">Rashida A. Adams</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li>(Vacant), Associate Justice</li></ul> <p>Division Four: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_S._Currey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian S. Currey (page does not exist)">Brian S. Currey</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_B._Collins" title="Audrey B. Collins">Audrey B. Collins</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audra_M._Mori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audra M. Mori (page does not exist)">Audra M. Mori</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Zukin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Zukin (page does not exist)">Helen Zukin</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <p>Division Five: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_M._Hoffstadt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian M. Hoffstadt (page does not exist)">Brian M. Hoffstadt</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamar_W._Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamar W. Baker (page does not exist)">Lamar W. Baker</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_H._Moor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl H. Moor (page does not exist)">Carl H. Moor</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_C._Kim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy C. Kim (page does not exist)">Dorothy C. Kim</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <p>Division Six: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Gilbert_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Gilbert (judge) (page does not exist)">Arthur Gilbert</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_R._Yegan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth R. Yegan (page does not exist)">Kenneth R. Yegan</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hernaldo_J._Baltodano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hernaldo J. Baltodano (page does not exist)">Hernaldo J. Baltodano</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tari_L._Cody&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tari L. Cody (page does not exist)">Tari L. Cody</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <p>Division Seven: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonzalo_Martinez_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonzalo Martinez (judge) (page does not exist)">Gonzalo Martinez</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_L._Segal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John L. Segal (page does not exist)">John L. Segal</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gail_Ruderman_Feuer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gail Ruderman Feuer (page does not exist)">Gail Ruderman Feuer</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natalie_P._Stone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natalie P. Stone (page does not exist)">Natalie P. Stone</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <p>Division Eight: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_E._Stratton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria E. Stratton (page does not exist)">Maria E. Stratton</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._Grimes" title="Elizabeth A. Grimes">Elizabeth A. Grimes</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Shepard_Wiley,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Shepard Wiley, Jr. (page does not exist)">John Shepard Wiley, Jr.</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Viramontes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Viramontes (page does not exist)">Victor Viramontes</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_District">Third District</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Third District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg/250px-Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg/375px-Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg/500px-Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The Third District's courthouse in Sacramento, which it shares with the Supreme Court's branch office</figcaption></figure> <p>The California Court of Appeal for the Third District is one of the first three appellate districts created in 1904 and is located in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>. Its jurisdiction is over the following counties: <a href="/wiki/Alpine_County,_California" title="Alpine County, California">Alpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amador_County,_California" title="Amador County, California">Amador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butte_County,_California" title="Butte County, California">Butte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California" title="Calaveras County, California">Calaveras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colusa_County,_California" title="Colusa County, California">Colusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_County,_California" title="El Dorado County, California">El Dorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_County,_California" title="Glenn County, California">Glenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lassen_County,_California" title="Lassen County, California">Lassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modoc_County,_California" title="Modoc County, California">Modoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mono_County,_California" title="Mono County, California">Mono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada_County,_California" title="Nevada County, California">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placer_County,_California" title="Placer County, California">Placer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plumas_County,_California" title="Plumas County, California">Plumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California" title="Sacramento County, California">Sacramento</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California" title="San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shasta_County,_California" title="Shasta County, California">Shasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_County,_California" title="Sierra County, California">Sierra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_County,_California" title="Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutter_County,_California" title="Sutter County, California">Sutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehama_County,_California" title="Tehama County, California">Tehama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_County,_California" title="Trinity County, California">Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yolo_County,_California" title="Yolo County, California">Yolo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yuba_County,_California" title="Yuba County, California">Yuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctappstatutes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has 11 justices and is not divided into divisions. </p><p>Justices: </p> <ul><li>Laurie M. Earl, Administrative Presiding Justice</li> <li>Harry Hull, Associate Justice</li> <li>Ronald B. Robie, Associate Justice</li> <li>Louis R. Mauro, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_J._Duarte" title="Elena J. Duarte">Elena J. Duarte</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li>Jonathan K. Renner, Associate Justice</li> <li>Peter A. Krause, Associate Justice</li> <li>Stacy E. Boulware Eurie, Associate Justice</li> <li>Shama Haki Mesiwala, Associate Justice</li> <li>Aimee Feinberg, Associate Justice</li> <li>(Vacant), Associate Justice</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_District">Fourth District</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fourth District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The California Court of Appeal for the Fourth District is unique in that it is divided into three geographical divisions that are administratively separate, which even have different case number systems, and yet remain referred to as a single district. