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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sacred animals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sacred_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sacrificial_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacrificial_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sacrificial animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacrificial_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples_and_topography_in_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples_and_topography_in_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Temples and topography in Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples_and_topography_in_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography_and_symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_and_symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Iconography and symbol </div> </a> <button 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<ul id="toc-Festivals_and_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_and_cult_epithets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_and_cult_epithets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Name and cult epithets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Name_and_cult_epithets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Name and cult epithets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Name_and_cult_epithets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mars_Gradivus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_Gradivus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Mars Gradivus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_Gradivus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_Quirinus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_Quirinus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Mars Quirinus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_Quirinus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_Grabovius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_Grabovius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Mars Grabovius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_Grabovius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_Pater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_Pater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Mars Pater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_Pater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_Silvanus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_Silvanus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Mars Silvanus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_Silvanus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_Ultor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_Ultor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Mars Ultor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_Ultor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_Augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_Augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Mars Augustus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_Augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_epithets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_epithets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8 Provincial epithets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_epithets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celtic_Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8.1 Celtic Mars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Mars_Balearicus"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Mars_Balearicus""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8.2 "Mars Balearicus" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Mars_Balearicus"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 On the calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mars (mythology)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mitologie)" title="Mars (mitologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mars (mitologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="مارس (أسطورة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارس (أسطورة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(mitoloch%C3%ADa)" title="Marte (mitolochía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Marte (mitolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mifologiya)" title="Mars (mifologiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mars (mifologiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="মার্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Марс (міфалогія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марс (міфалогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Марс (бог) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марс (бог)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(God)" title="Mars (God) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mars (God)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="མ་ཨེར་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་ཨེར་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mitologija)" title="Mars (mitologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mars (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurzh_(doue)" title="Meurzh (doue) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meurzh (doue)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_(mitologia)" title="Mart (mitologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mart (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85)" title="Марс (халаплăх) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Марс (халаплăх)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mytologie)" title="Mars (mytologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mars (mytologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(gud)" title="Mars (gud) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mars (gud)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(Mythologie)" title="Mars (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mars (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%82" title="Μαρς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(mitolog%C3%ADa)" title="Marte (mitología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marte (mitología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marso_(dio)" title="Marso (dio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marso (dio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(mitologia)" title="Marte (mitologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marte (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="مارس (اسطوره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارس (اسطوره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mythologie)" title="Mars (mythologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mars (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(miotaseola%C3%ADocht)" title="Mars (miotaseolaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mars (miotaseolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(deus)" title="Marte (deus) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marte (deus)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="마르스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD_(%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Մարս (դիցաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարս (դիցաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="मार्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mitologija)" title="Mars (mitologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mars (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mitologi)" title="Mars (mitologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mars (mitologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(deo)" title="Marte (deo) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marte (deo)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(gu%C3%B0)" title="Mars (guð) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mars (guð)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(divinit%C3%A0)" title="Marte (divinità) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marte (divinità)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A1_(%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="מרס (מיתולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרס (מיתולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="მარსი (ღმერთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარსი (ღმერთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurth_(duw)" title="Meurth (duw) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Meurth (duw)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mungu)" title="Mars (mungu) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mars (mungu)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raporuz" title="Raporuz – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Raporuz" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(m%C3%AEtoloj%C3%AE)" title="Mars (mîtolojî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mars (mîtolojî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(deus)" title="Mars (deus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mars (deus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marss_(mitolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Marss (mitoloģija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marss (mitoloģija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsas_(mitologija)" title="Marsas (mitologija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marsas (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(divinit%C3%A6)" title="Marte (divinitæ) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Marte (divinitæ)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(god)" title="Mars (god) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mars (god)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(dio)" title="Marte (dio) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Marte (dio)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_(dia)" title="Mart (dia) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mart (dia)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(isten)" title="Mars (isten) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mars (isten)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Марс (митологија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марс (митологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsa_(andriamanitra)" title="Marsa (andriamanitra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Marsa (andriamanitra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="मार्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3(%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="مارس(ميثولوجيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارس(ميثولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%81_(%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D)" title="ꯃꯥꯔ꯭ꯁ (ꯈꯣꯌꯨꯝ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯔ꯭ꯁ (ꯈꯣꯌꯨꯝ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mythologie)" title="Mars (mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mars (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="マールス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マールス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(dio)" title="Marte (dio) – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Marte (dio)" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(gud)" title="Mars (gud) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mars (gud)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guden_Mars" title="Guden Mars – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guden Mars" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_(mitologia)" title="Mart (mitologia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mart (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਾਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mitologia)" title="Mars (mitologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mars (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(mitologia)" title="Marte (mitologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marte (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(Jott)" title="Mars (Jott) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Mars (Jott)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(zeu)" title="Marte (zeu) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marte (zeu)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Марс (мифология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марс (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti_(divinitati)" title="Marti (divinitati) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Marti (divinitati)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mars (mythology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(boh)" title="Mars (boh) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mars (boh)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mitologija)" title="Mars (mitologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mars (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="مارس (میتۆلۆژیا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارس (میتۆلۆژیا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Марс (бог) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марс (бог)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mitologija)" title="Mars (mitologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mars (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(jumala)" title="Mars (jumala) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mars (jumala)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mytologi)" title="Mars (mytologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mars (mytologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(mitolohiya)" title="Marte (mitolohiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Marte (mitolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="மார்ஸ் (தொன்மவியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்ஸ் (தொன்மவியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="มาส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mitoloji)" title="Mars (mitoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mars (mitoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Марс (міфологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марс (міфологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(th%E1%BA%A7n_tho%E1%BA%A1i)" title="Mars (thần thoại) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mars (thần thoại)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(god)" title="Mars (god) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mars (god)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mitolohiya)" title="Mars (mitolohiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mars (mitolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="玛尔斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛尔斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF" title="瑪斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑪斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="玛尔斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玛尔斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q112#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman god of war, guardian of agriculture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #F0ACAC;">Mars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of war, guardian of agriculture and the Roman people</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Statue_de_Mars_(Pyrrhus)_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG/220px-0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG/330px-0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG/440px-0_Statue_de_Mars_%28Pyrrhus%29_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC0058_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="3871" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Mars from the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Nerva" title="Forum of Nerva">Forum of Nerva</a>, 2nd century CE <a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Mavors, Mavorte (archaic, poetic)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">Planet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbols</th><td class="infobox-data">spear, shield <a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuesday" title="Tuesday">Tuesday</a> (dies Martis)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data">February 27, March 14 <a href="/wiki/Equirria" title="Equirria">Equirria</a> horse races March 1 <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#dies_natalis" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Dies natalis</a> (birthday) and <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">feriae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salian priests</a> March 17 <a href="/wiki/Agonalia#Agonium_Martiale" title="Agonalia">Agonia</a> May 14 dies natalis, Temple of Mars Invictus October 15 <a href="/wiki/October_Horse" title="October Horse">October Horse sacrifice</a> October 19 <a href="/wiki/Armilustrium" title="Armilustrium">Armilustrium</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #F0ACAC;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Bacchus</a>, etc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nerio" title="Nerio">Nerio</a> and others including <a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #F0ACAC;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etruscan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maris_(mythology)" title="Maris (mythology)">Maris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laran" title="Laran">Laran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Norse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyr">Tyr</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">ancient Roman religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">mythology</a>, Mars (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Mārs, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[maːrs]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/God_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="God of war">god of war</a> and also an <a href="/wiki/Roman_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman agriculture">agricultural</a> guardian, a combination characteristic of early <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> He is the son of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, and was pre-eminent among the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Roman_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Roman military">Roman army's military gods</a>. Most of his <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">festivals</a> were held in March, the month named for him (<a href="/wiki/Martius_(month)" title="Martius (month)">Latin Martius</a>), and in October, the months which traditionally began and ended the season for both military campaigning and farming.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">influence of Greek culture</a>, Mars was <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">identified with</a> the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek god</a> <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lar-7">[7]</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a> were reinterpreted in <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Roman literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">art</a> under the name of Mars. The character and dignity of Mars differs in fundamental ways from that of his Greek counterpart, who is often treated with contempt and revulsion in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Mars's altar in the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a>, the area of Rome that took its name from him, was supposed to have been dedicated by <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa</a>, the peace-loving semi-legendary second <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Rome">king of Rome</a>; in Republican times it was a focus of electoral activities. <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> shifted the focus of Mars' cult to within the <a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a> (Rome's ritual boundary), and built a temple to Mars Ultor as a key religious feature of <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">his new forum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Unlike Ares, who was viewed primarily as a destructive and destabilizing force, Mars represented military power as a way <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">to secure peace</a>, and was a father (pater) of the Roman people.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In Rome's mythic <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founding</a>, Mars fathered <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a> through his rape of <a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a>. His love affair with <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> symbolically reconciled two different traditions of Rome's founding; Venus was the divine mother of the hero <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, celebrated as the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan refugee</a> who "founded" Rome several generations before Romulus laid out the city walls. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The word Mārs (genitive Mārtis),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> which in <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> and poetic usage also appears as Māvors (Māvortis),<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> is cognate with <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a> Māmers (Māmertos).