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from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Long-lived" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-lived"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Long-lived</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-lived-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Body</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Body-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Body subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neck_folding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neck_folding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Neck folding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neck_folding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_living" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_living"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Largest living</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_living-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turtle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilpad" title="Skilpad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skilpad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schildkr%C3%B6ten" title="Schildkröten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schildkröten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8A" title="ኤሊ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤሊ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="कछुआ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कछुआ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="سلحفاة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلحفاة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կրիաներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կրիաներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broasc%C3%A2" title="Broascâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Broascâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikinakw" title="Mikinakw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Mikinakw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karumbe" title="Karumbe – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Karumbe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1sba%C4%9Falar" title="Tısbağalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tısbağalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="تیسباغا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیسباغا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku" title="Ku – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ku" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96" title="Чарапахі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарапахі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96" title="Чарапахі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чарапахі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="कछुआ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कछुआ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Костенурки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Костенурки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B" title="རུས་སྤལ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རུས་སྤལ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornja%C4%8De" title="Kornjače – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kornjače" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baot" title="Baot – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Baot" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortugues" title="Tortugues – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tortugues" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Тимĕр шапасем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тимĕр шапасем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawikag-iwon" title="Pawikag-iwon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pawikag-iwon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelvy" title="Želvy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Želvy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crwban" title="Crwban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crwban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skildpadder" title="Skildpadder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skildpadder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="فكرون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فكرون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schildkr%C3%B6ten" title="Schildkröten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schildkröten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9h_digh%C3%A1hii_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_Tsistee%C5%82" title="Chʼééh digháhii dóó Tsisteeł – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼééh digháhii dóó Tsisteeł" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilpkonnalised" title="Kilpkonnalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kilpkonnalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Χελώνια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χελώνια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A0na" title="Galàna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Galàna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Turtle" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testuduloj" title="Testuduloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Testuduloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortoka" title="Dortoka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dortoka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="لاک‌پشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاک‌پشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjaldb%C3%B8kur" title="Skjaldbøkur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skjaldbøkur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortue" title="Tortue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tortue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtar" title="Turtar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Turtar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir-seilche" title="Muir-seilche – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Muir-seilche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaruga" title="Tartaruga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tartaruga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8A" title="آولاکۊ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آولاکۊ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B" title="કાચબો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાચબો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BBi-%C3%A9" title="Kûi-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kûi-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EB%B6%81" title="거북 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거북" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afifiya" title="Afifiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Afifiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կրիաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="कछुआ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कछुआ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nopawy" title="Nopawy – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nopawy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornja%C4%8De" title="Kornjače – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kornjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortugo" title="Tortugo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tortugo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-ong" title="Pag-ong – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pag-ong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura-kura" title="Kura-kura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kura-kura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuga" title="Tortuga – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tortuga" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A6%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%84%D1%81" title="Уæртджын