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Division_One">Division One</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Division One"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symphony_Towers_San_Diego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Symphony_Towers_San_Diego.jpg/250px-Symphony_Towers_San_Diego.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Symphony_Towers_San_Diego.jpg/375px-Symphony_Towers_San_Diego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Symphony_Towers_San_Diego.jpg/500px-Symphony_Towers_San_Diego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Fourth District, Division One's courthouse at <a href="/wiki/Symphony_Towers" title="Symphony Towers">Symphony Towers</a> in San Diego</figcaption></figure> <p>The Division One courthouse is located in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>. It handles appeals from <a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego</a> Counties.<sup id="cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctappstatutes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has 10 justices. </p><p>Justices: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judith_McConnell_(Judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judith McConnell (Judge) (page does not exist)">Judith McConnell</a>, Administrative Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_D._Huffman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard D. Huffman (page does not exist)">Richard D. Huffman</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terry_B._O%27Rourke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terry B. O'Rourke (page does not exist)">Terry B. O'Rourke</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Irion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Irion (page does not exist)">Joan Irion</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Dato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Dato (page does not exist)">William Dato</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Truc_T._Do&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truc T. Do (page does not exist)">Truc T. Do</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_N._Buchanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin N. Buchanan (page does not exist)">Martin N. Buchanan</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_C._Kelety&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julia C. Kelety (page does not exist)">Julia C. Kelety</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jose_S._Castillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jose S. Castillo (page does not exist)">Jose S. Castillo</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_M._Rubin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David M. Rubin (page does not exist)">David M. Rubin</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Division_Two">Division Two</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Division Two"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CA_Court_of_Appeal_Riverside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/CA_Court_of_Appeal_Riverside.jpg/250px-CA_Court_of_Appeal_Riverside.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/CA_Court_of_Appeal_Riverside.jpg/375px-CA_Court_of_Appeal_Riverside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/CA_Court_of_Appeal_Riverside.jpg/500px-CA_Court_of_Appeal_Riverside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2681" data-file-height="2286" /></a><figcaption>Division Two's Riverside courthouse</figcaption></figure> <p>The Division Two courthouse is located in <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside</a>. It handles appeals from <a href="/wiki/Inyo_County,_California" title="Inyo County, California">Inyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a> Counties.<sup id="cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctappstatutes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It currently has seven justices. </p><p>Justices: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_A._Ramirez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel A. Ramirez (page does not exist)">Manuel A. Ramirez</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_W._McKinster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art W. McKinster (page does not exist)">Art W. McKinster</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_P._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas P. Miller (page does not exist)">Douglas P. Miller</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_D._Codrington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol D. Codrington (page does not exist)">Carol D. Codrington</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_T._Fields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard T. Fields (page does not exist)">Richard T. Fields</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Raphael&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Raphael (page does not exist)">Michael J. Raphael</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Menetrez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank J. Menetrez (page does not exist)">Frank J. Menetrez</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li>(Vacant), Associate Justice</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Division_Three">Division Three</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Division Three"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calctappfourthdistdivthree.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Calctappfourthdistdivthree.JPG/250px-Calctappfourthdistdivthree.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Calctappfourthdistdivthree.JPG/375px-Calctappfourthdistdivthree.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Calctappfourthdistdivthree.JPG/500px-Calctappfourthdistdivthree.