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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoutnik_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Spoutnik 2</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoutnik_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoutnik_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoutnik_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Spoutnik 3</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoutnik_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoutnik_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoutnik_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Spoutnik 4</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoutnik_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoutnik_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoutnik_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Spoutnik 5</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoutnik_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoutnik_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoutnik_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span><i>Spoutnik 6</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoutnik_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoutnik_7_et_Spoutnik_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoutnik_7_et_Spoutnik_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span><i>Spoutnik 7</i> et <i>Spoutnik 8</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoutnik_7_et_Spoutnik_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoutnik_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoutnik_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span><i>Spoutnik 9</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoutnik_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoutnik_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoutnik_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span><i>Spoutnik 10</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoutnik_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Annexes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Annexes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Spoutnik</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 51 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoetnik-ruimteprogram" title="Spoetnik-ruimteprogram – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spoetnik-ruimteprogram" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%83" title="قائمة مركبات الفضاء المسماة سبوتنك – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة مركبات الفضاء المسماة سبوتنك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Sputnik" title="Programa Sputnik – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Programa Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Спутник (програма) – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спутник (програма)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="স্পুতনিক প্রকল্প – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পুতনিক প্রকল্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoutnik" title="Spoutnik – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spoutnik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnjik" title="Sputnjik – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sputnjik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%BAtnik" title="Spútnik – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Spútnik" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Sputnik" title="Program Sputnik – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Program Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik-satellitter" title="Sputnik-satellitter – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sputnik-satellitter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spacecraft_called_Sputnik" title="List of spacecraft called Sputnik – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="List of spacecraft called Sputnik" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputniko" title="Sputniko – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sputniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Sputnik" title="Programa Sputnik – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programa Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فهرست فضاپیماهای اسپوتنیک – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست فضاپیماهای اسپوتنیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik-ohjelma" title="Sputnik-ohjelma – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sputnik-ohjelma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Sputnik" title="Programa Sputnik – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Programa Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="תוכנית ספוטניק – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית ספוטניק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="स्पुटनिक – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पुटनिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Sputnjik" title="Program Sputnjik – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Program Sputnjik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szputnyik-program" title="Szputnyik-program – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szputnyik-program" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Sputnik" title="Program Sputnik – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Program Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%BAtnik-geimfer%C3%B0a%C3%A1%C3%A6tlunin" title="Spútnik-geimferðaáætlunin – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spútnik-geimferðaáætlunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Sputnik" title="Programma Sputnik – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="スプートニク計画 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スプートニク計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="სპუტნიკი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპუტნიკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%91%B8%ED%8A%B8%EB%8B%88%ED%81%AC_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="스푸트니크 계획 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스푸트니크 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_programa" title="Sputnik programa – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sputnik programa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoetnikprogramma" title="Spoetnikprogramma – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spoetnikprogramma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik-programmet" title="Sputnik-programmet – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sputnik-programmet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Спутник (космическая программа) – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спутник (космическая программа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnjik" title="Sputnjik – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sputnjik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_programme" title="Sputnik programme – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sputnik programme" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Sputnik" title="Program Sputnik – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Program Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Спутњик – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спутњик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுப்புட்னிக் திட்டம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுப்புட்னிக் திட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="โครงการสปุตนิก – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงการสปุตนิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_program%C4%B1" title="Sputnik programı – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sputnik programı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Супутник (космічна програма) – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Супутник (космічна програма)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Sputnik" title="Programa Sputnik – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Programa Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sputnik" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="苏联卫星计划 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏联卫星计划" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170413#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Spoutnik" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Spoutnik" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Spoutnik" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&oldid=210237212" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Spoutnik&id=210237212&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpoutnik"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpoutnik"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Spoutnik"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Spoutnik&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170413" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_(homonymie)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spoutnik (homonymie)">Spoutnik (homonymie)</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Sputnik_asm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/220px-Sputnik_asm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/330px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/440px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Une réplique exposée à <a href="/wiki/Washington_(district_de_Columbia)" title="Washington (district de Columbia)">Washington</a> de <i><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_1" title="Spoutnik 1">Spoutnik 1</a></i>, le premier satellite artificiel de la Terre.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Spoutnik</b></i> (du <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">russe</a> : <span class="lang-ru" lang="ru">спутник</span>, signifiant « compagnon de route » ou « satellite ») est une famille de <a href="/wiki/Satellite_artificiel" title="Satellite artificiel">satellites</a> lancés par l'<a href="/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_1" title="Spoutnik 1">Spoutnik 1</a></i>, lancé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1957-10-04" data-sort-value="1957-10-04">4 octobre 1957</time>, est le premier engin placé en <a href="/wiki/Orbite" title="Orbite">orbite</a> autour de la Terre et marque le début de l'<a href="/wiki/Histoire_du_vol_spatial" title="Histoire du vol spatial">ère spatiale</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoutnik_1"><i>Spoutnik 1</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Spoutnik 1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Spoutnik 1"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_1" title="Spoutnik 1">Spoutnik 1</a>.</div></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_1" title="Spoutnik 1">Spoutnik 1</a></i> a été le premier <a href="/wiki/Satellite_artificiel" title="Satellite artificiel">satellite artificiel</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Terre" title="Terre">Terre</a>. Il est lancé par l'<a href="/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a> et mis sur orbite le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1957-10-04" data-sort-value="1957-10-04">4 octobre 1957</time> par la <a href="/wiki/Fus%C3%A9e_(astronautique)" title="Fusée (astronautique)">fusée</a> <a href="/wiki/R-7_Semiorka" title="R-7 Semiorka">R-7</a>, conçue par l'ingénieur <a href="/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Korolev" title="Sergueï Korolev">Sergueï Korolev</a>. Pour des raisons de secret et de sécurité, son nom n'est pas dévoilé et le <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> présente à la presse occidentale <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Sedov" title="Leonid Sedov">Leonid Sedov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicien" title="Physicien">physicien</a> membre de l'<a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_de_Russie" title="Académie des sciences de Russie">Académie des sciences de Russie</a>, comme « le père du <i>Spoutnik</i> ». </p><p>Il s'agissait d'une sphère de 58 <abbr class="abbr" title="centimètre">cm</abbr> de diamètre et d'une masse de 83,6 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme">kg</abbr>. Satellisé sur une orbite elliptique à une altitude comprise entre 230 et 950 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>, il tournait autour de la Terre en environ <span class="nowrap">98 minutes</span>. </p><p>Sa seule fonctionnalité a été l'émission d'un « bip-bip » sur les <a href="/wiki/Onde_radio" title="Onde radio">fréquences radio</a> de 20,005 et 40,002 <abbr class="abbr" title="mégahertz">MHz</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r216827669">.mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg")center left no-repeat;background-size:11px 11px;padding-left:15px;font-size:smaller}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg/11px-Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg.png")center left no-repeat}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg/11px-Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg.png")center left no-repeat}}</style><sup class="prononciation noprint"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Sputnik_beep.ogg" title="Fichier:Sputnik beep.ogg">Le signal de <i>Spoutnik</i>.