хæфс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уæртджын хæфс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjaldbaka" title="Skjaldbaka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skjaldbaka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulus" title="Bulus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bulus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಡಲಾಮೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಡಲಾಮೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კუები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კუები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%95%D9%9B%D9%85" title="کرٕٛم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کرٕٛم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тасбақалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тасбақалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kobe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2ti" title="Tòti – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tòti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Таш бакалар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Таш бакалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Черепаха – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Черепаха" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bru%C5%86rupu%C4%8Di" title="Bruņrupuči – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bruņrupuči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deckelsmouken" title="Deckelsmouken – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Deckelsmouken" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97%C5%BEliai" title="Vėžliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vėžliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%C3%BCze" title="Testüze – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Testüze" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A8ldpadde" title="Sjèldpadde – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjèldpadde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nk%C3%B3b%C3%A1" title="Nkóbá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nkóbá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuga" title="Tortuga – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tortuga" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekn%C5%91s%C3%B6k" title="Teknősök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teknősök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Желки – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Желки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokatra" title="Sokatra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sokatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AE" title="ആമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5" title="कासव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कासव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87" title="زحلفه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زحلفه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2" title="کوز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯊꯦꯡꯒꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯦꯡꯒꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AC-g%C5%ADi" title="Ŭ-gŭi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭ-gŭi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="လိပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လိပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schildpadden" title="Schildpadden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schildpadden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%AA" title="कच्छप – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कच्छप" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1" title="カメ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カメ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiltpoden" title="Skiltpoden – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skiltpoden" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilpadder" title="Skilpadder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skilpadder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjelpadder" title="Skjelpadder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skjelpadder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartuga" title="Tartuga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tartuga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%81%E0%AC%9B" title="କଇଁଛ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଇଁଛ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshbaqalar" title="Toshbaqalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toshbaqalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%DA%86%D9%88%D9%BE%DA%91%D8%A7" title="کھچوپڑا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھچوپڑا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%BE" title="کيشپ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيشپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82wie" title="Żółwie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żółwie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasbaqa" title="Tasbaqa – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tasbaqa" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qapl%C4%B1_baqa" title="Qaplı baqa – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qaplı baqa" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aestoas%C4%83" title="Țestoasă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țestoasă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarapara" title="Qarapara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qarapara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Черепахи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Черепахи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Таасбаҕалар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таасбаҕалар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bilanga" title="bilanga – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bilanga" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱦᱚᱨᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱚᱨᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tostoine" title="Tostoine – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tostoine" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turtle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breshka" title="Breshka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Breshka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartuca" title="Tartuca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tartuca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%91%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9D" title="ඉබ්බෝ සහ කැස්බෑවෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉබ්බෝ සහ කැස්බෑවෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%DA%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڪڇون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪڇون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korytna%C4%8Dkotvar%C3%A9" title="Korytnačkotvaré – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Korytnačkotvaré" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelve" title="Želve – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Želve" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Чьрѣпахи – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Чьрѣпахи" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4)" title="Корњаче (ред) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корњаче (ред)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilpikonnat" title="Kilpikonnat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kilpikonnat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ldpaddor" title="Sköldpaddor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sköldpaddor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagong_(Testudines)" title="Pagong (Testudines) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagong (Testudines)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="ஆமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifker" title="Ifker – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ifker" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel%C3%B3ne" title="Celóne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Celóne" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="เต่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เต่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82" title="Сангпушт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сангпушт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%AB" title="ᎤᎵᎾᏫ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎵᎾᏫ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27%C3%ABno" title="Ma'ëno – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'ëno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplumba%C4%9Fa" title="Kaplumbağa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaplumbağa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Черепахи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Черепахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="کچھوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کچھوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7" title="تاشپاقا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تاشپاقا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duzgvi" title="Duzgvi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Duzgvi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katussambad" title="Katussambad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Katussambad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_R%C3%B9a" title="Bộ Rùa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Rùa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padakunn" title="Padakunn – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Padakunn" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%9C" title="龜 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="龜" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba-%C3%B3" title="Ba-ó – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ba-ó" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%9F" title="龟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="龟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A2" title="טשערעפאכע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשערעפאכע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%9C" title="龜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="龜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesa" title="Kesa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kesa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%9C%E9%B1%89%E7%9B%AE" title="龜鱉目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="龜鱉目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logozo" title="Logozo – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Logozo" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q223044#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="View the content page [c]" 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class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Testudines<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <br /><a href="/wiki/Upper_Triassic" title="Upper Triassic">Upper Triassic</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Li2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> 220 mya to present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3_re-edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3_re-edited.jpg/220px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3_re-edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3_re-edited.jpg/330px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3_re-edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3_re-edited.jpg/440px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3_re-edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Florida box turtle (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrapene_carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terrapene carolina (not yet started)">Terrapene carolina</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Testudines" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perichelydia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perichelydia (not yet started)">Perichelydia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testudines</a><br /><small>Batsch 1788 <sup id="cite_ref-TTWG2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTWG2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cryptodira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptodira">Cryptodira</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Pleurodira" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleurodira">Pleurodira</a><br /> †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meiolaniidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meiolaniidae (not yet started)">Meiolaniidae</a><br /> and see <a href="#Classification_of_turtles">text</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">14 living families with 356 species </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:World.distribution.testudines.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/World.distribution.testudines.1.png/220px-World.distribution.testudines.1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/World.distribution.testudines.1.png/330px-World.distribution.testudines.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/World.distribution.testudines.1.png/440px-World.distribution.testudines.1.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Blue: sea turtles, black: land turtles </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Turtles</b> are one of the many <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a> on earth. They have a hard <a href="/wiki/Shell_(zoology)" title="Shell (zoology)">shell</a>, which is useful for <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> and protection from other animals. </p><p>There are two types of turtles: <a href="/wiki/Side-necked_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Side-necked turtles">side-necked turtles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hidden_neck_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden neck turtles">hidden neck turtles</a>. Side-necked turtles have long <a href="/wiki/Neck_(body_part)" title="Neck (body part)">necks</a>, but hidden neck turtles have very small necks. </p><p>There are about 356 species of turtles living on land in all <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. They can live in both salt water and <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">Testudines</a> (which includes turtles) includes both living and <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> kinds. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> of a turtle was found in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> from the early <a href="/wiki/Upper_Triassic" title="Upper Triassic">Upper Triassic</a> age. The <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> was from about 220 <a href="/wiki/Million" class="mw-redirect" title="Million">million</a> years ago. Turtles are one of the oldest reptiles that are not <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>. Turtles have been on earth for longer than <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>. Turtles come from ancient turtles, which had spiked shells. </p><p>Turtles are almost everywhere in the world. A lot of the turtle species alive today are <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-barzyk_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barzyk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Names" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Names"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the word turtle is widely used to describe all <a href="/wiki/Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">testudines</a>, it is also common to see them called <a href="/wiki/Terrapin" title="Terrapin">terrapins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a>. How these names are used depends on the type of English. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> calls them turtles if they live in the sea, or "terrapins" if they live in fresh water. They are called "tortoises" if they live on land.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> uses the word turtle for all kinds of turtles. "Tortoise" is used for most kinds living on land, and those living in the sea are usually called "sea turtles". "Terrapin" is not as commonly used.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> uses turtle for both the sea and freshwater kinds, but "tortoise" for those that live on land.<sup id="cite_ref-San_Diego_Zoo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San_Diego_Zoo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>To avoid confusion, the word "chelonian" is popular among some who work with these animals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, <i><a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">Chelonia</a></i> is also the name of a particular type of turtle, so this conflicts with "testudines". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv/220px--Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv/Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv/Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv/Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv/Turtle_in_Indonesia.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Sea turtle swimming</figcaption></figure> <p>Although many turtles spend a lot of their lives underwater, all turtles and tortoises <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathe</a> air and must come to the surface to refill their <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>. Some spend their whole lives on dry land. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aquatic" title="Aquatic">Aquatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Respiration" title="Respiration">respiration</a> in Australian freshwater turtles is being studied. Some kinds of turtle have large <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloacal</a> holes that are lined with many finger-like things. These things, called <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/papilla" class="extiw" title="wikt:papilla">papillae</a>, have a lot of blood in them, and increase the surface area of the cloaca. The turtles get <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> from the water using these papillae, in the same way that fish use <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turtle_golfina_escobilla_oaxaca_mexico_claudio_giovenzana_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Turtle_golfina_escobilla_oaxaca_mexico_claudio_giovenzana_2010.jpg/220px-Turtle_golfina_escobilla_oaxaca_mexico_claudio_giovenzana_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Turtle_golfina_escobilla_oaxaca_mexico_claudio_giovenzana_2010.jpg/330px-Turtle_golfina_escobilla_oaxaca_mexico_claudio_giovenzana_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Turtle_golfina_escobilla_oaxaca_mexico_claudio_giovenzana_2010.jpg/440px-Turtle_golfina_escobilla_oaxaca_mexico_claudio_giovenzana_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>Turtles usually lay their <a href="/wiki/Cleidoic_egg" title="Cleidoic egg">eggs</a> on <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beaches</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like other reptiles, turtles lay <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> which are slightly soft and leathery. The eggs of the largest kinds of turtle are shaped like <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">spheres</a>. Other turtles have eggs that are shaped more like <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a> eggs. <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">Sea turtles</a> lay their eggs on dry, sandy <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beaches</a>. Turtles can take many years to reach <a href="/wiki/Breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding">breeding</a> age, and in many cases breed every few years rather than every year. </p><p>Some kinds of turtle have a <a href="/wiki/Sex_determination" title="Sex determination">sex determination</a> that depends on <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>. This decides whether an egg develops into a male or a female. A higher temperature makes a female. A lower temperature makes a male. Large numbers of eggs are deposited in holes dug into mud or sand. They are then covered and left to <a href="/wiki/Incubation" title="Incubation">incubate</a> by themselves. When the turtles hatch, they go to the surface and head toward the water. No turtle mother cares for its young. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-lived">Long-lived</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Long-lived" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Long-lived"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers discovered that a turtle's <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> do not get old over time. Unlike most other animals, they found that the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">century</a>-old turtle are almost the same as those of a younger turtle. This has made <a href="/wiki/Genetic" class="mw-disambig" title="Genetic">genetic</a> researchers begin studying turtle <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> for <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Body">Body</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Body" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Body"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neck_folding">Neck folding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Neck folding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Neck folding"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turtles are put into two groups from the way they hide their heads into their shells. The <b>Cryptodira</b> (<b>hidden neck turtles</b>) pull their heads straight into their shells by folding their necks back under their <a href="/wiki/Spine" title="Spine">spines</a>. They have very small necks. The <b>Pleurodira</b> (<b>side-necked turtles</b>), now found only in <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> places in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_hemisphere" title="Southern hemisphere">Southern hemisphere</a>, fold their necks to the side. The important <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> of hiding their heads <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">came</a> from turtles in the past which were not able to do this. This adds to their <a href="/wiki/Defence_against_predators" title="Defence against predators">defence against predators</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Feeding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Feeding"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turtles have a hard <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beak</a>. They use their <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a> to cut and <a href="/wiki/Chewing" title="Chewing">chew</a> food. Turtles have hard edges called <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horny</a> ridges that cover their upper and lower jaws. These ridges are different from <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a>, which turtles do not have. <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">Carnivorous</a> turtles tend to have <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a>-sharp ridges that help them cut through meat. <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">Herbivorous</a> turtles have <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/serrated" class="extiw" title="wikt:serrated">serrated</a>-edged ridges that help them cut through tough plants. Turtles use their <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongues</a> to swallow food, but