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<li id="toc-Early_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modern systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brake_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brake_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Brake types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brake_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ABS_on_motorcycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ABS_on_motorcycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>ABS on motorcycles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ABS_on_motorcycles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ABS on motorcycles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ABS_on_motorcycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_motorcycle_ABS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_motorcycle_ABS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>History of motorcycle ABS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_motorcycle_ABS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Basic principle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-lock_Braking_System_(ABS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-lock_Braking_System_(ABS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-lock_Braking_System_(ABS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regenerative_Anti-Lock_Braking_for_Electric_2-wheel_vehicles_(eABS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regenerative_Anti-Lock_Braking_for_Electric_2-wheel_vehicles_(eABS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Regenerative Anti-Lock Braking for Electric 2-wheel vehicles (eABS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regenerative_Anti-Lock_Braking_for_Electric_2-wheel_vehicles_(eABS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_Braking_System_(CBS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_Braking_System_(CBS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Combined Braking System (CBS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_Braking_System_(CBS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CBS_and_ABS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CBS_and_ABS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>CBS and ABS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CBS_and_ABS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Safety and legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety_and_legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety and legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_and_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_and_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Laws and regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_and_other_international_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_and_other_international_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>European and other international markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_and_other_international_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_American_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_American_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>South American markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_American_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-lock braking system</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluitweer-remstelsel" title="Sluitweer-remstelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sluitweer-remstelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD" title="نظام منع انغلاق المكابح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام منع انغلاق المكابح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilidl%C9%99nm%C9%99y%C9%99_qar%C5%9F%C4%B1_%C9%99yl%C9%99c_sistemi" title="Kilidlənməyə qarşı əyləc sistemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kilidlənməyə qarşı əyləc sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Антиблокираща система – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антиблокираща система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_antibloqueig_de_rodes" title="Sistema antibloqueig de rodes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema antibloqueig de rodes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS" title="ABS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ABS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-bremser" title="ABS-bremser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ABS-bremser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiblockiersystem" title="Antiblockiersystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antiblockiersystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-pidurid" title="ABS-pidurid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ABS-pidurid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Σύστημα αντιμπλοκαρίσματος τροχών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύστημα αντιμπλοκαρίσματος τροχών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_frenos_antibloqueo" title="Sistema de frenos antibloqueo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de frenos antibloqueo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibloka_Sistemo" title="Antibloka Sistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antibloka Sistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%81%D9%84" title="ترمز ضد قفل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترمز ضد قفل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_anti-blocage_des_roues" title="Système anti-blocage des roues – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système anti-blocage des roues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS" title="ABS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ABS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Հակաշրջափակիչ արգելակային համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակաշրջափակիչ արգելակային համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS" title="ABS – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="ABS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_rem_antiterkunci" title="Sistem rem antiterkunci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem rem antiterkunci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6sivar%C3%B0ar_bremsur" title="Læsivarðar bremsur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Læsivarðar bremsur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_anti_bloccaggio" title="Sistema anti bloccaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema anti bloccaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS" title="ABS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ABS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS" title="ABS – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ABS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS" title="ABS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ABS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_brek_cegah_kunci" title="Sistem brek cegah kunci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem brek cegah kunci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Антиблок систем – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Антиблок систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အင်န်တီလော့ခ် ဘရိတ် စနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်န်တီလော့ခ် ဘရိတ် စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiblokkeersysteem" title="Antiblokkeersysteem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antiblokkeersysteem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="アンチロック・ブレーキ・システム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンチロック・ブレーキ・システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS_(Bremssysteem)" title="ABS (Bremssysteem) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="ABS (Bremssysteem)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokkeringsfrie_bremser" title="Blokkeringsfrie bremser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blokkeringsfrie bremser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokkeringsfri_brems" title="Blokkeringsfri brems – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blokkeringsfri brems" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS_(motoryzacja)" title="ABS (motoryzacja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ABS (motoryzacja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_travagem_antibloqueio" title="Sistema de travagem antibloqueio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de travagem antibloqueio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_antiblocare_a_ro%C8%9Bilor" title="Sistem de antiblocare a roților – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistem de antiblocare a roților" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Антиблокировочная система – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антиблокировочная система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS" title="ABS – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="ABS" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92" title="ABS තිරිංග පද්ධති – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ABS තිරිංග පද්ධති" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anti-lock braking system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS_(vozidlo)" title="ABS (vozidlo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ABS (vozidlo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%98%DB%95_%D9%82%D9%81%DA%B5%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_(%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%BE)" title="سیستمی دژە قفڵبوونی ڕاگرتن (ئیستۆپ) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستمی دژە قفڵبوونی ڕاگرتن (ئیستۆپ)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_protiv_blokiranja_to%C4%8Dkova" title="Sistem protiv blokiranja točkova – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sistem protiv blokiranja točkova" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukkiutumattomat_jarrut" title="Lukkiutumattomat jarrut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lukkiutumattomat jarrut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiblockeringssystem" title="Antiblockeringssystem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antiblockeringssystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பூட்டுதலில்லா நிறுத்த அமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூட்டுதலில்லா நிறுத்த அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ระบบเบรกป้องกันล้อล็อก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบเบรกป้องกันล้อล็อก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS_fren_sistemi" title="ABS fren sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ABS fren sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Антиблокувальна система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антиблокувальна система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D9%84%DB%87%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="قۇلۇپلىنىشقا قارشى تورمۇز سىستېمىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇلۇپلىنىشقا قارشى تورمۇز سىستېمىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_ch%E1%BB%91ng_b%C3%B3_phanh" title="Hệ thống chống bó phanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống chống bó phanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E9%8E%96%E5%88%B6%E5%8B%95%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="防鎖制動系統 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="防鎖制動系統" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E9%8E%96%E6%AD%BB%E7%85%9E%E8%BB%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="防鎖死煞車系統 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="防鎖死煞車系統" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Safety anti-skid braking system used on aerospace and land vehicles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/ABS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="ABS (disambiguation)">ABS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antilock_Braking_System.