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The oldest recorded Latin form, Mamart-, is likely of foreign origin.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> It has been explained as deriving from <a href="/wiki/Maris_(mythology)" title="Maris (mythology)">Maris</a>, the name of an <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan child-god</a>, though this is not universally agreed upon.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Scholars have varying views on whether the two gods are related, and if so how.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Latin adjectives from the name of Mars are martius and martialis, from which derive English "martial" (as in "martial arts" or "<a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>") and personal names such as "Marcus", "Mark" and "Martin".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Mars may ultimately be a thematic reflex of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European</a> god <a href="/wiki/Perkwunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkwunos">Perkwunos</a>, having originally a thunderer character.<a href="#cite_note-York,_Michael_1988-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth">Birth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth">edit</a>]</div> Like Ares who was the son of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Mars is usually considered to be the son of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s version of Mars' origin, he was the son of Juno alone. Jupiter had usurped the accepted function of women as mothers when he gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> directly from his forehead (or mind). Juno sought the advice of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Flora_(mythology)" title="Flora (mythology)">Flora</a> on how to do the same. Flora obtained a magic flower (Latin flos, plural flores, a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine word</a>) and tested it on a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heifer" class="extiw" title="wikt:heifer">heifer</a> who became fecund at once. Flora ritually plucked a flower, using her thumb, touched Juno's belly, and impregnated her. Juno withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">shore of Marmara</a> for the birth.<a href="#cite_note-Mars-birth-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> tells this story in the <a href="/wiki/Fasti_(Ovid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasti (Ovid)">Fasti</a>, his long-form poetic work on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mars-birth-21">[21]</a> It may explain why the <a href="/wiki/Matronalia" title="Matronalia">Matronalia</a>, a festival celebrated by married women in honor of Juno as a <a href="/wiki/Lucina_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucina (goddess)">goddess of childbirth</a>, occurred on the first day of Mars's month, which is also marked on a <a href="/wiki/Chronography_of_354" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronography of 354">calendar from late antiquity</a> as the birthday of Mars. In the earliest Roman calendar, March was the first month, and the god would have been born with the new year.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Ovid is the only source for the story. He may be presenting a literary myth of his own invention, or an otherwise unknown <a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of Italy">archaic Italic</a> tradition; either way, in choosing to include the story, he emphasizes that Mars was connected to plant life and was not alienated from female nurture.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consort">Consort</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consort">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consort" class="extiw" title="wikt:consort">consort</a> of Mars was <a href="/wiki/Nerio" title="Nerio">Nerio</a> or Neriene, "Valor." She represents the vital force (vis), power (potentia) and majesty (maiestas) of Mars.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Her name was regarded as <a href="/wiki/Sabine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine language">Sabine</a> in origin and is equivalent to Latin <a href="/wiki/Virtus_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtus (virtue)">virtus</a>, "manly virtue" (from vir, "man").<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the early 3rd century BCE, the comic playwright <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> has a reference to Mars greeting Nerio, his wife.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A source from <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> says that Mars and Neriene were celebrated together at a festival held on March 23.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the later <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Neriene came to be identified with <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Nerio probably originates as a divine <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of Mars's power, as such <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstractions</a> in Latin are generally <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine</a>. Her name appears with that of Mars in an archaic prayer <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#invocatio" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">invoking</a> a series of abstract qualities, each paired with the name of a deity. The influence of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Anthropotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropotheism">anthropomorphic gods</a> may have caused Roman writers to treat these pairs as "marriages."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venus_and_Mars">Venus and Mars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Venus and Mars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_-_Ares_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_(VII_2_23)_-_Napoli_MAN_9249_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wall_painting_-_Ares_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_23%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9249_-_03.jpg/170px-Wall_painting_-_Ares_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_23%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9249_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wall_painting_-_Ares_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_23%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9249_-_03.jpg/255px-Wall_painting_-_Ares_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_23%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9249_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wall_painting_-_Ares_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_23%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9249_-_03.jpg/340px-Wall_painting_-_Ares_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_23%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9249_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Mars caresses Venus enthroned. Wall-painting in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20 BC – 50s AD</figcaption></figure> The union of Venus and Mars held greater appeal for poets and philosophers, and the couple were a frequent subject of art. In Greek myth, the adultery of <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> had been exposed to ridicule when her husband <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> (whose Roman equivalent was <a href="/wiki/Vulcanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanus">Vulcan</a>) caught them in the act by means of a magical snare. Although not originally part of the Roman tradition, in 217 BCE Venus and Mars were presented as a complementary pair in the <a href="/wiki/Lectisternium" title="Lectisternium">lectisternium</a>, a public banquet at which images of <a href="/wiki/Di_Consentes" class="mw-redirect" title="Di Consentes">twelve major gods</a> of the Roman state were presented on couches as if present and participating.