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rootpage-Iparburua skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Edukira joan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu nagusia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Iparburua" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Iparburua" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Iparburua" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Iparburua" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definizio_zehatza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definizio_zehatza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definizio zehatza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definizio_zehatza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esplorazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esplorazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Esplorazioa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Esplorazioa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Esplorazioa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Esplorazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1900._urtearen_aurretik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900._urtearen_aurretik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1900. urtearen aurretik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900._urtearen_aurretik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900-1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900-1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1900-1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900-1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izotz-estazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izotz-estazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Izotz-estazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izotz-estazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940-2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940-2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1940-2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940-2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XXI._mendea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XXI._mendea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>XXI. mendea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XXI._mendea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2007._urteko_Iparburuko_hondora_arteko_jaitsiera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007._urteko_Iparburuko_hondora_arteko_jaitsiera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>2007. urteko Iparburuko hondora arteko jaitsiera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007._urteko_Iparburuko_hondora_arteko_jaitsiera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MLAE_2009_Espedizioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MLAE_2009_Espedizioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>MLAE 2009 Espedizioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MLAE_2009_Espedizioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MLAE_2013_Espedizioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MLAE_2013_Espedizioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>MLAE 2013 Espedizioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MLAE_2013_Espedizioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Klima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iparburua</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 150 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">150 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut%C3%B4b_Bar%C3%B4h" title="Kutôb Barôh – acehnera" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kutôb Barôh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="acehnera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordpool" title="Noordpool – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noordpool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpol" title="Nordpol – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nordpol" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%95_%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B3" title="ስሜን ዋልታ – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስሜን ዋልታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%E2%80%99amisan_%E2%80%99Apocok_kaitiraan" title="No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Norte" title="Polo Norte – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polo Norte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%BEende_%C3%BE%C3%A6re_eaxe" title="Norþende þære eaxe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Norþende þære eaxe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cf%E1%BB%8Dk%E1%BB%8D_agan%CC%84_Iny%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84" title="Ọfọkọ agan̄ Inyọn̄ – oboloera" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ọfọkọ agan̄ Inyọn̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="oboloera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="القطب الشمالي – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القطب الشمالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="قطب شمالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قطب شمالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81" title="সুমেৰু – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সুমেৰু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polu_Norte" title="Polu Norte – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polu Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimal_q%C3%BCtb%C3%BC" title="Şimal qütbü – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimal qütbü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="قوزئی قوطبو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوزئی قوطبو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Төньяҡ полюс – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төньяҡ полюс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Kal%C3%A9r" title="Kutub Kalér – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kutub Kalér" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noadpoi" title="Noadpoi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Noadpoi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_puolios" title="Šiaurės puolios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šiaurės puolios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amihanan_na_Polo" title="Amihanan na Polo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Amihanan na Polo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Паўночны полюс – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночны полюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Паўночны полюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўночны полюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Северен полюс – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северен полюс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Utara" title="Kutub Utara – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kutub Utara" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="উত্তর মেরু – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর মেরু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennahel_an_Norzh" title="Pennahel an Norzh – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pennahel an Norzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverni_pol" title="Sjeverni pol – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sjeverni pol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Хойто туйл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хойто туйл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Nord" title="Pol Nord – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pol Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Къилбаседа полюс – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилбаседа полюс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جەمسەری باکوور – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەمسەری باکوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimaliy_qutup" title="Şimaliy qutup – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şimaliy qutup" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_p%C3%B3l" title="Severní pól – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní pól" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Çурçĕрти полюс – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурçĕрти полюс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegwn_y_Gogledd" title="Pegwn y Gogledd – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pegwn y Gogledd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpolen" title="Nordpolen – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordpolen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpol" title="Nordpol – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordpol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βόρειος Πόλος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρειος Πόλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="North Pole" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norda_poluso" title="Norda poluso – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norda poluso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_norte" title="Polo norte – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polo norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hjapoolus" title="Põhjapoolus – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhjapoolus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="قطب شمال – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطب شمال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjoisnapa" title="Pohjoisnapa – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjoisnapa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5h%27anaba" title="Põh'anaba – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Põh'anaba" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4le_Nord" title="Pôle Nord – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pôle Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurdpuul_(eerd)" title="Nuurdpuul (eerd) – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurdpuul (eerd)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noardpoal" title="Noardpoal – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noardpoal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pol_Thuaidh" title="An Pol Thuaidh – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pol Thuaidh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E9%BB%9E" title="北極點 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="北極點" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Norte" title="Polo Norte – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polo Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B5" title="ઉત્તર ધ્રુવ – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉત્તર ધ્રુવ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הקוטב הצפוני – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקוטב הצפוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="उत्तरी ध्रुव – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तरी ध्रुव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="North Pole" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polovi_sjeverne_polutke" title="Polovi sjeverne polutke – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polovi sjeverne polutke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewjerny_%C4%8Dop" title="Sewjerny čop – goi-sorabiera" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sewjerny čop" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="goi-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szaki-sark" title="Északi-sark – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Északi-sark" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%BC" title="Հյուսիսային բևեռ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուսիսային բևեռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BC" title="Հիւսիսային Բեւեռ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հիւսիսային Բեւեռ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Nord" title="Polo Nord – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polo Nord" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Utara" title="Kutub Utara – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kutub Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amianan_nga_Ungto" title="Amianan nga Ungto – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Amianan nga