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id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MINIX_1.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MINIX_1.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>MINIX 1.0</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MINIX_1.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MINIX_1.4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MINIX_1.4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>MINIX 1.4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MINIX_1.4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MINIX_1.5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MINIX_1.5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>MINIX 1.5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MINIX_1.5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MINIX_2.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MINIX_2.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>MINIX 2.0</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MINIX_2.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minix-vmd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minix-vmd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Minix-vmd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minix-vmd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MINIX_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MINIX_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>MINIX 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MINIX_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Linux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Linux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relationship with Linux</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_Linux-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with Linux subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Linux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samizdat_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samizdat_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Samizdat</i> claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samizdat_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minix</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3" title="مينيكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مينيكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="মিনিক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিনিক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix_(Betriebssystem)" title="Minix (Betriebssystem) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minix (Betriebssystem)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minikso" title="Minikso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Minikso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="مینیکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مینیکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="미닉스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미닉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Մինիքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մինիքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="מיניקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיניקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಿನಿಕ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಿನಿಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മിനിക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിനിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix" title="Minix – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Minix" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="MINIX" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187906#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">MINIX</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minix3_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Minix3_Logo.png/100px-Minix3_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Minix3_Logo.png/150px-Minix3_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Minix3_Logo.png/200px-Minix3_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minix_3.3.0_login_prompt_2_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The MINIX 3.3.0 login prompt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Minix_3.3.0_login_prompt_2_screenshot.png/300px-Minix_3.3.0_login_prompt_2_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Minix_3.3.0_login_prompt_2_screenshot.png/450px-Minix_3.3.0_login_prompt_2_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Minix_3.3.0_login_prompt_2_screenshot.png/600px-Minix_3.3.0_login_prompt_2_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="409" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The MINIX 3.3.0 <a href="/wiki/Login" title="Login">login</a> prompt</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, et al.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Abandoned</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1987<span class="noprint">; 38 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.3.0<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / 16 September 2014<span class="noprint">; 10 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2014-09-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest preview</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.4.0rc6<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / 9 May 2017<span class="noprint">; 7 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2017-05-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.minix3.org">git<wbr />.minix3<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187906#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Teaching" title="Teaching">Teaching</a> (v1, v2)<br /><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded systems</a> (v3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data">Compile from <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></th><td class="infobox-data">N/A</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">68000</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARCstation" title="SPARCstation">SPARCstation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 386">Intel 386</a>, <a href="/wiki/NS320xx" class="mw-redirect" title="NS320xx">NS32532</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inmos" title="Inmos">Inmos</a> <a href="/wiki/Transputer" title="Transputer">transputer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_Management_Engine" title="Intel Management Engine">Intel Management Engine</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2005: <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD 3-Clause</a><sup