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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_southeast_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Status of southeast Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_southeast_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Republics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Proposed republics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_republics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Proposed republics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entities_in_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entities_in_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Entities in Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entities_in_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entities_outside_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entities_outside_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Entities outside Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entities_outside_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abkhazia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abkhazia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Abkhazia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abkhazia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Ossetia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Ossetia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 South Ossetia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Ossetia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transnistria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transnistria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Transnistria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transnistria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Republics of Russia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republieke_van_Rusland" title="Republieke van Rusland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Republieke van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Урыстәылатәи Афедерациа ареспубликақәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Урыстәылатәи Афедерациа ареспубликақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جمهوريات روسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهوريات روسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicas_de_Rusia" title="Republicas de Rusia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republicas de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_Rusia" title="Repúbliques de Rusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Repúbliques de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublika_(Rusiya)" title="Respublika (Rusiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Respublika (Rusiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="روسیه‌نین جومهوریتلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسیه‌نین جومهوریتلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a_%C3%AA_ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Lō͘-se-a ê kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘-se-a ê kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы составында республика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы составында республика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Рэспублікі ў складзе Расійскай Федэрацыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэспублікі ў складзе Расійскай Федэрацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Републики в Руската федерация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Републики в Руската федерация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republike_u_Rusiji" title="Republike u Rusiji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Republike u Rusiji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiko%C3%B9_Rusia" title="Republikoù Rusia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republikoù Rusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Repúbliques de Rússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Repúbliques de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%C3%A7%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Раççей Федерацин республикисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Раççей Федерацин республикисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiky_Rusk%C3%A9_federace" title="Republiky Ruské federace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Republiky Ruské federace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaethau_Rwsia" title="Gweriniaethau Rwsia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaethau Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslands_republikker" title="Ruslands republikker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ruslands republikker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Autonomen_Republiken_Russlands" title="Liste der Autonomen Republiken Russlands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der Autonomen Republiken Russlands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabariik_(Venemaa_haldus%C3%BCksus)" title="Vabariik (Venemaa haldusüksus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabariik (Venemaa haldusüksus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δημοκρατίες της Ρωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοκρατίες της Ρωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblicas_de_Rusia" title="Repúblicas de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Repúblicas de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respubliko_(Rusio)" title="Respubliko (Rusio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Respubliko (Rusio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiako_errepublikak" title="Errusiako errepublikak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiako errepublikak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="جمهوری‌های روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری‌های روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_(Russie)" title="République (Russie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République (Russie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiken_fan_Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Republiken fan Ruslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Republiken fan Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblachta%C3%AD_na_R%C3%BAise" title="Poblachtaí na Rúise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Poblachtaí na Rúise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblicas_de_Rusia" title="Repúblicas de Rusia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Repúblicas de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5)" title="Республика (Эрсече) – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Республика (Эрсече)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B" title="રશિયાનાં ગણતંત્રો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રશિયાનાં ગણતંત્રો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="러시아의 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아의 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रूस के गणतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूस के गणतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruske_republike" title="Ruske republike – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruske republike" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_di_Rusia" title="Republik di Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbliche_della_Russia" title="Repubbliche della Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubbliche della Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="רפובליקות של רוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפובליקות של רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ресей республикалары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресей республикалары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiches_de_la_Ruscia" title="Republiches de la Ruscia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Republiches de la Ruscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievijas_Feder%C4%81cijas_republikas" title="Krievijas Federācijas republikas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievijas Federācijas republikas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijos_respublikos" title="Rusijos respublikos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusijos respublikos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Републики во Русија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Републики во Русија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="रशियाचे प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशियाचे प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="რუსეთიშ ფედერაციაშ რესპუბლიკეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუსეთიშ ფედერაციაშ რესპუბლიკეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جمهوريات روسيا الاتحاديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جمهوريات روسيا الاتحاديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%82%E1%80%99%E1%81%A0%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%E1%80%B2_%E1%80%80%E1%81%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8D%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B6%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" title="ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတဂမၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ပံင်ကောံဖေဝ်ဒရေဝ် ရုရှာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတဂမၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ပံင်ကောံဖေဝ်ဒရေဝ် ရုရှာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_di_Rusia" title="Republik di Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Оросын бүгд найрамдах улсууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оросын бүгд найрамдах улсууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republieken_van_Rusland" title="Republieken van Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Republieken van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ロシアの共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシアの共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russlands_republikker" title="Russlands republikker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Russlands republikker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiske_republikkar" title="Russiske republikkar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Russiske republikkar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicas_de_Russia" title="Republicas de Russia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republicas de Russia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%92_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="روس دے لوکراج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روس دے لوکراج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%DB%90_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د روسيې جمهوريتونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د روسيې جمهوريتونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiki_Federacji_Rosyjskiej" title="Republiki Federacji Rosyjskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Republiki Federacji Rosyjskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblicas_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Repúblicas da Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Repúblicas da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicile_Rusiei" title="Republicile Rusiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republicile Rusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Республика в составе Российской Федерации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Республика в составе Российской Федерации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0_%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Арассыыйа өрөспүүбүлүкэлэрэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арассыыйа өрөспүүбүлүкэлэрэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_o_Roushie" title="Republics o Roushie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Republics o Roushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikat_e_Rusis%C3%AB" title="Republikat e Rusisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republikat e Rusisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Republics of Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="روس جي جمهوريتون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روس جي جمهوريتون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_(Rusko)" title="Republika (Rusko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Republika (Rusko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republike_Rusije" title="Republike Rusije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Republike Rusije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiki_Rusyje" title="Republiki Rusyje – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Republiki Rusyje" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Републике Русије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Републике Русије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republike_Rusije" title="Republike Rusije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Republike Rusije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rysslands_delrepubliker" title="Rysslands delrepubliker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rysslands delrepubliker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Constituent units of the Russian Federation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="float: right; width: ;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #F0F0F0; vertical-align: middle">Republics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Republics_of_Russia_(labeled).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Republics_of_Russia_%28labeled%29.svg/440px-Republics_of_Russia_%28labeled%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Republics_of_Russia_%28labeled%29.svg/660px-Republics_of_Russia_%28labeled%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Republics_of_Russia_%28labeled%29.svg/880px-Republics_of_Russia_%28labeled%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="630" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Nominal republics within Russia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Category</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Russian Federation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Number</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">21<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Populations</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Smallest: <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai</a>, 206,195 Largest: <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>, 4,072,102</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Areas</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Smallest: <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, 3,123 km2 (1,206 sq mi) Largest: <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a>, 3,083,523 km2 (1,190,555 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Government</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Republican government</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Russia" title="Districts of Russia">Districts</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">cities and towns of republic significance</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The republics are one type of <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subject</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>. 21 republics are internationally recognized as part of Russia; another is under its de facto control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney20236,_16,_43"Crimea_and_Sevastopol,_which_were_annexed_in_2014,_and...four_Ukrainian_regions_annexed_de_jure,_if_not_de_facto,_in_2022...After_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_were_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2014,_the_federal_centre_repeatedly_emphasized_internal_and_external_threats_to_their_stability...If_Russia_were_ever_to_achieve_similar_control_over_the_four_territories_purportedly_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2022,_such_focus_on_their_security,_too,_would_seem_likely...Putin_announced_the_annexation_of_four_Ukrainian_regions:_the_so-called_'People's_Republics'_established_in_the_eastern_Ukrainian_cities_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk...despite_Russian_control_of_all_of_these_territories_being_by_no_means_assured."_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney20236,_16,_43"Crimea_and_Sevastopol,_which_were_annexed_in_2014,_and...four_Ukrainian_regions_annexed_de_jure,_if_not_de_facto,_in_2022...After_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_were_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2014,_the_federal_centre_repeatedly_emphasized_internal_and_external_threats_to_their_stability...If_Russia_were_ever_to_achieve_similar_control_over_the_four_territories_purportedly_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2022,_such_focus_on_their_security,_too,_would_seem_likely...Putin_announced_the_annexation_of_four_Ukrainian_regions:_the_so-called_'People's_Republics'_established_in_the_eastern_Ukrainian_cities_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk...despite_Russian_control_of_all_of_these_territories_being_by_no_means_assured."