Ungto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="ГӀинбухера дунен шод – ingushera" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ГӀинбухера дунен шод" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingushera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norda_polo" title="Norda polo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Norda polo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0urheimskauti%C3%B0" title="Norðurheimskautið – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norðurheimskautið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_nord" title="Polo nord – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polo nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E7%82%B9" title="北極点 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北極点" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Lor" title="Kutub Lor – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kutub Lor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჩრდილოეთი პოლუსი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთი პოლუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqa_polyus" title="Arqa polyus – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Arqa polyus" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuung_A%CC%B1za_Swanta" title="Tsuung A̱za Swanta – tyapa" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tsuung A̱za Swanta" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyapa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Солтүстік полюс – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солтүстік полюс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5" title="ಉತ್ತರ ಧ್ರುವ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ತರ ಧ್ರುವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EA%B7%B9%EC%A0%90" title="북극점 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북극점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Шимал полюс – karachayera-balkarera" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Шимал полюс" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachayera-balkarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemsera_Bakur" title="Cemsera Bakur – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cemsera Bakur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennaghel_an_North" title="Pennaghel an North – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pennaghel an North" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%8E%D0%BB" title="Түндүк уюл – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түндүк уюл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polus_arcticus" title="Polus arcticus – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polus arcticus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpol" title="Nordpol – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nordpol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naordpoeal" title="Naordpoeal – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Naordpoeal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD" title="ຂົ້ວໂລກເໜືອ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຂົ້ວໂລກເໜືອ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_a%C5%A1igalis" title="Šiaurės ašigalis – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės ašigalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCpols" title="Ziemeļpols – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļpols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendrontany_Avaratra" title="Tendrontany Avaratra – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tendrontany Avaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Utara" title="Kutub Utara – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kutub Utara" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Северен Пол – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Северен Пол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ഉത്തരധ്രുവം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉത്തരധ്രുവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Умард туйл – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Умард туйл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="उत्तर ध्रुव – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्तर ध्रुव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Utara" title="Kutub Utara – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kutub Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မြောက်ဝင်ရိုးစွန်း – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြောက်ဝင်ရိုးစွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordpool" title="Noordpool – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Noordpool" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="उत्तरी ध्रुव – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्तरी ध्रुव" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordpool" title="Noordpool – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordpool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpolen" title="Nordpolen – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nordpolen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpolen" title="Nordpolen – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nordpolen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2l_N%C3%B2rd" title="Pòl Nòrd – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pòl Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waantaa_Kaabaa" title="Waantaa Kaabaa – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Waantaa Kaabaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B5" title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਧਰੁਵ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਧਰੁਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biegun_p%C3%B3%C5%82nocny" title="Biegun północny – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biegun północny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2l_N%C3%B2rd" title="Pòl Nòrd – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pòl Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="شمالی قطب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی قطب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Norte" title="Polo Norte – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polo Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchay_qhipa" title="Chinchay qhipa – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chinchay qhipa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polul_Nord" title="Polul Nord – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polul Nord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_nord" title="Pole nord – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pole nord" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Северный полюс – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северный полюс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Северный пол – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Северный пол" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Хоту полюс – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хоту полюс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱨᱩ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱨᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polu_norte" title="Polu norte – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polu norte" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polu_Nord" title="Polu Nord – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Polu Nord" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="اترين قطب – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اترين قطب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davvipola" title="Davvipola – iparraldeko samiera" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Davvipola" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverni_pol" title="Sjeverni pol – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverni pol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="උත්තර ධ්‍රැවය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උත්තර ධ්‍රැවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North Pole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%BD_p%C3%B3l" title="Severný pól – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Severný pól" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قطب شمالی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قطب شمالی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severni_te%C4%8Daj" title="Severni tečaj – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Severni tečaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taven%C3%A4%C3%A4pi" title="Tavenääpi – Inariko samiera" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tavenääpi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inariko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirifka_waqooyi" title="Cirifka waqooyi – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cirifka waqooyi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli_i_Veriut" title="Poli i Veriut – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Poli i Veriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Сјеверни пол – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сјеверни пол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpolen" title="Nordpolen – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordpolen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ncha_ya_kaskazini" title="Ncha ya kaskazini – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ncha ya kaskazini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வட துருவம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வட துருவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="ఉత్తర ధ్రువం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్తర ధ్రువం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ขั้วโลกเหนือ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขั้วโลกเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demirgazyk_pol%C3%BDus" title="Demirgazyk polýus – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Demirgazyk polýus" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilagang_Polo" title="Hilagang Polo – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hilagang Polo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_Kutbu" title="Kuzey Kutbu – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey Kutbu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Төньяк котып – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төньяк котып" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%82%DB%87%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%BE" title="شىمالى قۇتۇپ – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شىمالى قۇتۇپ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Північний полюс – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північний полюс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قطب شمالی – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قطب شمالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoliy_qutb" title="Shimoliy qutb – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimoliy qutb" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjoi%C5%BEnaba" title="Pohjoižnaba – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pohjoižnaba" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_C%E1%BB%B1c" title="Bắc Cực – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Cực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ordpole" title="Nôordpole – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nôordpole" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katungtungan_Amihanan" title="Katungtungan Amihanan – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katungtungan Amihanan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dottub_B%C3%ABj-g%C3%A0nnaar" title="Dottub Bëj-gànnaar – wolofera" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dottub Bëj-gànnaar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolofera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E9%BB%9E" title="北極點 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北極點" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="צפון פאלוס – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צפון פאלוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ – amazigera estandarra" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazigera estandarra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%E7%82%B9" title="北极点 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北极点" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5" title="北極 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="北極" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak-ke%CC%8Dk" title="Pak-ke̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pak-ke̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5" title="北極 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="北極" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q934#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iparburua" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Iparburua" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iparburua"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iparburua"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Iparburua" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Iparburua" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&oldid=9910575" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Iparburua&id=9910575&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIparburua"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIparburua"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Iparburua"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Iparburua&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/North_Pole" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q934" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-1-Wikipedia10000" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_guztiek_izan_beharreko_artikuluen_zerrenda/3._maila" title="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/20px-Wikipedia-1000.