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Scenes of Venus and Mars in <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a> often ignore the adulterous implications of their union, and take pleasure in the good-looking couple attended by <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a> or multiple Loves (amores). Some scenes may imply marriage,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and the relationship was romanticized in funerary or domestic art in which husbands and wives had themselves portrayed as the passionate divine couple.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The uniting of deities representing Love and War lent itself to <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>, especially since the lovers were the parents of <a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Renaissance philosopher <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a> notes that "only Venus dominates Mars, and he never dominates her".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In ancient Roman and Renaissance art, Mars is often shown disarmed and relaxed, or even sleeping, but the extramarital nature of their affair can also suggest that this peace is impermanent.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Essential_nature">Essential nature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Essential nature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campanian_bowl_with_Mars_and_Venus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Campanian_bowl_with_Mars_and_Venus.JPG/220px-Campanian_bowl_with_Mars_and_Venus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Campanian_bowl_with_Mars_and_Venus.JPG/330px-Campanian_bowl_with_Mars_and_Venus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Campanian_bowl_with_Mars_and_Venus.JPG/440px-Campanian_bowl_with_Mars_and_Venus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1157" /></a><figcaption>A relief depicting Mars and <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> on a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-slip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black-slip (page does not exist)">black-slip</a> bowl from <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, Italy, 250–150 BCE, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Virility" title="Virility">Virility</a> as a kind of life force (vis) or virtue (virtus) is an essential characteristic of Mars.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> As an agricultural guardian, he directs his energies toward creating conditions that allow crops to grow, which may include warding off hostile forces of nature.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The priesthood of the <a href="/wiki/Arval_Brethren" title="Arval Brethren">Arval Brothers</a> called on Mars to drive off "rust" (lues), with its double meaning of <a href="/wiki/Wheat_leaf_rust" title="Wheat leaf rust">wheat fungus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">red oxides</a> that affect metal, a threat to both iron farm implements and weaponry. In the <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Arvale" title="Carmen Arvale">surviving text of their hymn</a>, the Arval Brothers invoked Mars as ferus, "savage" or "feral" like a wild animal.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Mars's potential for savagery is expressed in his obscure connections to the wild woodlands, and he may even have originated as a god of the wild, beyond the boundaries set by humans, and thus a force to be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/propitiate" class="extiw" title="wikt:propitiate">propitiated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/De_Agri_Cultura" class="mw-redirect" title="De Agri Cultura">book on farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato</a> invokes <a href="#Mars_Silvanus">Mars Silvanus</a> for a ritual to be carried out in silva, in the woods, an uncultivated place that if not held within bounds can threaten to overtake the fields needed for crops.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Mars's character as an agricultural god may derive solely from his role as a defender and protector,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> or may be inseparable from his warrior nature,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> as the leaping of his armed priests the <a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salii</a> was meant to quicken the growth of crops.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It appears that Mars was originally a thunderer or storm deity, which explains some of his mixed traits in regards to fertility.<a href="#cite_note-York,_Michael_1988-19">[19]</a> This role was later taken in the Roman pantheon by several other gods, such as <a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sacred_animals">Sacred animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sacred animals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo_lupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo_lupa.jpg/220px-Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo_lupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo_lupa.jpg/330px-Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo_lupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo_lupa.jpg/440px-Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo_lupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a> and twins <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a> from an altar to Venus and Mars</figcaption></figure> The wild animals most sacred to Mars were the woodpecker and the wolf, which in the natural lore of the Romans were said always to inhabit the same foothills and woodlands.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> notes that the woodpecker (picus) is sacred to Mars because "it is a courageous and spirited bird and has a <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beak</a> so strong that it can overturn oaks by pecking them until it has reached the inmost part of the tree."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> As the beak of the picus Martius contained the god's power to ward off harm, it was carried as a <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">magic charm</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Bee_sting" title="Bee sting">bee stings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leech</a> bites.