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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>Možete vidjeti i kopirati izvorni kôd ove stranice. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="bs" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">[[Datoteka:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg|mini|"Samo za bijelce"]] '''Apartheid''' ([[Bosanski jezik|bos]]. ''razdvajanje'') je bio sistem institucijalnog rasnog razdvajanja stanovništva u [[Južnoafrička Republika|Južnoafričkoj Republici]] od 1948. godine do ranih 1990-ih.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1/repeal-population-registration-act|title=Repeal of Population Registration Act|date=17. 6. 1991|publisher=C-Span|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140800/https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1%2Frepeal-population-registration-act|archive-date=12. 6. 2018|url-status=live|access-date=7. 6. 2018}}</ref><ref name="Abolished">{{cite news|title=South Africa ends racial classifications|author=Myre, Greg|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Southeast Missourian|location=Cape Girardeau|date=18. 6. 1991|access-date=1. 3. 2018|archive-date=8. 6. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608230005/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040|url-status=live}}</ref> Njime je stanovništvo Južnoafričke Republike bilo podijeljeno na bijelce, crnce, Indijce i "obojene" (mulate), s time da su jedino bijelci imali puna politička prava.<ref name="Mayne">{{cite book|last=Mayne|first=Alan|title=From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms|url=https://archive.org/details/frompoliticspast0000mayn|date=1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/frompoliticspast0000mayn/page/52 52]|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-96151-0}}</ref> Apartheid je karakterizirala autoritarna politička kultura koja je osiguravala da Južnoafričkoj Republici politički, društveno i ekonomski dominira manjinsko bjelačko stanovništvo. Prema ovom sistemu društvenog raslojavanja, najviši status imali su bijeli građani, zatim Indijanci i obojeni, zatim crni Afrikanci. Ekonomsko naslijeđe i društveni efekti apartheida nastavljaju se do danas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/despite-1994-political-victory-against-apartheid-its-economic-legacy-persists-haydn-cornish-|title=Despite the 1994 political victory against apartheid, its economic legacy persists by Haydn Cornish-Jenkins|last=Leander|date=15. 6. 2015|work=South African History Online|access-date=2. 5. 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502210959/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/despite-1994-political-victory-against-apartheid-its-economic-legacy-persists-haydn-cornish-|archive-date=2. 5. 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/|title='Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy' – SABC News – Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|website=www.sabcnews.com|date=27. 4. 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2. 5. 2018|archive-date=19. 11. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119000230/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201804060509.html|title=Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy|date=6. 4. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623021509/http://allafrica.com/stories/201804060509.html|archive-date=23. 6. 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Uopšteno govoreći, apartheid je razgraničen na "sitni apartheid", koji je podrazumijevao segregaciju javnih objekata i društvenih događaja, i "veliki apartheid", koji je diktirao mogućnosti stanovanja i zapošljavanja prema rasi.<ref name="Crompton">{{cite book|title=Desmond Tutu: Fighting Apartheid|last=Crompton|first=Samuel Willard|year=2007|location=New York|publisher=Chelsea House, Publishers|isbn=978-0791092217|pages=[https://archive.org/details/desmondtutufight0000crom/page/34 34–35]|url=https://archive.org/details/desmondtutufight0000crom/page/34}}</ref> Prvi zakon o apartheidu bio je Zakon o zabrani mješovitih brakova iz 1949. godine, nakon čega je slijedio Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama zakona o nemoralnosti iz 1950. godine, koji je za većinu državljana Južne Afrike učinio ilegalnim da se vjenčaju ili vode seksualne odnose preko rasnih linija.