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Antilock_Braking_System.svg/200px-Antilock_Braking_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Antilock_Braking_System.svg/300px-Antilock_Braking_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Antilock_Braking_System.svg/400px-Antilock_Braking_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="80" /></a><figcaption>Symbol for ABS</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Absbrakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Absbrakes.jpg/200px-Absbrakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Absbrakes.jpg/300px-Absbrakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Absbrakes.jpg/400px-Absbrakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>ABS brakes on a BMW motorcycle</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>anti-lock braking system</b> (<b>ABS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">safety</a> anti-<a href="/wiki/Skid_(automobile)" title="Skid (automobile)">skid</a> <a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">braking</a> system used on <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> and on land <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">vehicles</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABS operates by preventing the <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheels</a> from locking up during braking, thereby maintaining <a href="/wiki/Traction_(mechanics)" title="Traction (mechanics)">tractive</a> contact with the road surface and allowing the driver to maintain more control over the vehicle. </p><p>ABS is an automated system that uses the principles of <a href="/wiki/Threshold_braking" title="Threshold braking">threshold braking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadence_braking" title="Cadence braking">cadence braking</a>, techniques which were once practiced by skillful drivers before ABS was widespread. ABS operates at a much faster rate and more effectively than most drivers could manage. Although ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and some slippery surfaces, on loose gravel or snow-covered surfaces ABS may significantly increase <a href="/wiki/Braking_distance" title="Braking distance">braking distance</a>, while still improving steering control.<sup id="cite_ref-monash.edu.au_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monash.edu.au-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since ABS was introduced in production vehicles, such systems have become increasingly sophisticated and effective. Modern versions may not only prevent wheel lock under braking, but may also alter the front-to-rear <a href="/wiki/Brake_balance" title="Brake balance">brake bias</a>. This latter function, depending on its specific capabilities and implementation, is known variously as <a href="/wiki/Electronic_brakeforce_distribution" title="Electronic brakeforce distribution">electronic brakeforce distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traction_control_system" title="Traction control system">traction control system</a>, emergency <a href="/wiki/Emergency_brake_assist" title="Emergency brake assist">brake assist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">electronic stability control</a> (ESC). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_systems">Early systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept for ABS predates the modern systems that were introduced in the 1950s. In 1908, for example, J.E. Francis introduced his 'Slip Prevention Regulator for Rail Vehicles'.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawes2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawes2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920 the French <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> and aircraft pioneer <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Voisin" title="Gabriel Voisin">Gabriel Voisin</a> experimented with systems that modulated the hydraulic braking pressure on his aircraft brakes to reduce the risk of tire slippage, as threshold braking on aircraft is nearly impossible. These systems used a <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheel</a> and valve attached to a hydraulic line that feeds the brake cylinders. The flywheel is attached to a drum that runs at the same speed as the wheel. In normal braking, the drum and flywheel should spin at the same speed. However, when a wheel slows down, then the drum would do the same, leaving the flywheel spinning at a faster rate. This causes the valve to open, allowing a small amount of brake fluid to bypass the master cylinder into a local reservoir, lowering the pressure on the cylinder and releasing the brakes. The use of the drum and flywheel meant the valve only opened when the wheel was turning. In testing, a 30% improvement in braking performance was noted, because the pilots immediately applied full brakes instead of slowly increasing pressure in order to find the skid point. An additional benefit was the elimination of burned or burst tires.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first proper recognition of the ABS system came later with the German engineer Karl Wässel, whose system for modulating braking power was officially <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> in 1928. Wässel, however, never developed a working product and neither did <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch" title="Robert Bosch">Robert Bosch</a> who produced a similar patent eight years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawes2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawes2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar braking system called <a href="/wiki/Decelostat" title="Decelostat">Decelostat</a> that used <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">direct-current generators</a> to measure wheel slippage was used in railroads in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-annual_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1951, flywheel-based Decelostat was used in aircraft to provide anti skid in landings. The device was on trials first in the United States and later by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i> revealed that there was preliminary testing of the Decelostat system to prevent car swirling on a heavy brake by the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)" title="Big Three (automobile manufacturers)">US car manufacturers in Detroit</a>. However, there was no public information of the test results.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Maxaret" title="Maxaret">Dunlop Maxaret</a> anti-skid system was in widespread aviation use in the UK, with aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Handley Page Victor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Vickers Viscount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">Vickers Valiant</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">English Electric Lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">de Havilland Comet 2c</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Sea_Vixen" title="De Havilland Sea Vixen">de Havilland Sea Vixen</a>, and later aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">Vickers VC10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident" title="Hawker Siddeley Trident">Hawker Siddeley Trident</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_125" title="British Aerospace 125">Hawker Siddeley 125</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_HS_748" title="Hawker Siddeley HS 748">Hawker Siddeley HS 748</a> and derived <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_ATP" title="British Aerospace ATP">British Aerospace ATP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven" title="BAC One-Eleven">BAC One-Eleven</a>, and the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F27_Friendship" title="Fokker F27 Friendship">Fokker F27 Friendship</a> (which unusually had a Dunlop high pressure (200 Bar) pneumatic system in lieu of hydraulics for braking, nose wheel steering and landing gear retraction), being fitted with Maxaret as standard.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maxaret, while reducing braking distances by up to 30% in icy or wet conditions, also increased tire life, and had the additional advantage of allowing take-offs and landings in conditions that would preclude flying at all in non-Maxaret equipped aircraft. </p><p>In 1958, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Enfield_Super_Meteor" title="Royal Enfield Super Meteor">Royal Enfield Super Meteor</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a> was used by the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory" title="Transport Research Laboratory">Road Research Laboratory</a> to test the Maxaret anti-lock brake.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experiments demonstrated that anti-lock brakes can be of great value to motorcycles, for which skidding is involved in a high proportion of accidents. Stopping distances were reduced in most of the tests compared with locked wheel braking, particularly on slippery surfaces, in which the improvement could be as much as 30%. Enfield's technical director at the time, Tony Wilson-Jones, saw little future in the system, however, and it was not put into production by the company.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fully-mechanical system saw limited automobile use in the 1960s in the <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_P99" title="Ferguson P99">Ferguson P99</a> racing car, the <a href="/wiki/Jensen_FF" title="Jensen FF">Jensen FF</a>, and the experimental <a href="/wiki/All-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="All-wheel drive">all-wheel drive</a> <a href="/wiki/Ford_Zodiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Zodiac">Ford Zodiac</a>, but saw no further use; the system proved expensive and unreliable. </p><p>The first fully-electronic anti-lock braking system was developed in the late-1960s for the <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> aircraft. </p><p>The modern ABS system was invented in 1971 by Mario Palazzetti (known as 'Mister ABS') in the Fiat Research Center and has become standard in almost every car. The system was called Antiskid and the patent was sold to Bosch who named it ABS.