CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.bournemouth.ac.uk",cType: 'managed',cRay: '913899a75e56fd38',cH: 'W2tu2ZjyzfpLVQTfm_aCWRNZGgqxQHP1GvSqq7n2pYI-1739824907-1.2.1.1-5nShWFdqXs26H6cBw8QlHUqVqzkiMw932yn6Mh8Qe8EzbGH3aRXjo3rmMET.2npe',cUPMDTk: "\/research\/our-research-strengths?__cf_chl_tk=RJstAgmGXKlzsXdJiHENSk0asfBS_as3qdhy_Sz9J8U-1739824907-1.0.1.1-4tdETL8m81t6er0loHPlip8SbJpUhw0fPs5AEEoA1Is",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739824907',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/research\/our-research-strengths?__cf_chl_f_tk=RJstAgmGXKlzsXdJiHENSk0asfBS_as3qdhy_Sz9J8U-1739824907-1.0.1.1-4tdETL8m81t6er0loHPlip8SbJpUhw0fPs5AEEoA1Is",md: "p0xgJdRXgEcaYuca979RaKKvrjVp8iBbmNLjBaztksk-1739824907-1.2.1.1-kI3NKt2L5yTHJNg3i_H5ewqdGiYmrreFeAPdYTO93XAas4u_88VPmqP4tCtZ4TD99FmP3I9bBN.ej8uAVsPQW5O7eVLZLbrIJXCAlhysgjKkkN27H8HxfuiHJpfOYyrbk4JUhRxaFG5MbGEsezHV3Nb7cnpcHnYwEbrlg6OwxSCafAGAxeokSEKzyeZiDyxIvwX6.n_W66BlgZXyCUbWmgdgs6lOeCDajxt7.nHOValuwQVTuU7nfCbPg0blJvKO3hEnSEDZw187gWv0vHoRHveT7M4Afk5UH5QNdgLfsc_h2Y8dIIJL9fc_sSesAVNPisUAaeRGkTavQlkGi0LYj9.DIv5Wc2WBcPOrWCyfptoNIEhVuhOQ2BQ5nvHQytQCCGwC12796727rwfPc3izyCmdS6nEjlmJ0O54Maiz6bl1n1tmkGAC4Z2EJ11wmrQEpVrFA0azVHAOkoZ70ATaglUE_2gbf3qQ4cFRIN3EfY4d5NIGjOp__1dBN8zq2VauzpAX1a9TRv_5j0kENM.wX0GFALljVnET6dknoQ2EKUC38zMO4Qd9XZqOmU_x_c14W03YWvKcpfugWHj1l_SkfQkn7Z8Odqy31owTLXppugkTf0FZjbpEmYB3UL0OWe6xWhMMLKYSiT_wL7a7Gpn_LA2Jj0g5bpgnfxMUwxV2bburnGtIqH2xpGcRXKDVqXVMqun1KGDgtHcKtwVD8aq.75N258hZkO4SUw9S_pdUUX2xyPcu3t65teaGKy5lUgFtOtqW_W5QgEA2tfxuRnMMqqKLjUiyU6Or0xnaahjR0WjhxeZEUI7z0jL_3F2kJjsTjPKZRWeYqSgtPbyPnaggUIrac6DH7PJSuzGkqguIhb0cCY7iLXqWHEQeYB1RfVuINvtiDXaKvDVh6EI9oqGfG8ZTPto1YIqeMKPYAdrTTskT6TBlQpdJsdMZBinYFMFWnxtFRmKDbLIW1Mpo_WT9g80Ic3jsYDoIq7UkuvmFuAeXqaLGvv4bbNBW3ChzBVxUEn2lzm7G9XKXzP2Ao5KWk546OihRMCbmPwCMxFEvroU9ncFOq.GxuGtkX4ZaaRt4vIYIXsCCW.xUy5yJ6dRPM8a3KUQItxaTnMyIKgfTQS7_mWY2yAlfhc3ri9SpZHHuCgFX8hnQBLCeVT9sr9K3UH8gBfTWmFp.sOxlyQQDwfIWwlO4ZRCk47rMntD7yvZu7awbbGXMWcJzMlyxzjCpvMyx183zjJ3r6n3fwJ2DRq6SfHESIqVe34sQknuoT78KS50uzpSv4YufqHs89TGXF8ssM75NCQcJtCpCBb_2cNMWIdP4V9woZ96Jeq3QY3MlwpafjoTSayFqprV7AuZoiqUvZiW6NawvdNjeog7jUMu9ddI9x4hlXbwBJJv136V0TNVw9yt3mgpRiXl45y7S07tvetmMfiNziNTbW0Ilah2300xb1v.uru_SLTmeKDRq5BZ97YjNSvAq_GMm6reUNVILAE4xyac1ivie_M1IlkRS3hOuzOFXxyFWB00OoMPUX3UPSDqKpKER50QYwY9p943ZOLGXrRJ0PUfMMuYyTr6TSdfSPo.6a.hpw4F1dT1IAdtZRt04ANWE._ddHtu4to8i2Y6YWTQDdzjQTXpq1MahtYneouUQCQNeB8f9CmVgfy1cISunw_xRb1_hdugbUnwKrrmqqM2abnH0.UXQicpkXnMd7_1noMeJHJp3OumOi3yLlGaobJ6uB8CXfuifSFTCOwzQ8RgbRGCHsjReBT4nnhZIna.JV2Y6vBpwmdKV.HSsC0pHC13SDoy1DL7jBPn3cjnSxEcBfMoUhxAUNqLKMIQtUWFqxTN53ErL1yPkGcGQGvXSycq_jSWR52OScKFCRWWM3F8u66RY835E796dJSTJIocCtmgiLjal0Tf_bWzJmT875rH85JXeM_IkJaDWfFz2Wcv3zc8m4XB6_aA3iIryPAnDsvxGik1UOSmbWf8VoFwtByWO8zUjhSjpuZB7JtpUHOEY9lGzoFfhyHIN0DaWfZFvmPBvJMyoIXRSFn8i.V6jb3OStP7icVwbLrKv5YF1Wgo7Laj8.XTY0xHBkA8HFVqxKQFdMhJya65zMEwoUSpiruxAmBV_0ySDXcM6hAa_mZHIHbVCoT_3zcJhTXxeCvOvqmq6m5nvQNX3T4lMvNcn3hWOmlecJNBy6HNWdzlqEKBJLmKPP.g1wIFTNmcd_39zKGILWdwF2Y4gEmQatu8BIDHhA2WvaO94Hnlvk6Ptg0T8L7EKacegSjfjBkL399HYyPwrFarnKCmt1ypKDlZdLN_UJRR3PHuyIMh9.eGjgb_Met5MtwxIAsJDSPf2uhbkKIjoHmFdUsJgVupPDEtvRKyvCLLAQRodLpzskI.oqYoGSLwfDCgG0rG318VQWINxNzoHVHYDyFkfHwECTRkUsEeT22FfgzoCP672SDqVBesn_GXxGpNodBC74tuDBl.XlgC8lfKCDf6qKA58TpASANacaZJmyspokPeAa_zjCFXWOEalGtWwd9n3AYxS.0SE2CNX8cdn611E",mdrd: "yj.1CrHlPaGo0Azlp6qQl4gp8iHOPJmhFISfh1KkdCQ-1739824907-1.2.1.1-5RO0.fUWp1ws1Vtv7MDcrR4tAaTOv7Tx6c_15GPMCeSLmTXp8i.UkFfEkfEmOG_dqnHpmdGy8ujF5xAxRs4pRnWs5xLr4mfKUO.W15DFSCBoK21jrFGdOXrwztDrbA1whCzp8OOXYYB9lDGGp1UHNgEMkDeUIRLTQDFUn1a33BcBYVYvV0rOOO2gLjqZYu.U9UlsjJf93VeYBfP0VEUDh5CwbcpHbzxcw1UCcQ4NzEUnsl.g6OV2k4RUCoSGARueolFAhwe919mZ1GmC1MBSvbTRjE22XsflOudRBirXjSjDH7_FwAsRHrQxEY6XnhGTpIj1RYLugwTXTpTug7qg42U7IZTusu5iBpkGDtcXVp0rcWbU3qv26f_eebabNVCaz26F0Acyag1ZlZALAAXVuyX_SpsvdJnAUJFRIMiNTNqmOij5mxkQ5kJCgc_mFcQDTo3pn.Qh4ju4xtQm_AjoqNIT7HqgQplicV0KNJQhscbg.fduVcYv_Nt.wOaVSG1mv6ntRRzbwBhZtcvojWBTId8t.RMh9.VgAirt32ui3Bvg6y7WOcPiLOBqwee2gmuF1JdVNTCEAk8PC.Q_3GsAaZ1P6E7Ne3LzW3pcVzM4RBckFBhV7F2TXhyJGeG_v4lFvlZiCknp1emFdOT7MNrcwKsmmzZYjR8qm9VnV1.mQTOsZaAiz0VjCve2mJvUaiJ2Qd8uTaaMGc89QW8KWMy74Q"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913899a75e56fd38';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/research\/our-research-strengths?__cf_chl_rt_tk=RJstAgmGXKlzsXdJiHENSk0asfBS_as3qdhy_Sz9J8U-1739824907-1.0.1.1-4tdETL8m81t6er0loHPlip8SbJpUhw0fPs5AEEoA1Is" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>