unlike most reptiles, they cannot stick out their tongues to catch food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shell">Shell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Shell" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Shell"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The upper shell of the turtle is called the <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a>. The lower shell that covers the belly is called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastron (not yet started)">plastron</a>. The carapace and plastron are joined on the turtle's sides by bony structures called <i>bridges</i>. </p><p>The inside of a turtle's shell has about 60 bones. It includes parts of the <a href="/wiki/Spine" title="Spine">spine</a> and ribs, meaning the turtle cannot crawl out of its shell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_living">Largest living</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Largest living" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Largest living"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest kind is a marine turtle called the great <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">leatherback sea turtle</a>. This can have a shell length of 200 cm (80 inches) and can weigh over 900 kg (2,000 lb, or 1 ton). Freshwater turtles tend to be smaller. The largest kind, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_giant_softshell_turtle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asian giant softshell turtle (not yet started)">Asian giant softshell turtle</a> <i>Pelochelys cantorii</i>, can be up to 200 cm or 80 in (Das, 1991). This is bigger than even the better-known <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alligator_snapping_turtle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alligator snapping turtle (not yet started)">alligator snapping turtle</a>, the largest kind of turtle in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. This can have a shell length of up to 80 cm (31<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span> in) and a weight of about 60 kg (170 lb). </p><p>The largest fossil turtle, <i><a href="/wiki/Archelon" title="Archelon">Archelon</a></i>, was more than twice as long as the leatherback, at up to 4.5 metres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Evolution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Evolution"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proganochelys_Quenstedti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Proganochelys_Quenstedti.jpg/270px-Proganochelys_Quenstedti.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Proganochelys_Quenstedti.jpg/405px-Proganochelys_Quenstedti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Proganochelys_Quenstedti.jpg/540px-Proganochelys_Quenstedti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Fossil of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proganochelys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proganochelys (not yet started)">Proganochelys</a> quenstedti</i>, it is one of the oldest true turtles known today. Unlike modern Testudines, <i>Proganochelys</i> was not able to hide its head under the shell.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Chelonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Haeckel_Chelonia.jpg/220px-Haeckel_Chelonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Haeckel_Chelonia.jpg/330px-Haeckel_Chelonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Haeckel_Chelonia.jpg/440px-Haeckel_Chelonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2342" data-file-height="3285" /></a><figcaption>"Chelonia" (<a href="/wiki/Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">Testudines</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>'s <i>Kunstformen der Natur</i>, 1904.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest turtle <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> come from <a href="/wiki/Upper_Triassic" title="Upper Triassic">Upper Triassic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">era</a>, about 220 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their shell came from bony extensions of their <a href="/wiki/Backbone" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbone">backbones</a> and broad ribs that became larger and grew together to make a complete shell. This <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> was very useful and has been around for a long time. It helped protect turtles as they evolved over many years, even when the bony part of the shell was not complete. The turtle family has survived many changes in the seas and several <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a>. </p><p>Fossils of the freshwater <i><a href="/wiki/Odontochelys" title="Odontochelys">Odontochelys</a> semitestacea</i> or "half-shelled turtle with teeth", from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Triassic" title="Upper Triassic">later Triassic</a>, were found in southwest <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. <i>Odontochelys</i> shows a complete bony plastron and an incomplete carapace. This is like baby turtles in <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic development</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Jurassic" title="Upper Jurassic">Upper Jurassic</a>, turtles had <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">radiated</a> widely, and their fossil history becomes easier to read. </p><p>We do not know exactly where turtles came from. Early <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a> had no openings in the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> behind the eyes. Holes started to appear in both <a href="/wiki/Sauropsid" title="Sauropsid">Sauropsid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" title="Synapsid">Synapsid</a> skulls. They made the skull lighter, gave attachment points for muscles, and gave room for muscle bulges. But turtles do not have these holes in their skulls. They were called 'anapsids', meaning 'no openings'. </p><p>It may be that turtles came from <a href="/wiki/Sauropsid" title="Sauropsid">sauropsids</a> which had skull openings, but turtles lost these openings as they made heavy defensive armour.<sup id="cite_ref-Rieppel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rieppel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All <a href="/wiki/Sequence_analysis" title="Sequence analysis">molecular</a> studies show that turtles are <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">diapsids</a>; some think that turtles are either <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mannen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mannen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or are a sister group to living archosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Zardoya_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zardoya-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iwabe_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwabe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roos_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katsu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katsu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known fully shelled turtles are the late Triassic <i><a href="/wiki/Odontochelys" title="Odontochelys">Odontochelys</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinlechelys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinlechelys (not yet started)">Chinlechelys</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proganochelys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proganochelys (not yet started)">Proganochelys</a></i>. The first-named genus was <a href="/wiki/Aquatic" title="Aquatic">aquatic</a>, but the second was probably <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">terrestrial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They already had many advanced turtle <a href="/wiki/Trait_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trait (biology)">traits</a>, and probably had millions of years of turtle evolution and species in their ancestry. They had a long neck and could not pull their heads into their shell. <i>Odontochelys</i> had a long, spiked tail ending in a club. <a href="/wiki/Ankylosaur" title="Ankylosaur">Ankylosaurs</a> also have similar things because of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">Sea turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig-nosed_turtle" title="Pig-nosed turtle">Pig-nosed turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelon" title="Archelon">Archelon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Li2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Li2008_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiXiao-Chun_WuOlivier_RieppelLi-Ting_Wang2008" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Chun; Xiao-Chun Wu; Olivier Rieppel; Li-Ting Wang; Li-Jun Zhao (November 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-11-27_456_7221/page/497">"An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>456</b> (7221): 497–501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.456..497L">2008Natur.456..497L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07533">10.1038/nature07533</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19037315">19037315</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4405644">4405644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=An+ancestral+turtle+from+the+Late+Triassic+of+southwestern+China&rft.volume=456&rft.issue=7221&rft.pages=497-501&rft.date=2008-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4405644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.456..497L&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07533&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19037315&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Chun&rft.au=Xiao-Chun+Wu&rft.au=Olivier+Rieppel&rft.au=Li-Ting+Wang&rft.au=Li-Jun+Zhao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_nature-uk_2008-11-27_456_7221%2Fpage%2F497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TTWG2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TTWG2017_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTurtle_Taxonomy_Working_Group2017" class="citation book cs1">Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.turtleconservancy.org/documents/2017/crm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf"><i>Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 7. pp. 1–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3854%2Fcrm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017">10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781532350269" title="Special:BookSources/9781532350269"><bdi>9781532350269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turtles+of+the+World%3A+Annotated+Checklist+and+Atlas+of+Taxonomy%2C+Synonymy%2C+Distribution%2C+and+Conservation+Status+%288th+Ed.%29.&rft.pages=1-292&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3854%2Fcrm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017&rft.isbn=9781532350269&rft.au=Turtle+Taxonomy+Working+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.turtleconservancy.org%2Fdocuments%2F2017%2Fcrm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barzyk-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-barzyk_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Barzyk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tortoisetrust.org/articles/asia.html">Turtles in crisis: the Asian food markets</a>. The article itself is not dated, but mostly refers to data in the range 1995–2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-San_Diego_Zoo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-San_Diego_Zoo_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The word 'terrapin' is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> word for this animal. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/69gtOvkc7?url=http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-turtle.html">"San Diego Zoo's animal bytes: turtle & tortoise"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-turtle.html">the original</a> on August 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Diego+Zoo%27s+animal+bytes%3A+turtle+%26+tortoise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegozoo.org%2Fanimalbytes%2Ft-turtle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">'Chelonia' is based on the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word χελώνη, <i>chelōnē</i>; Modern Greek χελώνα, <i>chelōna</i>; meaning turtle/tortoise</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/12/science/12turt.html">All but ageless: turtles face their biggest threat: humans</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton2015-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Benton2015_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Details are in Benton M. 2015. <i>Vertebrate palaeontology</i>. 4th ed, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, p241–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLi_C._et_al_2008._An_ancestral_turtle_from_the_late_Triassic_of_southwestern_China2008" class="citation journal cs1">Li C. <i>et al</i> 2008. An ancestral turtle from the late Triassic of southwestern China (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/16585/files/PAL_E2289.pdf">"An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>456</b> (7221): 497–501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.456..497L">2008Natur.456..497L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07533">10.1038/nature07533</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19037315">19037315</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4405644">4405644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=An+ancestral+turtle+from+the+Late+Triassic+of+southwestern+China&rft.volume=456&rft.issue=7221&rft.pages=497-501&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4405644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19037315&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.456..497L&rft.au=Li+C.+%27%27et+al%27%27+2008.+An+ancestral+turtle+from+the+late+Triassic+of+southwestern+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F16585%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E2289.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rieppel-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rieppel_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRieppel_O._&_DeBraga_M._1996._Turtles_as_diapsid_reptiles1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rieppel O. & DeBraga M. 1996. Turtles as diapsid reptiles (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/16242/files/PAL_E3477.pdf">"Turtles as diapsid reptiles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>384</b> (6608): 453–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.384..453R">1996Natur.384..453R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F384453a0">10.1038/384453a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4264378">4264378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Turtles+as+diapsid+reptiles&rft.volume=384&rft.issue=6608&rft.pages=453-5&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4264378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F384453a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Natur.384..453R&rft.au=Rieppel+O.+%26+DeBraga+M.+1996.+Turtles+as+diapsid+reptiles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F16242%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E3477.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mannen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mannen_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMannena,_Hideyuki_&_Li,_Steven_S._1999._Molecular_evidence_for_a_clade_of_turtles1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mannena, Hideyuki & Li, Steven S. 1999. Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles (1999). "Molecular Evidence for a Clade of Turtles". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 144–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fmpev.1999.0640">10.1006/mpev.1999.0640</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10508547">10508547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Molecular+Evidence+for+a+Clade+of+Turtles&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=144-148&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fmpev.1999.0640&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10508547&rft.au=Mannena%2C+Hideyuki+%26+Li%2C+Steven+S.+1999.+Molecular+evidence+for+a+clade+of+turtles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zardoya-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zardoya_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFZardoya_R._&_Meyer_A._1998._Complete_mitochondrial_genome_suggests_diapsid_affinities_of_turtles1998" class="citation journal cs1">Zardoya R. & Meyer A. 1998. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC24355">"Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>. <b>95</b> (24): 14226–14231. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...9514226Z">1998PNAS...9514226Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.24.14226">10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC24355">24355</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9826682">9826682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=Complete+mitochondrial+genome+suggests+diapsid+affinities+of+turtles&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=14226-14231&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC24355%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9826682&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.24.14226&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...9514226Z&rft.au=Zardoya+R.+%26+Meyer+A.+1998.+Complete+mitochondrial+genome+suggests+diapsid+affinities+of+turtles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC24355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iwabe-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Iwabe_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFIwabe_N._et_al_2004._Sister_group_relationship_of_turtles_to_the_bird-crocodilian_clade_revealed_by_nuclear_DNA-coded_proteins2005" class="citation journal cs1">Iwabe N. <i>et al</i> 2004. Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird-crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/4/810.long">"Sister Group Relationship of Turtles to the Bird-Crocodilian Clade Revealed by Nuclear DNA–Coded Proteins"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 810–813. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsi075">10.1093/molbev/msi075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15625185">15625185</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Sister+Group+Relationship+of+Turtles+to+the+Bird-Crocodilian+Clade+Revealed+by+Nuclear+DNA%E2%80%93Coded+Proteins&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=810-813&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsi075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15625185&rft.au=Iwabe+N.+%27%27et+al%27%27+2004.+Sister+group+relationship+of+turtles+to+the+bird-crocodilian+clade+revealed+by+nuclear+DNA-coded+proteins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbe.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F22%2F4%2F810.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roos-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Roos_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRoos,_Jonas;_Aggarwal,_Ramesh_K._&_Janke,_Axel_2007_Extended_mitogenomic_phylogenetic_analyses_yield_new_insight_into_crocodylian_evolution_and_their_survival_of_the_Cretaceous–Tertiary_boundary2007" class="citation journal cs1">Roos, Jonas; Aggarwal, Ramesh K. & Janke, Axel 2007 Extended mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses yield new insight into crocodylian evolution and their survival of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary (2007). "Extended mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses yield new insight into crocodylian evolution and their survival of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 663–673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2007.06.018">10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17719245">17719245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Extended+mitogenomic+phylogenetic+analyses+yield+new+insight+into+crocodylian+evolution+and+their+survival+of+the+Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary+boundary&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=663-673&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2007.06.018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17719245&rft.au=Roos%2C+Jonas%3B+Aggarwal%2C+Ramesh+K.+%26+Janke%2C+Axel+2007+Extended+mitogenomic+phylogenetic+analyses+yield+new+insight+into+crocodylian+evolution+and+their+survival+of+the+Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary+boundary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katsu-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Katsu_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKatsu_Y._et_al_2010._From_reptilian_phylogenomics_to_reptilian_genomes:_analyses_of_c-Jun_and_DJ-1_proto-oncogenes2009" class="citation journal cs1">Katsu Y. <i>et al</i> 2010. From reptilian phylogenomics to reptilian genomes: analyses of c-Jun and DJ-1 proto-oncogenes (2009). "From Reptilian Phylogenomics to Reptilian Genomes: Analyses of c-<i>Jun</i> and <i>DJ-1</i> Proto-Oncogenes". <i>Cytogenetic and Genome Research</i>. <b>127</b> (2–4): 79–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000297715">10.1159/000297715</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20234127">20234127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12116018">12116018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cytogenetic+and+Genome+Research&rft.atitle=From+Reptilian+Phylogenomics+to+Reptilian+Genomes%3A+Analyses+of+c-Jun+and+DJ-1+Proto-Oncogenes&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.pages=79-93&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12116018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20234127&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000297715&rft.au=Katsu+Y.+%27%27et+al%27%27+2010.+From+reptilian+phylogenomics+to+reptilian+genomes%3A+analyses+of+c-Jun+and+DJ-1+proto-oncogenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBenton_M_J.2000" class="citation book cs1">Benton M J., Michael J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertebratepalaeo0000bent_b1i8"><i>Vertebrate Paleontology</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Blackwell Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05614-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05614-9"><bdi>978-0-632-05614-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-632-05614-9&rft.aulast=Benton+M+J.&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvertebratepalaeo0000bent_b1i8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span>, 3rd ed. 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05637-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05637-8">978-0-632-05637-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyce W.G. <i>et al.</i> 2009. A thin-shelled reptile from the Late Triassic of North America and the origin of the turtle shell. Proc Biol Sci. <b>276</b>(1656):507-13. PubMed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18842543">A thin-shelled reptile from the Late Triassic of North America and the origin of the turtle shell. - PubMed - NCBI</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Turtle" class="extiw" title="commons:Turtle">Turtle</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671870"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671876"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information on: <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Testudines" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Testudines">Turtle</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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