</a></sup> </p><p>Ce lancement fut vécu comme un véritable traumatisme par les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, le <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> compara cet événement à un « <a href="/wiki/Attaque_de_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attaque de Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> technologique »<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il prouvait, selon eux, que les Soviétiques possédaient la technologie pour envoyer un <a href="/wiki/Missile_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Missile nucléaire">missile nucléaire</a> sur le continent américain. Si le lancement de <i><span class="nowrap">Spoutnik 1</span></i> apparut comme un simple événement, il a marqué le début de la course entre les États-Unis et l'URSS pour la conquête de l'espace. Cet événement symbolise donc le début de la <a href="/wiki/Course_%C3%A0_l%27espace" title="Course à l'espace">course à l'espace</a>, qui prendra un nouvel essor avec le premier homme dans l'espace, <a href="/wiki/Youri_Gagarine" title="Youri Gagarine">Youri Gagarine</a>. </p><p>La désintégration dans l'atmosphère de <i>Spoutnik 1</i> eut lieu le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1958-01-04" data-sort-value="1958-01-04">4 janvier 1958</time><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il existe de nombreuses répliques du premier <i>Spoutnik</i> dans les musées : comme aux <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a> au <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> de <a href="/wiki/Washington_(district_de_Columbia)" title="Washington (district de Columbia)">Washington D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ou en <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, à la <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_l%27espace" title="Cité de l'espace">Cité de l'espace</a> à Toulouse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoutnik_2"><i>Spoutnik 2</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Spoutnik 2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Spoutnik 2"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_2" title="Spoutnik 2"><i>Spoutnik 2</i></a>.</div></div> <p>Lancé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1957-11-03" data-sort-value="1957-11-03">3 novembre 1957</time>, ce satellite a emmené dans l'espace le premier mammifère, la <a href="/wiki/Chien" title="Chien">chienne</a> <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFka" title="Laïka">Laïka</a>, qui meurt à bord du satellite au bout de quelques heures - contrairement à ce qui est alors déclaré par la propagande soviétique<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il transportait aussi des instruments destinés à étudier en particulier les <a href="/wiki/Rayon_cosmique" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayon cosmique">rayons cosmiques</a>. </p><p>La désintégration dans l'atmosphère de <i><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_2" title="Spoutnik 2">Spoutnik 2</a></i> eut lieu le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1958-04-14" data-sort-value="1958-04-14">14 avril 1958</time>. </p><p>Ce n'est qu'après le vol de <i>Spoutnik 2</i> que les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a> réussirent à lancer leur premier satellite, <i><a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a></i>, en <time class="nowrap" datetime="1958-02" data-sort-value="1958-02">février 1958</time>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoutnik_3"><i>Spoutnik 3</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Spoutnik 3" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Spoutnik 3"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_3" title="Spoutnik 3"><i>Spoutnik 3</i></a>.</div></div> <p>Lancé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1958-05-15" data-sort-value="1958-05-15">15 mai 1958</time> depuis le <a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Ba%C3%AFkonour" title="Cosmodrome de Baïkonour">cosmodrome de Baïkonour</a>, au <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, c'était un satellite de recherche. Ses douze instruments scientifiques ont permis d'étudier la haute <a href="/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_terrestre" title="Atmosphère terrestre">atmosphère terrestre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoutnik_4"><i>Spoutnik 4</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Spoutnik 4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Spoutnik 4"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_4" title="Spoutnik 4"><i>Spoutnik 4</i></a>.</div></div> <p>Lancé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1960-05-15" data-sort-value="1960-05-15">15 mai 1960</time>, <i>Spoutnik 4</i> était un vol test pour le <a href="/wiki/Programme_Vostok" title="Programme Vostok">programme <i>Vostok</i></a> et les vols habités. Mise en orbite incorrecte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoutnik_5"><i>Spoutnik 5</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Spoutnik 5" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Spoutnik 5"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_5" title="Spoutnik 5"><i>Spoutnik 5</i></a>.</div></div> <p>Lancé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1960-08-19" data-sort-value="1960-08-19">19 août 1960</time>, c'est le deuxième vol test pour le <a href="/wiki/Programme_Vostok" title="Programme Vostok">programme <i>Vostok</i></a>. </p><p>Cet engin transportait deux chiennes, <a href="/wiki/Belka_et_Strelka" title="Belka et Strelka">Belka et Strelka</a>, quarante-deux souris, deux rats, plusieurs espèces de plantes et de fongus. Ils furent tous récupérés sains et saufs le jour suivant. C'était le premier vol spatial qui ramenait ses occupants vivants pour l'union soviétique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoutnik_6"><i>Spoutnik 6</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Spoutnik 6" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Spoutnik 6"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spoutnik 6 (page inexistante)"><i>Spoutnik 6</i></a>.