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4230" data-file-height="3204" /></a><figcaption>The Division Three courthouse in Santa Ana</figcaption></figure> <p>The Division Three courthouse is located in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana</a>. It handles appeals from <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctappstatutes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has eight justices. </p><p>Justices: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_E._O%27Leary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen E. O'Leary (page does not exist)">Kathleen E. O'Leary</a>, Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Bedsworth" title="William W. Bedsworth">William W. Bedsworth</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eileen_C._Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eileen C. Moore (page does not exist)">Eileen C. Moore</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_M._Goethals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas M. Goethals (page does not exist)">Thomas M. Goethals</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Sanchez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Sanchez (page does not exist)">Maurice Sanchez</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joanne_Motoike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joanne Motoike (page does not exist)">Joanne Motoike</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Delaney_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Delaney (judge) (page does not exist)">Thomas Delaney</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_K._Gooding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha K. Gooding (page does not exist)">Martha K. Gooding</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fourth District was formed by a division of the Second District pursuant to legislation that went into effect on June 5, 1929. The first decision made by the Fourth District was on October 16, 1929, in the case of <i>Mills v. Mills</i> (1929) 101 Cal.App. 248 [281 P. 707]. </p><p>Originally, appeals from all of Southern California (including the San Joaquin Valley) were heard by the state supreme court sitting in Los Angeles, and then the Second District took over most of that caseload when it was created in 1904. Lawyers from the rest of Southern California outside of Los Angeles County grew tired of having to travel hundreds of miles to and from Los Angeles just to argue appeals. They lobbied for the creation of a Fourth District that would sit at locations closer to them. Three state senators from San Diego, <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>, and San Bernardino orchestrated the creation of the Fourth District in 1929. As a compromise, the court was created as a "<a href="/wiki/Circuit_court" title="Circuit court">circuit-riding</a>" court that would sit each year in all three of those cities: Fresno (January-April), San Diego (May-August), and San Bernardino (September-December). </p><p>In 1961, the Fifth District, with headquarters in Fresno, was created to hear appeals from San Joaquin Valley counties. The Fourth District's remaining territory was still enormous (San Bernardino County is the single largest county in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a> by area); in 1965, the Fourth District split itself into Division One, sitting permanently in San Diego, and Division Two, sitting permanently in San Bernardino (now Riverside), meaning it would no longer be a circuit-riding court. The two divisions shared jurisdiction over Orange County until the creation of Division Three in 1982. </p><p>The Fourth District was the first Court of Appeal to get a custom-built courthouse of its own in January 1999, when Division Two moved from San Bernardino to a newly built courthouse in Riverside.<sup id="cite_ref-McDevitt_Page_326_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDevitt_Page_326-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First, Second, and Third Districts have always shared courthouses with the Supreme Court, while the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Districts at their founding all initially leased space in existing office buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-McDevitt_Page_326_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDevitt_Page_326-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_District">Fifth District</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fifth District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fifth_District_Court_of_Appeal_Courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fifth_District_Court_of_Appeal_Courthouse.jpg/250px-Fifth_District_Court_of_Appeal_Courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fifth_District_Court_of_Appeal_Courthouse.jpg/375px-Fifth_District_Court_of_Appeal_Courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fifth_District_Court_of_Appeal_Courthouse.jpg/500px-Fifth_District_Court_of_Appeal_Courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5952" data-file-height="3160" /></a><figcaption>The Fifth District's Fresno courthouse</figcaption></figure> <p>The California Court of Appeal for the Fifth District is located in <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>. Its jurisdiction covers the following counties: <a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_California" title="Kings County, California">Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariposa,_California" title="Mariposa, California">Mariposa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merced_County,_California" title="Merced County, California">Merced</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California" title="Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_County,_California" title="Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctappstatutes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It currently has 10 justices. </p><p>Justices: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brad_R._Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brad R. Hill (page does not exist)">Brad R. Hill</a>, Administrative Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Levy_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Levy (judge) (page does not exist)">Bert Levy</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Poochigian" title="Chuck Poochigian">Charles S. Poochigian</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_R.S._Detjen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer R.S. Detjen (page does not exist)">Jennifer R.S. Detjen</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_R._Franson,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald R. Franson, Jr. (page does not exist)">Donald R. Franson, Jr.</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosendo_Pe%C3%B1a,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosendo Peña, Jr. (page does not exist)">Rosendo Peña, Jr.</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Bruce_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Bruce Smith (page does not exist)">M. Bruce Smith</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Meehan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen Meehan (page does not exist)">Kathleen Meehan</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_W._Snauffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark W. Snauffer (page does not exist)">Mark W. Snauffer</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_De_Santos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas De Santos (page does not exist)">Thomas De Santos</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_3">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fifth District was formed by a division of the Fourth District pursuant to legislation enacted in 1961 (Stats.1961, c. 845, p. 2128, § 7). The first decision made by the Fifth District was on November 21, 1961, in the case of <i>Wheat v. Morse</i> (1961) 17 Cal.Rptr. 226 [197 Cal.App.2d 203]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_District">Sixth District</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sixth District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comerica_Bank_Tower_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Comerica_Bank_Tower_2.jpg/250px-Comerica_Bank_Tower_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Comerica_Bank_Tower_2.jpg/375px-Comerica_Bank_Tower_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Comerica_Bank_Tower_2.jpg/500px-Comerica_Bank_Tower_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>The Comerica Bank Tower, which houses the Sixth District's courthouse</figcaption></figure> <p>The California Court of Appeal for the Sixth District is located in the <a href="/wiki/Comerica" title="Comerica">Comerica Bank</a> building in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>. Its jurisdiction covers <a href="/wiki/Monterey_County,_California" title="Monterey County, California">Monterey</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Benito_County,_California" title="San Benito County, California">San Benito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California" title="Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a> Counties.