<sup id="cite_ref-Patent_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_systems">Modern systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Motors_CEO_Rear.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Martin_Motors_CEO_Rear.JPG/220px-Martin_Motors_CEO_Rear.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Martin_Motors_CEO_Rear.JPG/330px-Martin_Motors_CEO_Rear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Martin_Motors_CEO_Rear.JPG/440px-Martin_Motors_CEO_Rear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A car with a sticker in the rear conveying about having ABS and EBD features</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Bendix_Corporation" title="Bendix Corporation">Bendix Corporation</a>, introduced a computerized, three-channel, four-sensor all-wheel<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABS called "Sure Brake" for its 1971 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_(automobile)" title="Imperial (automobile)">Imperial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was available for several years thereafter, functioned as intended, and proved reliable. In 1969, Ford introduced an anti-lock braking system called "Sure-Track" to the rear wheels of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Continental_Mark_III" title="Lincoln Continental Mark III">Lincoln Continental Mark III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird" title="Ford Thunderbird">Ford Thunderbird</a>, as an option;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it became standard in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sure-Track braking system was designed with help from Kelsey-Hayes. In 1971, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> introduced the "Trackmaster" rear-wheel only<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABS as an option on their <a href="/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive" title="Rear-wheel drive">rear-wheel drive</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> models<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and called the option the True-Track Braking System on the <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Toronado" title="Oldsmobile Toronado">Oldsmobile Toronado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, the option was made available in all Cadillacs. In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> offered an EAL (Electro Anti-lock System) developed by Japanese company <a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a> as an option on the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_President" title="Nissan President">Nissan President</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s first electronic ABS.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1971: The Imperial<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the first production car with a 4 wheel computer-operated anti-lock braking system. Toyota introduced electronically controlled anti-skid brakes on <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Crown" title="Toyota Crown">Toyota Crown</a> labeled as ESC (Electronic Skid Control).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1971: First truck application: "Antislittamento" system developed by <i><a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> Veicoli Industriali</i> and installed on <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> truck model 691N1.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1972: four-wheel-drive <a href="/wiki/Triumph_2000" title="Triumph 2000">Triumph 2500</a> Estates were fitted with <a href="/wiki/Mullard" title="Mullard">Mullard</a> electronic systems as standard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Such cars were rare however and very few remain. </p><p>1976: <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Air_Brake_Company" title="Westinghouse Air Brake Company">WABCO</a> began the development of the anti-locking braking system on commercial vehicles to prevent locking on slippery roads, followed in 1986 by the electronic braking system (EBS) for heavy-duty vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1978: <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W116" title="Mercedes-Benz W116">Mercedes-Benz W116</a> As one of the firsts, used an electronic four-wheel multi-channel anti-lock braking system (ABS) from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a> as an option from 1978 on. </p><p>1982: Honda introduced electronically controlled multi-channel ALB (Anti Locking Brakes) as an option for the second generation of Prelude, launched worldwide in 1982. Additional info: the general agent for Honda in Norway required all Preludes for the Norwegian market to have the ALB-system as a standard feature, making Honda Prelude be the first car delivered in Europe with ABS as a standard feature. The Norwegian general agent also included a sunroof and other options to be standard equipment in Norway, adding more luxury to the Honda brand. However, the Norwegian tax system made the well-equipped car very expensive, and the sales suffered from high costs. From 1984 the ALB-system, as well as the other optional features from Honda, was no longer a standard feature in Norway. </p><p>In 1985 the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Scorpio" title="Ford Scorpio">Ford Scorpio</a> was introduced to the European market with a Teves electronic system throughout the range as standard. For this the model was awarded the coveted <a href="/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a> Award in 1986, with very favorable praise from motoring journalists. After this success, Ford began research into Anti-Lock systems for the rest of their range, which encouraged other manufacturers to follow suit. </p><p>Since 1987 ABS has been standard equipment on all <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> automobiles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Motor_Company" title="Lincoln Motor Company">Lincoln</a> followed suit in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> introduced the first <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Electrohydraulic_servo_valve" title="Electrohydraulic servo valve">electro-hydraulic</a> ABS: the <a href="/wiki/BMW_K100" title="BMW K100">BMW K100</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a> Introduced the FJ1200 model with optional ABS in 1991. <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> followed suit in 1992 with the launch of its first motorcycle ABS on the <a href="/wiki/ST1100" class="mw-redirect" title="ST1100">ST1100</a> Pan European. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a> launched its <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Bandit_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzuki Bandit Series">GSF1200SA (Bandit)</a> with an ABS. In 2005, Harley-Davidson began offering an ABS option on police bikes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anti-lock brake controller is also known as the CAB (Controller Anti-lock Brake).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically ABS includes a central <a href="/wiki/Electronic_control_unit" title="Electronic control unit">electronic control unit</a> (ECU), four <a href="/wiki/Wheel_speed_sensor" title="Wheel speed sensor">wheel speed sensors</a>, and at least two hydraulic valves within the brake <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">hydraulics</a>. The ECU constantly monitors the <a href="/wiki/Rotational_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational speed">rotational speed</a> of each wheel; if it detects the wheel rotating significantly slower than the speed of the vehicle, a condition indicative of impending wheel lock, it actuates the valves to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel, thus reducing the braking force on that wheel; the wheel then turns faster. Conversely, if the ECU detects a wheel turning significantly faster than the others, brake hydraulic pressure to the wheel is increased so the braking force is reapplied, slowing down the wheel. This process is repeated continuously and can be detected by the driver via brake pedal pulsation. Some anti-lock systems can apply or release braking pressure 15 times per second.<sup id="cite_ref-Erjavec2000_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erjavec2000-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_ABS_2010_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowStuffWorks_ABS_2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, the wheels of cars equipped with ABS are practically impossible to lock even during panic braking in extreme conditions. </p><p>The ECU is programmed to disregard differences in wheel rotative speed below a critical threshold because when the car is turning, the two wheels towards the center of the curve turn slower than the outer two. For this same reason, a <a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential (mechanics)">differential</a> is used in virtually all roadgoing vehicles. </p><p>If a fault develops in any part of the ABS, a warning light will usually be illuminated on the vehicle instrument panel, and the ABS will be disabled until the fault is rectified. </p><p>Modern ABS applies individual brake pressure to all four wheels through a control system of hub-mounted sensors and a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Micro-controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-controller">micro-controller</a>. ABS is offered or comes standard on most road vehicles and is the foundation for electronic stability control systems, which are rapidly increasing in popularity due to the great reduction in the price of vehicle electronics over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-absfaq_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-absfaq-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern electronic stability control (ESC) systems are an evolution of the ABS concept. Here, a minimum of two additional sensors are added to help the system work: these are a <a href="/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a> angle sensor and a <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopic</a> sensor. The theory of operation is simple: when the gyroscopic sensor detects that the direction taken by the car does not coincide with what the steering wheel sensor reports, the ESC software will brake the necessary individual wheel(s) (up to three with the most sophisticated systems), so that the vehicle goes the way the driver intends. The steering wheel sensor also helps in the operation of <a href="/wiki/Cornering_Brake_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornering Brake Control">Cornering Brake Control</a> (CBC), since this will tell the ABS that wheels on the inside of the curve should brake more than wheels on the outside, and by how much. </p><p>ABS equipment may also be used to implement a <a href="/wiki/Traction_control_system" title="Traction control system">traction control system</a> (TCS) on the acceleration of the vehicle. If, when accelerating, the tire loses traction, the ABS controller can detect the situation and take suitable action so that traction is regained. More sophisticated versions of this can also control throttle levels and brakes simultaneously. </p><p>The speed sensors of ABS are sometimes used in indirect <a href="/wiki/Tire_pressure_monitoring_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Tire pressure monitoring system">tire pressure monitoring system</a> (TPMS), which can detect under-inflation of the tire(s) by the difference in the rotational speed of wheels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four main components of ABS: <a href="/wiki/Wheel_speed_sensor" title="Wheel speed sensor">wheel speed sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Valves">valves</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Controller_(control_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Controller (control theory)">controller</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABS_Sensor_GM_IMG_0557.