</div></div> <p>Lancé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1960-12-01" data-sort-value="1960-12-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> décembre 1960</time>, c'est le troisième vol test pour le <a href="/wiki/Programme_Vostok" title="Programme Vostok">programme <i>Vostok</i></a>. </p><p>Cet engin transportait deux chiennes, Ptchelka et Mouchka. Il rata sa <a href="/wiki/Rentr%C3%A9e_atmosph%C3%A9rique" title="Rentrée atmosphérique">rentrée atmosphérique</a>, entrant sous un mauvais angle, et fut détruit, tuant du même coup les deux animaux. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoutnik_7_et_Spoutnik_8"><i>Spoutnik 7</i> et <i>Spoutnik 8</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Spoutnik 7 et Spoutnik 8" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Spoutnik 7 et Spoutnik 8"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés : <a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_7" title="Spoutnik 7"><i>Spoutnik 7</i></a> et <a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1"><i>Venera 1</i></a>.</div></div> <p>Les missions <i>Spoutnik 7</i> et <i>Spoutnik 8</i> furent en fait des lancements de sonde vers <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Vénus (planète)">Vénus</a>. La première fut un échec, mais la seconde envoya le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1961-02-12" data-sort-value="1961-02-12">12 février 1961</time> la sonde <i><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoutnik_9"><i>Spoutnik 9</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Spoutnik 9" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Spoutnik 9"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spoutnik 9 (page inexistante)"><i>Spoutnik 9</i></a>.</div></div> <p>Lancé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1961-03-09" data-sort-value="1961-03-09">9 mars 1961</time>, c'est le quatrième vol test pour le <a href="/wiki/Programme_Vostok" title="Programme Vostok">programme <i>Vostok</i></a>. </p><p>Cet engin transportait un mannequin et la chienne Tchernouchka. Le retour fut un succès. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoutnik_10"><i>Spoutnik 10</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Spoutnik 10" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Spoutnik 10"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spoutnik 10 (page inexistante)"><i>Spoutnik 10</i></a>.</div></div> <p>Lancé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1961-03-25" data-sort-value="1961-03-25">25 mars 1961</time> depuis <a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Ba%C3%AFkonour" title="Cosmodrome de Baïkonour">Baïkonour</a>, c'est le cinquième et dernier vol test pour le <a href="/wiki/Programme_Vostok" title="Programme Vostok">programme <i>Vostok</i></a>. </p><p>Cet engin transportait un mannequin et la chienne Zvezdochka. Le retour, après <span class="nowrap">101 minutes</span> de vol et une révolution orbitale, fut un succès. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> William J. Jorden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1004.html">Soviet Fires Earth Satellite Into Space; It Is Circling the Globe at 18,000 M.P.H.; Sphere Tracked in 4 Crossings Over U.S.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 5 octobre 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Buckley1971"><span class="ouvrage" id="James_L._Buckley1971"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> James L. <span class="nom_auteur">Buckley</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">A Technological Pearl Harbor</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">The New York Times</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1971-07-23" data-sort-value="1971-07-23">23 juillet 1971</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/23/archives/a-technological-pearl-harbor.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-07-16" data-sort-value="2020-07-16">16 juillet 2020</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Technological+Pearl+Harbor&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft.date=1971-07-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASpoutnik"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boutique.ina.fr/video/economie-et-societe/justice-et-faits-divers/I06194377/la-conquete-spatiale-en-union-sovietique.fr.html"><i>La conquête spatiale en Union Soviétique</i></a> - <a href="/wiki/Office_de_radiodiffusion-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Office de radiodiffusion-télévision française">ORTF</a>/<i>Visa pour l'avenir</i>, archive <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27audiovisuel" title="Institut national de l'audiovisuel">Ina</a>, 20 octobre 1966 <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-vidéo" title="Vidéo au format mpg, avi...">[vidéo]</abbr></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/sputnik-1-replica">Sputnik 1 (Replica)</a> - <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2017">« <cite style="font-style:normal">3 novembre 1957, mensonges d’État autour de la chienne Laïka, premier être vivant envoyé dans l’espace</cite> », <i>La Croix</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-11-03" data-sort-value="2017-11-03">3 novembre 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.la-croix.com/Debats/Ce-jour-la/3-novembre-1957-mensonges-dEtat-autour-chienne-Laika-premier-etre-vivant-envoye-lespace-2017-11-03-1200889163">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=3+novembre+1957%2C+mensonges+d%E2%80%99%C3%89tat+autour+de+la+chienne+La%C3%AFka%2C+premier+%C3%AAtre+vivant+envoy%C3%A9+dans+l%E2%80%99espace&rft.jtitle=La+Croix&rft.date=2017-11-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASpoutnik"></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Annexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sputnik?uselang=fr">Spoutnik</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histoire_du_vol_spatial" title="Histoire du vol spatial">Histoire du vol spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaine_mondiale_de_l%27espace" title="Semaine mondiale de l'espace">Semaine mondiale de l'espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Soyouz" title="Programme Soyouz">Programme <i>Soyouz</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> A. J. Dessler, <i>The Vernov Radiation Belt (Almost)</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(revue)" title="Science (revue)">Science</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 226, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4677, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1984-11-23" data-sort-value="1984-11-23">23 novembre 1984</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 915 <small>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/226/4677/915">lire en ligne</a>]</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Steve Garber, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/sputnik/index.html">Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a> Headquarters <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-10-10" data-sort-value="2007-10-10">10 octobre 2007</time></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Programme_Spoutnik" title="Modèle:Palette Programme Spoutnik"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Programme_Spoutnik&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellites Spoutnik</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_1" title="Spoutnik 1">Spoutnik 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_2" title="Spoutnik 2">Spoutnik 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_3" title="Spoutnik 3">Spoutnik 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_4" title="Spoutnik 4">Spoutnik 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_5" title="Spoutnik 5">Spoutnik 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spoutnik 6 (page inexistante)">Spoutnik 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_7" title="Spoutnik 7">Spoutnik 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Spoutnik 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spoutnik 9 (page inexistante)">Spoutnik 9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoutnik_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spoutnik 10 (page inexistante)">Spoutnik 10</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Programme_spatial_sovi%C3%A9tique_et_russe" title="Modèle:Palette Programme spatial soviétique et russe"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Programme_spatial_sovi%C3%A9tique_et_russe&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Programme_spatial_sovi%C3%A9tique_et_russe" title="Programme spatial soviétique et russe">Programme spatial soviétique et russe</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Lanceurs</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-7_(famille_de_lanceurs)" title="R-7 (famille de lanceurs)">R-7</a> (depuis 1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Spoutnik (fusée)">Spoutnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Vostok (fusée)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molnia_(lanceur)" title="Molnia (lanceur)">Molniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Voskhod (fusée)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz U2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz ST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_2.1v" title="Soyouz 2.1v">Soyouz 2.1v</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">Cosmos</a> (1962-2010) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">Cosmos 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">Cosmos 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">Cosmos 3M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">K65M-RB5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Proton (fusée)">Proton</a> (depuis 1965) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Proton (fusée)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Proton (fusée)">Proton K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Proton (fusée)">Proton M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-1_(lanceur_sovi%C3%A9tique)" title="N-1 (lanceur soviétique)">N-1</a> (1969-1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon" title="Tsiklon">Tsyklon</a> (1967-2009) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon-2" title="Tsiklon-2">R-36 orb.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon-2" title="Tsiklon-2">Tsyklon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon-2" title="Tsiklon-2">Tsyklon 2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon-3" title="Tsiklon-3">Tsyklon 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energuia" title="Energuia">Energuia</a> (1987-1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Zenit (fusée)">Zenit</a> (depuis 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start-1" title="Start-1">START</a> (depuis 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a> (depuis 1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot-M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volna_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Volna (fusée)">Volna</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29RM_Shtil" title="R-29RM Shtil">Shtil</a> (1998-2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Strela (fusée)">Strela</a> (depuis 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Angara (fusée)">Angara</a> (depuis 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz-5_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz-5 (fusée)">Soyouz-5</a> (en développement)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Étages supérieurs</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li>Bloc L (Molniya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_D" title="Bloc D">Bloc D</a> (Proton, N1, Energiya, Zenit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briz" title="Briz">Briz</a> (Rokot, Proton, Angara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikar" title="Ikar">Ikar</a> (Soyouz U)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fregat" title="Fregat">Fregat</a> (Soyouz U, FG, 2.1a, 2.1b, ST-A, ST-B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_(%C3%A9tage_de_fus%C3%A9e)" title="Volga (étage de fusée)">Volga</a> (Soyouz 2.1a, 2.1v)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Vol_spatial_habit%C3%A9" title="Vol spatial habité">Missions habitées</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Programmes</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Vostok" title="Programme Vostok">Programme Vostok</a> (1960-1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Voskhod" title="Programme Voskhod">Programme Voskhod</a> (1964-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Zond" title="Programme Zond">Programme Zond</a> (1964-1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Soyouz" title="Programme Soyouz">Programme Soyouz</a> (depuis 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_lunaire_habit%C3%A9_sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Programme