<sup id="cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctappstatutes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has seven justices. </p><p>Justices: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_J._Greenwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary J. Greenwood (page does not exist)">Mary J. Greenwood</a>, Administrative Presiding Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Bamattre-Manoukian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Bamattre-Manoukian (page does not exist)">Patricia Bamattre-Manoukian</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrienne_M._Grover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrienne M. Grover (page does not exist)">Adrienne M. Grover</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allison_M._Danner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allison M. Danner (page does not exist)">Allison M. Danner</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynthia_C._Lie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynthia C. Lie (page does not exist)">Cynthia C. Lie</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_E._Wilson_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles E. Wilson (judge) (page does not exist)">Charles E. Wilson</a>, Associate Justice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Bromberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Bromberg (page does not exist)">Daniel Bromberg</a>, Associate Justice</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_4">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sixth District was formed by a division of the First District pursuant to legislation enacted in 1981 (Stats.1981, c. 959, p. 3645, § 5). The first decision made by the Sixth District was on December 13, 1984, in the case of <i>People v. Dickens</i> (1984) 163 Cal.App.3d 377 [208 Cal.Rptr. 751]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_California" title="Judiciary of California">Judiciary of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_in_California" title="Districts in California">Districts in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_appellate_projects" title="California appellate projects">California appellate projects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ctappstatutes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctappstatutes_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&division=&title=8.&part=&chapter=4.&article=1.">California Government Code Sections 69100-69107</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoEquitySales-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoEquitySales_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court,</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C2/57C2d450.htm">57 Cal. 2d 450, 369 P.2d 937, 20 Cal. Rptr. 321</a> (1962).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <i>Reiser v. Residential Funding Corp.</i>, 380 F.3d 1027 (7th Cir. 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarti-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sarti_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarti_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarti_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sarti v. Salt Creek Ltd.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/CalCases/CA4/167CA4t1187.htm">167 Cal.App.4th 1187, 1193</a> (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mccallum-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mccallum_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mccallum_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>McCallum v. McCallum</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/CalCases/CA3/190CA3d308.htm#BDA000213">190 Cal.App.3d 308, 315 n.4</a> (1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The so-called <i>Wende</i> appellate procedure was upheld as compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> in <i>Smith v. Robbins</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_528" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 528">528</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/528/259/">259</a> (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>People v. Kelly</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C4/40C4t106.htm">40 Cal. 4th 106</a> (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conservatorship of Ben C.</i>, 40 Cal.4th 529, 150 P.3d 738, 53 Cal.Rptr. 3d 856 (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>In re Sade C.</i>, 13 Cal.4th 952, 920 P.2d 716, 55 Cal.Rptr. 2d 771 (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Schmier v. Supreme Court</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/calcases/CA4/78CA4t703.htm">78 Cal.App.4th 703</a> (2000). The plaintiff in this case unsuccessfully challenged the selective publication policy as unconstitutional. The court retorted: "Appellant either misunderstands or ignores the realities of the intermediate appellate process." The court went on to describe the variety of frivolous appeals regularly encountered by the Courts of Appeal, and concluded: "Our typical opinions in such cases add nothing to the body of stare decisis, and if published would merely clutter overcrowded library shelves and databases with information utterly useless to anyone other than the actual litigants therein and complicate the search for meaningful precedent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dear-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDear2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dear, Jake (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Legal-Hist-v.-15-Articles-Judicial-Attorneys.pdf">"California's First Judicial Staff Attorneys: The Surprising Role That Commissioners Played, 1885–1905, in Creating the Courts of Appeal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>California Legal History</i>. <b>15</b>: 125–161. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-4943">1930-4943</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/825171095">825171095</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Legal+History&rft.atitle=California%27s+First+Judicial+Staff+Attorneys%3A+The+Surprising+Role+That+Commissioners+Played%2C+1885%E2%80%931905%2C+in+Creating+the+Courts+of+Appeal&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=125-161&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F825171095&rft.issn=1930-4943&rft.aulast=Dear&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cschs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2FLegal-Hist-v.-15-Articles-Judicial-Attorneys.