-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakkisrud2023"Ethnic_autonomies_within_the_Russian_Federation...As_per_the_1993_Constitution...Added:_Crimea_(2014)"-3">[2]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa2023"Thus_Russia_inherited_89_regions_in_1991_grouped_into_three_main_types_(ethno-federal_republics,_autonomous_regions_of_various_sorts,_and_ordinary_regions_[oblasts],_including_today_the_major_cities_of_Moscow_and_St_Petersburg_along_with_Sevastopol_in_Crimea)._The_result_in_institutional_terms_is_asymmetrical_federalism_in_what_is_now_85_regions_(following_the_merger_of_certain_smaller_entities_and_the_incorporation_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_in_2014)"_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa2023"Thus_Russia_inherited_89_regions_in_1991_grouped_into_three_main_types_(ethno-federal_republics,_autonomous_regions_of_various_sorts,_and_ordinary_regions_[oblasts],_including_today_the_major_cities_of_Moscow_and_St_Petersburg_along_with_Sevastopol_in_Crimea)._The_result_in_institutional_terms_is_asymmetrical_federalism_in_what_is_now_85_regions_(following_the_merger_of_certain_smaller_entities_and_the_incorporation_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_in_2014)"-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-crimea-6">[b]</a> The original republics were created as <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a> for ethnic minorities. The indigenous ethnicity that gives its name to the republic is called the <a href="/wiki/Titular_nation" title="Titular nation">titular nationality</a>. However, due to centuries of Russian migration, a titular nationality may not be a majority of its republic's population. By 2017, the autonomous status of all republics was formally abolished, making the republics politically equivalent to the other federal subjects of Russia. Formed in the early 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and the Bolsheviks after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1917, republics were intended to be nominally independent regions of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> with the right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. Lenin's conciliatory stance towards Russia's minorities made them allies in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1922 the regions became <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">autonomous republics</a>, albeit subordinate to a <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">union republic</a>. While officially autonomous, the autonomies of these administrative units varied throughout the history of the Soviet Union but largely remained under the control of the central government. The 1980s saw an increase in the demand of autonomy as the Soviet Union began large scale reforms of its centralized system. In 1990, most of the autonomous republics declared their sovereignty. The Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapsed</a> in 1991 and Russia became independent. The current republics were established with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Federation" title="Treaty of Federation">Federation Treaty</a> in 1992, which gave them substantial rights and autonomy. Russia is an <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">asymmetrical federation</a> in that republics have their own constitutions, official languages, and national anthems, but other subjects do not. The republics also originally had more powers devolved to them, though actual power varied between republics, depending largely upon their economic importance. Through the signing of bilateral treaties with the federal government, republics gained extensive authority over their economies, internal policies, and even foreign relations in the 1990s. However, after the turn of the century, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s centralization reforms steadily eradicated the autonomy of the republics with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>. The bilateral agreements were abolished and in practice all power now rests with the federal government. Since the termination of the final bilateral treaty in 2017, some commentators consider Russia to no longer be a federation.<a href="#cite_note-GT-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFDS-8">[6]</a> In 2014, Russia <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">invaded and annexed Crimea</a> from Ukraine, incorporating the territory as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a>. However, it remains internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. During the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Russia declared the <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">annexation</a> of four partially-occupied Ukrainian provinces (oblasts), including the territory that had been under the control of the break-away <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a> republics since 2014, and claimed the entirety of Donetsk and Luhansk provinces as Russian republics. These also remain internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> The republics were established in early <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. On 15 November 1917, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia">Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia</a>, giving Russia's minorities the right to self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Raymond1992120-9">[7]</a> This declaration, however, was never truly meant to grant minorities the right to independence and was only used to garner support among minority groups for the fledgling Soviet state in the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> Attempts to create independent states using Lenin's declaration were suppressed throughout the civil war by the Bolsheviks. When the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was formally created on 30 December 1922, the minorities of the country were relegated to <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union">Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics</a> (ASSR), which had less power than the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">union republics</a> and were subordinate to them. In the aftermath of the civil war the Bolsheviks began a process of <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">delimitation</a> in order to draw the borders of the country. Through <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_National_Question" title="Marxism and the National Question">theory on nationality</a>, borders were drawn to create national homelands for various recognized ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopeNess2016237-11">[9]</a> Early republics like the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkestan ASSR</a> in Central Asia were dissolved and split up to create new union republics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldbruggeSimonsVan_den_Berg1985467-12">[10]</a> With delimitation came the policy of <a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">indigenization</a> which encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">de-Russification</a> of the country and promotion of minority languages and culture.<a href="#cite_note-liam-13">[11]</a> This policy also affected ethnic Russians and was particularly enforced in ASSRs where indigenous people were already a minority in their own homeland, like the <a href="/wiki/Buryat_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Buryat ASSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Language and culture flourished and ultimately institutionalized ethnicity in the state apparatus of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp199979-15">[13]</a> Despite this, the Bolsheviks worked to isolate the country's new republics by surrounding them within Russian territory for fear of them seeking independence. In 1925 the <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Bashkir ASSR</a> lost its border with the future <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a> with the creation of the so-called "Orenburg corridor", thereby enclaving the entire Volga region.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Komi-Zyryan_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast">Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast</a> lost access to the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> and became an enclave on 15 July 1929 prior to being upgraded to the <a href="/wiki/Komi_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Komi ASSR</a> in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg/170px-Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg/255px-Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Decree of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> on the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a> into the Soviet Union as an autonomous oblast, 11 October 1944. Tuva would not become an ASSR until 1961.</figcaption></figure> By the 1930s, the mood shifted as the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin stopped enforcing indigenization and began purging non-Russians from government and intelligentsia. Thus, a period of Russification set in.<a href="#cite_note-liam-13">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> became mandatory in all areas of non-Russian ethnicity and the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> became compulsory for all languages of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChulosPiirainen200085-18">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">constitution</a> stated that the ASSRs had power to enforce their own policies within their territory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERett1996618-19">[17]</a> but in practice the ASSRs and their titular nationalities were some of the most affected by Stalin's purges and were strictly controlled by Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotljarchukSundström201715-16-20">[18]</a> From 1937, the "bourgeois nationalists" became the "enemy of the Russian people" and indigenization was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChulosPiirainen200085-18">[16]</a> On 22 June 1941, Germany <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded</a> the Soviet Union, forcing it in to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, and advanced deep in to Russian territory. In response, Stalin abolished the <a href="/wiki/Volga_German_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Volga German ASSR</a> on 7 September 1941 and exiled the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a> to Central Asia and Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-21">[19]</a> When the Soviets gained the upper hand and began recapturing territory in 1943, many minorities of the country began to be seen as German collaborators by Stalin and were accused of treason, particularly in southern Russia.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Between 1943 and 1945, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512-24">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512-24">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuchinova2007187–188-26">[24]</a> were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported en masse</a> from the region to remote parts of the country. Immediately after the deportations the Soviet government passed decrees that liquidated the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kalmyk ASSR</a> on 27 December 1943,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuchinova2007187–188-26">[24]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Crimean ASSR</a> on 23 February 1944,<a href="#cite_note-crmtransfer-27">[25]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Checheno-Ingush ASSR</a> on 7 March 1944,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512-24">[22]</a> and renamed the <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kabardino-Balkar ASSR</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kabardin_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kabardian ASSR</a> on 8 April 1944.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Stalin's death</a> on 5 March 1953, the new government of <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> sought to undo his controversial legacy. During his <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret speech</a> on 25 February 1956 Khrushchev rehabilitated Russia's minorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner200431-29">[27]</a> The Kabardino-Balkar ASSR<a href="#cite_note-hrw-21">[19]</a> and the Checheno-Ingush ASSR<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004199-30">[28]</a> were restored on 9 January 1957 while the Kalmyk ASSR was restored on 29 July 1958.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004199-30">[28]</a> The government, however, refused to restore the Volga German ASSR<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> and the Crimean ASSR, the latter of which was <a href="/wiki/1954_transfer_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 transfer of Crimea">transferred</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> on 19 February 1954.<a href="#cite_note-crmtransfer-27">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg/220px-Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg/330px-Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg/440px-Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics of the Soviet Union</a> in 1954–1991</figcaption></figure> The autonomies of the ASSRs varied greatly throughout the history of the Soviet Union but Russification would nevertheless continue unabated and internal Russian migration to the ASSRs would result in various indigenous people becoming minorities in their own republics. At the same time, the number of ASSRs grew; the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelian ASSR</a> was formed on 6 July 1956 after being a <a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">union republic</a> from 1940<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladman2004102-32">[30]</a> while the partially recognized state of <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a> was annexed by the Soviets on 11 October 1944 and became the <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tuvan ASSR</a> on 10 October 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Tuva-33">[31]</a> By the 1980s <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s introduction of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> began a period of revitalization of minority culture in the ASSRs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonsWesterlund201581-34">[32]</a> From 1989, Gorbachev's Soviet Union and the Russian SFSR, led by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, were locked in a power struggle. Yeltsin sought support from the ASSRs by promising more devolved powers and to build a federation "from the ground up".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2002207-35">[33]</a> On 12 June 1990, the Russian SFSR issued a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Declaration of State Sovereignty</a>, proclaiming Russia a sovereign state whose laws take priority over Soviet ones.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The following month Yeltsin told the ASSRs to "take as much sovereignty as you can swallow" during a speech in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tatar ASSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewtonTompson2010119-37">[35]</a> These events prompted the ASSRs to assert themselves against a now weakened Soviet Union. Throughout 1990 and 1991, most of the ASSRs followed Russia's lead and issued "declarations of sovereignty", elevating their statuses to that of union republics within a federal Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2002106-38">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dagestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Dagestan ASSR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mordovian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Mordovian ASSR</a> were the only republics that did not proclaim sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> In the final year of the Soviet Union, negotiations were underway for a new treaty to <a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">restructure the country</a> in to a loose confederation. Gorbachev invited the ASSRs to be participants in the drafting of the treaty, thereby recognizing them as equal to the union republics.