lunaire habité soviétique">Programme lunaire habité soviétique</a> (1964-1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout" title="Saliout">Saliout</a> (1971-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyouz" title="Apollo-Soyouz">Apollo-Soyouz</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (1973-1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(station_spatiale)" title="Mir (station spatiale)">Mir</a> (1986-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourane" title="Bourane">Bourane</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Shuttle-Mir" title="Programme Shuttle-Mir">Programme Shuttle-Mir</a> (1994-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_spatiale_internationale" title="Station spatiale internationale">Station spatiale internationale</a> (depuis 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_de_recherche_lunaire_internationale" title="Station de recherche lunaire internationale">Station de recherche lunaire internationale</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Vaisseau_spatial" title="Vaisseau spatial">Vaisseaux spatiaux</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="Voskhod (vaisseau spatial)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="Vostok (vaisseau spatial)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(v%C3%A9hicule_spatial)" title="Soyouz (véhicule spatial)">Soyouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK_(v%C3%A9hicule_spatial)" title="LK (véhicule spatial)">LK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKS_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="TKS (vaisseau spatial)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriol_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="Oriol (vaisseau spatial)">Oriol</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Station_spatiale" title="Station spatiale">Stations spatiales</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_1" title="Saliout 1">Saliout 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_2" title="Saliout 2">Saliout 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_3" title="Saliout 3">Saliout 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_4" title="Saliout 4">Saliout 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_5" title="Saliout 5">Saliout 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_6" title="Saliout 6">Saliout 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_7" title="Saliout 7">Saliout 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(station_spatiale)" title="Mir (station spatiale)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_spatiale_internationale" title="Station spatiale internationale">Station spatiale internationale</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Satellite_scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite scientifique">Satellites scientifiques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Exploration du<br />système solaire</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Luna" title="Programme Luna">Programme Luna</a> (1959-1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Marsnik" title="Programme Marsnik">Programme Marsnik</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Mars" title="Programme Mars">Programme Mars</a> (1960-1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Venera" title="Programme Venera">Programme Venera</a> (1961-1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Zond" title="Programme Zond">Programme Zond</a> (1964-1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Lunokhod" title="Programme Lunokhod">Programme Lunokhod</a> (1970-1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Vega (sonde spatiale)">Programme Vega</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Phobos" title="Programme Phobos">Programme Phobos</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos-Grunt" title="Phobos-Grunt">Phobos-Grunt</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Astronomie</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(satellite)" title="Astron (satellite)">Astron</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadioAstron" title="RadioAstron">RadioAstron</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_spatial_mondial-Ultraviolet" title="Observatoire spatial mondial-Ultraviolet">WSO‑UV</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Étude du Soleil</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronas-I" title="Coronas-I">Coronas-I</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronas-F" title="Coronas-F">Coronas-F</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronas-Photon" title="Coronas-Photon">Coronas-Foton</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Satellite_d%27observation_de_la_Terre" title="Satellite d'observation de la Terre">Observation de la Terre</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektron_(satellite)" title="Elektron (satellite)">Elektron</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera" title="Sfera">Sfera</a> (1968-1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionosferna%C3%AFa_Stantsi%C3%AFa" title="Ionosfernaïa Stantsiïa">Ionosfernaïa Stantsiïa</a> (1969-1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9ole_1_et_2" title="Auréole 1 et 2">Auréole 1 et 2</a> (1971-1973) franco-russe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_(satellite)" title="Prognoz (satellite)">Prognoz</a> (1972-1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9ole_3" title="Auréole 3">Auréole 3</a> (1981) franco-russe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_(satellite)" title="Prognoz (satellite)">Prognoz-M</a> (1995-1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relek (page inexistante)">Relek</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Lomonossov_(satellite)" title="Mikhaïl Lomonossov (satellite)">Mikhaïl Lomonossov</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka-T" title="Oka-T">Oka-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezonans" title="Rezonans">Rezonans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strannik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strannik (page inexistante)">Strannik</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Technologie, autres</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spoutnik</a> (1957-1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Spoutnik" title="Dnipropetrovsk Spoutnik">Dnipropetrovsk