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+Courts+of+Appeal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelso-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelso_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelso_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelso_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelso_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelso2000" class="citation book cs1">Kelso, J. Clark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/appellate.pdf"><i>Report of the Appellate Process Task Force</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. San Francisco: Administrative Office of the Courts. pp. 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Appellate+Process+Task+Force&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Administrative+Office+of+the+Courts&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kelso&rft.aufirst=J.+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2Fdocuments%2Fappellate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+Courts+of+Appeal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&sectionNum=SEC.%203.&article=VI">Cal. Const., Art. VI, § 3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rule_101004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rule_101004_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rule_101004_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rule_101004_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.ca.gov/cms/rules/index.cfm?title=ten&linkid=rule10_1004">Cal. Rules of Court, rule 10.1004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDevitt_Page_326-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDevitt_Page_326_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDevitt_Page_326_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDevitt2001" class="citation book cs1">McDevitt, Ray (2001). <i>Courthouses of California: An Illustrated History</i>. Berkeley: Heyday Books. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781890771492" title="Special:BookSources/9781890771492"><bdi>9781890771492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courthouses+of+California%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Heyday+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781890771492&rft.aulast=McDevitt&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+Courts+of+Appeal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov">California Judicial System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.ca.gov/12430.htm">California Appellate Courts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov">Appellate Case Information System</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State intermediate <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate courts</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alabama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Court_of_Civil_Appeals" title="Alabama Court of Civil Appeals">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals">Criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Court_of_Appeals" title="Alaska Court of Appeals">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Court_of_Appeals" title="Arizona Court of Appeals">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Court_of_Appeals" title="Arkansas Court of Appeals">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Court_of_Appeals" title="Colorado Court of Appeals">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Appellate_Court" title="Connecticut Appellate Court">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_District_Courts_of_Appeal" title="Florida District Courts of Appeal">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Court_of_Appeals" title="Georgia Court of Appeals">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Intermediate_Court_of_Appeals" title="Hawaii Intermediate Court of Appeals">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Court_of_Appeals" title="Idaho Court of Appeals">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Appellate_Court" title="Illinois Appellate Court">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Court_of_Appeals" title="Indiana Court of Appeals">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Court_of_Appeals" title="Iowa Court of Appeals">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Court_of_Appeals" title="Kansas Court of Appeals">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Court_of_Appeals" title="Kentucky Court of Appeals">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Circuit_Courts_of_Appeal" title="Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Court_of_Maryland" title="Appellate Court of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Appeals_Court" title="Massachusetts Appeals Court">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Court_of_Appeals" title="Michigan Court of Appeals">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Court_of_Appeals" title="Minnesota Court of Appeals">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Court_of_Appeals" title="Mississippi Court of Appeals">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Court_of_Appeals" title="Missouri Court of Appeals">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Court_of_Appeals" title="Nebraska Court of Appeals">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Court_of_Appeals" title="Nevada Court of Appeals">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court,_Appellate_Division" title="New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Court_of_Appeals" title="New Mexico Court of Appeals">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division" title="New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Court_of_Appeals" title="North Carolina Court of Appeals">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_District_Courts_of_Appeals" title="Ohio District Courts of Appeals">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Court_of_Civil_Appeals" title="Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Court_of_Appeals" title="Oregon Court of Appeals">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Superior Court of Pennsylvania">Superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Court_of_Appeals" title="South Carolina Court of Appeals">South Carolina</a></li> <li>Tennessee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Court_of_Appeals" title="Tennessee Court of Appeals">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals">Criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Courts_of_Appeals" title="Texas Courts of Appeals">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Court_of_Appeals" title="Utah Court of Appeals">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_Virginia" title="Court of Appeals of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Court_of_Appeals" title="Washington Court of Appeals">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia" title="Intermediate Court of Appeals of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Court_of_Appeals" title="Wisconsin Court of Appeals">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/70px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/105px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/140px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> do not have intermediate appellate courts.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&oldid=1260581794">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Courts_of_Appeal&oldid=1260581794</a>"</div></div> <div 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