<a href="#cite_note-starovoitova-40">[38]</a> However, a <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">coup attempt</a> in August 1991 derailed the negotiations and the union republics began to declare their independence throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-starovoitova-40">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union collapsed</a> on 26 December 1991 and the position of the ASSRs became uncertain. By law, the ASSRs did not have the right to secede from the Soviet Union like the union republics did<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanYakovlev1996104–105-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaundersStrukov201059-42">[40]</a> but the question of independence from Russia nevertheless became a topic of discussion in some of the ASSRs. The declarations of sovereignty adopted by the ASSRs were divided on the topic of secession. Some advocated the integrity of the Russian Federation, others were muted on the subject, while others like the Komi ASSR,<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mari_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Mari ASSR</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> and Tuvan ASSR<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> reserved the right to self-determination. Yeltsin was an avid supporter of national sovereignty and recognized the independence of the union republics in what was called a "<a href="/wiki/Parade_of_sovereignties" title="Parade of sovereignties">parade of sovereignties</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanYakovlev1996104–105-41">[39]</a> In regards to the ASSRs, however, Yeltsin did not support secession and tried to prevent them from declaring independence. The Checheno-Ingush ASSR, led by <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>, unilaterally declared independence on 1 November 1991<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> and Yeltsin would attempt to retake it on 11 December 1994, beginning the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> When the Tatar ASSR held a <a href="/wiki/1992_Tatarstani_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Tatarstani sovereignty referendum">referendum</a> on whether to declare independence on 21 March 1992, he had the ballot declared illegal by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/220px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/330px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/440px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>A Chechen fighter near the burned-out <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Grozny" title="Presidential Palace, Grozny">presidential palace</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%931995)" title="Battle of Grozny (1994–1995)">battle of Grozny</a>, January 1995. The building became a symbol of resistance for the supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 31 March 1992, every subject of Russia except the Tatar ASSR and the de facto state of <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechnya</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Federation" title="Treaty of Federation">Treaty of Federation</a> with the government of Russia, solidifying its federal structure and Boris Yeltsin became the country's first president.<a href="#cite_note-moscow-49">[47]</a> The ASSRs were dissolved and became the modern day republics. The number of republics increased dramatically as the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">autonomous oblasts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Adyghe Autonomous Oblast">Adygea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Altai_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast">Gorno-Altai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khakas_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Khakas Autonomous Oblast">Khakassia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkess_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> were elevated to full republics,<a href="#cite_note-Sovereignty2-50">[48]</a> while the Ingush portion of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR refused to be part of the breakaway state and rejoined Russia as the <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Republic of Ingushetia</a> on 4 June 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Ingush-51">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a> demanded its own agreement to preserve its autonomy within the Russian Federation and on 15 February 1994, Moscow and Kazan signed a power-sharing deal, in which the latter was granted a high degree of autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-EFDS-8">[6]</a> 45 other regions, including the other republics, would go on to sign autonomy agreements with the federal center.<a href="#cite_note-mizuki-52">[50]</a> By the mid 1990s, the overly complex structure of the various bilateral agreements between regional governments and Moscow sparked a call for reform.<a href="#cite_note-mizuki-52">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">constitution of Russia</a> was the supreme law of the country, but in practice, the power-sharing agreements superseded it while the poor oversight of regional affairs left the republics to be governed by <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> leaders who ruled for personal benefit.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Meanwhile, the war in Chechnya entered a stalemate as Russian forces were unable to wrest control of the republic despite <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grozny (1994–95)">capturing</a> the capital <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> on 8 February 1995 and killing Dudayev months later in an airstrike.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Faced with a demoralized army and universal public opposition to the war, Yeltsin was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Khasavyurt_Accord" title="Khasavyurt Accord">Khasavyurt Accord</a> with Chechnya on 30 August 1996 and eventually withdrew troops.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> A year later Chechnya and Russia signed the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Chechnya_Peace_Treaty" title="Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a>, ending Russia's attempts to retake the republic.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> As the decade drew to a close, the fallout from the failed Chechen war and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">financial crisis</a> in 1998 resulted in Yeltsin resigning on 31 December 1999.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> with local people in the Siberian republic of <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg/220px-%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg/330px-%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg/440px-%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Statehood Day celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a>, the capital of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a>, 2013</figcaption></figure> Yeltsin declared <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> as interim president and his successor. Despite preserving the republic's de facto independence following the war, Chechnya's new president <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a> proved incapable of fixing the republic's devastated economy and maintaining order as the territory became increasingly lawless and a breeding ground for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aslan-58">[56]</a> Using this lawlessness extremists <a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">invaded</a> neighboring Dagestan and <a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">bombed</a> various apartment blocks in Russia, resulted in Putin <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">sending troops</a> into Chechnya again on 1 October 1999.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERené2018147–148-59">[57]</a> Chechen resistance quickly fell apart in the face of a federal blitzkrieg and indiscriminate bombing campaign as troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1999%E2%80%932000)" title="Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)">captured Grozny</a> on 6 February 2000 and pushed rebels in to the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Moscow imposed direct rule on Chechnya on 9 June 2000<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> and the territory was officially reintegrated in to the Russian Federation as the <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen Republic</a> on 24 March 2003.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Putin would participate in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Russian_presidential_election" title="2000 Russian presidential election">26 March 2000 election</a> on the promise of completely restructuring the federal system and restoring the authority of the central government.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> The power-sharing agreements began to gradually expire or be terminated and after 2003 only Tatarstan and <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> continued to negotiate on their treaties' extensions.<a href="#cite_note-mizuki-52">[50]</a> Bashkortostan's power-sharing treaty expired on 7 July 2005,<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] leaving Tatarstan as the sole republic to maintain its autonomy, which was renewed on 11 July 2007.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> After an <a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">attack by Chechen separatists</a> at a school in <a href="/wiki/Beslan" title="Beslan">Beslan</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia_%E2%80%93_Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia – Alania">North Ossetia</a>, Putin abolished direct elections for governors and assumed the power to personally appoint and dismiss them.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Throughout the decade, influential regional leaders like <a href="/wiki/Mintimer_Shaimiev" title="Mintimer Shaimiev">Mintimer Shaimiev</a> of Tatarstan<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murtaza_Rakhimov" title="Murtaza Rakhimov">Murtaza Rakhimov</a> of Bashkortostan,<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> who were adamant on extending their bilateral agreements with Moscow, were dismissed, removing the last vestiges of regional autonomy from the 1990s. On 24 July 2017, Tatarstan's power-sharing agreement with Moscow expired, making it the last republic to lose its special status. After the agreement's termination, some commentators expressed the view that Russia ceased to be a federation.<a href="#cite_note-GT-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFDS-8">[6]</a> In 2022, Russia's ethnic republics suffered heavy losses in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_status">Constitutional status</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> and Tatarstan President <a href="/wiki/Mintimer_Shaimiev" title="Mintimer Shaimiev">Mintimer Shaimiev</a> shaking hands after signing an agreement to grant Tatarstan devolved powers in 1994. During the 1990s the republics had significant autonomy.</figcaption></figure> Republics differ from other <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects</a> in that they have the right to establish their own <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> have their own constitution, and have a national anthem. Other federal subjects, such as <a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">krais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">oblasts</a>, are not explicitly given this right. During Boris Yeltsin's presidency, the republics were the first subjects to be granted extensive power from the federal government, and were often given preferential treatment over other subjects, which has led to Russia being characterized as an "<a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">asymmetrical federation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-asymmetries-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoexMartinez-Vazquez20014-72">[70]</a> The Treaty of Federation signed on 31 March 1992 stipulated that the republics were "sovereign states" that had expanded rights over natural resources, external trade, and internal budgets.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The signing of bilateral treaties with the republics would grant them additional powers, however, the amount of autonomy given differed by republic and was mainly based on their economic wealth rather than ethnic composition.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a>, for example, was granted more control over its resources, being able to keep most of its revenue and sell and receive its profits independently due to its vast diamond deposits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkKempton200239–77-75">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia</a> on the other hand, a poorer republic, was mainly granted more control over defense and internal security due to its location in the restive <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> had the authority to establish their own foreign relations and conduct agreements with foreign governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergunin2016185-77">[75]</a> This has led to criticism from oblasts and krais. After the <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">constitution</a> was adopted but the republics were no longer classified as "sovereign states" and all subjects of the federation were declared equal, though maintaining the validity of the bilateral agreements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkKempton200239–77-75">[73]</a> In theory, the constitution of Russia was the ultimate authority over the republics, but the power-sharing treaties held greater weight in practice. Republics often created their own laws which contradicted the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergunin2016185-77">[75]</a> Yeltsin, however, made little effort to rein in renegade laws, preferring to turn a blind eye to violations in exchange for political loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegren201568-78">[76]</a> Vladimir Putin's election on 26 March 2000 began a period of extensive reforms to centralize authority with the federal government and bring all laws in line with the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> His first act as president was the creation of <a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">federal districts</a> on 18 May 2000, which were tasked with exerting federal control over the country's subjects.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Putin later established the so-called "Kozak Commission" in June 2001 to examine the division of powers between the government and regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoode201195-81">[79]</a> The Commission's recommendations focused mainly on minimizing the basis of regional autonomy and transferring lucrative powers meant for the republics to the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney200912-82">[80]</a> Centralization of power would continue as the republics gradually lost more and more autonomy to the federal government, leading the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> to conclude that Russia functions as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> despite officially being a federation.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> On 29 December 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> signed a law banning the leaders of the republics from holding the title of 'president'.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Tatarstan, however, resisted attempts to abolish its presidential post and remained the only republic to maintain the title.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Putin subsequently signed a law forcing Tatarstan to abolish its title by June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> On 19 June 2018, a bill was passed that elevated the status of the Russian language at the expense of other official languages in the republics.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The bill authorized the abolition of mandatory minority language classes in schools and for voluntary teaching to be reduced to two hours a week.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and Chechnya's leader <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> Chechnya is the sole exception to Putin's centralization efforts. With the republic's reentry into Russia after the Second Chechen War, Chechnya was given broad autonomy in exchange for remaining within the country. At the end of the war, Putin bought the loyalty of local elites and granted Chechnya the right to manage its own affairs in dealing with separatists and governing itself outside of Russian control in a process called "<a href="/wiki/Chechenization" title="Chechenization">Chechenization</a>".<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> With the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a> by Putin to lead the republic in 2007, the independence of Chechnya has grown significantly. The Russian government gives Chechnya generous subsidies in exchange for loyalty and maintaining security in the region.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Observers have noted Putin's reluctance or inability to exert control over Kadyrov's rule for fear it could trigger another conflict.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Chechnya under Kadyrov operates outside of Russian law,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> has its own <a href="/wiki/Kadyrovtsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadyrovtsy">independent security force</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> and conducts its own de facto foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> This has led to Chechnya being characterized as a "state within a state".<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> There are secessionist movements in most republics, but these are generally not very strong. The constitution makes no mention on whether a republic can legally secede from the Russian Federation. However, the Constitutional Court of Russia ruled after the unilateral secession of Chechnya in 1991 that the republics do not have the right to secede and are inalienable parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Despite this, some republican constitutions in the 1990s had articles giving them the right to become independent. This included Tuva, whose constitution had an article explicitly giving it the right to secede.