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Walton|first1=F. Carl|last2=Udayakumar|first2=S.P.|last3=Muck|first3=William|last4=McIlwain|first4=Charlton|last5=Kramer|first5=Eric|last6=Jensen|first6=Robert|last7=Ibrahim|first7=Vivian|last8=Caliendo|first8=Stephen Maynard|last9=Asher|first9=Nhia|title=The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity|date=2011|pages=103–105|publisher=Routledge Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0415777070}}</ref> Zakon o registraciji stanovništva iz 1950. klasificirao je sve Južnoafrikance u jednu od četiri rasne grupe na osnovu izgleda, poznatog porijekla, socioekonomskog statusa i kulturnog načina života: "crne", "bijele", "obojene" i "indijance", posljednje dvije su uključivale nekoliko podklasifikacija.<ref>Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel; London, Lesley; du Gruchy, Jeanelle (1999). ''An ambulance of the wrong colour: health professionals, human rights and ethics in South Africa.'' Juta and Company Limited. p. 18</ref> Mjesta stanovanja određena su rasnom klasifikacijom.<ref name="Routledge" /> Između 1960. i 1983. godine, 3,5 miliona crnih Afrikanaca je uklonjeno iz svojih domova i prisiljeno u segregirana naselja kao rezultat zakona o apartheidu, u nekim od najvećih masovnih deložacija u modernoj historiji.<ref name="Forced Removals">{{cite web |title=South Africa – Overcoming Apartheid |access-date=26. 12. 2013 |url=http://www.overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/multimedia.php?id=65-259-6 |publisher=African Studies Center of Michigan State University |archive-date=14. 12. 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214133901/http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/multimedia.php?id=65-259-6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Većina ovih ciljanih uklanjanja imala je za cilj ograničavanje crne populacije na deset određenih "plemenskih domovina", također poznatih kao bantustani, od kojih su četiri postale nominalno nezavisne države.<ref name="Routledge" /> Vlada je objavila da će preseljene osobe izgubiti svoje južnoafričko državljanstvo kad budu apsorbirane u bantustans.<ref name="Crompton" /> Aparthejd je izazvao značajno međunarodno i domaće protivljenje, što je rezultiralo nekim od najutjecajnijih globalnih društvenih pokreta 20. vijeka.<ref name=Lodge>{{cite book|last=Lodge|first=Tim|title=Sharpeville: An Apartheid Massacre and Its Consequences|date=2011|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sharpevilleapart0000lodg/page/234 234–235]|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0192801852|url=https://archive.org/details/sharpevilleapart0000lodg/page/234}}</ref> Bio je meta čestih osuda u [[Ujedinjene nacije|Ujedinjenim nacijama]] i doveo je do velikih embarga na oružje i trgovinu Južnoj Africi.<ref name="Lodge 1983">{{cite book|first=Tom|last=Lodge|year=1983|title=Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945|url=https://archive.org/details/blackpoliticsins0000lodg|location=New York|publisher=Longman}}</ref> Tokom 1970-ih i 1980-ih, unutrašnji otpor apartheidu je postajao sve militantniji, što je izazvalo brutalne obračune od strane vlade Nacionalne partije i dugotrajno sektaško nasilje koje je ostavilo hiljade mrtvih ili pritvorenih.<ref name=Pandey>{{cite book|last=Pandey|first=Satish Chandra|title=International Terrorism and the Contemporary World|date=2006|pages=197–199|publisher=Sarup & Sons, Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8176256384}}</ref> Poduzete su neke reforme sistema apartheida, uključujući omogućavanje indijske i obojene političke zastupljenosti u parlamentu, ali ove mjere nisu uspjele umiriti većinu aktivističkih grupa.<ref name=Diplomacy>{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Scott|title=The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960|date=1995|pages=202–210|publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|location=London|isbn=978-1850439936}}</ref> Između 1987. i 1993. [[Nacionalna partija]] je ušla u bilateralne pregovore sa [[Afrički nacionalni kongres|Afričkim nacionalnim kongresom]] (ANC), vodećim političkim pokretom protiv apartheida, za okončanje segregacije i uvođenje vladavine većine.