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ABS_Sensor_GM_IMG_0557.JPG/220px-ABS_Sensor_GM_IMG_0557.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ABS_Sensor_GM_IMG_0557.JPG/330px-ABS_Sensor_GM_IMG_0557.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ABS_Sensor_GM_IMG_0557.JPG/440px-ABS_Sensor_GM_IMG_0557.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>ABS speed sensors</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Speed sensors (Encoders)</dt> <dd>A speed sensor is used to determine the acceleration or deceleration of the wheel. These sensors use a magnet and a <a href="/wiki/Hall_effect_sensor" title="Hall effect sensor">Hall effect sensor</a>, or a toothed wheel and an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil" title="Electromagnetic coil">electromagnetic coil</a> to generate a signal. The rotation of the wheel or differential induces a magnetic field around the sensor. The fluctuations of this magnetic field generate a voltage in the sensor. Since the voltage induced in the sensor is a result of the rotating wheel, this sensor can become inaccurate at slow speeds. The slower rotation of the wheel can cause inaccurate fluctuations in the magnetic field and thus cause inaccurate readings to the controller.</dd> <dt>Valves</dt> <dd>There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions:</dd></dl> <ul><li>In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to the brake.</li> <li>In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder.</li> <li>In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABS_HCU_April_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ABS_HCU_April_2018.jpg/220px-ABS_HCU_April_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ABS_HCU_April_2018.jpg/330px-ABS_HCU_April_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ABS_HCU_April_2018.jpg/440px-ABS_HCU_April_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Partially disassembled four-channel hydraulic control unit containing motor, pump and valves</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of problems with the valve system occur due to clogged valves. When a valve is clogged it is unable to open, close, or change position. An inoperable valve will prevent the system from modulating the valves and controlling pressure supplied to the brakes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABS_module_April,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ABS_module_April%2C_2018.jpg/220px-ABS_module_April%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ABS_module_April%2C_2018.jpg/330px-ABS_module_April%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ABS_module_April%2C_2018.jpg/440px-ABS_module_April%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Electronic control module</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Pump</dt> <dd>The pump in the ABS is used to restore the pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the valves have released it. A signal from the controller will release the valve at the detection of wheel slip. After a valve releases the pressure supplied from the user, the pump is used to restore the desired amount of pressure to the braking system. The controller will modulate the pump's status in order to provide the desired amount of pressure and reduce slipping.</dd> <dt>Controller</dt> <dd>The controller is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_control_unit" title="Electronic control unit">ECU</a> type unit in the car which receives information from each individual wheel speed sensor. If a wheel loses traction, the signal is sent to the controller. The controller will then limit the brake force (EBD) and activate the ABS modulator which actuates the braking valves on and off.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different variations and control <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> for use in ABS. One of the simpler systems works as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_ABS_2010_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowStuffWorks_ABS_2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The controller monitors the speed sensors at all times. It is looking for decelerations in the wheel that are out of the ordinary. Right before a wheel locks up, it will experience a rapid deceleration. If left unchecked, the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could. It might take a car two to four seconds to stop from 60 mph (96.6 km/h) under ideal conditions, but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a second.</li> <li>The ABS controller knows that such a rapid deceleration of the car is impossible (and in actuality the rapid deceleration means the wheel is about to slip), so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration, then it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again. It can do this very quickly before the wheel can actually significantly change speed. The result is that the wheel slows down at the same rate as the car, with the brakes keeping the wheels very near the point at which they will start to lock up. This gives the system maximum braking power.</li> <li>This replaces the need to manually pump the brakes while driving on a slippery or a low traction surface, allowing to steer even in most emergency braking conditions.</li> <li>When the ABS is in operation the driver will feel a pulsing in the brake pedal; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves. This pulsing also tells the driver that the ABS has been triggered.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brake_types">Brake types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brake types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-lock braking systems use different schemes depending on the type of brakes in use. They can be differentiated by the number of channels: that is, how many valves that are individually controlled—and the number of speed sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_ABS_2010_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowStuffWorks_ABS_2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1) Four-channel, four-sensor ABS</dt> <dd>There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force.</dd> <dt>2) Three-channel, four-sensor ABS</dt> <dd>There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for each of the front wheels, but only one valve for both of the rear wheels. Older vehicles with four-wheel ABS usually use this type.</dd> <dt>3) Three-channel, three-sensor ABS</dt> <dd>This scheme, commonly found on pickup trucks with four-wheel ABS, has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle. This system provides individual control of the front wheels, so they can both achieve maximum braking force. The rear wheels, however, are monitored together; they both have to start to lock up before the ABS will activate on the rear. With this system, it is possible that one of the rear wheels will lock during a stop, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is easy to identify, as there are no individual speed sensors for the rear wheels.</dd> <dt>4) Two-channel, four-sensor ABS</dt> <dd>This system, commonly found on passenger cars from the late '80s through the mid-1990s, uses a speed sensor at each wheel, with one control valve each for the front and rear wheels as a pair. If the speed sensor detects lock up at any individual wheel, the control module pulses the valve for both wheels on that end of the car.</dd> <dt>5) One-channel, one-sensor ABS</dt> <dd>This system is commonly found on pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans with rear-wheel ABS. It has one valve, which controls both rear wheels, and a one-speed sensor, located in the rear axle. This system operates the same as the rear end of a three-channel system. The rear wheels are monitored together and they both have to start to lock up before the ABS kicks in. In this system it is also possible that one of the rear wheels will lock, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is also easy to identify, as there are no individual speed sensors for any of the wheels.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2004 Australian study by Monash University Accident Research Centre found that ABS:<sup id="cite_ref-monash.edu.au_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monash.edu.au-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Reduced the risk of <a href="/wiki/Multiple-vehicle_collision" title="Multiple-vehicle collision">multiple vehicle crashes</a> by 18 percent,</li> <li>Increased the risk of <a href="/wiki/Run-off-road_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Run-off-road collision">run-off-road crashes</a> by 35 percent.