id="cite_ref-BSD-4-Clause-MINIX_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSD-4-Clause-MINIX-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bsd34clause_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsd34clause-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2000: <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD 3-Clause</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-license-2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-license-2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-retroactive-2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retroactive-2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1995: <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1987: <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minix3.org">www<wbr />.minix3<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>MINIX</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> based on a <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">architecture</a>, first released in 1987 and written by American-Dutch computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>. It was designed as a clone of the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one that could run on affordable, <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a>; MINIX was targeted for use in classrooms by <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> students at universities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its name comes from <i>mini-Unix</i>. MINIX was initially <a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">proprietary source-available</a>, but was relicensed under the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD 3-Clause</a> to become <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-license-2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-license-2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MINIX was ported to various additional platforms in the 1990s, and version 2.0 was released in 1997 and was the first to be <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> compliant.<sup id="cite_ref-who-wrote-linux-notes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-wrote-linux-notes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minix3-faq_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minix3-faq-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with <a href="/wiki/MINIX_3" class="mw-redirect" title="MINIX 3">MINIX 3</a>, released in 2005, the primary aim of development shifted from education to the creation of a <a href="/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">highly reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-management_(computer_science)" title="Self-management (computer science)">self-healing</a> microkernel OS. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MINIX_1.0">MINIX 1.0</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: MINIX 1.0"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a> created MINIX at <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrije Universiteit">Vrije Universiteit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> to exemplify the principles conveyed in his <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Operating_Systems:_Design_and_Implementation" title="Operating Systems: Design and Implementation">Operating Systems: Design and Implementation</a></i> (1987). (Despite sharing a name, it has no relation to the older MINIX from Digital Systems House, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_UNIX" title="Ancient UNIX">AT&T Unix</a> code.) </p><p>An abridged 12,010 lines of the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory manager</a>, and <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> of MINIX 1.0 are printed in the book. <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a> also released MINIX source code and binaries on <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> with a reference manual. MINIX 1 was system-call compatible with <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Edition_Unix" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Edition Unix">Seventh Edition Unix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanenbaum originally developed MINIX for compatibility with the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC/AT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC/AT">IBM PC/AT</a> <a href="/wiki/8088" class="mw-redirect" title="8088">8088</a> <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a> available at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MINIX_1.4">MINIX 1.4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: MINIX 1.4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a version of MINIX floating around that supports the Peripheral Technology PT68K-2 and PT68K-4 computers. The PT68K-2 and the PT68K-4 are both 68000 based computers with a standard 8 bit IBM PC ISA bus that has 6 connectors on the main board. It was ported to the PT68K machines by Gary Mills and Sidney Thompson. The port was adapted from the Atari port since it too is a 68000 based machine. The PT68K version has added support for the PT XT-IDE card from Peripheral Technology. It currently only supports the MDA display adapter (no CGA, EGA or VGA). For this reason, it has not yet been ported to the PT68K-5 (aka CDS68020). There is an SD Card image available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://github.com/mevenson/minix-for-the-PT68K-2-4">https://github.com/mevenson/minix-for-the-PT68K-2-4</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MINIX_1.5">MINIX 1.5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: MINIX 1.5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MINIX 1.5, released in 1991, included support for <a href="/wiki/MicroChannel" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroChannel">MicroChannel</a> <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">IBM PS/2</a> systems and was also <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">ported</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a> and <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> architectures, supporting the <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> <a href="/wiki/SPARCstation" title="SPARCstation">SPARCstation</a> <a href="/wiki/Platform_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform (computing)">computer platforms</a>. There were also unofficial ports to <a href="/wiki/Intel_386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 386">Intel 386</a> <a href="/wiki/PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="PC compatible">PC compatibles</a> (in <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a>), <a href="/wiki/National_Semiconductor" title="National Semiconductor">National Semiconductor</a> <a href="/wiki/NS320xx" class="mw-redirect" title="NS320xx">NS32532</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inmos" title="Inmos">Inmos</a> <a href="/wiki/Transputer" title="Transputer">transputer</a> processors. <a href="/wiki/Meiko_Scientific" title="Meiko Scientific">Meiko Scientific</a> used an early version of MINIX as the basis for the <a href="/wiki/MeikOS" class="mw-redirect" title="MeikOS">MeikOS</a> operating system for its transputer-based <a href="/wiki/Computing_Surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Computing Surface">Computing Surface</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel computer">parallel computers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MINIX_2.0">MINIX 2.0</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: MINIX 2.0"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MINIX_2.0.4_Startup_Login.