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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Elementu_baten_lehen_ionizazio-energia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementu_baten_lehen_ionizazio-energia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Elementu baten lehen ionizazio-energia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementu_baten_lehen_ionizazio-energia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elementuen_lehen_ionizazio-energiak_zenbaki_atomikoaren_arabera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementuen_lehen_ionizazio-energiak_zenbaki_atomikoaren_arabera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Elementuen lehen ionizazio-energiak zenbaki atomikoaren arabera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementuen_lehen_ionizazio-energiak_zenbaki_atomikoaren_arabera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ionizazio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 71 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisasie" title="Ionisasie – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ionisasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تأين – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizaci%C3%B3n" title="Ionización – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ionización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0onla%C5%9Fma" title="İonlaşma – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İonlaşma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyonisasyon" title="Iyonisasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iyonisasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Іанізацыя – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іанізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Йонизация – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йонизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="আয়নন – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আয়নন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizacija" title="Ionizacija – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ionizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionitzaci%C3%B3" title="Ionització – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ionització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ئایۆناندن – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایۆناندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizace" title="Ionizace – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ionizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisering" title="Ionisering – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ionisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisation" title="Ionisation – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ionisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιονισμός – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιονισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ionization" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonigo" title="Jonigo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jonigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizaci%C3%B3n" title="Ionización – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ionización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisatsioon" title="Ionisatsioon – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ionisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4" title="یونش – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisation" title="Ionisation – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ionisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizaci%C3%B3n" title="Ionización – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ionización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="יינון – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יינון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="आयनन – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniziranje" title="Ioniziranje – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ioniziranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Ionizáció – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ionizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Իոնացում – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իոնացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisation" title="Ionisation – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ionisation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisasi" title="Ionisasi – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ionisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizzazione" title="Ionizzazione – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ionizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E5%8C%96" title="イオン化 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イオン化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იონიზაცია – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იონიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Иондау – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иондау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8%ED%99%94" title="이온화 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이온화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83" title="Иондошуу – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иондошуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonizacija" title="Jonizacija – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jonizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joniz%C4%81cija" title="Jonizācija – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jonizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јонизација – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јонизација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അയൊണീകരണം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയൊണീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengionan" title="Pengionan – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengionan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="विद्युत विच्छेदन – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विद्युत विच्छेदन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisatie" title="Ionisatie – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ionisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisering" title="Ionisering – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ionisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisering" title="Ionisering – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ionisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonizacja" title="Jonizacja – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jonizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonisassion" title="Jonisassion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jonisassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Ionização – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ionização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizare" title="Ionizare – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ionizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ионизация – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ионизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniseren" title="Ioniseren – iparraldeko samiera" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ioniseren" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizacija" title="Ionizacija – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ionizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ionization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniz%C3%A1cia" title="Ionizácia – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ionizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizacija" title="Ionizacija – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ionizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondekedzo" title="Nondekedzo – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nondekedzo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonizacija" title="Jonizacija – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Jonizacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonisering" title="Jonisering – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jonisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அயனியாக்கம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அயனியாக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="అయనీకరణం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అయనీకరణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="การแตกตัวเป็นไอออน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแตกตัวเป็นไอออน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0yonla%C5%9Fma" title="İyonlaşma – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İyonlaşma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Іонізація – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іонізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="آئیونائزیشن – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئیونائزیشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizatsiya" title="Ionizatsiya – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ionizatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_ly" title="Điện ly – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện ly" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisoasje" title="Ionisoasje – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ionisoasje" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyonisasyon" title="Iyonisasyon – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iyonisasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB" title="电离 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电离" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB" title="电离 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电离" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%AB-ch%C3%BA-h%C3%B2a" title="Lī-chú-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lī-chú-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2" title="電離 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電離" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ionizazio" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Ionizazio&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida (sortu gabe) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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[h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ionizazio"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Ionizazio" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Ionizazio" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&oldid=9308966" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Ionizazio&id=9308966&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIonizazio"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIonizazio"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ionizazio"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ionizazio&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ionisation" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190382" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p><b>Ionizazioa</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioi</a> bihurtzeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prozesu_fisiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prozesu fisiko (sortu gabe)">prozesu fisikoa</a> da<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horretarako, <a href="/wiki/Partikula" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Partikula">partikula</a> <a href="/wiki/Karga" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Karga">kargatuak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroiak</a> edo bestelako ioiak) kendu edo gehitu egiten dira. Ioi positiboak (<a href="/wiki/Katioi" title="Katioi">katioiak</a>) sor daitezke atomo edo molekula neutro batek elektroi bat edo gehiago galtzen duenean beste partikula batekin edo <a href="/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi">fotoi</a> batekin gertatutako talkan. Erreakzioa honelakoa da: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> A+ + e-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>A</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> A+ + e-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e508dd088bbeba9c485c3afb505746199a7a41a0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.476ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> A+ + e-}}}"></span>. Bestalde, ioi negatiboak (<a href="/wiki/Anioi" title="Anioi">anioiak</a>) eratu daitezke molekula neutro batek elektroi bat harrapatzen duenean, honako prozesu honen arabera: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {A + e- -> A-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>A</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {A + e- -> A-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77da0dda0d0f46dfe8ab832a46d013b25812820e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.476ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {A + e- -> A-}}}"></span>. Espezie batzuk, <a href="/wiki/Elektrolito" title="Elektrolito">elektrolitoak</a> deiturikoak, berez ionizatzen dira <a href="/wiki/Disolbatzaile" title="Disolbatzaile">disolbatzaile</a> egokiekin nahastean, eta katioiak eta anioiak ematen dituzte. