CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9179ce6a8ceb493f',cH: 'KvaxTar02d.quhYdK8C5IEQUGRFjza5fQEpdmmTNsyQ-1740508642-1.2.1.1-ghCsEjNLq.TzIvxqxd9z4P.WuAMSVb3Xzv9yyHZHnz1_AIjywhSYN9_XFnKuIMaC',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=cross-sectional%20survey%20research%20design&__cf_chl_tk=x3WTqMD_X50xc8ucFCafWU3FAf2V8Kjqou5RZ4vlsXM-1740508642-1.0.1.1-1XP9J1joJOQ9JZPea4UwFmoOUlmo5rGu95W3rPLSzds",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740508642',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=cross-sectional%20survey%20research%20design&__cf_chl_f_tk=x3WTqMD_X50xc8ucFCafWU3FAf2V8Kjqou5RZ4vlsXM-1740508642-1.0.1.1-1XP9J1joJOQ9JZPea4UwFmoOUlmo5rGu95W3rPLSzds",md: "wKtOcMPZ11dCHMY6mUnMppAvi9E4zwD4faIFpPZuJyw-1740508642-1.2.1.1-TUHl2CyQPFJqrUsLucSUcASbPYJL2Z6g1LCjhhy81C3NLvQ4gvOH9.kVWg3s_FHq2jrL.yvmzcTbCs4sWlodUJKI2FT3e6X5oTYkMseTK0YbGTbs18cCEwdDIIn0Zi45Pe89urMeM8dQtPraYhiu5WdLSM_w53TV2cBv_TGEppc6qACM_9P14WvncNA2QaDFHxYz_Y.r0C_iaHbtCoFdz6O5poBC1u7OsTA9azAAoGcJRxFIA9GZh6GOicfA5RRQ7XQMv8s871HlkUwaWZPl7Fu3aN4efzz7HQDRkafkIeC3thy3cnPvujOfnXGZtOBpxwAcRg.nrPVzSSrfgx1.9iug5oEU_E1kQRTXpJo8uBPYiIohjka_S.cQ3ez8gCWDN1Vts7b06L49lsIZyfZVQo_91pUiYUnSkpVHp32CE9uLVxjQhg0A1vLRnuC8Oh.ONn5WcfgMrJIx9q_BXTIB9wRF5FCUT1ioj.4vLPtX.vgokjA7rwTGk7OnwI9zQYRgXJ7sHud05XS3.Ofn2aldy4XjBX9odB.hoCnBqKN7MEPCilHdpUn8H3bs4v5gIV1QgKyNzRJbJfPW8h.C37iIZG8ZtWIghl0zL9P9hyX4Y9DbJRP8ZwPduB2Y1QtRj6n9Rj1FQ4iyUQC.X3_ayaBj60gZQoXQv0G0xrITd0LmTJXoMYONk4zbBVBd9i_fBZUz0iPjpdDRUzD4.ZZfa8KoA0qwpKEKq0KREIDO6N1GfsBnGanzXzQNekpfAYWLtGCMgM5zmaTY2y1yMzT03r86V5oxy4E7stpiCFka.JbviiVoeGtseSDrasRZezCOeN_WEe_jpnOe6uCXzFZgPvpvbvIpe4d0rptD8014ZUFMKpXIIsIJBymi.CeULKyxxKwy4FM7aPO6mkASV5.mecicXxugy5EKKPm1Rb97iP8_RaXkVZu7QJII6cKV0zntzrjAAH8JvC1TespVxYM9Zav5WI4ZBcH185PRBiGlfL.GvJpYkTMixxVsQDlxw.rJwMYMqL21rP8jUYlEBBiIdgrFAK4XFH6ygYQVgnt6jVHt.9xTS6H5TxKS7XjpZFHabhU0vu_d0rEzDIj6g6rT9lHP9lk_RZGqtCMw9aYDAZP.Yb6ck53zFp4PBy5ntkgYmgsuH6iVz7IJTdzydd.InR2giIxXezp9m9B.tgWPPm8lU62IpUH7O42vEFm5Jfn9637VxtZMaHZBsW6ud7okpqBwjVLrfvg0.lWfy7MluZMCBebqwoajI6l_II4niLK2iMrIvkByjeXBCQSPbSMOge5_YlvG7F3q3RmT4ItHS0O004Xuzmae8fny_0FmlYDTN_cRqxM9UN5wYMcg9AtRE7sYRoYZlyqpcqd9IrgOm7OOcqNMKM0.UcrE._H1ma7KN_ikQsXBqve_Fjd1mhNm68MyiMAXlmjaflYAMHZ9moM7oZQCR6gDvkqmUjLDYkrpmKj1SqlM2Kl2k3YoLrxKwIqmIjag7zBPXuvrvdMsBVeV2AoUx49pi3whaeMWm.KPK8TXjUrAUi2jjG8HgWVJRcgB2R9zfNnqsR.iRQmrCP0CMCi5gJ6ukHLKcxXIr_9jKTyHUs60VUtEl1hMlzd_3hWl1K4_63nksjDo.pjSRrvnyOZVNqvOHemTeZek4M3PvtMF7zObMf9IV.AOPBDsidsIegMS2k8NNlTh0vBsJ0vWqMzzby9cVW_GX5.rZx07ncN.seaKEEkOQYkkPdpgRNXR6EY1J5k1E8MSoEZTVqcms4IdCCJwlmOeQvB0s20T.8g.8p4zTnpkLHVrorewVpI5MTE90VJiHLrt5d66AEan4RAX_y61rMMHvdOT4t9aOx.7cXvwQGbI_IiEumYEV8UMo2NRvkQC9BXzMWBbD0SPmP.izbAk9XyyWo9S26rDP.0sPrvSvP8L96oDJJ.6xvH.gnX_ItG3nLTu8PbkfUbv0Db1yP6I50MEGNNL449XOYnyoRPqF52FeD810WuskfYhGcXhuRChtrDm7zGZnF3vOW0",mdrd: "Yd1cSQ11Wxr_P68l2GUtaLb7nMU8w248BBkGOx0UYUc-1740508642-1.2.1.1-lgfd2oKnRdsbcPRiPyGmytowgzRaG5iSzZOQwOtc7tYp1kY_K42QVa7zunP9GeutGsGAA4OmPFqSWcz6MHSrJsh6vcWIzacljZ1dz5XghHe1h_O8jNgQa8OJyLixYPzuQFvlq2BJCwjXMqOZVgGUYy5w6QKh5aPEuPnxT6QbihrVQFzddzXcSucSqzNQUPMpE74cguZkXg5xLfR7.F88ToqsrXQS51i5HyzNcVuRp1M_EBz_HJGXOF92Z5NDSEP3zF.mkplRDdvCL39B0tzeWJjJBjD16FKatSa4nMTCyi3q.rBTF55E8YKV3dQ9qrpEzdMpF3UXuoiA3nvUwocH2Gu5lz4S5hFoiCpaxZtx7Q_sReOc7RjB1uYHn8Kkhwo4ik7yarY.LuAugwV8LasZxYtMvHGiLQNXJp4CEeZqJV.e8Bo4Bxzq39RONiloAmHc0sn2stpq95KEapOg2YltBO5JSicae5wSMJ5xHqsGvAUgN_OpE6dRzaZ_vCER_XMytxiQuk8Z1Ys2dvQItVuz1v4qZq0iDksV4eQfxsHg8UYVul5z_zBVK_OZVciNdNMLZhgZGCg1txBv4H8im1vvcDF1siEwIg4hbd5hO1iL4n8jixSdB4gbbt7hGpVSpp9qp7Omk90dVVKPVKmHb.FtYoA9dApxNpCmibarhgUVPw9Zn68Y7fRf4qDMob0Cdzk5aaCBi_PnWHOX69Py2ReElobP52EH3nx5zhbRBGd6PO1pge4BccTygJ7UvWf6_Ou_J635gNppviSfqjcqor8q3COyD5qkv6ffQHAFmsFuyCLSZgPw6kJDTiYupiP1YJu9BPEYxYP3cS7o31hnop3jpLS6MF8DYR_aXaff_6SBPwdlcNkHAcmDZEBW2jgEF6kjsbgj12yNkQYbZHvLafY7lDV6BJFVH5kFetwFvPFN7KuILNAsJBc3euwhGgCglX7vcc9dmrETIPQBPtMT9JDcTxV6OM2GbscRV6YkRC_nsH4lXv4tjWKHwppNZ.EZ1fj9GjDos1SlIWa0cCjJ_nR0FlskaxOfr_owJkArJoeHKEiQxlOfjFRFf.zR.3AIPqHHi.g0pQ9daxXUfsTkkFdtGCK1nG..6xuijsMbDoW1ZWJPduHGuYs0vmeduh5bIcpQ7XQ2htm44bkpHJNRBqlsPtjAF0159Ch2GRrqhKiV5P7lHVxHm6Ye5u1lffCGgAHIbRBBtLUqQ_kUPZ_yXn203JhiFovDZsiTshMco.lgUtlcY.8N7zTCrEeD7inXWegU2Iw1mbfKw572_EgJtTqM..3MOq6pmWdu5TMxY3BBWqfQGstWKCbp3mVBjna9cTIhIlkACoqlTU8YoynOw.6fbv8sR3.bXcTJssxkZ.ap6MxSOV_Rb3nOXpht0Eb94EpnXZpdoT29kvosj.IDr6AgeCqsQMQhkUvshA23hO4YoL78F9x_TeMltQEKEw5iCptOkAYsPcX9o4z.r_ERPgUj0LqtvQ25Ijc2JzXiDI_kSGMreJkn_58T5RPuZzs_lDCYTYM6kU8gMgWQbj8IOuHKOhNcwR.2XXu8Q5ODW5BLXdQrhUU1uWSDMi9dLDjpT1MZLXha7b9N_HyU0RU6f2qbv9gJkAueXO24ubL.NHnZl.kytJJpuQkn0ynmjRZRiXm7pxPVm3Pz5B5XUSqhpfYOkO2wEPtEQEH8wqLcgIN24FmC43fg.vXOOBdBYjd9zwHZS9oo0fm_Nkq7khl1jmMbdc98.mm6AuKfjsfiIJNphjMluz9WsSu18aI18AUgQ1.H7.R1yPqWxBD3cMwkKrRpHAmn0uS2gyMDz5lXnhAWvclrRt4n3QQTqoJQ_finmxH9hgOTLJWsxTT0HKqMoDFToKCLJAMIzYHm8B7QmnTT6SYmjQGVhqdiPsbK_bH.7SlpeRQ8_5g_vWHCuwJRgWt0LcqdvORBAqNVsaynaj8lUaafQlJlQdzK3dwVmSAVmRi_5aGARnoJ7YffzOX3P_Wj7g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9179ce6a8ceb493f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=cross-sectional%20survey%20research%20design&__cf_chl_rt_tk=x3WTqMD_X50xc8ucFCafWU3FAf2V8Kjqou5RZ4vlsXM-1740508642-1.0.1.1-1XP9J1joJOQ9JZPea4UwFmoOUlmo5rGu95W3rPLSzds" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>