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The bird of Mars also guarded a woodland herb (<a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeonia (plant)">paeonia</a>) used for treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">digestive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive systems</a>; those who sought to harvest it were advised to do so by night, lest the woodpecker jab out their eyes.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The picus Martius seems to have been a particular species, but authorities differ on which one: perhaps <a href="/wiki/Picus_viridis" class="mw-redirect" title="Picus viridis">Picus viridis</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dryocopus_martius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryocopus martius">Dryocopus martius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The woodpecker was revered by the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latin peoples</a>, who abstained from eating its flesh.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> It was one of the most important birds in Roman and Italic <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augury</a>, the practice of reading the will of the gods through watching the sky for signs.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The mythological figure named <a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a> had powers of augury that he retained when he was transformed into a woodpecker; in one tradition, Picus was the son of Mars.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> peiqu also means "woodpecker", and the Italic <a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picenes</a> were supposed to have derived their name from the picus who served as their guide animal during a ritual migration (<a href="/wiki/Ver_sacrum" title="Ver sacrum">ver sacrum</a>) undertaken as a rite of Mars.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a>, another Italic people, Mars had an <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> of great antiquity where the prophecies were supposed to be spoken by a woodpecker perched on a wooden column.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Mars's association with the wolf is familiar from what may be the most famous of <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman myths</a>, the story of how a <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a> (lupa) suckled his infant sons when they were <a href="/wiki/Infanticide#Greece_and_Rome" title="Infanticide">exposed</a> by order of <a href="/wiki/Amulius" title="Amulius">King Amulius</a>, who feared them because he had <a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">usurped</a> the throne from their grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Numitor" title="Numitor">Numitor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The woodpecker also brought nourishment to the twins.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The wolf appears elsewhere in Roman art and literature in masculine form as the animal of Mars. A statue group that stood along the <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a> showed Mars in the company of wolves.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sentinum" title="Battle of Sentinum">Battle of Sentinum</a> in 295 BCE, the appearance of the wolf of Mars (Martius lupus) was a sign that Roman victory was to come.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Roman Gaul</a>, the goose was associated with the <a href="#Provincial_epithets">Celtic forms of Mars</a>, and archaeologists have found geese buried alongside warriors in graves. The goose was considered a bellicose animal because it is easily provoked to aggression.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacrificial_animals">Sacrificial animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sacrificial animals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suovetaurile_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Suovetaurile_Louvre.jpg/220px-Suovetaurile_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Suovetaurile_Louvre.jpg/330px-Suovetaurile_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Suovetaurile_Louvre.jpg/440px-Suovetaurile_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The procession of the <a href="/wiki/Suovetaurilia" title="Suovetaurilia">suovetaurilia</a>, a sacrifice of a pig, ram, and bull, led by a priest with his head <a href="/wiki/Capite_velato" class="mw-redirect" title="Capite velato">ritually covered</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> and Roman religion distinguished between animals that were sacred to a deity and those that were prescribed as the correct <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrificial offerings</a> for the god. Wild animals might be viewed as already belonging to the god to whom they were sacred, or at least not owned by human beings and therefore not <a href="/wiki/Do_ut_des" class="mw-redirect" title="Do ut des">theirs to give</a>. Since sacrificial meat was eaten at a banquet after the gods received their portion – mainly the entrails (<a href="/wiki/Exta" class="mw-redirect" title="Exta">exta</a>) – it follows that the animals sacrificed were most often, though not always, domestic animals normally part of the Roman diet.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Gods often received castrated male animals as sacrifices, and the goddesses female <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#victima" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">victims</a>; Mars, however, regularly received intact males.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Mars did receive <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a> under a few of his cult titles, such as <a href="#Mars_Grabovius">Mars Grabovius</a>, but the usual offering was the bull, singly, in multiples, or in combination with other animals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The two most distinctive animal sacrifices made to Mars were the <a href="/wiki/Suovetaurilia" title="Suovetaurilia">suovetaurilia</a>, a triple offering of a pig (sus), ram (ovis) and bull (taurus),<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/October_Horse" title="October Horse">October Horse</a>, the only <a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">horse sacrifice</a> known to have been carried out in ancient Rome and a rare instance of a victim the Romans considered inedible.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples_and_topography_in_Rome">Temples and topography in Rome</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Temples and topography in Rome">edit</a>]</div> The earliest center in Rome for cultivating Mars as a deity was the Altar of Mars (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#ara" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Ara</a> Martis) in the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> ("Field of Mars") outside the sacred boundary of Rome (<a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a>). The Romans thought that this altar had been established by the semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>, the peace-loving successor of Romulus.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> According to Roman tradition, the Campus Martius had been consecrated to Mars by their ancestors to serve as horse pasturage and an equestrian training ground for youths.