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/30px-Wikipedia-1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/40px-Wikipedia-1000.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Koordenatu_geografiko_sistema" class="mw-redirect" title="Koordenatu geografiko sistema">Koordenatuak</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8629292">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iparburua&params=90_N_0_E_region:_type:_scale:_dim:_globe:Earth"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">90°N</span> <span class="longitude">0°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">90°N 0°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">90; 0</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em;line-height:normal; width:23.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #e7dcc3; padding:3px;">Iparburua</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Noaa3-2006-0602-1206_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Noaa3-2006-0602-1206_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Noaa3-2006-0602-1206_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Noaa3-2006-0602-1206_%28cropped%29.jpg/428px-Noaa3-2006-0602-1206_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Noaa3-2006-0602-1206_%28cropped%29.jpg/570px-Noaa3-2006-0602-1206_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e7dcc3;">Datu orokorrak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">Mota</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="/wiki/Polo_geografiko" title="Polo geografiko">polo geografiko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">Eponimoa</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="/wiki/Ipar" title="Ipar">ipar</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e7dcc3;">Geografia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="250" data-zoom="9" data-lat="90" data-lon="0" data-overlays="["_076628a3bd6045320ff070ce661222e9c4a1ae89"]" href="/wiki/Berezi:Map/9/90/0/eu"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,90,0,280x250.png?lang=eu&domain=eu.wikipedia.org&title=Iparburua&revid=9910575&groups=_076628a3bd6045320ff070ce661222e9c4a1ae89" width="280" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,90,0,280x250@2x.png?lang=eu&domain=eu.wikipedia.org&title=Iparburua&revid=9910575&groups=_076628a3bd6045320ff070ce661222e9c4a1ae89 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Koordenatu_geografiko_sistema" class="mw-redirect" title="Koordenatu geografiko sistema">Koordenatuak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8629292">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iparburua&params=90_N_0_E_region:_type:_scale:_dim:_globe:Earth"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">90°N</span> <span class="longitude">0°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">90°N 0°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">90; 0</span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">Honen parte da</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_poles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earth's poles (sortu gabe)">Earth's poles</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3907660?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg/275px-Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg/413px-Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg/550px-Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Ozeano Artikoa eta Iparburua erakusten dituen proiekzio azimutala. Mapan 75. paraleloaren iparraldea eta 60. paraleloaren iparraldea ere erakusten dira.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:North_Pole,_Arctic_Ocean,_sea_ice_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg/275px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg/413px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg/550px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Ipar Polo Geografikoko itsas izotzean alemaniar-suitzako aldi baterako espedizioaren ikerketa-estazioa. Lurreratze gunean, 90° N-n egindako zulaketak, batez beste 2,5 metroko izotz lodiera erakutsi zuten 1990eko apirilaren 16an.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:North_Pole,_Arctic_Ocean,_sea_ice_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg/275px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg/413px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg/550px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3259" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Iparburuan dagoen presio-gailur horrek 1 km inguruko luzera du, urte anitzeko bi izotz puskez osatu zen.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Iparburua</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zehazki_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zehazki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elhuyar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elhuyar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> edo <b>Ipar poloa</b><sup id="cite_ref-zehazki_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zehazki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elhuyar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elhuyar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planeta</a> batean iparralderen dagoen puntua da, biraketa ardatzak planetaren iparraldeko lurrazala zeharkatzen duen lekuan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurra</a> planetan, ardatz horrek 23.5º-ko <a href="/wiki/Makurdura_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Makurdura (argipena)">makurdura</a> du. </p><p>Lurraren iparburua <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoan</a> dago. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Edwin Peary</a> estatubatuarra izan zen lehena iparburura heltzen, <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a>. urtean, bere aberkide <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Henson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Henson (sortu gabe)">Matthew Hensonekin</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oatah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oatah (sortu gabe)">Oatah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egigingwah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egigingwah (sortu gabe)">Egigingwah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seegloo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seegloo (sortu gabe)">Seegloo</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ookeah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ookeah (sortu gabe)">Ookeah</a> <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">inuitekin</a>. </p><p>Iparburua, Ipar poloa, Ipar Polo Geografikoa, Lurraren Ipar Poloa edo 90. Ipar Paraleloa izenez ere ezagutzen dena, <a href="/wiki/Ipar_hemisferio" title="Ipar hemisferio">Ipar hemisferioko</a> puntua da, <a href="/wiki/Lurraren_errotazio" title="Lurraren errotazio">Lurraren errotazio-ardatzak</a> bere gainazalarekin bat egiten duen puntua. Egiazko Iparburu deitzen zaio <a href="/wiki/Iparburu_magnetikoa" title="Iparburu magnetikoa">Iparburu Magnetikoarengandik</a> bereizteko. </p><p>Iparburua, definizioz, Lurraren iparralderen dagoen puntua da, <a href="/wiki/Hegoburua" title="Hegoburua">Hegoburuarekiko</a> <a href="/wiki/Antipoda" title="Antipoda">antipodatan</a>. 90° iparraldeko <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> geodesikoa definitzen du, baita benetako iparraldearen norabidea ere. Iparburuan, norabide guztiek hegoaldera jotzen dute; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitude_(kartografia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longitude (kartografia) (sortu gabe)">longitude</a>-lerro guztiak bat egiten dute bertan, beraz, bere l edozein gradu-balio gisa defini daiteke. Iparburuari, ez zaio ordu-eremurik esleitu, beraz, edozein ordu erabil daiteke tokiko ordu gisa. Latitude zirkulu estuetan, erlojuaren orratzen kontrakoa ekialdea da, eta erlojuaren orratzen noranzkoa, mendebaldea. Iparburua <a href="/wiki/Ipar_hemisferio" title="Ipar hemisferio">Ipar hemisferioaren</a> erdialdean dago. Hurbilen dagoen lurra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaffeklubben_uhartea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaffeklubben uhartea (sortu gabe)">Kaffeklubben uhartea</a> dela esan ohi da, <a href="/wiki/Groenlandia" title="Groenlandia">Groenlandia</a> iparraldeko kostaldetik 700 km (430 mi) ingurura, nahiz eta, agian, erdi-iraunkorrak diren legar-banku batzuk zertxobait hurbilago egon. Bizileku iraunkorrik hurbilena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alert (sortu gabe)">Alert</a> da, <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_(uhartea)" title="Ellesmere (uhartea)">Ellesmere uhartean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>), polotik 817 km-ra (508 mi) dagoena. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hegoburua" title="Hegoburua">Hegoburua</a> <a href="/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika">lur-masa</a> kontinental baten gainean dago; Iparburua, berriz, <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoaren</a> erdian dago, etengabe aldatzen ari diren <a href="/wiki/Bankisa" title="Bankisa">itsas izotzez</a> estalita dauden uren artean. Iparburuan, itsasoaren sakonera da: 4.261 m (13.980 oin) <i>Mir</i> errusiar itsaspekoaren arabera, 2007an neurtuta<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta 4.087 m (13.409 oin) <i>USS Nautilus</i>en arabera, 1958an neurtuta<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrek ezinezkoa egiten du Iparburuan estazio iraunkor bat eraikitzea (<a href="/wiki/Amundsen-Scott_basea" title="Amundsen-Scott basea">Hegoburuan</a> ez bezala). Hala ere, <a href="/wiki/Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialisten_Batasuna" title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna">Sobietar Batasunak</a> eta, geroago, <a href="/wiki/Errusia" title="Errusia">Errusiak</a>, 1937tik urtero, orokorrean, noraezean dauden estazio eskifatu batzuk eraiki zituzten, eta, horietako batzuk, poloaren gainetik edo oso gertutik igaro izan dira. 2002az geroztik, errusiar talde batek ere urtero ezarri du base pribatu bat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barneo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barneo (sortu gabe)">Barneo</a>, polotik gertu. Udaberriaren hasieran, aste batzuetan funtzionatzen du. 2000ko hamarkadan egindako ikerketek aurreikusten zuten Iparburua sasoiko <a href="/wiki/Klima_aldaketa_Artikoan" title="Klima aldaketa Artikoan">izotzarik gabe</a> gera zitekeela Artikoko izotza uzkurtzearen ondorioz, 2016tik<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XXI. mendearen amaierara edo luzaroagoko denbora-eskalekin. </p><p>Iparburura iristeko saiakerak XIX. mendearen amaieran hasi ziren, «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Farthest_North&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farthest North (sortu gabe)">Farthest North</a>» errekorra hainbat bider gaindituz. Iparburura iritsi zen