</li></ul> <p>On high-traction surfaces such as <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, many (though not all) ABS-equipped cars are able to attain braking distances better (i.e. shorter) than those that would be possible without the benefit of ABS. In real-world conditions, even an alert and experienced driver without ABS would find it difficult to match or improve on the performance of a typical driver with a modern ABS-equipped vehicle. ABS reduces the chances of crashing, and/or the severity of impact. The recommended technique for non-expert drivers in an ABS-equipped car, in a typical full-braking emergency, is to press the brake pedal as firmly as possible and, where appropriate, to steer around obstructions. In such situations, ABS will significantly reduce the chances of a skid and subsequent loss of control. </p><p>In gravel, sand, and deep snow, ABS tends to increase braking distances. On these surfaces, locked wheels dig in and stop the vehicle more quickly. ABS prevents this from occurring. Some ABS calibrations reduce this problem by slowing the cycling time, thus letting the wheels repeatedly briefly lock and unlock. Some vehicle manufacturers provide an "off-road" button to turn the ABS function off. The primary benefit of ABS on such surfaces is to increase the ability of the driver to maintain control of the car rather than go into a skid, though the loss of control remains more likely on soft surfaces such as gravel or on slippery surfaces such as snow or ice. On a very slippery surface such as sheet ice or gravel, it is possible to lock multiple wheels at once, and this can defeat ABS (which relies on comparing all four wheels and detecting individual wheels skidding). The availability of ABS relieves most drivers from learning threshold braking. </p><p>A June 1999 <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> (NHTSA) study found that ABS increased stopping distances on loose gravel by an average of 27.2 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the NHTSA, </p> <blockquote> <p>"ABS works with your regular braking system by automatically pumping them. In vehicles not equipped with ABS, the driver has to manually pump the brakes to prevent wheel lockup. In vehicles equipped with ABS, your foot should remain firmly planted on the brake pedal, while ABS pumps the brakes for you so you can concentrate on steering to safety." </p> </blockquote> <p>When activated, some earlier ABSes caused the brake pedal to pulse noticeably. As most drivers rarely or do not brake hard enough to cause brake lock-up, and drivers typically do not read the vehicle's owner's manual, this may not be noticeable until an emergency. Some manufacturers have therefore implemented a <a href="/wiki/Emergency_brake_assist" title="Emergency brake assist">brake assist</a> system that determines that the driver is attempting a "panic stop" (by detecting that the brake pedal was depressed very quickly, unlike a normal stop where the pedal pressure would usually be gradually increased. Some systems additionally monitor the rate at the accelerator was released, and/or the time between accelerator release and brake application)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the system automatically increases braking force where not enough pressure is applied. Hard or panic braking on bumpy surfaces, because of the bumps causing the speed of the wheel(s) to become erratic may also trigger the ABS, sometimes causing the system to enter its ice mode, where the system severely limits maximum available braking power. Nevertheless, ABS significantly improves safety and control for drivers in most on-road situations. </p><p>Anti-lock brakes are the subject of some experiments centred around <a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation" title="Risk compensation">risk compensation</a> theory, which asserts that drivers adapt to the safety benefit of ABS by driving more aggressively. In a <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> study, half a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxicabs</a> was equipped with anti-lock brakes, while the other half had conventional brake systems. The crash rate was substantially the same for both types of cab, and Wilde concludes this was due to drivers of ABS-equipped cabs taking more risks, assuming that ABS would take care of them, while the non-ABS drivers drove more carefully since ABS would not be there to help in case of a dangerous situation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety" title="Insurance Institute for Highway Safety">Insurance Institute for Highway Safety</a> released a study in 2010 that found motorcycles with ABS 37% less likely to be involved in a fatal crash than models without ABS.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ABS_on_motorcycles">ABS on motorcycles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ABS on motorcycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABS-Sensor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/ABS-Sensor.jpg/290px-ABS-Sensor.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/ABS-Sensor.jpg/435px-ABS-Sensor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/ABS-Sensor.jpg/580px-ABS-Sensor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The ABS sensor of a BMW K 1100 LT</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_R1150GS_front_discs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BMW_R1150GS_front_discs.jpg/220px-BMW_R1150GS_front_discs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BMW_R1150GS_front_discs.jpg/330px-BMW_R1150GS_front_discs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BMW_R1150GS_front_discs.jpg/440px-BMW_R1150GS_front_discs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>A toothed-wheel ABS sensor. These are the front brake discs on a BMW R1150GS. The toothed ABS ring indicates that this bike was manufactured before November 2002.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABS_Vorderrad_BMW_K75.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ABS_Vorderrad_BMW_K75.jpg/220px-ABS_Vorderrad_BMW_K75.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ABS_Vorderrad_BMW_K75.jpg/330px-ABS_Vorderrad_BMW_K75.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ABS_Vorderrad_BMW_K75.jpg/440px-ABS_Vorderrad_BMW_K75.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Another toothed-wheel ABS sensor. This is on a <a href="/wiki/BMW_K75" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW K75">BMW K75</a> motorcycle.</figcaption></figure> <p>On a motorcycle, an anti-lock brake system prevents the wheels of a <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a> from locking during <a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">braking</a> situations. Based on information from <a href="/wiki/Wheel_speed_sensor" title="Wheel speed sensor">wheel speed sensors</a> the ABS unit adjusts the pressure of the brake fluid in order to keep <a href="/wiki/Traction_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction (engineering)">traction</a> during deceleration to avoid accidents. Motorcycle ABS helps the rider to maintain stability during braking and to decrease the stopping distance. It provides traction even on low <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> surfaces. </p><p>While older ABS models are derived from cars, recent Motorcycle ABS is the result of research, oriented to the specifics of motorcycles in case of size, weight, and functionality. National and international organizations have evaluated Motorcycle ABS to be an important factor in increasing safety and reducing the number and severity of motorcycle crashes and collisions. The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> passed legislation in 2012 that made the fitment with ABS for all new motorcycles above 125cc to be mandatory from 1 January 2016. <i>Consumer Reports</i> said in 2016 that "ABS is commonly offered on large, expensive models, but it has been spreading to several entry-level sportbikes and midsized bikes".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_motorcycle_ABS">History of motorcycle ABS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History of motorcycle ABS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, BMW introduced an electronic/<a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulic</a> ABS for motorcycles, ten years after Daimler Benz and Bosch released the first four-wheel vehicle ABS for series production. Motorcycles of <a href="/wiki/BMW_K100" title="BMW K100">BMW K100</a> series were optionally equipped with the ABS, which added 11 kg to the bike. It was developed together with <a href="/wiki/Schaeffler_Group" title="Schaeffler Group">FAG Kugelfischer</a> and regulated the pressure in the braking circuits via a plunger <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese manufacturers followed with an ABS option by 1992 on the <a href="/wiki/Honda_ST1100" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda ST1100">Honda ST1100</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_FJ1200" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha FJ1200">Yamaha FJ1200</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continental presented its first Motorcycle Integral ABS (MIB) in 2006. It has been developed in cooperation with BMW and weighed 2.3 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the first generation of motorcycle ABS weighed around 11 kg, the generation (2011) presented by Bosch in 2009 weighs 0.7 kg (ABS base) and 1.6 kg (ABS enhanced) with integral braking.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_principle">Basic principle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Basic principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wheel speed <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> mounted on the front and rear wheel constantly measures the rotational speed of each wheel and delivers this information to an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_control_unit" title="Electronic control unit">Electronic Control Unit</a> (ECU). The ECU detects two things: 1) if the deceleration of one wheel exceeds a fixed threshold and 2) whether the brake slip, calculated based on information of both wheels, rises above a certain percentage and enters an unstable zone. These are indicators for a high possibility of a locking wheel. To countermeasure these irregularities the ECU signals the hydraulic unit to hold or to release pressure. After signals show the return to the stable zone, the pressure is increased again. Past models used a piston for the control of the <a href="/wiki/Fluid_pressure#Fluid_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid pressure">fluid pressure</a>. Most recent models regulate the pressure by rapidly opening and closing <a href="/wiki/Solenoid_valve" title="Solenoid valve">solenoid valves</a>. While the basic principle and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> has been carried over from passenger car ABS, typical motorcycle characteristics have to be considered during the development and application processes. One characteristic is the change of the dynamic wheel load during braking. Compared to cars, the wheel load changes are more drastic, which can lead to a wheel lift up and a fall over. This can be intensified by a soft suspension. Some systems are equipped with a rear-wheel lift-off mitigation functionality. When the indicators of a possible rear lift-off are detected, the system releases brake pressure on the front wheel to counter this behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another difference is that in the case of the motorcycle the front wheel is much more important for stability than the rear wheel. If the front wheel locks up between 0.2-0.7s, it loses gyrostatic forces and the motorcycle starts to oscillate because of the increased influence of side forces operating on the wheel contact line. The motorcycle becomes unstable and falls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-lock_Braking_System_(ABS)"><span id="Anti-lock_Braking_System_.28ABS.29"></span>Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Piston Systems</i>: The pressure release in this system is realized through the movement of a spring-tensioned piston. When pressure should be released, a linear motor pulls back the plunger piston and opens up more space for the fluid. The system was used for example in the ABS I (1988) and ABS II (1993) of BMW. The ABS II differed in size and an electronically controlled <a href="/wiki/Clutch#Friction_clutches" title="Clutch">friction clutch</a> was mounted on the shaft instead of a plunger. Further displacement sensors record the travel distance of the piston to allow the control unit a more precise regulation. Honda also uses this system of pressure modulation for big sports and <a href="/wiki/Touring_motorcycle" title="Touring motorcycle">touring bikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Valve and Pump Systems</i>: The main parts which are part of the pressure modulation system are solenoid inlet and outlet valves, a pump, motor, and accumulators/reservoirs. The number of the valves differs from model to model due to additional functionalities and the number of brake channels. Based on the input of the ECU, coils operate the inlet and outlet valves. During pressure release, the brake fluid is stored in accumulators. In this open system approach, the fluid is then brought back in the brake circuit via a pump operated by a motor that is felt through pulsation on the brake lever.