<ref name="Diplomacy" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm |title=De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa |work=BBC News |access-date=21. 2. 2009 | date=2. 2. 1990| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215004142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm| archive-date= 15. 2. 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> Godine 1990., istaknute ličnosti ANC-a kao što je [[Nelson Mandela]] puštene su iz zatvora.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid|title=Why FW de Klerk let Nelson Mandela out of prison|author=Alex Duval Smith|date=31. 1. 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=25. 3. 2016|archive-date=17. 3. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317145809/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid|url-status=live}}</ref> Zakon o aparthejdu je ukinut 17. juna 1991. godine,<ref name="Abolished" /> što je dovelo do multirasnih izbora u aprilu 1994. godine.<ref name="Mitchell">{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Thomas|title=Native vs Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0313313578|location=Westport|page=8}}</ref> ==Stanje prije Apartheida== Aparthejd je afrička riječ<ref>{{cite web |title=Dictionary.com entry for 'apartheid' |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221846/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |archive-date=4. 10. 2013 |access-date=11. 8. 2012}}</ref> koja znači "razdvajanje", ili "stanje odvojenosti", doslovno "apart-hood" (od afrikaans sufiksa -heid).<ref>Shore, Megan. ''Religion and Conflict Resolution: Christianity and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission''. Ashgate Publishing, 2009. str.36</ref><ref>Nancy L. Clarkson & William H. Worger. ''South Africa: The Rise and Fall of ''. Routledge, 2013. Chapter 3: The Basis of Apartheid.</ref> Njegova prva zabilježena upotreba bila je 1929. godine.<ref name="Routledge" /> Rasna [[diskriminacija]] i nejednakost protiv crnaca u [[Južnoafrička Republika|Južnoafričkoj Republici]] datira od početka evropske kolonizacije Južne Afrike s osnivanjem trgovačke stanice na Rtu dobre nade od strane holandske istočnoindijske kompanije 1652. godine, koja se na kraju proširila u Nizozemsku Cape koloniju. Kompanija je započela Khoikhoi-holandske ratove u kojima je raselila lokalni narod [[Khoikhoi]], zamijenila ih farmama koje su radili bijeli doseljenici i uvezla crne robove iz cijelog Holandskog carstva.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Clark|first1=Nancy|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317220336|title=South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid|last2=Worger|first2=William|date=17. 6. 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-62156-2|edition=3|location=New York|pages=11–12|language=en|doi=10.4324/9781315621562}}</ref> U danima ropstva, robovima su bile potrebne propusnice da bi otputovale od svojih vlasnika. Godine 1797. Landdrost i Heemraden iz Swellendama i Graaff-Reineta proširili su zakone o usvajanju izvan robova i odredili da svi [[Khoikhoi]] (označeni kao [[Hotentoti]]) koji se kreću po zemlji u bilo koju svrhu trebaju imati propusnice.<ref name="Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents">{{cite book |title=Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents |url=https://archive.org/details/afrikanerpolitic0000duto |author=A. Du Toit, H.B. Giliomee |isbn=978-0-520-04319-0 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1983 }}</ref> Ovo je potvrdila britanska kolonijalna vlada 1809. Hotentotskom proklamacijom, koja je odredila da će Khoikhoi, trebati propusnicu svog vlasnika ili lokalnog službenika.<ref name="Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents" /> Uredba br. 49 iz 1828. godine odredila je da se potencijalnim crnim imigrantima daju propusnice samo za traženje posla.<ref name="Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents" /> Ove propusnice su trebale biti izdate za obojene i khoikhoie, ali ne i za druge Afrikance, koji su i dalje bili prisiljeni da nose propusnice. Tokom Francuskog revolucionarnog i [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleonovog rata]], [[Britansko Carstvo|Britansko carstvo]] je zauzelo i anektiralo holandsku koloniju Cape. Prema Cape ugovoru o kapitulaciji iz 1806. godine, od novih britanskih kolonijalnih vladara se zahtijevalo da poštuju prethodno zakonodavstvo doneseno prema rimsko-holandskom pravu,<ref name="Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00leeruoft|title=Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law|publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press|access-date=27. 