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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Licence to crenellate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licence_to_crenellate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machicolations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machicolations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Machicolations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machicolations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Middle East and Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorative_element" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorative_element"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Decorative element</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorative_element-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="شرفة مفرجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شرفة مفرجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6" title="Крэнеляж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крэнеляж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranell" title="Kranell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kranell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresteria" title="Cresteria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cresteria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbu%C5%99%C3%AD" title="Cimbuří – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cimbuří" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenelering" title="Krenelering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krenelering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreneliert" title="Kreneliert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreneliert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crester%C3%ADa" title="Crestería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crestería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenelo" title="Krenelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krenelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="بارو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بارو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9neau" title="Créneau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Créneau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbhalla" title="Forbhalla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Forbhalla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%B2%A9" title="성첩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성첩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שינות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שינות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rt%C3%A1zat_(%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szet)" title="Pártázat (építészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pártázat (építészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E5%A3%81" title="胸壁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胸壁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenelering" title="Krenelering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krenelering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenelering" title="Krenelering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krenelering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlet" title="Merlet – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Merlet" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanki" title="Blanki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Blanki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameia" title="Ameia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ameia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenellation" title="Crenellation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crenellation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimburie" title="Cimburie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cimburie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prsobran" title="Prsobran – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prsobran" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenelering" title="Krenelering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krenelering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เชิงเทิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชิงเทิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazgall%C4%B1_siper" title="Mazgallı siper – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mazgallı siper" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6" title="Кренеляж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кренеляж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9E%9B%E5%8F%A3" title="垛口 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crenellation&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Crenellation">Crenellation</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Parapet in which gaps or indentations occur at intervals</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Castellated" redirects here. For the hardware item, see <a href="/wiki/Castellated_nut" title="Castellated nut">castellated nut</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Embattled" redirects here. For heraldic term, see <a href="/wiki/Embattled_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Embattled (heraldry)">embattled (heraldry)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badalingchangcheng.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Badalingchangcheng.JPG/220px-Badalingchangcheng.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Badalingchangcheng.JPG/330px-Badalingchangcheng.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Badalingchangcheng.JPG/440px-Badalingchangcheng.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Battlements on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis-Darius_palace-stairs_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Persepolis-Darius_palace-stairs_relief.jpg/220px-Persepolis-Darius_palace-stairs_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Persepolis-Darius_palace-stairs_relief.jpg/330px-Persepolis-Darius_palace-stairs_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Persepolis-Darius_palace-stairs_relief.jpg/440px-Persepolis-Darius_palace-stairs_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Decorative battlements in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battlement_(PSF).