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MINIX_2.0.4_Startup_Login.png/220px-MINIX_2.0.4_Startup_Login.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MINIX_2.0.4_Startup_Login.png/330px-MINIX_2.0.4_Startup_Login.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MINIX_2.0.4_Startup_Login.png/440px-MINIX_2.0.4_Startup_Login.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>MINIX 2.0.4 system startup and login prompt</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MINIX_2.0.4_Shell_Interaction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MINIX_2.0.4_Shell_Interaction.png/220px-MINIX_2.0.4_Shell_Interaction.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MINIX_2.0.4_Shell_Interaction.png/330px-MINIX_2.0.4_Shell_Interaction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MINIX_2.0.4_Shell_Interaction.png/440px-MINIX_2.0.4_Shell_Interaction.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>MINIX 2.0.4 <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">shell</a> interaction</figcaption></figure> <p>Demand for the 68k-architectures waned, however, and MINIX 2.0, released in 1997, was only available for the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>-hosted SPARC architectures. It was the subject of the second edition of Tanenbaum's textbook, cowritten with Albert Woodhull and was distributed on a <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> included with the book. MINIX 2.0 added <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>.1 compliance, support for 386 and later processors in 32-bit mode and replaced the <a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">Amoeba</a> network protocols included in MINIX 1.5 with a <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> stack. A version of MINIX running as a user process under <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> was also available, a simulator named SMX (operating system) or just <i>SMX</i> for short.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Version 2.0.3 was released in May 2001. It was the first version after MINIX had been relicensed under the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD-3-Clause</a> license, which was retroactively applied to all previous versions.<sup id="cite_ref-bsd3clause_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsd3clause-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minix-vmd">Minix-vmd</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Minix-vmd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minix-vmd is a variant of MINIX 2.0 for Intel <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>-compatible processors, created by two Vrije Universiteit researchers, which adds <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> and support for the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MINIX_3">MINIX 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: MINIX 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MINIX_3" class="mw-redirect" title="MINIX 3">MINIX 3</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minix_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Minix_3.png/220px-Minix_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Minix_3.png/330px-Minix_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Minix_3.png/440px-Minix_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>MINIX 3 running <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X11</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Twm" title="Twm">twm</a> window manager</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_MINIX_3_Microkernel_Architecture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_MINIX_3_Microkernel_Architecture.png/250px-The_MINIX_3_Microkernel_Architecture.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_MINIX_3_Microkernel_Architecture.png/330px-The_MINIX_3_Microkernel_Architecture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_MINIX_3_Microkernel_Architecture.png/500px-The_MINIX_3_Microkernel_Architecture.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Architecture of MINIX 3</figcaption></figure> <p>MINIX 3 was publicly announced on 24 October 2005 by Tanenbaum during his keynote speech at the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM) Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP). Although it still serves as an example for the new edition of Tanenbaum's textbook, coauthored by Albert S. Woodhull, it is comprehensively redesigned to be "usable as a serious system on resource-limited and embedded computers and for applications requiring high reliability."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MINIX 3 currently supports <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a> systems. It is available in a <a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">live CD</a> format that allows it to be used on a computer without installing it on the hard drive, and in versions compatible with hardware emulating and virtualizing systems, including <a href="/wiki/Bochs" title="Bochs">Bochs</a>, <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>, <a href="/wiki/VMware_Workstation" title="VMware Workstation">VMware Workstation</a> and <a href="/wiki/VMware_Fusion" title="VMware Fusion">Fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Virtual_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Virtual PC">Microsoft Virtual PC</a>. </p><p>Version 3.1.2 was released on 18 April 2006. It was the first version after MINIX had been relicensed under the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD-3-Clause</a> license with a new fourth clause.<sup id="cite_ref-3.1.2_license_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.1.2_license-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minix3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Minix3.png/250px-Minix3.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Minix3.png/500px-Minix3.