3. 2011|author=R.W Lee}}</ref> što je dovelo do odvajanja zakona u Južnoj Africi od engleskog Common Lawa i visokog stepena autonomije zakonodavstva. Guverneri i skupštine koje su upravljale pravnim procesom u različitim kolonijama Južne Afrike okrenule su se na drugačiji i nezavisan zakonodavni put od ostatka [[Britansko Carstvo|Britanskog carstva]]. Zakon o ukidanju ropstva Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva iz 1833. ukinuo je ropstvo u cijelom [[Britansko Carstvo|Britanskom carstvu]] i nadjačao Cape ugovor o kapitulaciji. Kako bi se uskladio sa zakonom, južnoafričko zakonodavstvo je prošireno tako da uključuje Uredbu 1 iz 1835. godine, koja je efektivno promijenila status robova u plaćene radnike. Nakon toga uslijedila je Uredba 3 iz 1848. godine, koja je uvela sistem indentiranja za Xhosu koji se malo razlikovao od ropstva. Različite južnoafričke kolonije donosile su zakone do kraja 19. vijeka kako bi ograničile slobodu nekvalifikovanih radnika, povećale ograničenja za plaćene radnike i regulisale odnose između rasa. Otkrića dijamanata i zlata u Južnoj Africi također su podigla rasnu nejednakost između bijelaca i crnaca.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clark|first=Nancy|last2=Worger|first2=William|last3=Clark|first3=Nancy L.|last4=Worger|first4=William H.|date=17. 6. 2016|title=South Africa|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315621562|doi=10.4324/9781315621562}}</ref> U Cape koloniji, koja je ranije imala liberalan i multirasni ustav i sistem kvalifikovane franšize za Cape otvoren za muškarce svih rasa, Zakon o franšizi i glasanju iz 1892. podigao je kvalifikaciju imovinskog prava i dodao obrazovni element, lišavajući prava na nesrazmjerno broj nebijelaca u Kejpu,<ref>Gish, Steven (2000). ''Alfred B. Xuma: African, American, South African.'' New York University Press. p. 8.</ref> i Zakon o Glen Greju iz 1894. koji je potaknula vlada premijera [[Cecil Rhodes|Cecila Rhodes]] ograničili su količinu zemlje koju Afrikanci mogu posjedovati. Slično, u Natalu, Natalski zakon o zakonodavnoj skupštini iz 1894. lišio je Indijance prava glasa.<ref>Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). ''Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5.'' Popular Prakashan. p. 142.</ref> Godine 1896. [[Južnoafrička Republika]] je donijela dva zakona o propusnicama prema kojima Afrikanci moraju nositi značku. Samo onima koje je zapošljavao majstor bilo je dozvoljeno da ostanu na Randu, a onima koji ulaze u "radni okrug" potrebna je posebna propusnica.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kiloh|first1=Margaret|last2=Sibeko|first2=Archie|title=A Fighting Union|date=2000|publisher=Ravan Press|location=Randburg|isbn=0869755277|page=1}}</ref> Tokom [[Drugi burski rat|Drugog burskog rata]] [[Britansko Carstvo|Britansko carstvo]] je koristilo rasnu eksploataciju crnaca kao povod za svoj rat protiv burskih republika. Međutim, mirovni pregovori za Ugovor iz Vereeniginga zahtijevali su "pravednu prevlast bijele rase" u Južnoj Africi kao preduvjet za ujedinjenje [[Burske republike|burskih republika]] sa [[Britansko Carstvo|Britanskim carstvom]]. Godine 1905. Zakon o općim propisima za propusnice uskraćivao je crncima pravo glasa i ograničavao ih na fiksna područja,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Apartheid South Africa : an insider's view of the origin and effects of separate development|first=John Allen|title=Apartheid South Africa : an insider's view of the origin and effects of separate development|publisher=iUniverse, Inc|year=2005|isbn=9780595355518|location=New York|page=267}}</ref> a 1906. godine Zakon o azijskoj registraciji kolonije Transvaal zahtijevao je od svih Indijanaca da se registruju i nose propusnice.<ref>{better source needed} Nojeim, Michael J. (2004). ''Gandhi and King: the power of nonviolent resistance.'' Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 127.