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergunin2016185-77">[75]</a> However, following Putin's centralization reforms in the early 2000s, these articles were subsequently dropped. The <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkar Republic</a>, for example, adopted a new constitution in 2001 which prevents the republic from existing independently of the Russian Federation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell200378-97">[95]</a> After Russia's annexation of Crimea, the State Duma adopted a law making it illegal to advocate for the secession of any region on 5 July 2014.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_southeast_Ukraine">Status of southeast Ukraine</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Political status of Crimea</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/220px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/330px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/440px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>Regions of Ukraine <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> by Russia, with a red line marking the area of actual control by Russia on 30 September 2022.</figcaption></figure> On 18 March 2014, <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russia annexed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> after a <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crimea-99">[97]</a> The peninsula subsequently became the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a>, the 22nd republic of Russia. However, Ukraine and most of the international community do not recognize Crimea's annexation<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_68/262" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262</a> declared the referendum to be invalid.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine and conquered large swaths of southern and eastern Ukraine. As early as March leaders in both the <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> expressed their wish to join Russia, originally once Russia captured all their claimed territory. However, after sudden Ukrainian gains in the east in September 2022, the republics organised a series of <a href="/wiki/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine">referendums</a> on joining Russia, in which an overwhelming majority reportedly supported annexation.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> On 30 September 2022, Putin formally announced the annexation of the two republics and also of two Ukrainian oblasts of <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-annexation2022-105">[103]</a> The referendums were condemned internationally – the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> rejected them as illegal<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">United Nations Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> condemned the annexations as a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">UN Charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republics">Republics</h2></div> <ul><li>For the individual flags of the republics, see <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Flags of the federal subjects of Russia">Flags of the federal subjects of Russia</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Map </th> <th scope="col">Domestic names </th> <th scope="col">Capital </th> <th scope="col">Titular population & change 2010–2021<a href="#cite_note-108">[c]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Russian population & change 2010–2021 </th> <th scope="col">Population (2021)<a href="#cite_note-census2021-109">[106]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Area </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Republic of Adygea</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Adygea_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Adygea in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Адыгея (Respublika Adygeya) <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a>: Адыгэ Республик (Adıgə Respublik) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Майкоп <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a>: Мыекъуапэ (Mıequapə) </td> <td data-sort-value="257"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> (25.7%) <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.1%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">64.4% <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.8% </td> <td><div style="width 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">496,934</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">7,792 km2 (3,009 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Altai_Republic_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Altai in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Алтай (Respublika Altay) <a href="/wiki/Altay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay language">Altay</a>: Алтай Республика (Altay Respublika) <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: Алтай Республикасы (Altai Respublikasy) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gorno-Altaysk" title="Gorno-Altaysk">Gorno-Altaysk</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Горно-Алтайск <a href="/wiki/Altay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay language">Altay</a>: Улалу (Ulalu) <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: Горно-Алтайск (Gorno-Altaisk) </td> <td data-sort-value="370"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altai</a> (37.0%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />2.5%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">53.7% <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />2.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">210,924</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">92,903 km2 (35,870 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Republic of Bashkortostan</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Bashkortostan in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Башкортостан (Respublika Bashkortostan) <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a>: Башҡортостан Республикаһы (Başqortostan Respublikahı) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Уфа <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a>: Өфө (Öfö) </td> <td data-sort-value="315"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a> (31.5%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />2.0%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">37.5% <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />1.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">4,091,423</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">142,947 km2 (55,192 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Republic of Buryatia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Buryatia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Buryatia in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Бурятия (Respublika Buryatiya) <a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a>: Буряад Улас (Buryaad Ulas) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Улан-Удэ <a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a>: Улаан Үдэ (Ulaan Üde) </td> <td data-sort-value="325"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a> (32.5%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />2.5%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">64.0% <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />2.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">978,588</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">351,334 km2 (135,651 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen Republic</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_(with_disputed_territories).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Chechnya in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Чеченская Республика (Chechenskaya Respublika) <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>: Нохчийн Республика (Noxçiyn Respublika) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Грозный <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>: Соьлжа-ГӀала (Sölƶa-Ġala) </td> <td data-sort-value="964"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> (96.4%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />1.1%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.2% <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">1,510,824</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">16,165 km2 (6,241 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvash Republic</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Chuvashia_(disputed_Crimea).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Chuvashia in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Чувашская Республика (Chuvashskaya Respublika) <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>: Чӑваш Республики (Čăvaš Respubliki) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Чебоксары <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>: Шупашкар (Šupaškar) </td> <td data-sort-value="577"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a> (63.7%) <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />4.0% </div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">30.7% <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />3.8% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">1,186,909</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">18,343 km2 (7,082 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Republic of Dagestan</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Dagestan_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Dagestan in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Дагестан (Respublika Dagestan) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:2.5em;font-size:85%;"><div>Other official names</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a>: Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan) <a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a>: Дагъистаналъул Жумгьурият (Daġistanałul Jumhuriyat) <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Дағыстан Республикасы (Dağıstan Respublikası) <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>: Дегӏестан Республика (Deġestan Respublika) <a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a>: Дагъистан Республика (Daġistan Respublika) <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a>: Дагъыстан Жумгьурият (Dağıstan Cumhuriyat) <a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a>: Дагъусттаннал Республика (Daġusttannal Respublika) <a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a>: Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan) <a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a>: Дагыстан Республикасы (Dağıstan Respublikası) <a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a>: Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan) <a href="/wiki/Tabassaran_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabassaran language">Tabassaran</a>: Дагъустан Республика (Daġustan Respublika) <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a>: Республикей Догъисту (Respublikei Doġistu) <a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a>: Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Махачкала </td> <td data-sort-value="961"><div style="width: 100%; text-align:center;">Thirteen indigenous nationalities (96.1%) 0.0%</div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:2.5em;font-size:85%;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aghuls</a> (0.9%) <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a> (30.5%) <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Azerbaijanis</a> (3.7%) <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> (3.2%) <a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> (16.6%) <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a> (15.8%) <a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a> (5.2%) <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a> (13.3%) <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> (1.2%) <a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a> (0.9%) <a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a> (4.0%) <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a> (0.5%) <a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a> (0.3%) </li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.3% <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">3,182,054</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">50,270 km2 (19,409 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Republic of Ingushetia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Ingushetia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Ingushetia in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Ингушетия (Respublika Ingushetiya) <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>: ГӀалгӀай Мохк (Ġalġay Moxk) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Magas,_Ingushetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magas, Ingushetia">Magas</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Магас <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>: Магас (Magas) </td> <td data-sort-value="964"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a> (96.4%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />2.3%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.7% <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">509,541</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">3,123 km2 (1,206 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkar Republic</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Kabardino-Balkaria in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Кабардино-Балкарская Республика (Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika) <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a>: Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ (Qəbərdey-Batlqər Respublikə) <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a>: Къабарты-Малкъар Республика (Qabartı-Malqar Respublika) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Нальчик <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a>: Налщӏэч (Nalş’əç) <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a>: Нальчик (Nalçik) </td> <td data-sort-value="571"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a> (13.7%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />1.0% <a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a> (57.1%) <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.1%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19.8% <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />2.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">904,200</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">12,470 km2 (4,815 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Republic of Kalmykia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Kalmykia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Kalmykia in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Калмыкия (Respublika Kalmykiya) <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk language">Kalmyk</a>: Хальмг Таңһч (Haľmg Tañğç) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Элиста <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk language">Kalmyk</a>: Элст (Elst) </td> <td data-sort-value="625"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> (62.5%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />5.1%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25.7% <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />4.5% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">267,133</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">74,731 km2 (28,854 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkess Republic</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Karachay-Cherkessia in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Карачаево-Черкесская Республика (Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:2.5em;font-size:85%;"><div>Other languages</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a>: Къарча-Черкес Республика (Qarça-Çerkes Respublika) <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a>: Къэрэшей-Шэрджэс Республикэ (Qərəṩey-Ṩərcəs Respublikə) <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a>: Къарачай-Черкес Республика (Qaraçay-Çerkes Respublika) <a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a>: Карашай-Шеркеш Республика (Karaşay-Şerkeş Respublika)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Черкесск (Čerkessk) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:2.5em;font-size:85%;"><div>Other languages</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a>: Черкес къала (Čerkes q̇ala) <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a>: Шэрджэс къалэ (Ṩərcəs qalə) <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a>: Черкесск (Çerkessk) <a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a>: Шеркеш шахар(Şerkeş şahar)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td data-sort-value="571"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a> (8.1%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.3% <a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a> (12.7%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.8% <a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a> (44.4%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />3.4% <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> (3.7%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.4%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27.5% <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />4.