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battlement_%28PSF%29.jpg/220px-Battlement_%28PSF%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battlement_%28PSF%29.jpg/330px-Battlement_%28PSF%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battlement_%28PSF%29.jpg/440px-Battlement_%28PSF%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of battlements on a tower</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parapet_parts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Parapet_parts.svg/170px-Parapet_parts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Parapet_parts.svg/255px-Parapet_parts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Parapet_parts.svg/340px-Parapet_parts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Annotated sketch of an Italian battlement</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg/170px-Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg/255px-Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg/340px-Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Battlement in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki">Seinäjoki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>battlement</b>, in defensive architecture, such as that of <a href="/wiki/City_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="City wall">city walls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a>, comprises a <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapet</a> (a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These gaps are termed <b><a href="/wiki/Embrasures" class="mw-redirect" title="Embrasures">embrasures</a></b>, also called <b>crenels</b> or <b>crenelles</b>, and a wall or building with them is described as <em>crenellated</em>; alternative older terms are <em>castellated</em> and <em>embattled</em>. The act of adding crenels to a previously unbroken parapet is termed crenellation. </p><p>The function of battlements in war is to protect the defenders by giving them part of the parapet to hide behind, from which they can quickly expose themselves to launch projectiles, then retreat behind the parapet. A defensive building might be designed and built with battlements, or a <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a> might be fortified by adding battlements, where no parapet previously existed, or cutting crenellations into its existing parapet wall. A distinctive feature of late medieval English church architecture is to crenellate the tops of church towers, and often the tops of lower walls. These are essentially decorative rather than functional, as are many examples on secular buildings. </p><p>The solid widths between the crenels are called <a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">merlons</a>. Battlements on walls have protected walkways, termed <a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">chemin de ronde</a> behind them. On tower or building tops, the often flat roof is used as a protected <a href="/wiki/Fighting_platform" title="Fighting platform">fighting platform</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term originated in about the 14th century from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> word <i><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">batailler</i></span></i>, "to fortify with <i>batailles</i>" (fixed or movable <a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">turrets</a> of defence). The word <i>crenel</i> derives from the ancient French <i><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">cren</i></span></i> (modern French <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cran</i></span></i>), Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">crena</i></span></i>, meaning a notch, <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortice</a> or other gap cut out often to receive another element or fixing; see also <a href="/wiki/Crenation" title="Crenation">crenation</a>. The modern French word for crenel is <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">créneau</i></span></i>, also used to describe a gap of any kind, for example a parking space at the side of the road between two cars, interval between groups of marching troops or a timeslot in a broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licence_to_crenellate">Licence to crenellate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Licence to crenellate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Licence_to_crenellate" title="Licence to crenellate">Licence to crenellate</a></div> <p>In medieval England and Wales a licence to crenellate granted the holder permission to fortify their property. Such licences were granted by the king, and by the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">counties palatine</a> within their jurisdictions, e.g. by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishops of Durham</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">Earls of Chester</a> and after 1351 by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Dukes of Lancaster</a>. The castles in England vastly outnumbered the licences to crenellate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodall20119_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall20119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal pardons were obtainable on the payment of an arbitrarily-determined fine by a person who had fortified without licence. The surviving records of such licences, generally issued by <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>, provide valuable evidence for the dating of ancient buildings. A list of licences issued by the English Crown between the 12th and the 16th centuries was compiled by Turner & Parker and expanded and corrected by Philip Davis and published in <i>The Castle Studies Group Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been academic debate over the purpose of licensing. The view of military-focused historians is that licensing restricted the number of fortifications that could be used against a royal army. The modern view, proposed notably by Charles Coulson, is that battlements became an architectural status-symbol much sought after by the socially ambitious, in Coulson's words: "Licences to crenellate were mainly symbolic representations of lordly status: castellation was the architectural expression of noble rank".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulson198272_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulson198272-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They indicated to the observer that the grantee had obtained "royal recognition, acknowledgment and compliment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulson198283_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulson198283-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could, however, provide a basic deterrent against wandering bands of thieves, and it is suggested that the function of battlements was comparable to the modern practice of householders fitting highly visible <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">CC TV</a> and burglar alarms, often merely dummies. The crown usually did not charge for the granting of such licences, but occasionally charged a fee of about half a <a href="/wiki/Mark_(money)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (money)">mark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machicolations">Machicolations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Machicolations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></div> <p>Battlements may be stepped out to overhang the wall below, and may have openings at their bases between the supporting <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbels</a>, through which stones or burning objects could be dropped onto attackers or besiegers; these are known as <a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">machicolations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Attack_on_a_Town.