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regenerative_Anti-Lock_Braking_for_Electric_2-wheel_vehicles_(eABS)"><span id="Regenerative_Anti-Lock_Braking_for_Electric_2-wheel_vehicles_.28eABS.29"></span>Regenerative Anti-Lock Braking for Electric 2-wheel vehicles (eABS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regenerative Anti-Lock Braking for Electric 2-wheel vehicles (eABS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electric vehicles can recapture the energy from rear wheel braking.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_Braking_System_(CBS)"><span id="Combined_Braking_System_.28CBS.29"></span>Combined Braking System (CBS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Combined Braking System (CBS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to how the wheels on cars and trains react collectively to brakes when applied, on motorcycles the rear wheel brake and front wheel brake are controlled separately. If the rider only brakes with one wheel, this braked wheel tends to lock up faster than if both brakes had been applied. A <a href="/wiki/Combined_braking_system" title="Combined braking system">Combined Braking System</a> therefore distributes the brake force also to the non-braked wheel to lower the possibility of a lock-up, increase deceleration and reduce <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(motorcycle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (motorcycle)">suspension</a> pitch. </p><p>With a single [rear] CBS the brake pressure applied on the rear brake (pedal) is simultaneously distributed to the front wheel. A delay valve cuts the hydraulic pressure to assure that only when strong braking is applied, the pressure is also created at the front wheel. Honda's first street motorcycle with a combined braking system (then called Unified Braking) was the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Gold_Wing#GL1100" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Wing">GL1100</a>. This system was derived from the 1970s <a href="/wiki/Honda_RC_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda RC series">RCB1000</a> world endurance race bike.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larger models with two front <a href="/wiki/Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">discs</a> use a dual CBS System. The system was first installed by Moto Guzzi in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, applied brake pressure at the front is also applied to the rear wheel and vice versa. If the front lever is applied, the pressure is built up at 4 of the 6 pots in the 2 calipers at the front. A secondary master cylinder at the front wheel distributes remaining pressure to the rear wheel through a proportional control valve and acts on 2 of the 3 calipers. If a strong brake force is applied at the rear wheel force is also distributed to 2 of the 6 pots of the front wheel. More modern dual CBS use front and rear calipers (and all pots) according to a preset load ratio of front to rear. The proportioning was originally controlled by complex all-hydraulic systems interlinking the front and rear, with a fixed delay or by sensing weight distribution changes. As early as 2001 an electrohydraulic system was introduced by BMW.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CBS_and_ABS">CBS and ABS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: CBS and ABS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CBS helps to reduce the danger of wheel locks and fall downs but in certain situations, it is possible that CBS causes a fall down. If brake pressure is distributed from the rear wheel to the front wheel and the friction of the surfaces changes suddenly (puddle, ice on the street) the front wheel might lock even if only the rear brake has been applied. This would lead to a loss of stability and a fall down. CBS is therefore combined with ABS to avoid this on a motorcycle. Different approaches are possible to realize this combination: <i>Without active pressure Build up</i> Single Version: A third additional channel links the rear wheel circuit through a delay valve to the front brake. Strong brake pressure at the rear wheel (or both wheels) pressurizes both brake circuits however this pressure is adjusted according to wheel speed and brake slip. </p><p>The dual version combines Hondas Dual CBS with a secondary master cylinder and a proportional control valve [with Piston ABS] A modulator regulates the pressure for each<sup id="cite_ref-honda5_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honda5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>With Active Pressure Build up</i> In 2009, Honda introduced the electronic controlled combined ABS for its high-performance sports bikes which utilize brake by wire technology. The brake input of the rider is measured by pressure sensors and the information is provided to an ECU. Together with the information of the wheel speed sensors, the ECU calculates the optimal distribution of pressure to prevent lockups and to provide the best possible deceleration. Based on this output a motor for each wheel operates a pump that builds up and regulates the brake pressure on the wheel. This system offers a fast reaction time because of the brake by wire functionality. </p><p>The MIB (Motorcycle integral Braking system) from Continental Teves and the eCBS (electronic CBS) in the enhanced Motorcycle ABS from Bosch are results of another approach. These systems are based on the pump and valve approach. Through additional valves, stronger pumps and a more powerful motor the system can actively build up pressure. The input pressure of the rider is measured with pressure sensors at the lever and pedal. The pump then builds up additional pressure adjusted to riding conditions. A partial integral System is designed for working in one direction only: front→rear or rear→front. A fully-integrated system works in both directions. </p><p>Because these systems are electronically controlled and are able to build up pressure actively, they offer the opportunity to adjust the motorcycle braking behavior to the rider. CBS and ABS can be switched off by experienced riders and also different regulation modes with higher and lower thresholds can be chosen, such as the rain or slick mode in the BMW S1000RR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_legislation">Safety and legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Safety and legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety" title="Insurance Institute for Highway Safety">Insurance Institute for Highway Safety</a> (IIHS) conducted a study on the effectiveness of ABS for motorcycles and came to the conclusion that motorcycles above 250 cm<sup>3</sup> without ABS are 37 percent more likely to be involved in fatal crashes and a study of the Swedish Road Administration came to the conclusion that 48 percent of all severe and fatal motorcycle accidents above 125 cm<sup>3</sup> could be avoided due to motorcycle ABS.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These studies caused the EU commission to initiate a legislative process in 2010 that was passed in 2012 and led to ABS for motorcycles above 125 cm<sup>3</sup> becoming mandatory from 2016 onwards. Organizations like the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile and the Institute of advanced Motorists (IAM) demanded the implementation of this legislation already for 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, some motorcycle riders are protesting against a compulsory ABS for all bikes because they call for a possibility to switch the system off, for off-road usage or for other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) started the <a href="/wiki/Decade_of_Action_for_Road_Safety_2011-2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020">Decade of Action for Road Safety</a>. The main goal is to save 5 million lives until 2020 through global cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One part of their global plan is to: Encourage universal deployment of crash avoidance technologies with proven effectiveness such as <a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">Electronic Stability Control</a> and Anti-Lock Braking Systems in motorcycles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws_and_regulations">Laws and regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Laws and regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the NHTSA has mandated ABS in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">electronic stability control</a> under the provisions of <a href="/wiki/FMVSS_126" class="mw-redirect" title="FMVSS 126">FMVSS 126</a> as of September 1, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_and_other_international_markets">European and other international markets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: European and other international markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ABS is required on all new passenger cars sold in the EU since 2004.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since 2016, the EU has required ABS on all new scooters, motorcycles, tricycles, and quads from 125 cc, otherwise CBS (or ABS).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UN Regulation No. 78, related to the braking of vehicles of categories L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5 (motorbikes) is applied by the European Union, Russia, Japan, Turkey, Ukraine, Australia and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Global technical regulation number 3 related to Motorcycle brake systems is applied by Canada, the European Union, Japan, Russia, and the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1 April 2019, India has required at least single-channel ABS on all new two-wheelers from 125 cc, otherwise CBS (or ABS).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABS has also been mandatory on all new cars and mini-buses from the same date.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_American_markets">South American markets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: South American markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1 January 2019, Brazil has required ABS on all new motorcycles from 300 cc.