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">469,865</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">14,277 km2 (5,512 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Karelia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Karelia in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Карелия (Respublika Kareliya) <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a>: Karjalan tazavaldu<a href="#cite_note-111">[d]</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Петрозаводск <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a>: Petroskoi </td> <td data-sort-value="055"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a> (5.5%) <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />1.9%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">86.4% <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />4.2% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">533,121</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">180,520 km2 (69,699 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Republic of Khakassia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Khakassia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Khakassia in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Хакасия (Respublika Khakasiya) <a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a>: Хакас Республиказы (Xakas Respublikazı) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Abakan" title="Abakan">Abakan</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Абакан <a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a>: Абахан (Abaxan) </td> <td data-sort-value="127"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> (12.7%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.6%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">82.1% <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">534,795</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">61,569 km2 (23,772 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi Republic</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Komi_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Komi in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Коми (Respublika Komi) <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a>: Коми Республика (Komi Respublika) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Сыктывкар <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a>: Сыктывкар (Syktyvkar) </td> <td data-sort-value="223"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a> (22.3%) <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />1.4%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">69.7% <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />4.6% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">737,853</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">416,774 km2 (160,917 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mari_El" title="Mari El">Mari El Republic</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Mari_El_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Mari El in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Марий Эл (Respublika Mariy El) <a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a>: Мары Эл Республик (Mary El Republik) <a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a>: Марий Эл Республик (Marij El Republik) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Йошкар-Ола (Yoshkar-Ola) <a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a>: Йошкар-Ола (Joškar-Ola) <a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a>: Йошкар-Ола (Joškar-Ola) </td> <td data-sort-value="401"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a> (40.1%) <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />3.8%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">52.5% <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />5.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">677,097</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">23,375 km2 (9,025 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Republic of Mordovia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Mordovia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Mordovia in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Мордовия (Respublika Mordoviya) <a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a>: Мордовия Республикась (Mordovija Respublikaś) <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a>: Мордовия Pеспубликась (Mordovija Respublikaś) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Саранск <a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a>: Саран ош (Saran oš) <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a>: Саранош (Saranoš) </td> <td data-sort-value="371"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a> (38.7%) <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />1.4%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">54.1% <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">783,552</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">26,128 km2 (10,088 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">Republic of North Ossetia–Alania</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_North_Ossetia_(Alania).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing North Ossetia–Alania in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Северная Осетия–Алания (Respublika Severnaya Osetiya–Alaniya) <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>: Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон–Алани (Respublikæ Cægat Iryston–Alani) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Владикавказ <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>: Дзӕуджыхъӕу (Dzæudžyqæu) </td> <td data-sort-value="681"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> (68.1%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />3.0%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18.9% <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />1.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">687,357</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">7,987 km2 (3,084 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Sakha_(Yakutia)_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the Sakha Republic in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Саха (Якутия) (Respublika Sakha) <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a>: Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ (Saxa Öröspüübülükete) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Якутск (Yakutsk) <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a>: Дьокуускай (Cokuuskay) </td> <td data-sort-value="552"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (55.3%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />5.4%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.6% <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />5.2% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">995,686</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">3,083,523 km2 (1,190,555 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Tatarstan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Tatarstan in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Татарстан (Respublika Tatarstan) <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>: Татарстан Республикасы (Tatarstan Respublikası) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Казань <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>: Казан (Qazan) </td> <td data-sort-value="536"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Tatars</a> (53.6%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.4%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40.3% <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />0.6% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">4,004,809</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">67,847 km2 (26,196 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Republic of Tuva</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Tuva.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Tuva in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Тува (Respublika Tuva) <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a>: Тыва Республика (Tıva Respublika) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl" title="Kyzyl">Kyzyl</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Кызыл <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a>: Кызыл (Kızıl) </td> <td data-sort-value="887"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> (88.7%) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />6.7%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10.1% <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />6.2% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">336,651</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">168,604 km2 (65,098 sq mi)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurt Republic</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Udmurtia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Udmurtia in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg/170px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg/255px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg/340px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Удмуртская Республика (Udmurtskaya Respublika) <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>: Удмурт Элькун (Udmurt Elkun) </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Ижевск <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>: Ижкар (Ižkar) </td> <td data-sort-value="206"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurt people">Udmurts</a> (24.1%) <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />3.9%</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">67.7% <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />5.5% </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">1,452,914</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">42,061 km2 (16,240 sq mi)</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_republics">Proposed republics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Proposed federal subjects of Russia">Proposed federal subjects of Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entities_in_Russia">Entities in Russia</h3></div> In response to the apparent federal inequality, in which the republics were given special privileges during the early years of Yeltsin's tenure at the expense of other subjects, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Rossel" title="Eduard Rossel">Eduard Rossel</a>, then governor of <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a> and advocate of equal rights for all subjects, attempted to transform his oblast into the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Republic" title="Ural Republic">Ural Republic</a> on 1 July 1993 in order to receive the same benefits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELussierOrttungParetskaya2000523–524-112">[108]</a> Initially supportive, Yeltsin later dissolved the republic and fired Rossel on 9 November 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinSnyder200269-113">[109]</a> The only other attempt to formally create a republic occurred in <a href="/wiki/Vologda_Oblast" title="Vologda Oblast">Vologda Oblast</a> when authorities declared their wish to create a "Vologda Republic" on 14 May 1993. This declaration, however, was ignored by Moscow and eventually faded from public consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106-114">[110]</a> Other attempts to unilaterally create a republic never materialized. These included a "Pomor Republic" in <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106-114">[110]</a> a "Southern Urals Republic" in <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25-115">[111]</a> a "Chukotka Republic" in <a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka Autonomous Okrug</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> a "Yenisei Republic" in <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25-115">[111]</a> a "Leningrad Republic" in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106-114">[110]</a> a "Nenets Republic" in the <a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> a "Siberian Republic" in <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Novosibirsk Oblast">Novosibirsk Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106-114">[110]</a> a "Primorsky Republic" in <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25-115">[111]</a> a "Neva Republic" in the city of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25-115">[111]</a> and a republic consisting of eleven regions in western Russia centered around <a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol Oblast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106-114">[110]</a> Other attempts to create republics came in the form of splitting up already existing territories. After the Soviet Union's collapse, a proposal was put forth to split the <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkess Republic</a> into multiple smaller republics. The idea was rejected by referendum on 28 March 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoeder2007134-118">[114]</a> A similar proposal occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Republic of Mordovia</a> to divide it to separate Erzyan and Mokshan homelands. The proposal was rejected in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entities_outside_Russia">Entities outside Russia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geopolitics_South_Russia2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Geopolitics_South_Russia2.png/260px-Geopolitics_South_Russia2.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Geopolitics_South_Russia2.png/390px-Geopolitics_South_Russia2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Geopolitics_South_Russia2.png/520px-Geopolitics_South_Russia2.png 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Russian political and military influence or interference in <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a> as of 2021</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</h4></div> After the brief 2008 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a>, Russia secured the de facto independence of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(Country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (Country)">Georgia</a> and promptly recognized it. Georgian officials have expressed worry that Russia will seek to absorb the region. On 25 November 2014, Abkhazia signed a treaty integrating its economy and military with Russia,<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> which Georgia described as a step to "toward de facto annexation".<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> However, the proposal to join Russia has little to no support among Abkhazia's political elite or the general public,<a href="#cite_note-Jpost-SO-122">[118]</a> with many of the former expressing their view that Abkhazia is different situationally from nearby South Ossetia.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> Despite this, Abkhazia relies entirely on Russia for financial support and much of its state structure is highly integrated with Russia; it uses the <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a>, its foreign policy is coordinated with Russia, and a majority of its citizens have Russian passports.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> On 12 November 2020, Abkhazia and Russia signed a new integration agreement expanding on their previous one from 2014, which Georgia condemned as another step toward annexation.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> The new agreement envisioned further harmonization of Abkhazia with Russian law and was criticized within the region for risking the loss of Abkhazia's sovereignty, which the government denied.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Ossetia">South Ossetia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_South_Ossetia" title="Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia">Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia</a></div> After the Soviet Union's collapse <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> sought to break away from Georgia and become independent. On 19 January 1992 a <a href="/wiki/1992_South_Ossetian_independence_referendum" title="1992 South Ossetian independence referendum">referendum</a> was held. Ostensibly, 99.9% of voters approved independence, but the results were not recognized internationally.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> A second question asking for unification with Russia also ostensibly passed at about 99.9%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESotiriou2019100-129">[125]</a> Similar to Abkhazia, South Ossetia had its independence secured and recognized by Russia in 2008. However, unlike Abkhazia, officials in both Russia and South Ossetia have repeatedly expressed their wish to see South Ossetia join Russia.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> An opinion poll conducted in 2010 showed that over 80% of people supported integration with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> On 18 March 2015 South Ossetia signed a treaty integrating the region's economy and military with Russia, identical to the one signed by Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> The treaty was condemned by Georgia as an "actual annexation" of the region.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> Later that year South Ossetian president <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Tibilov" title="Leonid Tibilov">Leonid Tibilov</a> said he was preparing a referendum to join Russia.