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Assyrian_Attack_on_a_Town.jpg/220px-Assyrian_Attack_on_a_Town.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Assyrian_Attack_on_a_Town.jpg/330px-Assyrian_Attack_on_a_Town.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Assyrian_Attack_on_a_Town.jpg/440px-Assyrian_Attack_on_a_Town.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption>9th-century BC relief of an <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> attack on a walled town with <a href="/wiki/Zig-zag" class="mw-redirect" title="Zig-zag">zig-zag</a> shaped battlements</figcaption></figure> <p>Battlements have been used for thousands of years; the earliest known example is in the fortress at <a href="/wiki/Buhen" title="Buhen">Buhen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Battlements were used in the walls surrounding <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> towns, as shown on <i><a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">bas reliefs</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a> and elsewhere. Traces of them remain at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> vases suggest the existence of battlements. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> has battlements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battlements_in_the_City_of_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battlements_in_the_City_of_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Battlements_in_the_City_of_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battlements_in_the_City_of_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Battlements_in_the_City_of_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battlements_in_the_City_of_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Battlements_in_the_City_of_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Battlements of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_David" title="Tower of David">Tower of David</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> eras in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the European battlements of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the crenel comprised one-third of the width of the merlon: the latter, in addition, could be provided with arrow-loops of various shapes (from simply round to cruciform), depending on the weapon being utilized. Late merlons permitted fire from the first <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>. From the 13th century, the merlons could be connected with wooden shutters (<a href="/wiki/Mantlet" title="Mantlet">mantlets</a>) that provided added protection when closed. The shutters were designed to be opened to allow shooters to fire against the attackers, and closed during reloading. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> used low wooden pinnacles for their first <i>aggeres</i> (<a href="/wiki/Terreplein" title="Terreplein">terrepleins</a>). In the battlements of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, additional protection derived from small internal buttresses or spur walls, against which the defender might stand so as to gain complete protection on one side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pesarourbino_gradara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pesarourbino_gradara.jpg/220px-Pesarourbino_gradara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pesarourbino_gradara.jpg/330px-Pesarourbino_gradara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pesarourbino_gradara.jpg/440px-Pesarourbino_gradara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gradara_Castle" title="Gradara Castle">Gradara Castle</a>, Italy, outer walls 13th–14th century, showing on the tower curved v-shaped notches in the merlons</figcaption></figure> <p>Loop-holes were frequent in Italian battlements, where the merlon has much greater height and a distinctive cap. Italian military architects used the so-called <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibelline" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelphs and Ghibelline">Ghibelline</a> or <i>swallowtail</i> battlement, with V-shaped notches in the tops of the merlon, giving a horn-like effect. This would allow the defender to be protected whilst shooting standing fully upright. The normal rectangular merlons were later nicknamed Guelph. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walls_of_Kumbhalgarh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Walls_of_Kumbhalgarh.jpg/220px-Walls_of_Kumbhalgarh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Walls_of_Kumbhalgarh.jpg/330px-Walls_of_Kumbhalgarh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Walls_of_Kumbhalgarh.jpg/440px-Walls_of_Kumbhalgarh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Indian style battlements at <a href="/wiki/Kumbhalgarh" title="Kumbhalgarh">Kumbhalgarh Fort</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many South Asian battlements are made up of parapets with peculiarly shaped <a href="/wiki/Merlons" class="mw-redirect" title="Merlons">merlons</a> and complicated systems of loopholes, which differ substantially from rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Nossov_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nossov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical Indian merlons were semicircular and pointed at the top, although they could sometimes be fake: the parapet may be solid and the merlons shown in relief on the outside, as is the case in <a href="/wiki/Chittorgarh_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittorgarh fort">Chittorgarh</a>. Loopholes could be made both in the merlons themselves, and under the crenels. They could either look forward (to command distant approaches) or downward (to command the foot of the wall). Sometimes a merlon was pierced with two or three loopholes, but typically, only one loophole was divided into two or three slits by horizontal or vertical partitions. The shape of loopholes, as well as the shape of merlons, need not have been the same everywhere in the castle, as shown by <a href="/wiki/Kumbhalgarh" title="Kumbhalgarh">Kumbhalgarh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nossov_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nossov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East_and_Africa">Middle East and Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Middle East and Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> fortifications, the merlons often were rounded. The battlements of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> had a more decorative and varied character, and were continued from the 13th century onwards not so much for defensive purposes as for a crowning feature to the walls. They serve a function similar to the <a href="/wiki/Cresting_(architecture)" title="Cresting (architecture)">cresting</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_architecture" title="Spanish Renaissance architecture">Spanish Renaissance architecture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Irish" crenellations are a distinctive form that appeared in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> between the 14th and 17th centuries. These were battlements of a "stepped" form, with each merlon shaped like an inverted 'T'.