lehen espedizio eztabaidaezina izan zen <a href="/wiki/Baloi_gidatu" title="Baloi gidatu"><i>Norge</i> baloi gidatuarena</a>, 1926an, eremuaren gainetik hegan ibili zena 16 gizonekin, haien artean <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> espedizio buru. Baita onartu zen ere, aurretik, hiru espedizio: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Cook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Cook (sortu gabe)">Frederick Cook</a> (1908, lurrez), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a> (1909, lurrez) eta <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a> (1926, airez) buru, polora iritsi zirela. Hala ere, kasu bakoitzean, espedizioen datuen ondoren egindako azterketak zalantzan jarri du haien aldarrikapenen zehaztasuna. </p><p>Lehorrez Iparburura iritsi ziren lehen pertsona egiaztatuak 24 laguneko sobietar talde batekoak izan ziren, 1948an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Kuznetsov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandr Kuznetsov (sortu gabe)">Aleksandr Kuznetsov-en</a> Sever-2 Artikorako espedizioaren parte zirenak, lehenik hegan eta azken zatia oinez poloraino. Lehorrez iparburura iritsi zen lehen espedizio osoa izan zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Plaisted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Plaisted (sortu gabe)">Ralph Plaisted</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walt_Pederson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walt Pederson (sortu gabe)">Walt Pederson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerry_Pitzl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerry Pitzl (sortu gabe)">Gerry Pitzl</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Luc_Bombardier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Luc Bombardier (sortu gabe)">Jean-Luc Bombardierrena</a>, 1968an, elur-motorrak erabiliz eta aire-laguntzarekin<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definizio_zehatza">Definizio zehatza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Definizio zehatza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Definizio zehatza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lurraren errotazio-ardatza –eta, hortaz, Iparburuaren posizioa– finkoa zela uste izan zen (Lurraren gainazalarenganako), harik eta, XVIII. mendearen hasieran, <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> matematikariak aurreikusi zuen ardatza apur bat «ibil» zitekeela. XX. mendearen hasieran, <a href="/wiki/Astronomo" title="Astronomo">astronomoek</a> itxurazko «latitude-aldakuntza» txiki bat nabaritu zuten, izarren behaketatik Lurreko puntu finko batera zehaztuta. Aldakuntza horren zati bat poloak Lurraren gainazalaren lekualdatze bati egotz dakioke, metro gutxiko tartean. Lekualdaketak hainbat osagai periodiko eta osagai irregular ditu. 435 egun inguruko aldia duen osagaia identifikatzen da <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Eulerrek</a> aurreikusitako zortzi hilabeteko ibilaldiarekin, eta gaur egun <a href="/wiki/Chandlerren_kulunka" title="Chandlerren kulunka">Chandlerren kulunka</a> deitzen zaio aurkitzailearen ohorez. Lurraren ardatzaren eta Lurraren gainazalaren ebakitze-puntu zehatzari, une jakin batean, «berehalako poloa» deitzen zaio, baina «kulunka» dela eta, hori ezin da Iparburu (edo Hegoburu) finko baten definizio gisa erabili metro-eskalako doitasuna behar denean. </p><p>Desiragarria da <a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurraren</a> koordenatuen sistema (<a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitudea</a> eta kotak edo <a href="/wiki/Orografia" title="Orografia">orografia</a>) lur-forma finkoekin lotzea. Dena den, <a href="/wiki/Plaken_tektonika" title="Plaken tektonika">plaken tektonika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Isostasia" title="Isostasia">isostasia</a> kontuan hartuta, ez dago ezaugarri geografiko guztiak finkatzen dituen sistemarik. Hala ere, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lurraren_Errotazio_eta_Erreferentzia_Sistemen_Nazioarteko_Zerbitzua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lurraren Errotazio eta Erreferentzia Sistemen Nazioarteko Zerbitzua (sortu gabe)">Lurraren Errotazio eta Erreferentzia Sistemen Nazioarteko Zerbitzua</a> (IERS) eta <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Astronomia_Elkartea" title="Nazioarteko Astronomia Elkartea">Nazioarteko Astronomia Batasunak</a> (IAU) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nazioarteko_Lurreko_Erreferentzia_Sistema_eta_Markoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazioarteko Lurreko Erreferentzia Sistema eta Markoa (sortu gabe)">Nazioarteko Lurreko Erreferentzia Sistema eta Markoa</a> (ITRS) (izeneko esparrua definitu dute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esplorazioa">Esplorazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Esplorazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Esplorazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900._urtearen_aurretik">1900. urtearen aurretik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1900. urtearen aurretik»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: 1900. urtearen aurretik"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg/300px-Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg/450px-Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg/600px-Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercatorren</a> 1595eko Iparburuko mapa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg/220px-C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg/330px-C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg/440px-C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3721" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption>C.G. Zorgdragers Iparburuko mapa, 1720koa</figcaption></figure> <p>Jada XVI. mendean, pertsona garrantzitsu askok zuzen uste zuten Iparburua itsaso batean zegoela, zeinari XIX. mendean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polinia (sortu gabe)">Polinia</a> edo Itsaso Polar Irekia deitzen zitzaion<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beraz, urteko sasoi onetan, izotz-pusketatik igaro ahal izatea espero zen. Hainbat espedizio abiatu ziren bidea bilatzera, oro har, <a href="/wiki/Baleontzi" title="Baleontzi">baleontziekin</a>, dagoeneko erabiltzen zirenak iparraldeko latitude hotzetan. </p><p>Iparburura heltzeko asmo esplizituarekin abiatu zen lehen espedizioetako bat <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">William Edward Parry</a> itsas ofizial britainiarrarena izan zen, 1827an, 82° 45′ N latitudera iritsi zena. 1871n, Polaris espedizioa, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">Charles Francis Hall-ek</a> zuzendutako <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEBren</a> polora iristeko saiakera, hondamendian amaitu zen. Polora iristeko <a href="/wiki/Britainia_Handia" title="Britainia Handia">Britainia Handiko</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navyk</a> egindako beste saiakera bat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_H._Markham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert H. Markham (sortu gabe)">Albert H. Markham</a> komandanteak zuzenduta eta Britainia Handiko Artikoko espedizioaren parte, orduko errekorra lortu zuen, 83° 20' 26" N, 1876ko maiatzean atzera egin baino lehen. 1879–1881 espedizio batek, <a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">George W. De Long</a> <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Itsas_Armada" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Itsas Armada">AEBko itsas ofizialak</a> zuzenduta, tragikoki amaitu zen, beren ontzia, <i>USS Jeannette</i>, izotzak zapaldu zuenean, tripulazioaren erdia baino gehiago hil zen, De Long barne. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Nansen-fram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nansen-fram.jpg/220px-Nansen-fram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nansen-fram.jpg/330px-Nansen-fram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Nansen-fram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Nansenen <i>Fram</i> ontzia Artikoko izotzetan</figcaption></figure> <p>1895eko apirilean, <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hjalmar_Johansen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hjalmar Johansen (sortu gabe)">Hjalmar Johansen</a> esploratzaile <a href="/wiki/Norvegiar" title="Norvegiar">norvegiarrek</a> <a href="/wiki/Eski" title="Eski">eskiekin</a> polorantz jo zuten Nansenen <i>Fram</i> izotz-ontzitik irten ostean. Bikoteak 86° 14′ N latitudera iritsi ziren, saiakera bertan behera utzi eta hegoalderantz biratu baino lehen, azkenean <a href="/wiki/Frantzisko_Josefen_Lurraldea" title="Frantzisko Josefen Lurraldea">Frantzisko Josefen Lurraldera</a> iritsiz. </p><p>1897an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salomon August Andrée (sortu gabe)">Salomon August Andrée</a> ingeniari <a href="/wiki/Suediar" title="Suediar">suediarra</a> eta bi lagun <i>Örnen</i> (Arranoa) <a href="/wiki/Baloi_aerostatiko" title="Baloi aerostatiko">hidrogeno-globoan</a> Iparburura iristen saiatu ziren, baina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvit%C3%B8ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvitøya (sortu gabe)">Kvitøyatik</a> 300 km (190 mi) iparraldera erori ziren, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard artxipelagoaren</a> ipar-ekialde muturrean. Kvitøyara oinez joan ziren, baina bertan hil ziren istripua izan eta hiru hilabetera. 1930ean, espedizio horren aztarnak aurkitu zituen Norvegiako Bratvaag espedizioak. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luis_Amadeo_Savoiakoa" title="Luis Amadeo Savoiakoa">Luigi Amadeo</a> esploratzaile italiar eta Abruzzoetako dukeak eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Cagni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umberto Cagni (sortu gabe)">Umberto Cagni</a> Italiako Errege Armadako (<a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a>) kapitainak bihurtutako <i>Stella Polare</i> ("Ipar izarra") baleontzian atera ziren Norvegiatik, 1899an. 1900eko martxoaren 11n, Cagnik izotzaren gaineko talde bat zuzendu zuen, eta 86° 34' latitudera iritsi zen apirilaren 25ean, errekor berria ezarriz eta 1895eko Nansenen emaitza 35-40 km (22-25 mi) gaindituz. Cagnik ozta-ozta lortu zuen kanpamendura itzultzea, eta bertan egon zen ekainaren 23ra arte. Abuztuaren 16an, <i>Stella Polare</i> ontzia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_uhartea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf uhartea (sortu gabe)">Rudolf uhartea</a> utzi, eta hegoalderantz abiatu zen, eta espedizioa Norvegiara itzuli zen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900-1940">1900-1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1900-1940»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: 1900-1940"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg/220px-Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg/330px-Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg/440px-Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="2706" /></a><figcaption>Pearyren lera taldea iparburua zela aldarrikatu zutenean, 1909an. Ezkerretik: Ooqueah, Ootah, Henson, Egingwah eta Seeglo<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Cook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Cook (sortu gabe)">Frederick Cook</a> AEBko esploratzaileak esan zuen 1908ko apirilaren 21ean Iparburura bi <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">inuitekin</a>, Ahwelah eta Etukishook, iritsi zela, baina ezin izan zuen froga sinesgarririk aurkeztu, eta bere aldarrikapena ez da erabat onartua<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Iparburuaren konkista, urte askotan, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a> AEBko Armadako ingeniariari egotzi zitzaion, 1909ko apirilaren 6an polora iritsi zela (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Henson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Henson (sortu gabe)">Matthew Henson</a> eta lau inuit gizonezko, Ootah, Seeglo, Egingwah eta Ooqueah lagunduta), esan baitzuen. Hala ere, Pearyren aldarrikapena oso eztabaidatua eta polemikoa izaten jarraitzen du. Bidaiaren azken etapan, Pearyrekin batera joan zirenak ez ziren nabigazioan trebatuak, eta, beraz, ezin izan zuten bere nabigazio-lana modu independentean baieztatu, batzuk baieztatzen baitute polora hurbildu ahala bereziki axolagabea izan zela<sup class="Template-Fact" title="erreferentzia behar da pasarte honetan" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">[erreferentzia behar]</a></sup>. </p><p>Azken laguntza-taldeak atzera egin ostean Pearyk esandako distantziak eta abiadurak izugarriak iruditzen zaizkio jende askori, ordura arte lortutakoaren ia hirukoitza baitziren. Pearyren egindako bidaiari buruzko errelatoak dio lerro zuzenean bidaiatu zuela Polora, baita itzuli ere ―zuen denbora-murritzarekin bat datorren estrategia bakarra―; kontraesanean dago Hensonen kontaketarekin, presio-gailurrak eta leku irekiak ekiditeko saihesbide bihurgunetsuei buruz hitz egiten baitu. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wally_Herbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wally Herbert (sortu gabe)">Wally Herbert</a> esploratzaile britainiarrak, hasieran Pearyren aldekoa, 1989an Pearyren erregistroak ikertu zituen, eta esploratzaileen nabigazio-erregistroetan desadostasun handiak zeudela aurkitu zuen. Peary ez zela polora iritsi ondorioztatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, Pearyren aldeko iritzia 2005ean etorri zen berriz ere, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Avery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Avery (sortu gabe)">Tom Avery</a> esploratzaile britainiarrak eta lau lagunek Pearyren joaneko bidaia berregin zutenean egurrezko lera erreplikekin eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanadako_txakur-eskimal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanadako txakur-eskimal (sortu gabe)">Kanadako txakur-eskimal</a> taldeekin; 36 egun eta 22 ordutan, Iparburura iritsi ziren, Peary baino ia bost ordu azkarrago. Hala ere, Averyren 5 eguneko martxarik azkarrena 90 itsas miliakoa (170 km) izan zen, Pearyk esandako 135 itsas milia (250 km) baino nabarmen gutxiago. Averyk bere webgunean idatzi du: «Robert Peary, Matthew Henson eta 1909an Iparraldean ausartu ziren lau inuitenganako dudan miresmena eta errespetua izugarri hazi da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Lurmuturra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbia Lurmuturra (sortu gabe)">Columbia Lurmuturretik</a> abiatu ginenetik. Orain, nik neuk ikusi dudanean, nola bidaiatu zuen izotza zeharkatuz, inoiz baino sinetsiago nago Pearyk Iparburua benetan aurkitu zuela»<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Poloaren gainetik egindako lehen hegaldia 1926ko maiatzaren 9an egin zuten <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a> AEBko itsas ofizialak eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Floyd_Bennett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floyd Bennett (sortu gabe)">Floyd Bennett</a> pilotuak hiru motorreko Fokker hegazkin batean. Nahiz eta bere garaian <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society-ko</a> batzorde batek egiaztatu, baieztapen hori ahuldu egin da<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; bada, aspaldi ezkutatutako Byrden egunkarian (1996an argitaratua) eguzki <a href="/wiki/Sestante" title="Sestante">sestantearen</a> datuak (NGS-ek inoiz egiaztatu ez dituenak) ez datoz bat bere 1926ko ekaineko txosten paraleloarekin 100 milia (160 km) baino gehiagotan<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Txosten sekretuaren ustezko ibilbidearen eguzki sestantearen datuak hain ziren zehatzak, ezen ustezko eguzki-behaketa gordin horiek guztiak kendu baitzituen bost hilabete geroago gizarte geografikoetara bidalitako txostenaren bertsiotik (jatorrizko bertsioa, berriz, 70 urtez ezkutatuta egon zen), 2000. urteko aurkikuntza eta <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeko_Unibertsitatea" title="Cambridgeko Unibertsitatea">Cambridgeko Unibertsitateak</a> argitaratu zuena lehenengoz, azterketa zorrotz baten ondoren<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Poloaren lehen lorpen koherentea, egiaztatua eta zientifikoki sinesgarria 1926ko maiatzaren 12an izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> esploratzaile <a href="/wiki/Norvegiar" title="Norvegiar">norvegiarrak</a> eta AEBko bere babesle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Ellsworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln Ellsworth (sortu gabe)">Lincoln Ellsworth</a> <i>Norge</i> aireontzitik egindakoa<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <i>Norge</i> aireontzia, <a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegiakoa</a> izan arren, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Umberto Nobile</a> italiarrak diseinatu eta pilotatu zuen. Hegaldia Norvegiako <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbardetik</a> abiatu zen, eta <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoa</a> zeharkatu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskaraino</a>. Nobilek, <i>Norge</i>ko hainbat zientzialari eta tripulatzailerekin, bigarren aldiz egin zuen hegan poloaren gainetik, 1928ko maiatzaren 24an, <i>Italia</i> aireontzian. <i>Italia</i> polotik itzultzerakoan erori zen, eta, tripulazioren erdia, galdu egin zen. </p><p>Beste hegaldi polar bat Tupolev ANT-25 hegazkin batean egin zen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valery_Chkalov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valery Chkalov (sortu gabe)">Valery Chkalov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgy_Baydukov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgy Baydukov (sortu gabe)">Georgy Baydukov</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Belyakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Belyakov (sortu gabe)">Alexander Belyakovek</a> osatutako eskifaiarekin, 1937ko ekainaren 19an Iparburuaren gainetik hegan egin baitzuten <a href="/wiki/Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialisten_Batasuna" title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna">Sobietar Batasunetik</a> <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEBrainoko</a> zuzeneko hegaldian, inolako geldialdirik gabe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izotz-estazioa">Izotz-estazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izotz-estazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Izotz-estazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1937ko maiatzean, munduko Iparburuko lehen izotz-estazioa, Северный полюс-1 ("Iparburua-1"), ezarri zuten sobietar zientzialariek, Iparburutik 20 kilometrora (13 mi), lau hegazkin astun eta arin bat izotz gainean lurreratu ondoren. Espedizio kideek —<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Shirshov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Shirshov (sortu gabe)">Pyotr Shirshov</a> ozeanografoa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yevgeny_Fyodorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (sortu gabe)">Yevgeny Fyodorov</a> meteorologoa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krenkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Krenkel (sortu gabe)">Ernst Krenkel</a> irrati-operatzailea eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Papanin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Papanin (sortu gabe)">Ivan Papanin</a> buruzagia<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>— ikerketa zientifikoak egin zituzten estazioan hurrengo bederatzi hilabeteetan. 1938ko otsailaren 19an, <i>Taimyr</i> eta <i>Murman</i> izotz-hausleek taldea jaso zutenean, haien estazioa 2.850 km zen lekuz aldatua, <a href="/wiki/Groenlandia" title="Groenlandia">Groenlandiako</a> ekialdeko kostaldera<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940-2000">1940-2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1940-2000»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: 1940-2000"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1945eko maiatzean, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAFen</a> Aries espedizioko Lancaster hegazkin bat izan zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburu_Geografiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iparburu Geografiko (sortu gabe)">Iparburu Geografiko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Iparburu_magnetikoa" title="Iparburu magnetikoa">Iparburu Magnetikoak</a> gainditzen zituen <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth-eko</a> lehena. Hegazkina Royal Air Forceko <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Cecil_McKinley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Cecil McKinley (sortu gabe)">David Cecil McKinleyk</a> pilotatu zuen. 11 laguneko eskifaia zeraman, Royal Canadian Air Forceko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_C._Maclure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth C. Maclure (sortu gabe)">Kenneth C. Maclure</a> behaketa zientifiko guztien arduradun gisa. 2006an, Maclure leku batekin omendu zuten Kanadako Aviation Hall of Famen<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pearyren aldarrikapen eztabaidatua alde batera utzita, Iparburuan oina jarri zuten lehen gizonak talde sobietar batekoak izan ziren<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, besteak beste, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Ostrekin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Ostrekin (sortu gabe)">Mikhail Ostrekin</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Senko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Senko (sortu gabe)">Pavel Senko</a> geofisikariak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Somov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Somov (sortu gabe)">Mikhail Somov</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Gordienko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Gordienko (sortu gabe)">Pavel Gordienko</a> ozeanografoak<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, beste zientzialari eta hegaldi-tripulazioa (guztira, 24 pertsona)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Kuznetsov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandr Kuznetsov (sortu gabe)">Aleksandr Kuznetsoven</a> Sever-2 espediziokoak (1948ko martxoa-maiatza)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ipar Itsasoko Ibilbidearen Zuzendaritza Nagusiak antolatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Taldeak hiru hegazkin erabili zituen (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Cherevichnyy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Cherevichnyy (sortu gabe)">Ivan Cherevichnyy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitaly_Maslennikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitaly Maslennikov (sortu gabe)">Vitaly Maslennikov</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilya_Kotov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilya Kotov (sortu gabe)">Ilya Kotovek</a> pilotatuak) Kotelni uhartetik Iparburura, eta bertan lurreratu zen 1948ko apirilaren 23an, 16:44ean (Moskuko ordua, UTC+04:00)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Behin-behineko kanpamentu bat ezarri, eta hurrengo bi egunetan behaketa zientifikoak egin zituzten. Apirilaren 26an, espedizioa kontinentera itzuli zen. </p><p>Hurrengo urtean, 1949ko maiatzaren 9an<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, beste bi zientzialari sobietar (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitali_Volovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitali Volovich (sortu gabe)">Vitali Volovich</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Medvedev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrei Medvedev (sortu gabe)">Andrei Medvedev</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iparburura jausgailuz beren burua jaurti zuten lehenak izan ziren<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <i>CCCP H-369</i> matrikulatutako <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47" title="Douglas C-47">Douglas C-47 Skytrain</a> batetik egin zuten jauzi<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:USS_Skate_(SSN-578)_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg/220px-USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg/330px-USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg/440px-USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><i>USS Skate</i> Alpha deriba estazioan, 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>1952ko maiatzaren 3an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_O._Fletcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph O. Fletcher (sortu gabe)">Joseph O. Fletcher</a> AEBko Aire Armadako teniente koronelak eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pershing_Benedict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Pershing Benedict (sortu gabe)">William Pershing Benedict</a> tenienteak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_P._Crary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert P. Crary (sortu gabe)">Albert P. Crary</a> zientzialariarekin batera, prestatutako Douglas C-47 Skytrain bat lehorreratu zuten Iparburuan. Mendebaldeko iturri batzuek poloan eginiko lehen lehorreratzea zela uste zuten<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sobietarren lehorreratzeak oso ezagunak egin ziren arte. </p><p>Estatu Batuetako Armadako <i>USS Nautilus</i> (SSN-571) itsaspekoak 1958ko abuztuaren 3an gurutzatu zuen Iparburua. 