Spoutnik</a> (1960-1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercosmos" title="Intercosmos">Intercosmos</a> (1972-1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efir" title="Efir">Efir</a> (1984-1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foton_(satellite)" title="Foton (satellite)">Foton</a> (depuis 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamia" title="Znamia">Znamia</a> (1992-1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeya_(satellite)" title="Zeya (satellite)">Zeya</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Satellites d'application</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Satellite_d%27observation_de_la_Terre" title="Satellite d'observation de la Terre">Observation de la Terre</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor</a> (depuis 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resours-F" title="Resours-F">Resours-F</a> (1979-1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resours-O1" title="Resours-O1">Resours-O1</a> (1983-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz#Les_satellites_radar_Almaz-T" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (1986-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okean" title="Okean">Okean</a> (depuis 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro-1" title="Elektro-1">Elektro-1</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor-E" title="Monitor-E">Monitor-E</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resours-DK1" title="Resours-DK1">Resours-DK1</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro-L" title="Elektro-L">Elektro-L</a> (2011-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus-V" title="Canopus-V">Canopus-V</a> (2012-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resours-P" title="Resours-P">Resours-P</a> (2013-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(satellite)" title="Arktika (satellite)">Arktika</a> (2017-)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkout_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkout (satellite) (page inexistante)">Berkout</a> (2025-)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smotr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smotr (page inexistante)">Smotr</a> (2028-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Télécommunications</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molnia_(satellite)" title="Molnia (satellite)">Molnia</a> (1964-2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonum-1" title="Bonum-1">Bonum-1</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekran_(satellite)" title="Ekran (satellite)">Ekran</a> (1964-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorisont" title="Gorisont">Gorisont</a> (1979-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutch" title="Loutch">Loutch</a> (1985-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadejda_(satellite)" title="Nadejda (satellite)">Nadejda</a> (1982-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonets" title="Gonets">Gonets</a> (1992-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress_(satellite)" title="Ekspress (satellite)">Express</a> (depuis 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gals_(satellite)" title="Gals (satellite)">Gals</a> (1994-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koupon_(satellite)" title="Koupon (satellite)">Koupon</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_(satellite)" title="Yamal (satellite)">Yamal</a> (1999-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(satellite)" title="Meridian (satellite)">Meridian</a> (2006-2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterkh" title="Sterkh">Sterkh</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagovest_(satellite)" title="Blagovest (satellite)">Blagovest</a> (2017-2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skif_(satellite)" title="Skif (satellite)">Skif</a> (2027-2029)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathon_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marathon (satellite) (page inexistante)">Marathon</a> (2024-)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekspress-RV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekspress-RV (page inexistante)">Ekspress-RV</a> (2025-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Navigation</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsikada" title="Tsikada">Tsikada</a> (1976-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadejda_(satellite)" title="Nadejda (satellite)">Nadejda</a> (1982-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">Ouragan</a> (<a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>) (1982-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Satellite_militaire" title="Satellite militaire">Satellites militaires</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Reconnaissance optique et radar</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit</a> (1961-1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iantar" title="Iantar">Iantar</a> (depuis 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz#Les_satellites_radar_Almaz-T" title="Almaz">Almaz-T</a> (1986-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlets_(satellite)" title="Orlets (satellite)">Orlets</a> (1989-2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araks_(satellite)" title="Araks (satellite)">Araks</a> (1997-2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persona_(satellite)" title="Persona (satellite)">Persona</a> (2008-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondor_(satellite)" title="Kondor (satellite)">Kondor</a> (2013-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bars-M" title="Bars-M">Bars-M</a> (2015-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neitron" title="Neitron">Neitron</a> (2022-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razdan" title="Razdan">Razdan</a> (202x?