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorative_element">Decorative element</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decorative element"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndhurst_NJ_Medieval_Times_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lyndhurst_NJ_Medieval_Times_exterior.jpg/220px-Lyndhurst_NJ_Medieval_Times_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lyndhurst_NJ_Medieval_Times_exterior.jpg/330px-Lyndhurst_NJ_Medieval_Times_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lyndhurst_NJ_Medieval_Times_exterior.jpg/440px-Lyndhurst_NJ_Medieval_Times_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Times" title="Medieval Times">Medieval Times</a> building exterior, Lyndhurst, New Jersey, USA</figcaption></figure> <p>European architects persistently used battlements as a purely decorative feature throughout the <a href="/wiki/Decorated_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorated style">Decorated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpendicular style">Perpendicular</a> periods of Gothic architecture. They not only occur on parapets but on the <a href="/wiki/Transom_(architectural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transom (architectural)">transoms</a> of windows and on the tie-beams of roofs and on screens, and even on <a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a> chimney-pots. A further decorative treatment appears in the elaborate paneling of the merlons and that portion of the parapet walls rising above the <a href="/wiki/Cornice_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornice (architecture)">cornice</a>, by the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoils</a> and other conventional forms filled with foliage and shield. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rohtas_Fort_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rohtas Fort, Pakistan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rohtas_Fort_Gate.jpg/195px-Rohtas_Fort_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rohtas_Fort_Gate.jpg/293px-Rohtas_Fort_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rohtas_Fort_Gate.jpg/390px-Rohtas_Fort_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rohtas_Fort" title="Rohtas Fort">Rohtas Fort, Pakistan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Idrakpur Fort, Bangladesh"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97_05.jpg/195px-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97_05.jpg/293px-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97_05.jpg/390px-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Idrakpur_Fort" title="Idrakpur Fort">Idrakpur Fort, Bangladesh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Munnas_Church_Taghmon_County_Westmeath.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Taghmon Church in County Westmeath, Ireland, with Irish crenellations"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/St._Munnas_Church_Taghmon_County_Westmeath.JPG/200px-St._Munnas_Church_Taghmon_County_Westmeath.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/St._Munnas_Church_Taghmon_County_Westmeath.JPG/300px-St._Munnas_Church_Taghmon_County_Westmeath.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/St._Munnas_Church_Taghmon_County_Westmeath.JPG/400px-St._Munnas_Church_Taghmon_County_Westmeath.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3784" data-file-height="2092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Taghmon_Church" title="Taghmon Church">Taghmon Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Westmeath" title="County Westmeath">County Westmeath</a>, Ireland, with Irish crenellations</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Blagaj_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blagaj fortress in Bosnia"><img alt="Blagaj fortress in Bosnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Old_Blagaj_fort.jpg/196px-Old_Blagaj_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Old_Blagaj_fort.jpg/293px-Old_Blagaj_fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Old_Blagaj_fort.jpg/391px-Old_Blagaj_fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blagaj_Fortress" title="Blagaj Fortress">Blagaj fortress</a> in Bosnia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReichKatzenstein1992" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Ronny; Katzenstein, Hannah (1992). "Glossary of Archaeological Terms". In Kempinski, Aharon; Reich, Ronny (eds.). <i>The Architecture of Ancient Israel</i>. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-221-013-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-221-013-5"><bdi>978-965-221-013-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Archaeological+Terms&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-965-221-013-5&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Ronny&rft.au=Katzenstein%2C+Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larousse Dictionnaire Lexis de la Langue Française, Paris, 1979; Collins French Dictionary Robert</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall20119-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodall20119_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodall2011">Goodall 2011</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2007226–245_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2007">Davis 2007</a>, pp. 226–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulson198272-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulson198272_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoulson1982">Coulson 1982</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulson198283-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulson198283_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoulson1982">Coulson 1982</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nossov-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nossov_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nossov_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNossov2012" class="citation book cs1">Nossov, Konstantin S (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eFm1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"><i>Indian Castles 1206–1526: The Rise and Fall of the Delhi Sultanate</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-050-7"><bdi>978-1-84908-050-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Castles+1206%E2%80%931526%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-050-7&rft.aulast=Nossov&rft.aufirst=Konstantin+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeFm1CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roaringwaterjournal.com/tag/irish-tower-houses/">"Irish tower houses - Roaringwater Journal"</a>. <i>roaringwaterjournal.