1959ko martxoaren 17an, <i>USS Skate</i> (SSN-578) poloan azaleratu zen gaineko izotza hautsiz, hori egiten zuen lehen itsasontzia bihurtuz<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ipar poloaren gainazaleko lehen konkista konfirmatua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Plaisted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Plaisted (sortu gabe)">Ralph Plaisted</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walt_Pederson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walt Pederson (sortu gabe)">Walt Pederson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerry_Pitzl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerry Pitzl (sortu gabe)">Gerry Pitzl</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Luc_Bombardier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Luc Bombardier (sortu gabe)">Jean Luc Bombardier-ek</a> egin zuten; izotz gainetik <a href="/wiki/Elurretako_motor" title="Elurretako motor">elur-motorretan</a> bidaiatuz, 1968ko apirilaren 19an iritsi ziren. Estatu Batuetako Aire Indarrek, modu independentean, baieztatu zuten euren posizioa. </p><p>1969ko apirilaren 6an, Britainia Handiko Trans-Arctic Expedition-eko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wally_Herbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wally Herbert (sortu gabe)">Wally Herbert</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allan_Gill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allan Gill (sortu gabe)">Allan Gill</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Koerner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy Koerner (sortu gabe)">Roy Koerner</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Hedges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Hedges (sortu gabe)">Kenneth Hedges</a> bidelagunek izan ziren Iparburura oinez iristen ziren (txakur-taldeen eta airetik jaurtitako laguntzarekin bada ere) lehen gizonak. Aurrera jarraitu zuten <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoko</a> lehen gainazaleko gurutzaldia osatu arte, (ardatz luzeenetik, <a href="/wiki/Barrow_lurmuturra" title="Barrow lurmuturra">Barrow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>), <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbarderaino</a>, inoiz errepikatu ez den balentria<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Plaisted-ek aire-garraioa erabiltzeari buruzko iradokizunak direla eta (gero, faltsuak zirela frogatu zen), iturri batzuek baieztatzen dute gainazaleko edozein bide erabiliz Herberten espedizioa izan zela Iparburura iresten lehena<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1980ko hamarkadan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weldy_Phipps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weldy Phipps (sortu gabe)">Weldy Phipps</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken Lee (sortu gabe)">Ken Lee</a>, Plaisteden pilotuek, zinpeko aitorpenak sinatu zituzten, aire-garraio laguntza hori ez zela eman baieztatzen<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Esaten da ere Herbert izan zela <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helezintasun-poloa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helezintasun-poloa (sortu gabe)">helezintasun-polora</a> iritsi zen lehen pertsona<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i>Arktika</i> izotz-hausle sobietarra, Iparburura iritsi zen gainazaleko lehen ontzia, 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>1977ko abuztuaren 17an, <i>Arktika</i> propultsio nuklearreko izotz-hausle sobietarrak gainazaleko lehen ontzi-bidaia egin zuen Iparburura. </p><p>1982an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranulph_Fiennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranulph Fiennes (sortu gabe)">Ranulph Fiennes</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_R._Burton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles R. Burton (sortu gabe)">Charles R. Burton</a> izan ziren denboraldi bakarrean <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoa</a> gurutzatzen lehenak. 1982ko otsailaren 17an, Crozier lurmuturretik (<a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_(uhartea)" title="Ellesmere (uhartea)">Ellesmere uhartea</a>) irten ziren, eta 1982ko apirilaren 10ean iritsi ziren Iparburu Geografikora. Oinez eta elur-motorrez ibili ziren. Polotik, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> aldera joan ziren, baina, izotzaren izaera ezegonkorra zela eta, izotz ertzean amaitu zuten zeharkaldia 99 egunez izotz-puska baten gainean, noraezean hegoalderantz ibili ondoren. Azkenean, <i>MV Benjamin Bowring</i> espedizio-ontzira oinez joan, eta 1982ko abuztuaren 4an igo ziren 80:31 N eta 00:59 W posizioan. Bidaia horren ondorioz, 1979–1982 hiru urteko Transglobe espedizioaren atal bat osatu zuena, Fiennes eta Burton bihurtu ziren, Iparburu eta Hegoburua zeharkatuz, munduari ingurabidea burutu zuten lehen pertsonak, azaleko bidaiak eginez soilik<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lorpen horrek, gaur egun arte, zalantzarik gabekoa izaten jarraitzen du. Espedizioko eskifaian Bothie deituriko <a href="/wiki/Jack_Russell_terrier" title="Jack Russell terrier">Jack Russell terrier</a> txakur bat zegoen; beraz, bi poloak bisitatu zituen lehen txakurra izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1985ean, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Sir Edmund Hillary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Everest" title="Everest">Everest</a> mendiaren gailurra zapaldu zuen lehen gizona) eta <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> (ilargian hanka jarri zuen lehen gizona) Iparburuan lurreratu ziren motor biko eski-hegazkin txiki batean<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrela, Hillary izan zen bi poloetan eta Everesteko gailurrean egondako lehen gizona. </p><p>1986an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_Steger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will Steger (sortu gabe)">Will Steger</a>, zazpi taldekiderekin, txakur leran eta hornikuntzarik gabe, polora iritsi zen lehena izan zen. </p><p><i>USS Gurnard</i> (SSN-662) <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoaren</a> izotz azpian lan egin zuen 1984ko irailetik azarora, ontzi biki batekin, <i>USS Pintado</i> (SSN-672) eraso itsaspekoarekin. 1984ko azaroaren 12an, <i>Gurnard</i> eta <i>Pintado</i> Iparburuan elkarrekin azaleratzen ziren hirugarren itsaspeko bikote bihurtu ziren. 1990eko martxoan, <i>Gurnard</i> Artikoko eskualdera zabaldu zen Ice Ex '90 jarduteetan, eta, bakarrik, Bering itsasoko neguko urpeko laugarren igarobidea bete zuen. <i>Gurnard</i> apirilaren 18an azaleratu zen Iparburuan, <i>USS Seahorse</i>rekin (SSN-669).<sup class="Template-Fact" title="erreferentzia behar da pasarte honetan" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">[erreferentzia behar]</a></sup> </p><p>1986ko maiatzaren 6an, <i>USS Archerfish</i> (SSN 678), <i>USS Ray</i> (SSN 653) eta <i>USS Hawkbill</i> (SSN-666) Iparburuan azaleratu ziren, Iparburuan azaleratzen zen itsaspeko lehen hirukotea. </p><p>1987ko apirilaren 21ean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinji_Kazama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinji Kazama (sortu gabe)">Shinji Kazama</a> <a href="/wiki/Japoniar" title="Japoniar">japoniarra</a> <a href="/wiki/Motozikleta" title="Motozikleta">motozikletan</a> Iparburura iritsi zen lehena izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1987ko maiatzaren 18an, <i>USS Billfish</i> (SSN 676), <i>USS Sea Devil</i> (SSN 664) eta <i>HMS Superb</i> (S 109) Iparburuan azaleratu ziren, Iparburuko nazioarteko lehen azalera. </p><p>1988an, 13 laguneko talde batek (9 sobietar eta 4 kanadiar) Artikoa gurutzatu zuten eskiez, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberiatik</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanadako</a> iparraldera. kanadarretako bat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Weber (sortu gabe)">Richard Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoko</a> bi aldeetatik polora iristen zen lehena izan zen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Arctic_World_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Arctic_World_05.jpg/220px-Arctic_World_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Arctic_World_05.jpg/330px-Arctic_World_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Arctic_World_05.jpg/440px-Arctic_World_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>1990eko Alemaniako Iparburuko lehen espedizioko parte-hartzaileak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giessen_Unibertsitatea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giessen Unibertsitatea (sortu gabe)">Giessen Unibertsitatea</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Arctic_World.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arctic_World.jpg/220px-Arctic_World.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arctic_World.jpg/330px-Arctic_World.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arctic_World.jpg/440px-Arctic_World.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>Alemaniako Iparburuko Ski-Doo 1990 espedizioa, tokiko ikerketarako</figcaption></figure> <p>1990eko apirilaren 16an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giessen_Unibertsitatea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giessen Unibertsitatea (sortu gabe)">Giessen Unibertsitateko</a> talde batek zuzendutako alemaniar-suitzar espedizio bat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburu_Geografikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iparburu Geografikoa (sortu gabe)">Iparburu Geografikora</a> iritsi zen izotz, elurra eta airearen kutsadura aztertzeko. Hartutako laginak Kanadako Geological Survey-ekin eta Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research-ekin aztertu ziren, lankidetzan. Laginak biltzeko beste geldialdi batzuk urte anitzeko itsas izotzetan egin ziren 86° N-n, Columbia lurmuturrean eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ward_Hunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ward Hunt (sortu gabe)">Ward Hunt uhartean</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1990eko maiatzaren 4an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B8rge_Ousland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Børge Ousland (sortu gabe)">Børge Ousland</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erling_Kagge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erling Kagge (sortu gabe)">Erling Kagge</a> laguntzarik gabe Iparburura iritsi ziren lehen esploratzaileak izan ziren, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanadako</a> <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_(uhartea)" title="Ellesmere (uhartea)">Ellesmere uhartetik</a> 800 km-ra, 58 eguneko eski-ibilaldi baten ostean<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1991ko irailaren 7an, <i>Polarstern</i> ikerketa-ontzi <a href="/wiki/Alemaniar" title="Alemaniar">alemaniarra</a> eta <i>Oden</i> izotz-hausle <a href="/wiki/Suediar" title="Suediar">suediarra</a> Iparburura iritsi ziren lehen ohiko motordun ontzi gisa<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zientifikoen eta bi tripulazioen taldeek lagin ozeanografiko eta geologikoak hartu zituzten, eta lagun arteko <a href="/wiki/Sokatira" title="Sokatira">sokatira</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Futbol" title="Futbol">futbol</a> partida bat jokatu zituzten izotz plaka bate gainean. <i>Polarstern</i>ek posizioa berreskuratu zuen zehazki 10 urte geroago<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <i>Healy</i>rekin. </p><p>1998, 1999 eta 2000. urteetan, Lada Niva Marshs (BRONTOk (Lada/Vaz-en produktu esperimentalen dibisioak) egindako gurpil handiko bertsio bereziak) Iparburura eraman zituzten<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1998ko espedizioa jausgailuz jauzi egin, eta Iparbururainoko bidea osatu zuen. 2000. urteko espedizioa Errusiako ikerketa-base batetik abiatu zen, polotik 114 km ingurura, eta 20-15 km/h-ko batez besteko abiadura aldarrikatu zuen, -30 °C-ko batez besteko tenperaturan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XXI._mendea">XXI. mendea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «XXI. mendea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: XXI. mendea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Charlotte_Northpole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Charlotte_Northpole.jpg/220px-Charlotte_Northpole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Charlotte_Northpole.jpg/330px-Charlotte_Northpole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Charlotte_Northpole.jpg/440px-Charlotte_Northpole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><i>USS Charlotte</i> Iparburuan, 2005ean</figcaption></figure> <p>Ibilbide polarretan egiten diren hegazkin komertzialen hegaldiak Iparburua ikusgai den distantziara igaro daitezke. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicagotik</a> <a href="/wiki/Pekin" title="Pekin">Pekinerako</a> hegaldi bat 89° N latituderaino hurbil daiteke, nahiz eta haize nagusien ondorioz, itzulerako bidaiak <a href="/wiki/Bering_itsasartea" title="Bering itsasartea">Bering itsasartea</a> zeharkatu behar duten. Azken urteotan, Iparbururako bidaiak airez (helikopteroz edo izotz gainean prestatutako pista batean lurreratuz) edo izotz-hausle bidez nahiko ohikoak bihurtu dira, eta turista talde txikien eskura daude <a href="/wiki/Abentura-turismo" title="Abentura-turismo">abenturazko oporretako</a> enpresen bidez ere. Azken urteotan, sarri egin dira jausgailu-jauziak Iparburura. 2002az geroztik, urtero, polotik distantzia gutxira, airez ezarri da Barneoko aldi baterako Errusiako kanpamentua, eta jaramon egiten die ikertzaile zientifikoei eta turismo-taldeei. Kanpalekutik polorainoko bidaiak izotz gainez edo helikopteroz antolatu daitezke. </p><p>Iparburuaren urpeko esplorazioaren lehen saiakera, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Rozhkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrei Rozhkov (sortu gabe)">Andrei Rozhkov</a> Errusiako suhiltzaile eta urpekariak egin zuen <a href="/wiki/Moskuko_Estatu_Unibertsitatea" title="Moskuko Estatu Unibertsitatea">Moskuko Estatu Unibertsitateko</a> Urpekaritza Klubaren laguntzarekin, 1998ko apirilaren 22an, baina hilda amaitu zuen. Iparburuko hurrengo urpekaritza-saiakera, urpekaritza klub berak antolatu zuen hurrengo urtean, eta arrakasta lortu zuen 1999ko apirilaren 24an. Urpekariak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Wolff (sortu gabe)">Michael Wolff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Cormick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brett Cormick (sortu gabe)">Brett Cormick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erresuma_Batua" title="Erresuma Batua">Erresuma Batua</a>) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Wass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bob Wass (sortu gabe)">Bob Wass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEB</a>) izan ziren<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>2005ean, Estatu Batuetako Armadako <i>USS Charlotte</i> (SSN-766) itsaspekoa 155 cm-ko (61 in) izotza puskatuz azaleratu zen Iparburuan, eta 18 ordu eman zituen bertan<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>2007ko uztailean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Gordon_Pugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Gordon Pugh (sortu gabe)">Lewis Gordon Pugh</a> erresistentzia igerilari britainiarrak 1 km-ko (0,62 mi) igeriketa bete zuen Iparburuan. Haren balentria, <a href="/wiki/Klima_aldaketaren_ondorioak" title="Klima aldaketaren ondorioak">berotze globalaren ondorioak</a> nabarmen uzteko egina, izotz-pusken artean irekitako ur garbietan egin zen<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horren ondoren, 2008ko amaieran, Iparburura <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayak</a> batean arraunez iritsi nahi izan zuen, polora ur garbia iritsiko zela iragarri baitzuten, baina iragarpena ez zen bete, eta espedizioa bertan behera utzi zuten, hirugarren egunean izotz lodian itsatsita geratu zenean. </p><p>2007ko irailera arte, Iparburua 66 aldiz izan zen bisitatua gainazaleko itsasontzi ezberdinetik: 54 aldiz izotz-hausle sobietar eta errusiarrek, 4 aldiz <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suediako</a> <i>Oden</i>ek, 3 aldiz <a href="/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania">Alemaniako</a> <i>Polarstern</i>ek, 3 aldiz <i>USCGC Healy</i>k eta <i>USCGC Polar Sea</i>k eta behin <i>CCGSk Louis S. St-Laurent</i> eta <i>Vidar Viking</i> suediarrak<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2007._urteko_Iparburuko_hondora_arteko_jaitsiera">2007. urteko Iparburuko hondora arteko jaitsiera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «2007. urteko Iparburuko hondora arteko jaitsiera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: 2007. urteko Iparburuko hondora arteko jaitsiera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Mir_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mir_front.jpg/220px-Mir_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mir_front.jpg/330px-Mir_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mir_front.jpg/440px-Mir_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Errusiar <i>MIR</i> urperagailua, Iparburuaren azpian dagoen itsas hondora tripulatutako lehen jeitsieran erabili ziren bi ibilgailuetako bat.</figcaption></figure> <p>2007ko abuztuaren 2an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arktika_2007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arktika 2007 (sortu gabe)">Arktika 2007</a> espedizio zientifiko errusiarrak Iparburuko ozeanoaren hondora tripulatutako lehen jaitsiera egin zuen, 4,3 km-ko sakonera (2,7 mi), Errusiak 2001ean Ozeano Artikoko hondoko hedadura handi bati plataforma kontinental hedatuari laguntzeko ikerketa programaren baitan, zeinak <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoko</a> hondoaren zati handi bat aldarrikatzen baitu. Jaitsiera bi <i>MIR</i> urperagailutan egin zen, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Chilingarov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Chilingarov (sortu gabe)">Artur Chilingarov</a> polo-esploratzaile sobietar eta errusiarrak zuzendu zuen. Bisita-ekintza sinboliko gisa, Errusiako bandera ozeanoaren hondoan kokatu zen, zehazki poloan<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Espedizioa, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times"><i>The New York Times</i>en</a> arabera, Artikoan, Errusiari eragin nagusi bat emateko asmoz egindako azken ahalegina izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MLAE_2009_Espedizioa">MLAE 2009 Espedizioa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «MLAE 2009 Espedizioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: MLAE 2009 Espedizioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2009an, Errusiako Itsas Armadako Izotz-bizidun Automobil Espedizioa (MLAE-2009) (Vasily Elagin buru zela eta Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Sergey Larin, Alexey Ushakov eta Nikolay Nikulshin taldearekin) Iparburura iritsi zen pertsonalizatutako bi bidaiatan. Presio baxuko pneumatikodun lur orotako 6 x 6 ibilgailu egin zituen. Ibilgailuak, <i>Yemelya-1</i> eta <i>Yemelya-2</i>, Vasily Elagin errusiar mendizale, esploratzaile eta ingeniariak diseinatu zituen. 2009ko apirilaren 26an, 17:30ean (Moskuko ordua) iritsi ziren Iparburura. Espedizioak Errusiako Estatuko Abiazioaren laguntza partzaila izan zuen. Errusiako Errekorren Liburuak lehorretik Iparburu Geografikora ibilgailuan egindako lehen bidaia arrakastatsutzat aitortu zuen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MLAE_2013_Espedizioa">MLAE 2013 Espedizioa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «MLAE 2013 Espedizioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: MLAE 2013 Espedizioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2013ko martxoaren 1ean, Errusiako Itsas Armadako Izotz-bizidun Automobil Espedizioa (MLAE 2013) Vasily Elagin buru zela, eta Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Andrey Vankov, Sergey Isayev eta Nikolay Kozlov-ek osaturiko bi presio baxuko pneumatikodun lur orotako 6 x 6 ibilgailurkin, <i>Yemelya-3</i> eta <i>Yemelya-4</i>, Golomyanny uhartetik (<a href="/wiki/Iparraldeko_Zembla" title="Iparraldeko Zembla">Severnaya Zembla uhartedia</a>) Iparburura abiatu ziren, Ozeano Artikoko izotz jitoan zehar. Ibilgailuak apirilaren 6an iritsi ziren polora, eta, gero, Kanadako kostalderantz jarraitu zuten. </p><p>Kostaldera, 2013ko apirilaren 30ean iritsi ziren (83° 08' N eta 75° 59' W Ward Hunt uhartea), eta, 2013ko maiatzaren 5ean, espedizioak Resolute Bay-n (NU) amaitu zuen. Errusiako mugaren (Severnaya Zemlya artxipelagoko Machtovyi uhartea, 80° 15' N eta 97° 27' E) eta Kanadako kostaldearen arteko bideak (Ward Hunt uhartea, 83° 08' N eta 75° 59'  W) 55 egun behar izan zituen; ~2.300 km-ko izotz jitoan, denera 4.000 km inguru. Espedizioa guztiz autonomoa izan zen, eta ez zuen kanpoko hornikuntzarik erabili. Espedizioak Errusiako Geografia Elkarteak laguntza izan zuen<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klima">Klima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Klima»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Klima"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; background:#a2a9b1; text-align:center; font-size:90%; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#eaecf0"> <th colspan="14" style="font-weight:bold">  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg/25px-Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg/38px-Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg/50px-Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span>   <big>Datu klimatikoak (Groenlandiako Eguraldi-Behategia)</big>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg/25px-WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg/38px-WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg/50px-WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span>   </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#eaecf0"> <th style="border-right-width:medium"> Hila  </th> <th abbr="Urtarrila"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Urtarril">Urt</abbr>  </th> <th abbr="Otsaila"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Otsail">Ots</abbr>  </th> <th abbr="Martxoa"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Martxo">Mar</abbr>  </th> <th abbr="Apirila"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Apiril">Api</abbr>  </th> <th abbr="Maiatza"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Maiatz">Mai</abbr>  </th> <th abbr="Ekaina"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Ekain">Eka</abbr>  </th> <th abbr="Uztaila"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Uztail">Uzt</abbr>  </th> <th abbr="Abuztua"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Abuztu">Abu</abbr>  </th> <th abbr="Iraila"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Irail">Ira</abbr>  </th> <th abbr="Urria"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Urri">Urr</abbr>  </th> <th abbr="Azaroa"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Azaro">Aza</abbr>  </th> <th abbr="Abendua"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Abendu">Abe</abbr>  </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium" abbr="Urtekoa"> Urtekoa  </th></tr> <tr> <th height="16" bgcolor="#eaecf0">Erregistraturiko tenperatura maximoa (°C) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#A0A0FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-13 </td> <td style="background:#9B9BFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-14 </td> <td style="background:#ABABFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-11 </td> <td style="background:#C6C6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-6 </td> <td style="background:#F7F7FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3 </td> <td style="background:#FFD9B3;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10 </td> <td style="background:#FFC489;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">13 </td> <td style="background:#FFCB97;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">12 </td> <td style="background:#FFEDDC;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">7 </td> <td