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>MINIX 3.1.7 running <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X11</a> with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Equinox_Desktop_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equinox Desktop Environment (page does not exist)">EDE</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Version 3.1.5 was released on 5 November 2009. It contains <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">emacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="C compiler">cc</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">gcc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almquist_shell" title="Almquist shell">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Zsh">zsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ftp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ftp">ftp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">ssh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine_(e-mail_client)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine (e-mail client)">pine</a>, and over 400 other common <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> utility programs. With the addition of X11, this version marks the transition away from a text-only system. In many cases it can automatically restart a crashed driver without affecting running processes. In this way, MINIX is self-healing and can be used in applications demanding high reliability. MINIX 3 also has support for <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> management, making it suitable for desktop OS use.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desktop applications such as <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a> are not yet available for MINIX 3 however. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MINIX_3.2_Top_Command.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MINIX_3.2_Top_Command.png/250px-MINIX_3.2_Top_Command.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MINIX_3.2_Top_Command.png/330px-MINIX_3.2_Top_Command.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MINIX_3.2_Top_Command.png/500px-MINIX_3.2_Top_Command.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>MINIX 3.2 running the "<a href="/wiki/Top_(software)" title="Top (software)">top</a>" system monitoring command</figcaption></figure> <p>As of version 3.2.0, the <a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">userland</a> was mostly replaced by that of <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> and support from <a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a> became possible, increasing the available software applications that MINIX can use. <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a> replaced the prior compiler (with <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> now having to be manually compiled), and <a href="/wiki/GDB" class="mw-redirect" title="GDB">GDB</a>, the GNU debugger, was ported.<sup id="cite_ref-wiki-releases_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiki-releases-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MINIX 3.3.0, released in September 2014, brought ARM support. </p><p>MINIX 3.4.0RC, Release Candidates became available in January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a stable release of MINIX 3.4.0 is yet to be announced, and MINIX development has been dormant since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MINIX supports many programming languages, including <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>. </p><p>Over 50 people attended MINIXCon 2016, a conference to discuss the history and future of MINIX.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Intel chipsets post-2015 are running MINIX 3 internally as the software component of the <a href="/wiki/Intel_Management_Engine" title="Intel Management Engine">Intel Management Engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Linux">Relationship with Linux</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship with Linux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_influence">Early influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> used and appreciated MINIX,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his design deviated from the MINIX architecture in significant ways, most notably by employing a <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic kernel</a> instead of a <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a>. This was disapproved of by Tanenbaum in the <a href="/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a>. Tanenbaum explained again his rationale for using a microkernel in May 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> development was done on a MINIX host system, which led to <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> inheriting various features from MINIX, such as the <a href="/wiki/MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX file system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Raymond">Eric Raymond</a> claimed that Linus hasn't actually written Linux from scratch, but rather reused source code of MINIX itself to have working codebase. As the development progressed, MINIX code was gradually phased out completely.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samizdat_claims"><i>Samizdat</i> claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Samizdat claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2004, Kenneth Brown of the <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">Alexis de Tocqueville Institution</a> made the accusation that major parts of the Linux kernel had been copied from the MINIX codebase, in a book named <i><a href="/wiki/Samizdat_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samizdat (book)">Samizdat</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These accusations were rebutted universally—most prominently by Tanenbaum, who strongly criticised Brown and published a long rebuttal on his own personal Web site, also claiming that Brown was funded by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-who-wrote-linux-notes_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-wrote-linux-notes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minix3-faq_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minix3-faq-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of MINIX's original development, its <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">license</a> was relatively liberal. Its licensing fee was very small ($69) relative to those of other operating systems. Tanenbaum wished for MINIX to be as accessible as possible to <a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">students</a>, but his publisher was unwilling to offer material (such as the source code) that could be copied freely, so a restrictive license requiring a nominal fee (included in the price of Tanenbaum's book) was applied as a compromise. This prevented the use of MINIX as the basis for a freely distributed software system. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source</a> Unix-like operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a> became available in the early 1990s, many <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteer</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">software developers</a> abandoned MINIX in favor of these. In April 2000, MINIX became <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> under the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD-3-Clause</a> license, which was retroactively applied to all previous versions.<sup id="cite_ref-bsd3clause_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsd3clause-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-retroactive-2000_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retroactive-2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by this time other operating systems had surpassed its capabilities, and it remained primarily an operating system for students and <a href="/wiki/Hobbyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbyist">hobbyists</a>. In late 2005, MINIX was relicensed with a fourth clause added to the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD-3-Clause</a> license.<sup id="cite_ref-bsd34clause_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsd34clause-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redox_(operating_system)" title="Redox (operating system)">Redox</a>, an operating system in Rust using a MINIX-like kernel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinu" title="Xinu">Xinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xv6" title="Xv6">xv6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BSD-4-Clause-MINIX-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSD-4-Clause-MINIX_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BSD 3-Clause with a fourth clause</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Larabel2014" class="citation web cs1">Michael Larabel (16 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTc4OTk">"Minix 3.3 Released With Cortex-A8 ARM Support, NetBSD Userland Compatibility"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phoronix_Test_Suite#Phoronix_website" title="Phoronix Test Suite">Phoronix</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325073122/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTc4OTk">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix&rft.atitle=Minix+3.3+Released+With+Cortex-A8+ARM+Support%2C+NetBSD+Userland+Compatibility&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft.au=Michael+Larabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DMTc4OTk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MINIX-3.4-RC6-Released">"MINIX 3.4 RC6 Released - Phoronix"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318093024/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MINIX-3.4-RC6-Released">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MINIX+3.4+RC6+Released+-+Phoronix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DMINIX-3.4-RC6-Released&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701161110/http://blog.ptsecurity.com/2017/04/intel-me-way-of-static-analysis.html">"Intel ME: The Way of Static Analysis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.ptsecurity.com/2017/04/intel-me-way-of-static-analysis.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intel+ME%3A+The+Way+of+Static+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.ptsecurity.com%2F2017%2F04%2Fintel-me-way-of-static-analysis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bsd34clause-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bsd34clause_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bsd34clause_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051124074039/http://www.minix3.org/license.html">"The MINIX license"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minix3.org/license.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MINIX+license&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minix3.org%2Flicense.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.minix/c/tBv9PBZiLys/m/MvK3BN4NKtEJ">"MINIX license change"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206110556/https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.minix/c/tBv9PBZiLys/m/MvK3BN4NKtEJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MINIX+license+change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fg%2Fcomp.os.minix%2Fc%2FtBv9PBZiLys%2Fm%2FMvK3BN4NKtEJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-license-2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-license-2000_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-license-2000_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minix1.woodhull.com/faq/mxlicense.html">"MINIX is now available under the BSD license"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060508041900/http://minix1.woodhull.com/faq/mxlicense.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MINIX+is+now+available+under+the+BSD+license&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminix1.woodhull.com%2Ffaq%2Fmxlicense.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-retroactive-2000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-retroactive-2000_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-retroactive-2000_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minix-vmd.org/pub/minix/">"Minix"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013051221/http://www.minix-vmd.org/pub/minix/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>. <q><i>The Minix license changed in April 2000, and applies retroactively to all previous Minix distributions, even though they still carry the old, more restrictive license within.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minix-vmd.org%2Fpub%2Fminix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970726010847/http://www.cs.vu.nl/ftp/minix/LICENSE">"License (1.7.0 to 2.0.2)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.vu.nl/ftp/minix/LICENSE">the original</a> on 26 July 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=License+%281.7.0+to+2.0.2%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.vu.nl%2Fftp%2Fminix%2FLICENSE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minix1.woodhull.com/teaching/teach_ver.html">"Minix versions and their use in teaching"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711224110/http://minix1.woodhull.com/teaching/teach_ver.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minix+versions+and+their+use+in+teaching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminix1.woodhull.com%2Fteaching%2Fteach_ver.