-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Surveillance des océans</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radar_Ocean_Reconnaissance_Satellite" title="Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite">RORSAT (US-A)</a> (1965-1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-P" title="US-P">US-P</a> (1974-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-P" title="US-P">US-PM</a> (1993-2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pion-NKS" title="Pion-NKS">Pion-NKS</a> (2021-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Écoute électronique</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tselina_(satellite)" title="Tselina (satellite)">Tselina</a> (1967-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotos_(satellite)" title="Lotos (satellite)">Lotos</a> (2009-)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olymp-K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olymp-K (page inexistante)">Olymp-K</a> (2014-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Satellite_d%27alerte_pr%C3%A9coce" title="Satellite d'alerte précoce">Alerte précoce</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oko_(satellite)" title="Oko (satellite)">Oko</a> (1972-2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US-K" title="US-K">US-K</a> (1972-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-K" title="US-K">US-KS</a> (1975-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-KMO" title="US-KMO">US-KMO</a> (1991-2012)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toundra_(satellite)" title="Toundra (satellite)">Toundra</a> (2015-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Navigation</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon_(satellite)" title="Tsiklon (satellite)">Tsiklon/Zaliv</a> (1973-1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parous_(satellite)" title="Parous (satellite)">Parous</a> (1974-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">Ouragan</a> (<a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>) (1982-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Télécommunications</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(satellite)" title="Strela (satellite)">Strela</a> (1964-2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radouga_(satellite)" title="Radouga (satellite)">Radouga</a> (1975-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potok_(satellite)" title="Potok (satellite)">Potok</a> (1976-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutch" title="Loutch">Loutch</a> (1985-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(satellite)" title="Strela (satellite)">Rodnik</a> (2005-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garpoun" title="Garpoun">Garpoun</a> (2011-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Technologie, autre</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DS-P1" title="DS-P1">DS-P1</a> (1962-1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGCh" title="OGCh">OGCh</a> (1965-1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon_(satellite)" title="Tsiklon (satellite)">Tsiklon</a> (1967-1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS_(satellite)" title="IS (satellite)">IS</a> (1968-1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DS-P1-M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DS-P1-M (page inexistante)">DS-P1-M</a> (1970-1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifoun" title="Taifoun">Taifoun</a> (1974-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo-IK" title="Geo-IK">Geo-IK</a> (1981-1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polious" title="Polious">Polious</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etalon_(satellite)" title="Etalon (satellite)">Etalon</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo-IK-2" title="Geo-IK-2">Geo-IK-2</a> (2011-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Centres de lancement</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Ba%C3%AFkonour" title="Cosmodrome de Baïkonour">Cosmodrome de Baïkonour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Plessetsk" title="Cosmodrome de Plessetsk">Cosmodrome de Plessetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Kapoustine_Iar" title="Cosmodrome de Kapoustine Iar">Cosmodrome de Kapoustine Iar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_Vostotchny" title="Cosmodrome Vostotchny">Cosmodrome Vostotchny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Iasny" title="Cosmodrome de Iasny">Cosmodrome de Iasny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Svobodny" title="Cosmodrome de Svobodny">Cosmodrome de Svobodny</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Établissements</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_recherche_et_de_production_Progress" title="Centre national de recherche et de production Progress">Usine Progress de Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_russe_de_communication_avec_l%27espace_lointain" title="Réseau russe de communication avec l'espace lointain">Réseau russe de communication avec l'espace lointain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_de_contr%C3%B4le_des_vols_spatiaux_TsUP" title="Centre de contrôle des vols spatiaux TsUP">Centre de contrôle des vols spatiaux TsUP</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Projet annulés</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_lunaire_habit%C3%A9_sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Programme lunaire habité soviétique">Programme lunaire habité soviétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK_(projet)" title="TMK (projet)">TMK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gourevitch_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gourevitch MiG-105">MiG-105 Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKS_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="TKS (vaisseau spatial)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polious" title="Polious">Polious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_a%C3%A9rospatial_MAKS" title="Système aérospatial MAKS">Système aérospatial MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus-M" title="Rus-M">Rus-M</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Projets en cours</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Projet_russe_de_mission_habit%C3%A9e_vers_Mars" title="Projet russe de mission habitée vers Mars">Projet russe de mission habitée vers Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(constellation_de_satellites)" title="Sfera (constellation de satellites)">Sfera</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Programmes</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_spatial_sovi%C3%A9tique_et_russe" title="Programme spatial soviétique et russe">Programme spatial soviétique et russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_lunaire_habit%C3%A9_sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Programme lunaire habité soviétique">Programme lunaire habité soviétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronautique" title="Portail de l’astronautique"><img alt="icône décorative" 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