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABS has been mandatory on all new cars since January 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1 January 2024, Argentina will require ABS on all new motorcycles from 250 cc, CBS (or front wheel ABS) for on-road between 50 and 250cc. Or their electric equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABS has been mandatory on all new normal cars since January 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From February 2025, Chile will require ABS on all new motorcycles from 150 cc or 11 kW, otherwise CBS (or ABS) from 50 cc or 4 kW from February 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABS has been mandatory on all new cars since October 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From October 2025, Colombia will require ABS on all new motorcycles from 150 cc or 11 kW, otherwise CBS (or ABS) from 50 cc or 4 kW.<sup id="cite_ref-semana_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semana-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From March 2027, Colombia will require ABS on all new motorcycles from 125 cc, below that with CBS (or ABS).<sup id="cite_ref-semana_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semana-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/29px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/43px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/57px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-foot_braking" title="Left-foot braking">Left-foot braking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_brake_assist" title="Emergency brake assist">Emergency brake assist</a>, or Brake assist system (BAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">Electronic stability control</a> (ESP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake-By-Wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Brake-By-Wire">Brake-By-Wire</a> (EBS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMayersohn,_Norman_S.1988" class="citation book cs1">Mayersohn, Norman S. (August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X-QDAAAAMBAJ&q=abs+motorcycle&pg=PA46"><i>Antilock Brakes At Last</i></a>. Popular Mechanics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antilock+Brakes+At+Last&rft.pub=Popular+Mechanics&rft.date=1988-08&rft.au=Mayersohn%2C+Norman+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX-QDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dabs%2Bmotorcycle%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Stuart_F.1987" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Stuart F. (May 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QAAAAAAMBAJ&q=abs+motorcycle&pg=RA1-PA66"><i>Anti-lock Brakes for Motorcycles</i></a>. Popular Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-lock+Brakes+for+Motorcycles&rft.pub=Popular+Science&rft.date=1987-05&rft.au=Brown%2C+Stuart+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QAAAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dabs%2Bmotorcycle%26pg%3DRA1-PA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307231321/http://www3.toyota.com.au/prius-c/features/safety/anti-skid-braking">"Toyota Prius c features safety anti-skid braking system (ABS)"</a>. Toyota Motor Corporation Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.toyota.com.au/prius-c/features/safety/anti-skid-braking">the original</a> on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>. <q>Prius c is equipped with Toyota's Anti-skid Braking System (ABS).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+Prius+c+features+safety+anti-skid+braking+system+%28ABS%29&rft.pub=Toyota+Motor+Corporation+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.toyota.com.au%2Fprius-c%2Ffeatures%2Fsafety%2Fanti-skid-braking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monash.edu.au-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monash.edu.au_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monash.edu.au_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monash.edu.au/miri/research/reports/other/racv-abs-braking-system-effectiveness.pdf">"Effectiveness of ABS and Vehicle Stability Control Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Royal Automobile Club of Victoria. April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effectiveness+of+ABS+and+Vehicle+Stability+Control+Systems&rft.pub=Royal+Automobile+Club+of+Victoria&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monash.edu.au%2Fmiri%2Fresearch%2Freports%2Fother%2Fracv-abs-braking-system-effectiveness.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeißing2011" class="citation cs2">Heißing, Bernd (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSlSJtEy-NIC&q=abs+stopping+distance+gravel&pg=PA182"><i>Chassis Handbook</i></a>, Springer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783834897893" title="Special:BookSources/9783834897893"><bdi>9783834897893</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chassis+Handbook&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783834897893&rft.aulast=Hei%C3%9Fing&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSlSJtEy-NIC%26q%3Dabs%2Bstopping%2Bdistance%2Bgravel%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eToxUA1LZbsC&pg=RA6-PA54">"Speed With Style"</a>, <i>Cycle World</i>, June 1992, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-4286">0011-4286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cycle+World&rft.atitle=Speed+With+Style&rft.date=1992-06&rft.issn=0011-4286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeToxUA1LZbsC%26pg%3DRA6-PA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawes2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawes2014_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawes2014_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Lawes2014" class="citation book cs1">Jon Lawes (31 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sod8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207"><i>Car Brakes: A Guide to Upgrading, Repair and Maintenance</i></a>. Crowood. pp. 207–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84797-675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84797-675-8"><bdi>978-1-84797-675-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Car+Brakes%3A+A+Guide+to+Upgrading%2C+Repair+and+Maintenance&rft.pages=207-&rft.pub=Crowood&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.isbn=978-1-84797-675-8&rft.au=Jon+Lawes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSod8AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1953/1953%20-%201433.html">"Non-Skid Braking"</a>. <i>Flight International</i>. 30 October 1953. pp. 587–588.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Non-Skid+Braking&rft.pages=587-588&rft.date=1953-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1953%2F1953%2520-%25201433.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annual-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-annual_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPQeAQAAMAAJ&q=decelostat"><i>Annual Report</i></a>. Westinghouse Air Brake Company. 1936. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Westinghouse+Air+Brake+Company&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPQeAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddecelostat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gsnAAAAMAAJ">"Optimum Braking"</a>. <i>Flight International</i>. <b>59</b> (2194): 167–168. 8 February 1951<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Optimum+Braking&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2194&rft.pages=167-168&rft.date=1951-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gsnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ziADAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA232">"Brakes"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. <b>165</b> (2): 232. August 1954<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Brakes&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=232&rft.date=1954-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DziADAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/search.aspx?ArchiveSearchForm%24search=maxaret&ArchiveSearchForm%24fromYear=&ArchiveSearchForm%24toYear=&x=0&y=0">"Browse Flight's archive of Historic Aviation"</a>. <i>Flightglobal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Patrick Stephens Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-033-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85260-033-0"><bdi>1-85260-033-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Best+of+British+Bikes&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens+Ltd&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85260-033-0&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbestofbritishbik0000reyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patent-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patent_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3707313A">U.S. patent 3707313A</a></span> - Anti-skid braking systems patent accessdate: 16. July 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Chrysler_and_Imperial/1972%20Chrysler/1972_Imperial_Press_Kit/1972%20Imperial%20Press%20Kit-04.html">"Directory Index: Chrysler_and_Imperial/1972 Chrysler/1972_Imperial_Press_Kit"</a>. <i>Oldcarbrochures.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Autocosmos&rft.atitle=Seguridad%3A+el+ABS+ya+es+obligatorio+en+Chile&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.autocosmos.cl%2F2020%2F10%2F05%2Fseguridad-el-abs-ya-es-obligatorio-en-chile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-semana-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-semana_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-semana_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/ojo-estas-son-las-condiciones-de-frenado-que-deben-tener-las-motos-nuevas-que-lleguen-al-pais-desde-cuando-rigen/202235/">"Ojo: estas son las condiciones de frenado que deben tener las motos nuevas que lleguen al país, ¿desde cuándo rigen?"