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azidoak</a> ionizatu egiten dira <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">uretan</a> disolbatzean: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCl -> H+ + Cl-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HCl</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HCl -> H+ + Cl-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/377988afd81670b75212c210e4962d9addbfb2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:19.094ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCl -> H+ + Cl-}}}"></span>. </p><p>Atomo edo molekula batetik elektroi bat erauzteko —elektroiaren eta ioiaren arteko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energia_elektrostatiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energia elektrostatiko (sortu gabe)">energia elektrostatikoa</a> baztergarria egin arte bereizteko— behar den energia minimoari <a href="/wiki/Ionizazio-energia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionizazio-energia">ionizazio-energia</a> (edo ionizazio-potentzial) deritzo. Ionizazio-energiaren unitatea <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Sistema" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazioarteko Sistema">Nazioarteko Sisteman</a> <a href="/wiki/Joule" class="mw-redirect" title="Joule">joule</a> (J) da, baina <a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">elektronvolta</a> (eV) ere erabiltzen da sarri (1 eV = 1,609 × 10-19 J). Ionizazio-prozesuan elektroi bat erauzten denez atomo edo molekula baten <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atomiko" title="Orbital atomiko">orbital atomiko</a> edo molekularretik, ionizazio-energiak orbital horren energiaren balioa ematen du. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elementu_baten_lehen_ionizazio-energia">Elementu baten lehen ionizazio-energia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Elementu baten lehen ionizazio-energia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Elementu baten lehen ionizazio-energia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:First_Ionization_Energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Ionization_Energy.svg/220px-First_Ionization_Energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Ionization_Energy.svg/330px-First_Ionization_Energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Ionization_Energy.svg/440px-First_Ionization_Energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Elementu neutralen ionizazio energia.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">Elementu</a> baten lehen ionizazio-energia (I1) honela definitzen da: elementu horren <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>-faseko atomo batetik elektroi bat erauzteko energia minimoa, oinarrizko egoeran: E(g) → E+(g) + e−(g). E+ ioiari beste elektroi bat erauzteko behar den <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> bigarren ionizazio-energia (I2) da: E+(g) → E2+(g) + e−. Modu bertsuan definitzen dira hirugarren, laugarren... ionizazio-energiak. <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">Magnesioaren</a> lehen hiru ionizazio-energiak eta konfigurazio elektronikoak ageri dira adibide honetan: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg(g)->Mg^{+}(g){+}e^{-}I_{1}=738kJ/mol\quad (7,6eV)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Mg</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>Mg</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mn>738</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>kJ</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mtext>mol</mtext> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>eV</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg(g)->Mg^{+}(g){+}e^{-}I_{1}=738kJ/mol\quad (7,6eV)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f814684205cb8cef0b07557d19b5a86771e69a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:49.435ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg(g)->Mg^{+}(g){+}e^{-}I_{1}=738kJ/mol\quad (7,6eV)}}}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>p</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>p</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85e6c55fa7d3b41ce4f4c72482448a9ed7e4d697" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.913ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1}}}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg^{+}(g)->Mg^{2+}(g){+}e^{-}I_{2}=1.451kJ/mol\quad (15eV)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Mg</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>Mg</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>451</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>kJ</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mtext>mol</mtext> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>15</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>eV</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg^{+}(g)->Mg^{2+}(g){+}e^{-}I_{2}=1.451kJ/mol\quad (15eV)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9a21f321b10403823cc3b1f3e74ac3c72c4e29e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:53.963ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg^{+}(g)->Mg^{2+}(g){+}e^{-}I_{2}=1.451kJ/mol\quad (15eV)}}}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>p</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>p</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae8c38758e1442b609d5a3d2ef56f47fb65c7734" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.393ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6}}}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg^{2+}(g)->Mg^{3+}(g){+}e^{-}I_{3}=7.733kJ/mol\quad (79,8eV)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Mg</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>Mg</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mn>7</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>733</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>kJ</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mtext>mol</mtext> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>79</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>eV</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg^{2+}(g)->Mg^{3+}(g){+}e^{-}I_{3}=7.733kJ/mol\quad (79,8eV)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/364817d854f29da748ee90b2a2948dae8ae6bf3d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:57.755ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg^{2+}(g)->Mg^{3+}(g){+}e^{-}I_{3}=7.733kJ/mol\quad (79,8eV)}}}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>p</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>s</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>p</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07ea46879e879f7d7d56733cf1ad2004f4c5114b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.393ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5}}}"></span> </p><p>Ionizazio-energiak