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roaringwaterjournal.com&rft.atitle=Irish+tower+houses+-+Roaringwater+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froaringwaterjournal.com%2Ftag%2Firish-tower-houses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodkinson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hodkinson, Brian J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limerickcity.ie/media/NMAJ%20vol%2051%2004%20Indeed%20a%20Town%20of%20Castles_%20the%20Castles%20of%20Limerick%20City,%20by%20Brian%20Hodkinson.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>' Indeed a town of castles'; the castles of Limerick city"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>North Munster Antiquarian Journal</i>. <b>51</b>: 53–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Munster+Antiquarian+Journal&rft.atitle=%27+Indeed+a+town+of+castles%27%3B+the+castles+of+Limerick+city&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=53-60&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hodkinson&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.limerickcity.ie%2Fmedia%2FNMAJ%2520vol%252051%252004%2520Indeed%2520a%2520Town%2520of%2520Castles_%2520the%2520Castles%2520of%2520Limerick%2520City%2C%2520by%2520Brian%2520Hodkinson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorning2018" class="citation book cs1">Horning, Audrey J. (12 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4wqAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA205"><i>Ireland in the Virginian Sea: Colonialism in the British Atlantic</i></a>. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469610726" title="Special:BookSources/9781469610726"><bdi>9781469610726</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+in+the+Virginian+Sea%3A+Colonialism+in+the+British+Atlantic&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft.isbn=9781469610726&rft.aulast=Horning&rft.aufirst=Audrey+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4wqAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roaringwaterjournal.com/tag/irish-castles/">"Irish castles - Roaringwater Journal"</a>. <i>roaringwaterjournal.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roaringwaterjournal.com&rft.atitle=Irish+castles+-+Roaringwater+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froaringwaterjournal.com%2Ftag%2Firish-castles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithicireland.com/Clara%20Castle,%20Kilkenny.html">"Clara Castle, Kilkenny"</a>. <i>Megalithic Ireland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Megalithic+Ireland&rft.atitle=Clara+Castle%2C+Kilkenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithicireland.com%2FClara%2520Castle%2C%2520Kilkenny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalestracci1989" class="citation journal cs1">Balestracci, D. (1989). "I materiali da costruzione nel castello medievale". <i>Archeologia Medievale</i> (XVI): 227–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1400%2F244020">10.1400/244020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archeologia+Medievale&rft.atitle=I+materiali+da+costruzione+nel+castello+medievale&rft.issue=XVI&rft.pages=227-242&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1400%2F244020&rft.aulast=Balestracci&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulson1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulson" title="Charles Coulson">Coulson, C.</a> (1982). "Hierarchism in Conventual Crenellation". <i>Medieval Archaeology</i>. <b>26</b>: 69–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00766097.1982.11735438">10.1080/00766097.1982.11735438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Hierarchism+in+Conventual+Crenellation&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=69-100&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00766097.1982.11735438&rft.aulast=Coulson&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castlestudiesgroup.org.uk/Licences%20to%20Crenellate%20-%20Philip%20Davis.pdf">"English Licences to Crenellate: 1199–1567"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Castle Studies Group Journal</i>. <b>20</b>: 226–245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Castle+Studies+Group+Journal&rft.atitle=English+Licences+to+Crenellate%3A+1199%E2%80%931567&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=226-245&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castlestudiesgroup.org.uk%2FLicences%2520to%2520Crenellate%2520-%2520Philip%2520Davis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodall2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Goodall" title="John Goodall">Goodall, John</a> (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishcastle1060000good"><i>The English Castle</i></a></span>. London: Yale Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11058-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11058-6"><bdi>978-0-300-11058-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Castle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11058-6&rft.aulast=Goodall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishcastle1060000good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuisi1996" class="citation book cs1">Luisi, R. (1996). <i>Scudi di pietra, I castelli e l'arte della guerra tra Medioevo e Rinascimento</i>. Bari.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scudi+di+pietra%2C+I+castelli+e+l%27arte+della+guerra+tra+Medioevo+e+Rinascimento&rft.place=Bari&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Luisi&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattlement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battlements" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battlements">Battlement</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Coulson, Charles, 1979, "Structural Symbolism in Medieval Castle Architecture" Journal of the British Archaeological Association Vol. 132, pp 73–90</li> <li>Coulson, Charles, 1994, "Freedom to Crenellate by Licence - An Historiographical Revision" Nottingham Medieval Studies Vol. 38, pp. 86–137</li> <li>Coulson, Charles, 1995, "Battlements and the Bourgeoisie: Municipal Status and the Apparatus of Urban Defence" in Church, Stephen (ed), Medieval Knighthood Vol. 5(Boydell), pp. 119–95</li> <li>Coulson, Charles, 2003, <i>Castles in Medieval Society</i>, Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Coulson, Charles, <i>Castles in the Medieval Polity - Crenellation, Privilege, and Defence in England, Ireland and Wales</i>.</li> <li>King, D. J. Cathcart, 1983, <i>Castellarium Anglicanum</i> (Kraus)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">Abatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord 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text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li> <li>Fortified buildings (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> <small>(<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_siege_engines" title="List of siege engines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fortification" title="Category:Fortification">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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