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthes" class="citation web cs1">Anthes, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/1698275/timeline-40-years-of-unix.html">"Timeline: 40 Years Of Unix"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+40+Years+Of+Unix&rft.aulast=Anthes&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F1698275%2Ftimeline-40-years-of-unix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBentson" class="citation web cs1">Bentson, Randolph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.5555/324785.324786">"The Humble Beginnings of Linux"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.atitle=The+Humble+Beginnings+of+Linux&rft.aulast=Bentson&rft.aufirst=Randolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2FfullHtml%2F10.5555%2F324785.324786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByfield2010" class="citation web cs1">Byfield, Bruce (1 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/10754">"An Introduction to MINIX | Linux Journal"</a>. <i>www.linuxjournal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linuxjournal.com&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+MINIX+%7C+Linux+Journal&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.aulast=Byfield&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F10754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-wrote-linux-notes-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who-wrote-linux-notes_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who-wrote-linux-notes_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaum2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Tanenbaum, Andrew S.</a> (20 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818183310/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/">"Some Notes on the "Who wrote Linux" Kerfuffle, Release 1.5"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/">the original</a> on 18 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Notes+on+the+%22Who+wrote+Linux%22+Kerfuffle%2C+Release+1.5&rft.date=2004-05-20&rft.aulast=Tanenbaum&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.vu.nl%2F~ast%2Fbrown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minix3-faq-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minix3-faq_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minix3-faq_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaumWoodhullSambuc2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Tanenbaum, Andrew S.</a>; Woodhull, Albert S.; Sambuc, Lionel (11 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426190210/https://wiki.minix3.org/doku.php?id=faq">"MINIX 3 FAQ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.minix3.org/doku.php?id=faq">the original</a> on 26 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MINIX+3+FAQ&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.aulast=Tanenbaum&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft.au=Woodhull%2C+Albert+S.&rft.au=Sambuc%2C+Lionel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.minix3.org%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dfaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1979-07-30_13_31/page/n39/">"MINIX advertisement"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. Vol. 13, no. 31. 30 July 1979. p. 38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=MINIX+advertisement&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1979-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_computerworld_1979-07-30_13_31%2Fpage%2Fn39%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaumWoodhull1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Tanenbaum, Andrew S.</a>; Woodhull, Albert S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operating+Systems+Design+and+Implementation&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35792209&rft.isbn=0-13-638677-6&rft.aulast=Tanenbaum&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft.au=Woodhull%2C+Albert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperatingsystems00tane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/macminix">"MacMinix"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226193955/https://github.com/macminix">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=MacMinix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmacminix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaumWoodhullBot2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+MINIX&rft.date=2005-07-22&rft.aulast=Tanenbaum&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft.au=Woodhull%2C+Albert+S.&rft.au=Bot%2C+Kees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minix3.org%2Fprevious-versions%2FCD-ROM-2.0%2FREADME.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlouris" class="citation web cs1">Flouris, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512214241/http://www.csd.uoc.gr/~hy345/assignments/99b/smx_howto.html">"Installing and running MINIX for Solaris (SMX)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.minix3.org&rft.atitle=MINIXCon+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minix3.org%2Fconference%2F2016%2Fprogram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828150536/http://blog.ptsecurity.com/2017/08/disabling-intel-me.html">"Positive Technologies research"</a>. <i>blog.ptsecurity.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=How+Linux+was+born%2C+as+told+by+Linus+Torvalds+himself&rft.date=2015-08-25&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F08%2Fhow-linux-was-born-as-told-by-linus-torvalds-himself%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaum2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Tanenbaum, Andrew S.</a> (12 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/reliable-os">"Tanenbaum-Torvalds Debate: Part II"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Alexis de Tocqueville Institution. Archived from the original on 22 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samizdat%27s+critics%E2%80%A6+Brown+replies&rft.pub=Alexis+de+Tocqueville+Institution&rft.date=2004-06-04&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadti.net%2Fsamizdat%2Fbrown.reply.june.04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Minix</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:MINIX" class="extiw" title="c:Category:MINIX">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Minix_3" class="extiw" title="b:Minix 3">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187906" class="extiw" title="d:Q187906">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.MINIX3.