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> However, such a referendum never took place due to Russia's refusal to endorse the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> Instead a <a href="/wiki/2017_South_Ossetian_name_change_referendum" title="2017 South Ossetian name change referendum">referendum</a> was held on 9 April 2017 to change South Ossetia's official name to "Republic of South Ossetia–The State of Alania" to mirror its northern counterpart North Ossetia, officially the "Republic of North Ossetia–Alania", implying future unification.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> On 30 March 2022 the government of South Ossetia announced it would revive attempts to hold a referendum on joining Russia.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> Officials expressed hope of finishing the legal process to hold the referendum by April 10, however, it is unknown whether Russia will again reject the proposal or not.<a href="#cite_note-Jpost-SO-122">[118]</a> On 13 May 2022 outgoing president <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Bibilov" title="Anatoly Bibilov">Anatoly Bibilov</a> signed a decree authorizing a referendum on annexation by July 17.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gagloyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Gagloyev">Alan Gagloyev</a>, who defeated Bibilov in an <a href="/wiki/2022_South_Ossetian_presidential_election" title="2022 South Ossetian presidential election">election</a>, expressed skepticism, saying that while he does not oppose the referendum, he believes there should first be a "signal" from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Gagloyev promptly scrapped the referendum pending talks with Russia on integration.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transnistria">Transnistria</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_Transnistria" title="Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria">Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Transnistria_Republic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Transnistria_Republic.jpg/220px-Flag_of_Transnistria_Republic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Transnistria_Republic.jpg/330px-Flag_of_Transnistria_Republic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Transnistria_Republic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A billboard in <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, Transnistria, with Soviet symbolism. Nostalgia for the Soviet Union and Russian influence remain common in Transnistria, which has made <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_Transnistria" title="Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria">repeated requests to join Russia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, a breakaway region of <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, had long sought to rejoin Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. After proclaiming independence and fighting a <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">war</a> against Moldova with the help of Russia in 1992, the region has remained under Russian occupation. Transnistria made multiple appeals to integrate with Russia, which the latter has consistently ignored. In a <a href="/wiki/2006_Transnistrian_independence_referendum" title="2006 Transnistrian independence referendum">2006 referendum</a> an overwhelming majority of people voted in favor of its accession to Russia, though these results could not be independently confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> After Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, Transnistria appealed to Russia to join it.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> There is still some hope inside Transnistria for Russia to annex the region.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> Despite ignoring Transnistria's appeals for accession, the region enjoys Russian support and is highly dependent on it. Over 200,000 Transnistrian citizens own a Russian passport<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> and many prefer to leave the region and work in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Russia provides gas at bargain prices, pays the pensions of its residents, and allocates funds to build infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_presence_in_Transnistria" title="Russian military presence in Transnistria">Russian military garrison</a> operates in Transnistria ostensibly as a peacekeeping force.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Moldova for its part rejects any attempt by Transnistria to secede and join Russia and insists on the withdrawal of all Russian troops from the region.<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[144]</a> With Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 a Russian general said they planned to create a land bridge connecting to Transnistria.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> The region has also suffered significant trade losses due to the invasion of Ukraine and has become more reliant on trade with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> 21 within the internationally recognised borders of Russia </li> <li id="cite_note-crimea-6"><a href="#cite_ref-crimea_6-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a> was <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed by Russia</a> in 2014; the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> were annexed in 2022. The United Nations recognize all three as part of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney2018180-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Percent of population belonging to a titular ethnic group according to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2021)">2021 Russian Census</a> and change from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 Russian Census</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> The Karelian language has no official status in the republic but is nevertheless recognized as a "regional language" alongside <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney20236,_16,_43"Crimea_and_Sevastopol,_which_were_annexed_in_2014,_and...four_Ukrainian_regions_annexed_de_jure,_if_not_de_facto,_in_2022...After_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_were_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2014,_the_federal_centre_repeatedly_emphasized_internal_and_external_threats_to_their_stability...If_Russia_were_ever_to_achieve_similar_control_over_the_four_territories_purportedly_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2022,_such_focus_on_their_security,_too,_would_seem_likely...Putin_announced_the_annexation_of_four_Ukrainian_regions:_the_so-called_'People's_Republics'_established_in_the_eastern_Ukrainian_cities_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk...despite_Russian_control_of_all_of_these_territories_being_by_no_means_assured."-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney20236,_16,_43"Crimea_and_Sevastopol,_which_were_annexed_in_2014,_and...four_Ukrainian_regions_annexed_de_jure,_if_not_de_facto,_in_2022...After_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_were_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2014,_the_federal_centre_repeatedly_emphasized_internal_and_external_threats_to_their_stability...If_Russia_were_ever_to_achieve_similar_control_over_the_four_territories_purportedly_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2022,_such_focus_on_their_security,_too,_would_seem_likely...Putin_announced_the_annexation_of_four_Ukrainian_regions:_the_so-called_'People's_Republics'_established_in_the_eastern_Ukrainian_cities_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk...despite_Russian_control_of_all_of_these_territories_being_by_no_means_assured."_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeaney2023">Heaney 2023</a>, pp. 6, 16, 43, "Crimea and Sevastopol, which were annexed in 2014, and...four Ukrainian regions annexed de jure, if not de facto, in 2022...After Crimea and Sevastopol were annexed from Ukraine in 2014, the federal centre repeatedly emphasized internal and external threats to their stability...If Russia were ever to achieve similar control over the four territories purportedly annexed from Ukraine in 2022, such focus on their security, too, would seem likely...Putin announced the annexation of four Ukrainian regions: the so-called 'People's Republics' established in the eastern Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk...despite Russian control of all of these territories being by no means assured.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakkisrud2023"Ethnic_autonomies_within_the_Russian_Federation...As_per_the_1993_Constitution...Added:_Crimea_(2014)"-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlakkisrud2023"Ethnic_autonomies_within_the_Russian_Federation...As_per_the_1993_Constitution...Added:_Crimea_(2014)"_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlakkisrud2023">Blakkisrud 2023</a>, "Ethnic autonomies within the Russian Federation...As per the 1993 Constitution...Added: Crimea (2014)". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa2023"Thus_Russia_inherited_89_regions_in_1991_grouped_into_three_main_types_(ethno-federal_republics,_autonomous_regions_of_various_sorts,_and_ordinary_regions_[oblasts],_including_today_the_major_cities_of_Moscow_and_St_Petersburg_along_with_Sevastopol_in_Crimea)._The_result_in_institutional_terms_is_asymmetrical_federalism_in_what_is_now_85_regions_(following_the_merger_of_certain_smaller_entities_and_the_incorporation_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_in_2014)"-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa2023"Thus_Russia_inherited_89_regions_in_1991_grouped_into_three_main_types_(ethno-federal_republics,_autonomous_regions_of_various_sorts,_and_ordinary_regions_[oblasts],_including_today_the_major_cities_of_Moscow_and_St_Petersburg_along_with_Sevastopol_in_Crimea)._The_result_in_institutional_terms_is_asymmetrical_federalism_in_what_is_now_85_regions_(following_the_merger_of_certain_smaller_entities_and_the_incorporation_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_in_2014)"_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSakwa2023">Sakwa 2023</a>, "Thus Russia inherited 89 regions in 1991 grouped into three main types (ethno-federal republics, autonomous regions of various sorts, and ordinary regions [oblasts], including today the major cities of Moscow and St Petersburg along with Sevastopol in Crimea). 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Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Transnistria%3A+From+entropy+to+exodus&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.aulast=Lungu&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecfr.eu%2Farticle%2Fessay_transnistria_from_entropy_to_exodus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondello2022" class="citation web cs1">Mondello, Mauro (18 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/near-ukraine-a-breakaway-russian-republic-plows-on/">"Near Ukraine, a Breakaway Russian Republic Plows On"</a>. New Lines Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424152252/https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/near-ukraine-a-breakaway-russian-republic-plows-on/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2022. 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Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224140357/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/11/transnistria-ukraine-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Ukraine+crisis+%27very+sensitive%27+for+Russia-backed+breakaway+state&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F2%2F11%2Ftransnistria-ukraine-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/moldova-russia-transnistria-breakaway-region-torn">"Transnistria: The breakaway region torn between Moldova, Russia and the EU"</a>. Middle East Eye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410012031/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/moldova-russia-transnistria-breakaway-region-torn">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Transnistria%3A+The+breakaway+region+torn+between+Moldova%2C+Russia+and+the+EU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fmoldova-russia-transnistria-breakaway-region-torn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2022" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Brendan (22 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ukraine-moldova-transnistria-war-minnekayev-1700007">"Russia targets Moldova invasion next as they seek land corridor via Ukraine"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved 22 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Russia+targets+Moldova+invasion+next+as+they+seek+land+corridor+via+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-04-22&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Frussia-ukraine-moldova-transnistria-war-minnekayev-1700007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaney2018" class="citation book cs1">Heaney, Dominic, ed. (2018). The Territories of the Russian Federation 2018. Europa Territories of the World series. Routledge. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-35110-391-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-35110-391-6"><bdi>978-1-35110-391-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027753558">1027753558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2018&rft.series=Europa+Territories+of+the+World+series&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1027753558&rft.isbn=978-1-35110-391-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaney2022" class="citation book cs1">Heaney, Dominic, ed. (2022). "Territorial Surveys". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Territories-of-the-Russian-Federation-2022/Publications/p/book/9781032249698">The Territories of the Russian Federation 2022</a> (23rd ed.). 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Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-3075-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-3075-9"><bdi>90-247-3075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Soviet+Law&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=90-247-3075-9&rft.aulast=Feldbrugge&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft.au=Simons%2C+William&rft.au=Van+den+Berg%2C+Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakkisrud2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helge_Blakkisrud" title="Helge Blakkisrud">Blakkisrud, Helge</a> (2023). "Ethnic Relations". 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Abingdon/New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 449–462. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-11052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-11052-3"><bdi>978-1-032-11052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Relations&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Russian+Politics+and+Society&rft.place=Abingdon%2FNew+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E462&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-032-11052-3&rft.aulast=Blakkisrud&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FRoutledge-Handbook-of-Russian-Politics-and-Society%2FGill%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032110523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakwa2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sakwa" title="Richard Sakwa">Sakwa, Richard</a> (2023). "Democratisation". In Gill, Graeme (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Russian-Politics-and-Society/Gill/p/book/9781032110523">Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society</a> (Second ed.). Abingdon/New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 33–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-11052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-11052-3"><bdi>978-1-032-11052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratisation&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Russian+Politics+and+Society&rft.place=Abingdon%2FNew+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-032-11052-3&rft.aulast=Sakwa&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FRoutledge-Handbook-of-Russian-Politics-and-Society%2FGill%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032110523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp1999" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Walter (1999). Nationalism and Communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union: A Basic Contradiction?. Macmillian Press LTD. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37525-3"><bdi>978-0-230-37525-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Communism+in+Eastern+Europe+and+the+Soviet+Union%3A+A+Basic+Contradiction%3F&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Macmillian+Press+LTD&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37525-3&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChulosPiirainen2000" class="citation book cs1">Chulos, Chris; Piirainen, Timo (2000). The Fall of an Empire, the Birth of a Nation: National Identities in Russia. Ashgate Publishing. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-20039-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-20039-2"><bdi>978-1-315-20039-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+an+Empire%2C+the+Birth+of+a+Nation%3A+National+Identities+in+Russia&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-315-20039-2&rft.aulast=Chulos&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Piirainen%2C+Timo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRett1996" class="citation book cs1">Rett, Ludwikowski (1996). Constitution-making in the Region of Former Soviet Dominance. Duke University Press. p. 618. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1802-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1802-6"><bdi>978-0-8223-1802-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution-making+in+the+Region+of+Former+Soviet+Dominance&rft.pages=618&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1802-6&rft.aulast=Rett&rft.aufirst=Ludwikowski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotljarchukSundström2017" class="citation book cs1">Kotljarchuk, Andrej; Sundström, Olle (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1164774/FULLTEXT02.pdf">Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union: New Dimensions of Research</a> (PDF). Södertörn University. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7601-777-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7601-777-7"><bdi>978-91-7601-777-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+and+Religious+Minorities+in+Stalin%27s+Soviet+Union%3A+New+Dimensions+of+Research&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=S%C3%B6dert%C3%B6rn+University&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-91-7601-777-7&rft.aulast=Kotljarchuk&rft.aufirst=Andrej&rft.au=Sundstr%C3%B6m%2C+Olle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A1164774%2FFULLTEXT02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugay1996" class="citation book cs1">Bugay, Nikolay (1996). The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union. Nova Science Publishers. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56072-371-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56072-371-8"><bdi>1-56072-371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deportation+of+Peoples+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56072-371-8&rft.aulast=Bugay&rft.aufirst=Nikolay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskerov2015" class="citation book cs1">Askerov, Ali (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4925-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4925-7"><bdi>978-1-4422-4925-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Chechen+Conflict&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4925-7&rft.aulast=Askerov&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuchinova2007" class="citation book cs1">Guchinova, Elza-Bair (2007). Deportation of the Kalmyks (1943–1956): Stigmatized Ethnicity. Hokkaido University Press. pp. 187–188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deportation+of+the+Kalmyks+%281943%E2%80%931956%29%3A+Stigmatized+Ethnicity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.pub=Hokkaido+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Guchinova&rft.aufirst=Elza-Bair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2004" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Arno (2004). The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: The History and Today of Selected Ethnic Groups in Five Countries. East-West Books. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789529168088" title="Special:BookSources/9789529168088"><bdi>9789529168088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Minorities+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+The+History+and+Today+of+Selected+Ethnic+Groups+in+Five+Countries&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=East-West+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789529168088&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolian2004" class="citation book cs1">Polian, Pavel (2004). Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Central European University Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-68-7" title="Special:BookSources/963-9241-68-7"><bdi>963-9241-68-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Their+Will%3A+The+History+and+Geography+of+Forced+Migrations+in+the+USSR&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=963-9241-68-7&rft.aulast=Polian&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladman2004" class="citation book cs1">Gladman, Imogen (2004). The Territories of the Russian Federation 2004. Europa Publications. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-248-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-248-7"><bdi>1-85743-248-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2004&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85743-248-7&rft.aulast=Gladman&rft.aufirst=Imogen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonsWesterlund2015" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Greg; Westerlund, David (2015). Religion, Politics and Nation-Building in Post-Communist Countries. Ashgate Publishing. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472449696" title="Special:BookSources/9781472449696"><bdi>9781472449696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Politics+and+Nation-Building+in+Post-Communist+Countries&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781472449696&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Westerlund%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2002" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Cameron (2002). Regional Politics in Russia. Manchester University Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5890-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5890-2"><bdi>0-7190-5890-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Politics+in+Russia&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7190-5890-2&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewtonTompson2010" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Julie; Tompson, William (2010). Institutions, Ideas and Leadership in Russian Politics. Palgrave Macmillian. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-36232-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-36232-5"><bdi>978-1-349-36232-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutions%2C+Ideas+and+Leadership+in+Russian+Politics&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillian&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-349-36232-5&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Tompson%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2002" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, Jeffery (2002). Federalism, Democratization, and the Rule of Law in Russia. Oxford University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924699-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924699-8"><bdi>0-19-924699-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Democratization%2C+and+the+Rule+of+Law+in+Russia&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-924699-8&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Jeffery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanYakovlev1996" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Margo; Yakovlev, Alexander (1996). Striving for Law in a Lawless Land: Memoirs of a Russian Reformer. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-639-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-639-2"><bdi>1-56324-639-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Striving+for+Law+in+a+Lawless+Land%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Russian+Reformer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56324-639-2&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Margo&rft.au=Yakovlev%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaundersStrukov2010" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Robert; Strukov, Vlad (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00saun">Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation</a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00saun/page/n107">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7460-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7460-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7460-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7460-2&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Strukov%2C+Vlad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio00saun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené2018" class="citation book cs1">René, De La Pedraja (2018). The Russian Military Resurgence: Post-Soviet Decline and Rebuilding, 1992-2018. McFarland & Company. pp. 147–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47666-991-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47666-991-5"><bdi>978-1-47666-991-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Military+Resurgence%3A+Post-Soviet+Decline+and+Rebuilding%2C+1992-2018&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-47666-991-5&rft.aulast=Ren%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=De+La+Pedraja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoexMartinez-Vazquez2001" class="citation book cs1">Boex, Jameson; Martinez-Vazquez, Jorge (2001). Russia's Transition to a New Federalism. International Bank for Reconstruction. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8213-4840-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8213-4840-X"><bdi>0-8213-4840-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Transition+to+a+New+Federalism&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=International+Bank+for+Reconstruction&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8213-4840-X&rft.aulast=Boex&rft.aufirst=Jameson&rft.au=Martinez-Vazquez%2C+Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkKempton2002" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Terry; Kempton, Daniel (2002). Unity or Separation: Center-Periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union. Praeger. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97306-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97306-9"><bdi>0-275-97306-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+or+Separation%3A+Center-Periphery+Relations+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-275-97306-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Kempton%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergunin2016" class="citation book cs1">Sergunin, Alexander (2016). Explaining Russian Foreign Policy Behavior: Theory and Practice. Ibidem. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6782-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6782-1"><bdi>978-3-8382-6782-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Russian+Foreign+Policy+Behavior%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Ibidem&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-6782-1&rft.aulast=Sergunin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemptonClark2002" class="citation book cs1">Kempton, Daniel; Clark, Terry (2002). Unity or Separation: Center-Periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union. Praeger. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97306-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97306-9"><bdi>0-275-97306-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+or+Separation%3A+Center-Periphery+Relations+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-275-97306-9&rft.aulast=Kempton&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Clark%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegren2015" class="citation book cs1">Wegren, Stephen (2015). Putin's Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3919-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3919-7"><bdi>978-1-4422-3919-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putin%27s+Russia%3A+Past+Imperfect%2C+Future+Uncertain&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3919-7&rft.aulast=Wegren&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoode2011" class="citation book cs1">Goode, J. Paul (2011). The Decline of Regionalism in Putin's Russia: Boundary Issues. Routledge. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81623-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81623-3"><bdi>978-0-203-81623-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Regionalism+in+Putin%27s+Russia%3A+Boundary+Issues&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-81623-3&rft.aulast=Goode&rft.aufirst=J.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaney2009" class="citation book cs1">Heaney, Dominic (2009). The Territories of the Russian Federation 2009. Routledge. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-857-43517-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-857-43517-7"><bdi>978-1-857-43517-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2009&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-857-43517-7&rft.aulast=Heaney&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2003" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Imogen (2003). The Territories of the Russian Federation 2003. Europa Publications. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-191-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-191-X"><bdi>1-85743-191-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2003&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85743-191-X&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Imogen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLussierOrttungParetskaya2000" class="citation book cs1">Lussier, Danielle; Orttung, Robert; Paretskaya, Anna (2000). The Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation: A Guide to Politics, Policies, and Leaders. EastWest Institute. pp. 523–524. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0559-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0559-7"><bdi>0-7656-0559-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republics+and+Regions+of+the+Russian+Federation%3A+A+Guide+to+Politics%2C+Policies%2C+and+Leaders&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E523-%3C%2Fspan%3E524&rft.pub=EastWest+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7656-0559-7&rft.aulast=Lussier&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft.au=Orttung%2C+Robert&rft.au=Paretskaya%2C+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinSnyder2002" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barnett; Snyder, Jack (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postsovietpoliti00rubi">Post-Soviet Political Order</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postsovietpoliti00rubi/page/n77">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17069-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17069-9"><bdi>0-415-17069-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Soviet+Political+Order&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-17069-9&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barnett&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpostsovietpoliti00rubi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshauShlapentokh2007" class="citation book cs1">Joshau, Woods; Shlapentokh, Vladimir (2007). Contemporary Russia as a Feudal Society: A New Perspective on the Post-Soviet Era. Springer. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60969-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60969-3"><bdi>978-0-230-60969-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Russia+as+a+Feudal+Society%3A+A+New+Perspective+on+the+Post-Soviet+Era&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60969-3&rft.aulast=Joshau&rft.aufirst=Woods&rft.au=Shlapentokh%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2003" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Cameron (2003). Federalism and Democratisation in Russia. Manchester University Press. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5869-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5869-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-5869-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism+and+Democratisation+in+Russia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5869-1&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder2007" class="citation book cs1">Roeder, Philip (2007). Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism. Princeton University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12728-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12728-6"><bdi>978-0-691-12728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Nation-States+Come+From%3A+Institutional+Change+in+the+Age+of+Nationalism&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12728-6&rft.aulast=Roeder&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotiriou2019" class="citation book cs1">Sotiriou, Stylianos (2019). Politics and International Relations in Eurasia. Lexington Books. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498565394" title="Special:BookSources/9781498565394"><bdi>9781498565394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+International+Relations+in+Eurasia&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781498565394&rft.aulast=Sotiriou&rft.aufirst=Stylianos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublics+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast" title="Belgorod Oblast">Belgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk_Oblast" title="Bryansk Oblast">Bryansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo_Oblast" title="Ivanovo Oblast">Ivanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kaluga Oblast">Kaluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast" title="Kemerovo Oblast">Kemerovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_Oblast" title="Kostroma Oblast">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_Oblast" title="Lipetsk Oblast">Lipetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadan_Oblast" title="Magadan Oblast">Magadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Novosibirsk Oblast">Novosibirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omsk_Oblast" title="Omsk Oblast">Omsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penza_Oblast" title="Penza Oblast">Penza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Oblast" title="Pskov Oblast">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Oblast" title="Ryazan Oblast">Ryazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast" title="Sakhalin Oblast">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast" title="Smolensk Oblast">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Oblast" title="Tambov Oblast">Tambov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_Oblast" title="Tula Oblast">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver_Oblast" title="Tver Oblast">Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk_Oblast" title="Ulyanovsk Oblast">Ulyanovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast" title="Vladimir Oblast">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volgograd Oblast">Volgograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda_Oblast" title="Vologda Oblast">Vologda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Yaroslavl Oblast">Yaroslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporozhye</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republics</a> (24)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Crimea</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_El" title="Mari El">Mari El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a> (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Krai" title="Kamchatka Krai">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a> (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug">Khanty-Mansi</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a> (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia#Types" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Autonomous oblast</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1Considered by most of the international community to be part of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>2Administratively subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>3Administratively subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Non-constitutional_official_divisions_by_various_institutions453">Non-constitutional official divisions by various institutions</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">Federal districts</a> (by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Development_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)">Ministry of Economic Development</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_districts_of_Russia" title="Military districts of Russia">Military districts</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_districts_of_Russia" title="Judicial districts of Russia">Judicial districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division433" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template talk:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Designations for types of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="English_terms433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="List of terms for administrative divisions">English terms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_English_terms39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_area" title="Local government area">Local government area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Areas_Board" title="Special Areas Board">Special area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganized_area" title="Unorganized area">Unorganized area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">Borough</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">County borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">Canton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">Half-canton</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital" title="Federal capital">Federal capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city#Origins" title="Capital city">Imperial capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter city">Charter city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated city">Incorporated city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">Imperial city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_free_city" title="Royal free city">Royal free city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_(administrative_division)" title="Community (administrative division)">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_community" title="Residential community">Residential community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_county" title="Administrative county">Administrative county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">Autonomous county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">County town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">Regional county municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscountcy">Viscounty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas country">Overseas country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital district">Capital district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_district" title="City district">City district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">Congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government district">Indian government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_district" title="Land district">Land district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Manitoba#Local_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in Manitoba">Local government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">Metropolitan district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">Military district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_district" title="Municipal district">Municipal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_district" title="Police district">Police district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">Regional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_district" title="Rural district">Rural district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">Sanitary district</a></li> <li>Service district <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Educational service district (disambiguation)">Educational service district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_service_district" title="Local service district">Local service district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_school_district" title="Intermediate school district">Intermediate school district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_district" title="Urban district">Urban district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Division_(political_geography)" title="Division (political geography)">Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_division" title="Police division">Police division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue division">Subdivision of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian reserve/reservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="City municipality">City municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_municipality" title="County municipality">County municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">Direct-controlled municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_municipality" title="District municipality">District municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral municipality">Neutral municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_municipality" title="Resort municipality">Resort municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_resort_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain resort municipality">Mountain resort municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_municipality" title="Rural municipality">Rural municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized municipality">Specialized municipality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprefecture" title="Subprefecture">Subprefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-prefecture">Super-prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">Autonomous province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_region" title="Special administrative region">Special administrative region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">Autonomous region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">Capital region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_region" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital region">National capital region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_region" title="Development region">Development region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoregion_(geography)" title="Mesoregion (geography)">Mesoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microregion" title="Microregion">Microregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas region">Overseas region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subregion_(administrative_division)" title="Subregion (administrative division)">Subregion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">Proto-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_state_(polity)" title="Free state (polity)">Free state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital territory">Capital territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital territory">Federal capital territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital territory">National capital territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">Federal territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated territory">Incorporated territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territory">Organized incorporated territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas territory">Overseas territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_town" title="Census town">Census town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">Market town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_township" title="Charter township">Charter township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Civil township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_township" title="Paper township">Paper township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">Survey township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_township" title="Urban township">Urban township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional unit">Regional unit</a></li> <li>Territorial unit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_territorial_unit" title="Autonomous territorial unit">Autonomous territorial unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">Exclusion zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_exclusion_zone" title="Military exclusion zone">Military exclusion zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_zone" title="Free speech zone">Free speech zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity)" title="Neutral zone (territorial entity)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-administered_zone" title="Self-administered zone">Self-administered zone</a></li> <li>Trade zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_English_terms39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria#Alpine_resorts" title="Local government in Victoria">Alpine resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banner_(administrative_division)" title="Banner (administrative division)">Banner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_(administrative_division)" title="Circle (administrative division)">Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency (administrative division)">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_duchy" title="District duchy">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">Eldership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal manor">Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftiate" title="Muftiate">Muftiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_(administrative_division)" title="Sector (administrative division)">Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous sector">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">Townland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(administrative_division)" title="Agency (administrative division)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_(county_division)" title="Barony (county division)">Barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">Hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Circle">Imperial Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency (administrative division)">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Roman diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_(administrative_division)" title="Seat (administrative division)">Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_(administrative_division)" title="Tenth (administrative division)">Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-English_terms_or_loanwords433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-English terms or loanwords</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt" title="Amt">Amt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apskritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apskritis">Apskritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhsh" title="Bakhsh">Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashki">Bashki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">Comarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freguesia" title="Freguesia">Freguesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(administrative_division)" title="Fu (administrative division)">Fu</a></li> <li>Gemeinde <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Germany)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(South_Tyrol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (South Tyrol)">South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeente_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gemeente (disambiguation)">Gemeente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">Gmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">Județ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampong" title="Kampong">Kampong</a></li> <li>Kommun/Kunta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4n" title="Län">Län (Sweden)</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localit%C3%A0" title="Località">Località</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Maakunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Megye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muban" title="Muban">Muban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukim" title="Mukim">Mukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsi_administrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Njësi administrative">Njësi administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obec" title="Obec">Obec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Ostān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Purok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qark" class="mw-redirect" title="Qark">Qark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savivaldyb%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Savivaldybė">Savivaldybė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsoviet" title="Selsoviet">Selsoviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni%C5%ABnija" class="mw-redirect" title="Seniūnija">Seniūnija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Shahrestān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_(administrative_division)" title="Sum (administrative division)">Sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sums_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Sums of Inner Mongolia">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BDsla" title="Sýsla">Sýsla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Townlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">Heerlijkheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komun%C3%AB" title="Komunë">Komunë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korale" title="Korale">Korale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Län/Lääni</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Landskommun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Maalaiskunta</a></li> <li>Nome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">Pargana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">Plasă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rreth">Rreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socken" title="Socken">Socken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syssel" title="Syssel">Syssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(administrative_division)" title="Zhou (administrative division)">Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in italics. <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous administration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">List of administrative divisions by country</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic-language_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="Template:Slavic-language terms for administrative divisions">Slavic administrative divisions</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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