style="background:#FFDFC0;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="background:#EAEAFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.6 </td> <td style="background:#EAEAFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.7 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#FFC489;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>13</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16" bgcolor="#eaecf0">Batez besteko tenperatura maximoa (°C) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#4A4AFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-29 </td> <td style="background:#3F3FFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-31 </td> <td style="background:#4444FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-30 </td> <td style="background:#7070FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-22 </td> <td style="background:#B6B6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-9 </td> <td style="background:#E6E6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#F1F1FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="background:#ECECFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="background:#E6E6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#BBBBFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-8 </td> <td style="background:#5F5FFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-25 </td> <td style="background:#5A5AFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-26 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#9696FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>-14.8</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16" bgcolor="#eaecf0">Batez besteko tenperatura (ºC) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#3F3FFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-31 </td> <td style="background:#3A3AFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-32 </td> <td style="background:#3F3FFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-31 </td> <td style="background:#6A6AFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-23 </td> <td style="background:#ABABFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-11 </td> <td style="background:#E1E1FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-1 </td> <td style="background:#ECECFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="background:#E6E6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#E1E1FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-1 </td> <td style="background:#B0B0FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-10 </td> <td style="background:#5555FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-27 </td> <td style="background:#4F4FFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-28 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#8F8FFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>-16.2</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16" bgcolor="#eaecf0">Batez besteko tenperatura minimoa (°C) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#3434FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-33 </td> <td style="background:#2929FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-35 </td> <td style="background:#2F2FFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-34 </td> <td style="background:#5A5AFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-26 </td> <td style="background:#A6A6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-12 </td> <td style="background:#DCDCFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-2 </td> <td style="background:#E6E6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#E1E1FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-1 </td> <td style="background:#DCDCFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-2 </td> <td style="background:#ABABFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-11 </td> <td style="background:#4444FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-30 </td> <td style="background:#3F3FFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-31 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#8585FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>-18.1</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16" bgcolor="#eaecf0">Erregistraturiko tenperatura minimoa (°C) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#0000E8;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-47 </td> <td style="background:#0000D8;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-50 </td> <td style="background:#0000D8;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-50 </td> <td style="background:#0909FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-41 </td> <td style="background:#6565FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-24 </td> <td style="background:#A6A6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-12 </td> <td style="background:#DCDCFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-2 </td> <td style="background:#A6A6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-12 </td> <td style="background:#3F3FFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-31 </td> <td style="background:#7575FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-21 </td> <td style="background:#0909FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-41 </td> <td style="background:#0000E8;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-47 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#0000D8;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>-50</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16" bgcolor="#eaecf0"><a href="/wiki/Hezetasun" title="Hezetasun">Hezetasuna</a> (%) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#0000BE;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">83.5 </td> <td style="background:#0000C0;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">83.0 </td> <td style="background:#0000C0;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">83.0 </td> <td style="background:#0000B8;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">85.0 </td> <td style="background:#0000AF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">87.5 </td> <td style="background:#0000A5;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">90.0 </td> <td style="background:#0000A5;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">90.0 </td> <td style="background:#0000A7;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">89.5 </td> <td style="background:#0000AD;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">88.0 </td> <td style="background:#0000BA;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">84.5 </td> <td style="background:#0000C0;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">83.0 </td> <td style="background:#0000C0;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">83.0 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#0000B5;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>85.8</b> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#eaecf0"> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:88%"><i>Iturria: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weatherbase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weatherbase (sortu gabe)">Weatherbase</a><sup id="cite_ref-weather_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iparburu_magnetikoa" title="Iparburu magnetikoa">Iparburu magnetikoa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Euskaltzaindia" title="Euskaltzaindia">Euskaltzaindia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hiztegi_Batua" title="Hiztegi Batua">Hiztegi Batua</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zehazki-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-zehazki_2-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zehazki_2-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ibon_Sarasola" title="Ibon Sarasola">Ibon Sarasola</a>: <i>Zehazki</i> hiztegia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elhuyar-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-elhuyar_3-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elhuyar_3-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Elhuyar gaztelania-euskara hiztegia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222062205/http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKL0286134520070802">Russian sub plants flag at North Pole</a> Archived 22 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 2 August 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anderson_(naval_officer)" class="extiw" title="en:William Anderson (naval officer)">Андерсон, Уильям Роберт</a> (1965). ""<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/memo/usa/anderson_w/18.html">Наутилус" у Северного полюса</a>". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voenizdat" class="extiw" title="en:Voenizdat">Воениздат</a>. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHa1968-12-01">Ha, Academie De Droit International De La.  (1968-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rftTUAUXOIC&pg=PA202"><i>Recueil Des Cours, Collected Courses 1962. </i></a> Martinus Nijhoff Publishers <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-90-286-1442-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-90-286-1442-0">978-90-286-1442-0</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-06-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Black, Richard (8 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13002706">New warning on Arctic sea ice melt</a> Archived 19 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Ljunggren, David (5 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-arctic-idUSTRE52468B20090305">Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013</a>: expert Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Magazine, Smithsonian. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-discovered-the-north-pole-116633746/">Who Discovered the North Pole?</a>". <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWright1953">Wright, John K..  (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/211752">«The Open Polar Sea»</a> <i>Geographical Review</i> 43 (3): 338–365.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F211752">10.2307/211752</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0016-7428">0016-7428</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-06-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/pearyfrontis.html"><i>At the North Pole, 6–7 April 1909: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web. </i></a> Heritage.nf.ca</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Bryce, Robert (1997). <i>Cook and Peary: the Polar Controversy Resolved</i>. 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(1985-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-06-mn-6925-story.html">«Made 50,000-Mile Journey With Expedition : Bothie, the Only Dog to Visit Both Poles»</a> <i>Los Angeles Times</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-06-12)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBruhns2013-08-27">Bruhns, Sarah.  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(2002) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10013/epic.10426.d001">POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII/2 Cruise Report: AMORE 2001 (Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition)</a>", Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, <b>421</b>, <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.10426.d001" class="extiw" title="hdl:10013/epic.10426.d001">hdl:10013/epic.10426.d001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061114/http://www.ladaniva.co.uk/baxter/resources/LadaOddities.htm">Lada Oddities</a>" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. <i>ladaniva.co.uk</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Rosloot, Hans "Amphihans". 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id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yemelya.ru/diary2013_en.php?lnk=2013">Diary of MLAE-2013</a>" Archived 23 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. <i>yemelya.ru</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weather-60"><a href="#cite_ref-weather_60-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWeatherbase">Weatherbase. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=110340&cityname=Closest+Data+for+North+Pole+-+440+mi%2F709+km%2C+Greenland&units=#"><i>CLOSEST DATA FOR NORTH POLE - 440 MI/709 KM, GREENLAND. </i></a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iparburua&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul 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