</a>. <i>Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo</i>. October 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Semana.com+%C3%9Altimas+Noticias+de+Colombia+y+el+Mundo&rft.atitle=Ojo%3A+estas+son+las+condiciones+de+frenado+que+deben+tener+las+motos+nuevas+que+lleguen+al+pa%C3%ADs%2C+%C2%BFdesde+cu%C3%A1ndo+rigen%3F&rft.date=2022-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semana.com%2Fnacion%2Farticulo%2Fojo-estas-son-las-condiciones-de-frenado-que-deben-tener-las-motos-nuevas-que-lleguen-al-pais-desde-cuando-rigen%2F202235%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-lock+braking+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Motorcycle_components" title="Template:Motorcycle components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Motorcycle_components" title="Template talk:Motorcycle components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Motorcycle_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Motorcycle components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Motorcycle_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_components" title="Motorcycle components">Motorcycle components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">Chassis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_frame" title="Motorcycle frame">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(motorcycle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (motorcycle)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_fork" title="Motorcycle fork">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingarm" title="Swingarm">Swingarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_wheel" title="Motorcycle wheel">Wheels</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Absbrakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Absbrakes.jpg/250px-Absbrakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Absbrakes.jpg/375px-Absbrakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Absbrakes.jpg/500px-Absbrakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="305" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_engine" title="Motorcycle engine">Engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Layouts_(common)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts (common)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-twin_engine" title="Straight-twin engine">Parallel twin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-twin_engine" title="V-twin engine">V-twin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_twin_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat twin engine">Flat twin (boxer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-three_engine" title="Straight-three engine">Triple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline-four_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline-four engine">Inline-four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V4_engine" title="V4 engine">V4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-four_engine" title="Flat-four engine">Flat-four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-six_engine" title="Straight-six engine">Straight-six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-six_engine" title="Flat-six engine">Flat-six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts (other)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotary-engine#Use_in_cars_and_motorcycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary-engine">Rotary piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTT_Turbine_Superbike" title="MTT Turbine Superbike">Turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine#Motorcycle_engines" title="Wankel engine">Wankel (rotary)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_motorcycle" title="Diesel motorcycle">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline (petrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle#Motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen fuel cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_transmission" title="Motorcycle transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_manual_transmission" title="Sequential manual transmission">Sequential manual transmission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Automatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission" title="Continuously variable transmission">Continuously variable transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission" title="Dual-clutch transmission">Dual-clutch transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission#Motorcycles" title="Semi-automatic transmission">Semi-automatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clutch#Motorcycles" title="Clutch">Clutch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slipper_clutch" title="Slipper clutch">Slipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Final drive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">Chain drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmer_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilmer belt">Belt drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">Shaft drive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_accessories" title="Motorcycle accessories">Accessories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_fairing" title="Motorcycle fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannier#Motorcycle_panniers" title="Pannier">Pannier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidecar" title="Sidecar">Sidecar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_trailer" title="Motorcycle trailer">Trailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_brake#On_motorcycles" title="Disc brake">Disc brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">Drum brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_saddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycle saddle">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_tyre" title="Motorcycle tyre">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_control_system" title="Traction control system">Traction control system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-lock braking system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div style="float:right; margin:0 1.0em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_motorcycles_and_motorcycling" title="Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling">Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling</a></b></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chassis_control_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chassis_control_systems" title="Template:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chassis_control_systems" title="Template talk:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chassis_control_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chassis_control_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rolling_chassis" title="Rolling chassis">Chassis</a> control system</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">Suspension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-roll_bar" title="Anti-roll bar">Anti-roll bar (sway bar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">Axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axle_track" title="Axle track">Axle track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Beam axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camber_angle" title="Camber angle">Camber angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_handling" title="Automobile handling">Car handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil_spring" title="Coil spring">Coil spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Dion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dion tube">De Dion tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension" title="Double wishbone suspension">Double wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolastic" title="Hydrolastic">Hydrolastic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrolastic#Hydragas" title="Hydrolastic">Hydragas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">Hydropneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">Independent suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">Leaf spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Live axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-link_suspension" title="Multi-link suspension">Multi-link suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhard_rod" title="Panhard rod">Panhard rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">Shock absorber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_axle" title="Swing axle">Swing axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_(automotive)" title="Toe (automotive)">Toe angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_bar_suspension" title="Torsion bar suspension">Torsion bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailing arm">Trailing arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsprung_mass" title="Unsprung mass">Unsprung mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_alignment" title="Wheel alignment">Wheel alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">Steering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ackermann_steering_geometry" title="Ackermann steering geometry">Ackermann steering geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster_angle" title="Caster angle">Caster angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingpin_(automotive_part)" title="Kingpin (automotive part)">Kingpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Oversteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_steering" title="Power steering">Power steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">Rack and pinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_steering" class="mw-redirect" title="Torque steering">Torque steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Understeer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">Brakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">Automatic braking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-lock braking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_rollover_protection" title="Active rollover protection">Active rollover protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_bleeding" title="Brake bleeding">Brake bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fade" title="Brake fade">Brake fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">Brake fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_lining" title="Brake lining">Brake lining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_braking_system" title="Combined braking system">Combined braking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">Disc brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">Drum brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_park_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric park brake">Electric park brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_brakeforce_distribution" title="Electronic brakeforce distribution">Electronic brakeforce distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">Electronic stability control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_braking" title="Engine braking">Engine braking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">Hydraulic brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inboard_brake" title="Inboard brake">Inboard brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_brake" title="Parking brake">Parking brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">Regenerative brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_servo" title="Vacuum servo">Vacuum servo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Roadwheels</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tires (Tyres)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_wheel" title="Custom wheel">Custom wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubcap" title="Hubcap">Hubcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires" title="Outline of tires">Outline of tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostyle_wheel" title="Rostyle wheel">Rostyle wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_(wheel)" title="Spinner (wheel)">Spinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewall_tire" title="Whitewall tire">Whitewall tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wheel" title="Wire wheel">Wire wheels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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