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Stichting-MINIX-Research-Foundation">Stichting-MINIX-Research-Foundation</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minix1.woodhull.com">The Minix Operating System (Minix 2 support)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818183310/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/">History of MINIX from Andrew Tanenbaum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bx3KuE7UjGA"><span class="plainlinks">MINIX 3: a Modular, Self-Healing POSIX-compatible Operating System</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix" title="Template:Unix"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unix" title="Template talk:Unix"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unix"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix_architecture" title="Unix architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Filesystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_security" title="Unix security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Other distributions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)" title="MOS (operating system)">MOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SerenityOS" title="SerenityOS">SerenityOS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility<br />layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility" title="OpenVMS">GNV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_i#PASE" title="IBM i">PASE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.I.P.S." title="P.I.P.S.">P.I.P.S.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PWS/VSE-AF" class="mw-redirect" title="PWS/VSE-AF">PWS/VSE-AF</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued systems. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Unix" title="Category:Unix">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Unix">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this 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closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microkernels-nanokernels667" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microkernel" title="Template:Microkernel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microkernel" title="Template talk:Microkernel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microkernel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microkernel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microkernels-nanokernels667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernels</a>-<a href="/wiki/Microkernel#Nanokernel" title="Microkernel">nanokernels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eumel" title="Eumel">Eumel</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/L3_microkernel" class="mw-redirect" title="L3 microkernel">L3</a></i> → <a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labs" title="Open Kernel Labs">OKL4</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> hosted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_nanokernel" title="Mac OS nanokernel">Mac OS nanokernel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NuKernel" class="mw-redirect" title="NuKernel">NuKernel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/EKA1" title="EKA1">EKA1</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/EKA2" title="EKA2">EKA2</a></i>^°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)" title="Exec (Amiga)">Exec</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)#ExecSG" title="Exec (Amiga)">ExecSG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_(kernel)" title="Quark (kernel)">Quark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WarpOS" title="WarpOS">WarpOS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Domain_Environment_for_Operating_Systems" title="Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems">ADEOS</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">EROS</a></i>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K42" title="K42">K42</a></i>°</li> <li>Little Kernel</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a></i>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Mach" title="GNU Mach">GNU Mach</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MicroEmpix" title="MicroEmpix">MicroEmpix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Hills_Software#Real-time_operating_systems" title="Green Hills Software">µ-velOSity</a>^</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(operating_system)#The_nucleus" title="Spring (operating system)">nucleus</a></i></li> <li>Off++ → Plan B</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taligent#Pink_system" title="Taligent">Opus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PowerUP_(accelerator)#PowerUP_software" title="PowerUP (accelerator)">PowerUP</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI-RTOS#RTOS_kernel_overview" title="TI-RTOS">TI-RTOS kernel</a>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARX_(operating_system)" title="ARX (operating system)">ARX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lites" title="Lites">Lites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meiko_Scientific#MeikOS" title="Meiko Scientific">MeikOS</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minix</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minix-vmd" class="mw-redirect" title="Minix-vmd">Minix-vmd</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix_3" title="Minix 3">Minix 3</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multi-Environment_Real-Time" title="Multi-Environment Real-Time">Multi-Environment Real-Time</a></i>^ (<i>MERT</i> – <i>Unix-RT</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OS2000" title="OS2000">OS2000</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redox_(operating_system)" title="Redox (operating system)">Redox</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(operating_system)" title="Spring (operating system)">Spring</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinix" title="Tinix">Tinix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UNICOS" title="UNICOS">UNICOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VSTa" title="VSTa">VSTa</a></i></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/ChorusOS" title="ChorusOS">ChorusOS</a>^</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity_(operating_system)" title="Integrity (operating system)">Integrity</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_RTOS" title="Nucleus RTOS">Nucleus RTOS</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuttX" title="NuttX">NuttX</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_System_Embedded" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating System Embedded">OSE</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIOT_(operating_system)" title="RIOT (operating system)">RIOT</a>^°</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capability-based_security" title="Capability-based