igo egiten dira espezie batetik ondoz ondoko elektroiak erauzten direnean, hau da, I1 < I2 < I3 ... Izan ere, elektroi bat erauztean, gainerako elektroien arteko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldarapen_elektrostatiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldarapen elektrostatiko (sortu gabe)">aldarapen elektrostatikoa</a> txikitu egiten da, eta <a href="/wiki/Atomo_nukleo" title="Atomo nukleo">nukleoak</a> indar handiagoz erakartzen ditu. Gainera, <a href="/wiki/Geruza_elektroniko" title="Geruza elektroniko">geruza elektroniko</a> itxi batetik elektroi bat erauzteko, askoz energia handiagoa behar da, magnesioaren hirugarren ionizazio-energian agertzen den bezala. Oro har, ionizazio-energiak igo egiten dira <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoa" title="Taula periodikoa">taula periodikoaren</a> lerro batean ezkerretik eskuinera; hain zuzen ere, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karga nuklear (sortu gabe)">karga nuklear</a> efektiboa igo egiten da periodo batean ezkerretik eskuinera, eta elektroia indar handiagoz erakartzen du nukleoak. Bestalde, taula periodikoaren zutabe bakoitzean, ionizazio-energiak jaitsi egiten dira zutabeetan goitik behera. Honela azal daiteke portaera hori: zutabe batean goitik behera joatean elektroirik kanpokoena nukleotik urrunago dagoenez, atomo horren gainerako elektroiek gehiago babestuko dute nukleoaren erakarpenetik, eta elektroia erauztea errazagoa izango da. Aipatutako efektuak nabarmen agertzen dira irudian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elementuen_lehen_ionizazio-energiak_zenbaki_atomikoaren_arabera">Elementuen lehen ionizazio-energiak zenbaki atomikoaren arabera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Elementuen lehen ionizazio-energiak zenbaki atomikoaren arabera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Elementuen lehen ionizazio-energiak zenbaki atomikoaren arabera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Atomoek edo molekulek <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_elektromagnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradiazio elektromagnetiko">erradiazio elektromagnetikoarekin</a> interakzionatzean gertatzen den ionizazioa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoionizazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotoionizazio (sortu gabe)">fotoionizazioa</a> da: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {M + h\nu -> M+ {+}e-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>M</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>h</mtext> <mi>ν</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>M</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {M + h\nu -> M+ {+}e-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bf75b9049ed0a34eab6fbf95de80521c3a4817b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:20.585ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {M + h\nu -> M+ {+}e-}}}"></span>. Fotoionizazioa gertatzeko, erradiazioaren <a href="/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi">fotoiaren</a> hυ energiak atomoaren edo molekularen I ionizazio-energia baino handiagoa edo berdina izan behar du. Askatutako elektroiari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektroi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotoelektroi (sortu gabe)">fotoelektroi</a> deritzo. </p><p>Molekulen ionizazio-energiak determinatzeko teknika esperimental gisa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espektroskopia_fotoelektroniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espektroskopia fotoelektroniko (sortu gabe)">espektroskopia fotoelektronikoa</a> erabiltzen da. Teknika horretan, <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulak</a> ionizatu egiten dira <a href="/wiki/Frekuentzia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frekuentzia">frekuentzia</a> altuko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erradiazio_monokromatiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erradiazio monokromatiko (sortu gabe)">erradiazio monokromatikoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Izpi_ultramore" class="mw-redirect" title="Izpi ultramore">izpi ultramoreak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/X_izpi" title="X izpi">X izpiak</a>) xurgatu ondoren, eta igorritako elektroien <a href="/wiki/Energia_zinetiko" title="Energia zinetiko">energia zinetikoak</a> neurtzen dira. Teknikaren oinarria energiaren kontserbazioan datza: fotoiaren frekuentzia υ bada, haren energia hυ izango da; erauzitako elektroiaren ionizazio-energia Ii bada, eta elektroiak T energia zinetikoa badu, ekuazio hau bete behar da: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {h\nu = I_{i}{+}T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>h</mtext> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>i</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <mtext>T</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {h\nu = I_{i}{+}T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/209827cdc740f155de754de240472b8ead9dd858" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {h\nu = I_{i}{+}T}}}"></span>. Horrenbestez, fotoiaren frekuentzia eta erauzitako elektroiaren energia zinetikoa ezagutzen badira, ionizazio-energia kalkula daiteke. Erradiazioa eremu ultramorekoa bada, teknika horri ultramoreko espektroskopia fotoelektronikoa deritzo, eta, X izpietako eremukoa baldin bada, berriz, X izpien espektroskopia fotoelektronikoa. Espektro fotoelektronikoaren ionizazio-energien balioetatik, elektroia erauzi den orbitalaren energia lortzen da. Ultramoreko teknikak molekulen balentzia-elektroiei buruzko informazioa ematen du, eta X izpien teknikaren bidez barne-geruzetako ionizazio-energiak eskuratzen dira. </p><p>Gas-fasean dagoen atomo batek elektroi bat erakar dezake anioia sortzeko: E(g) + e−(g) → E−(g). Aurreko prozesuaren energia-aldaketaren balio negatiboari afinitate elektroniko deritzo. Erreakzio exotermikoa bada, afinitate elektronikoa positiboa da, eta negatiboa da, ordea, erreakzioa endotermikoa bada. Ionizazio-energiak ez bezala, zaila da afinitate elektronikoak neurtzea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Artikulu honetarako honako testua erabili da, cc-by-sa lizentziapean:<br /><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBasterretxea2009-09-17">Basterretxea, Fernando.  (2009-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zthiztegia.elhuyar.eus/terminoa/eu/ionizazio">«Ionizazio»</a> <i>zthiztegia.elhuyar.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-03)</small></span></span>..</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output 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