</ref> Počevši od 1906. godine, Komisija za pitanja starosjedilaca Južne Afrike pod vodstvom Godfreya Lagdena počela je provoditi otvoreniju politiku segregacije prema nebijelcima. Potonje je britanska vlada ukinula, ali ga je ponovo usvojila 1908. Nakon što je 1910. godine stvorena je Južnoafrička unija kao samoupravna dominacija, koja je nastavila zakonodavni program: Zakon o Južnoj Africi (1910) dao je bijelcima pravo glasa, dajući potpunu političku kontrolu nad svim drugim rasnim grupama dok su crncima ukinuli pravo da imaju predstavnike u parlamentu;<ref name="leach">Leach, Graham (1986). ''South Africa: no easy path to peace.'' Routledge. p. 68.</ref> Zakon o rodnoj zemlji (1913) spriječio je crnce, osim onih u Capeu, da kupuju zemlju izvan "rezervata";<ref name="leach"/> ] Zakon o domorocima u urbanim područjima (1918) je osmišljen da prisili crnce na "lokacije";<ref>Tankard, Keith (9 May 2004). [http://www.knowledge4africa.com/worldhistory/proto-apartheid09.htm Chapter 9 The Natives (Urban Areas) Act] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120022848/http://www.knowledge4africa.com/worldhistory/proto-apartheid09.htm |date=20. 11. 2008 }} . Rhodes University. knowledge4africa.com.</ref> Zakon o urbanim područjima (1923) uveo je rezidencijalnu segregaciju i obezbijedio jeftinu radnu snagu za industriju koju vode bijelci; Zakon o boji (1926) spriječio je crne rudarske radnike da se bave kvalifikovanim zanatima; Zakon o urođeničkoj upravi (1927.) učinio je britansku krunu, a ne vrhovne poglavice, vrhovnim poglavarom nad svim afričkim poslovima;<ref>Baroness Young – Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (4 July 1986). [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1986/jul/04/south-africa#S5LV0477P0_19860704_HOL_99 South Africa House of Lords Debate vol 477 cc1159-250] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326134600/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1986/jul/04/south-africa#S5LV0477P0_19860704_HOL_99 |date=26. 3. 2016 }}. Hansard.</ref> Zakon o urođeničkoj zemlji i povjerenju (1936.) dopunio je Zakon o urođeničkoj zemlji iz 1913. godine i Zakon o predstavljanju domorodaca uklonio je prethodne crne glasače iz biračkog spiska Capea i omogućio im da izaberu tri bijelca u parlament.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/representation-of-natives-act.htm The Representation of Natives Act]. sahistory.org {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013060416/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/representation-of-natives-act.htm |date=13. 10. 2006 }}</ref> ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat-inline|Apartheid}} == Reference == {{reference}} === Izvori === * {{cite journal|doi=10.1177/097133360501700204|title=The Dynamics of Oppression|journal=Psychology and Developing Societies|volume=17|issue=2|pages=139–159|date=1. 9. 2005|last1=Naidoo|first1=Josephine C.|last2=Rajab|first2=Devi Moodley|s2cid=145782935}} == Dodatna literatura == {{refbegin}} * Bernstein, Hilda. ''For their Triumphs and for their Tears: Women in Apartheid South Africa. International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa''. London, 1985. * {{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14725843.2017.1319754|title=Overcoming the 'daily bludgeoning by apartheid': Black South African women writers, agency, and space|journal=African Identities|volume=15|issue=4|pages=414–427|year=2017|last1=Boswell|first1=Barbara|s2cid=151467416}} * Davenport, T. R. H. ''South Africa. A Modern History''. [[Macmillan Publishers|MacMillan]], 1977. * Davies, Rob, Dan O'Meara and Sipho Dlamini. ''The Struggle For South Africa: A reference guide to movements, organisations and institution''. Volume Two. London: [[Zed Books]], 1984 * De Klerk, F. W. ''The last Trek. A New Beginning''. MacMillan, 1998. {{ISBN?}} * {{cite web |url=https://jacobin.com/2023/02/tom-lodge-red-road-to-freedom-review-south-african-communist-party-anti-apartheid|title=South Africa's Communists Were Crucial to the Fight Against Apartheid|last=Dowling|first=Owen |date=12. 2. 2023 |website=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} * Du Pre, R. H. ''Separate but Unequal{{snds}}The 'Coloured' People of South Africa{{snds}}A Political History.''. Jonathan Ball, 1994. * Eiselen, W. W. N. The Meaning of Apartheid, ''Race Relations'', 15 (3), 1948. * Federal Research Division. ''South Africa – a country study''. [[Library of Congress]], 1996. * Giliomee, Herman ''The Afrikaners''. Hurst & Co., 2003. {{ISBN?