security">Capability-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/GNOSIS" title="GNOSIS">GNOSIS</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/KeyKOS" title="KeyKOS">KeyKOS</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">EROS</a></i> → CapROS</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(operating_system)" title="Hydra (operating system)">Hydra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family#High_assurance:_seL4" title="L4 microkernel family">seL4</a>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midori_(operating_system)" title="Midori (operating system)">Midori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NLTSS" title="NLTSS">NLTSS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony#Oniro_OS" title="OpenHarmony">Oniro OS</a>)</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a> kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L<sup>4</sup>Linux</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PikeOS" title="PikeOS">PikeOS</a>^</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/REX_OS" title="REX OS">REX OS</a></i>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wombat_(operating_system)" title="Wombat (operating system)">Wombat</a>^°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/JavaOS" title="JavaOS">JavaOS</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/JavaOS#Chorus/Jazz" title="JavaOS">Chorus/Jazz</a></i>^ integrates <i><a href="/wiki/ChorusOS" title="ChorusOS">ChorusOS</a></i>^)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JX_(operating_system)" title="JX (operating system)">JX</a></i>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> hosted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Unix-like13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacMach" title="MacMach">MacMach</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8#Mac_OS_8.6" title="Mac OS 8">Classic Mac OS</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> kernel)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EPOC_(operating_system)" title="EPOC (operating system)">EPOC</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> OS</i>^°</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System#AspireOS" title="AROS Research Operating System">AspireOS</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System#Broadway" title="AROS Research Operating System">Broadway</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System#Icaros_Desktop" title="AROS Research Operating System">Icaros Desktop</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singularity_(operating_system)" title="Singularity (operating system)">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThreadX" title="ThreadX">ThreadX</a>^</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verve_(operating_system)" title="Verve (operating system)">Verve</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Pink</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a> OS</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">Amoeba</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BeRTOS" title="BeRTOS">BeRTOS</a></i>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChibiOS/RT" title="ChibiOS/RT">ChibiOS/RT</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelenOS" title="HelenOS">HelenOS</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-Controller_Operating_Systems" title="Micro-Controller Operating Systems">µC/OS</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQX" title="MQX">MQX</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenComRTOS" title="OpenComRTOS">OpenComRTOS</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_OS" title="Phantom OS">Phantom OS</a>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RC_4000_multiprogramming_system" title="RC 4000 multiprogramming system">RC 4000</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharpOS" title="SharpOS">SharpOS</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SPIN_(operating_system)" title="SPIN (operating system)">SPIN</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoth_(operating_system)" title="Thoth (operating system)">Thoth</a></i>^ → <i><a href="/wiki/Harmony_(operating_system)" title="Harmony (operating system)">Harmony</a></i>^ → <i><a href="/wiki/V_(operating_system)" title="V (operating system)">V</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Real-Time_Executive" title="Versatile Real-Time Executive">VRTX</a>^</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">kits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(operating_system)" title="Cosmos (operating system)">Cosmos</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genode" title="Genode">Genode</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI-RTOS" title="TI-RTOS">TI-RTOS</a>^°</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell_(QNX)" title="Gordon Bell (QNX)">Gordon Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bushnell" title="Thomas Bushnell">Thomas Bushnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cheriton" title="David Cheriton">David Cheriton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Dodge" title="Dan Dodge">Dan Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Brinch_Hansen" title="Per Brinch Hansen">Per Brinch Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gernot_Heiser" title="Gernot Heiser">Gernot Heiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Liedtke" title="Jochen Liedtke">Jochen Liedtke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Mitchell" title="James G. Mitchell">James G. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Nassi" title="Ike Nassi">Ike Nassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Richard Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wulf" title="William Wulf">William Wulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> <b>= discontinued</b></li> <li><b>^ = <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></b></li> <li><b>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Microkernel-based_operating_systems" title="Category:Microkernel-based operating systems">Category: Microkernel-based operating systems</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Microkernels" title="Category:Microkernels">Category: Microkernels</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187906#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187906#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1327" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/186683409">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1373697/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCFrrMBpwb4WRrKjcd4w9jC">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCFDdkpHtcgbCG7vGc7HYKd">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCFHWrXjQKtbmR9yKKKrpKb">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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