}} * {{cite news |title=End of Apartheid in South Africa? Not in Economic Terms |quote=Political liberation has yet to translate into material gains for blacks. As one woman said, 'I've gone from a shack to a shack.' |first=Peter S. |last=Goodman |date=24. 10. 2017 |access-date=20. 3. 2018 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/24/business/south-africa-economy-apartheid.html |archive-date=15. 3. 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193349/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/24/business/south-africa-economy-apartheid.html |url-status=live }} * Hexham, Irving, ''The Irony of Apartheid: The Struggle for National Independence of Afrikaner Calvinism against British Imperialism''. Edwin Mellen, 1981. * Keable, Ken ''[[London Recruits: The Secret War Against Apartheid]]''. [[Pontypool]], [[UK]]: Merlin Press. 2012. * Lapchick, Richard and Urdang, Stephanie. Oppression and Resistance. The Struggle of Women in Southern Africa. Westport, Connecticut: [[Greenwood Press]]. 1982. * Louw, P. Eric. ''The Rise, Fall and Legacy of Apartheid''. Praeger, 2004. {{ISBN?}} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1086/695377|title=Apartheid|journal=Critical Inquiry|volume=44|issue=2|pages=304–330|year=2018|last1=Makdisi|first1=Saree|s2cid=224798450}} * Meredith, Martin. ''In the name of apartheid: South Africa in the postwar period''. 1st US ed. New York: [[Harper & Row]], 1988. * Meredith, Martin. ''[[The State of Africa]]''. [[Free Press (publisher)|The Free Press]], 2005. * {{cite journal | last1 = Merrett | first1 = Christopher | year = 2005| title = Sport and Apartheid | journal = History Compass | volume = 3| pages = **| doi = 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x }} * Morris, Michael. ''Apartheid: An illustrated history''. Jonathan Ball Publishers. Johannesburg and Cape Town, 2012. * Newbury, Darren. ''Defiant Images: Photography and Apartheid South Africa'', University of South Africa (UNISA) Press, 2009. * Noah, Trevor. ''Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood'', Random House 2016, {{ISBN|978-0399588174}}. * {{cite journal|doi=10.1080/17430430903377706|title=The untold story of Robben Island: Sports and the anti-Apartheid movement|journal=Sport in Society|volume=13|pages=36–42|year=2010|last1=Suze|first1=Anthony|s2cid=144871273}} * Terreblanche, S. ''A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652–2002''. University of Natal Press, 2003. * Visser, Pippa. ''In search of history''. [[Oxford University Press]] Southern Africa, 2003. * Williams, Michael. ''Crocodile Burning''. 1994 {{ISBN?}} * Memorandum van die Volksraad, 2016 {{refend}} [[Kategorija:Historija Južnoafričke Republike]] [[Kategorija:Afrika]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Šabloni koji su upotrebljeni na ovoj stranici: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_book" title="Šablon:Cite book">Šablon:Cite book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Šablon:Cite book">pogledaj izvor</a>) (poluzaštićeno)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_journal" title="Šablon:Cite journal">Šablon:Cite journal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Cite_journal&action=edit" title="Šablon:Cite journal">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_news" title="Šablon:Cite news">Šablon:Cite news</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Cite_news&action=edit" title="Šablon:Cite news">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_web" title="Šablon:Cite web">Šablon:Cite web</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Šablon:Cite web">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Commonscat-inline" title="Šablon:Commonscat-inline">Šablon:Commonscat-inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Commonscat-inline&action=edit" title="Šablon:Commonscat-inline">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:ISBN" title="Šablon:ISBN">Šablon:ISBN</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:ISBN&action=edit" title="Šablon:ISBN">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:ISBN%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:ISBN? 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