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509–27 BCE), the Campus was a largely open expanse. No temple was built at the altar, but from 193 BCE a covered walkway connected it to the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Fontinalis" title="Porta Fontinalis">Porta Fontinalis</a>, near the office and archives of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Roman censors</a>. Newly elected censors placed their <a href="/wiki/Curule_chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Curule chair">curule chairs</a> by the altar, and when they had finished conducting the census, the citizens were collectively <a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">purified</a> with a suovetaurilia there.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> from the so-called <a href="/wiki/Altar_of_Domitius_Ahenobarbus" title="Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus">"Altar" of Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> is thought to depict the census, and may show Mars himself standing by the altar as the procession of victims advances.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempio_di_Marte_Ultore_(Roma)_-_Laterale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tempio_di_Marte_Ultore_%28Roma%29_-_Laterale.jpg/220px-Tempio_di_Marte_Ultore_%28Roma%29_-_Laterale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tempio_di_Marte_Ultore_%28Roma%29_-_Laterale.jpg/330px-Tempio_di_Marte_Ultore_%28Roma%29_-_Laterale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tempio_di_Marte_Ultore_%28Roma%29_-_Laterale.jpg/440px-Tempio_di_Marte_Ultore_%28Roma%29_-_Laterale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8892" data-file-height="6233" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mars_Ultor" title="Temple of Mars Ultor">Temple of Mars Ultor</a> in the Forum of Augustus, Rome</figcaption></figure> The main Temple of Mars (<a href="/wiki/Aedes_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aedes (Roman)">Aedes</a> Martis) in the Republican period also lay outside the sacred boundary[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] and was devoted to the god's warrior aspect.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> It was built to fulfill a vow (<a href="/wiki/Votum" title="Votum">votum</a>) made by a Titus <a href="/wiki/Quinctia_gens" title="Quinctia gens">Quinctius</a> in 388 BCE during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_siege_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic siege of Rome">Gallic siege of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The founding day (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#dies_natalis" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">dies natalis</a>) was commemorated on June 1,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and the temple is attested by several inscriptions and literary sources.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The sculpture group of Mars and the wolves was displayed there.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Soldiers sometimes assembled at the temple before heading off to war, and it was the point of departure for a major parade of <a href="/wiki/Roman_cavalry" title="Roman cavalry">Roman cavalry</a> held annually on July 15.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> A temple to Mars in the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Flaminius" title="Circus Flaminius">Circus Flaminius</a> was built around 133 BCE, funded by <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Callaicus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus">Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus</a> from war booty. It housed a colossal statue of Mars and a nude Venus.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The Campus Martius continued to provide venues for equestrian events such as <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot racing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial period</a>, but under the first emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> it underwent a major program of urban renewal, marked by monumental architecture. The Altar of Augustan Peace (<a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis_Augustae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ara Pacis Augustae">Ara Pacis Augustae</a>) was located there, as was the <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">Obelisk of Montecitorio</a>, imported from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a> to form the pointer (<a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Solarium_Augusti" title="Solarium Augusti">Solarium Augusti</a>, a giant <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a>. With its public gardens, the Campus became one of the most attractive places in the city to visit.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Augustus made the centrepiece of his new forum a large Temple to Mars Ultor, a manifestation of Mars he cultivated as the avenger (ultor) of the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">murder of Julius Caesar</a> and of the military disaster suffered at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a>. When the legionary standards lost to the Parthians were recovered, they were housed in the new temple. The date of the temple's dedication on May 12 was aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Heliacal_setting" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliacal setting">heliacal setting</a> of the constellation <a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpio (constellation)">Scorpio</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign" title="Astrological sign">sign</a> of war.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The date continued to be marked with <a href="/wiki/Ludi_circenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludi circenses">circus games</a> as late as the mid-4th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> A large statue of Mars was part of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_triumphal_arches" title="List of Roman triumphal arches">Arch of Nero</a>, which was built in 62 CE but dismantled after <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s suicide and disgrace (<a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a>).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography_and_symbol">Iconography and symbol</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iconography and symbol">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:445px;max-width:445px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Othea%27s_Epistle_(Queen%27s_Manuscript)_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Othea%27s_Epistle_%28Queen%27s_Manuscript%29_11.jpg/143px-Othea%27s_Epistle_%28Queen%27s_Manuscript%29_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Othea%27s_Epistle_%28Queen%27s_Manuscript%29_11.jpg/215px-Othea%27s_Epistle_%28Queen%27s_Manuscript%29_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Othea%27s_Epistle_%28Queen%27s_Manuscript%29_11.jpg/286px-Othea%27s_Epistle_%28Queen%27s_Manuscript%29_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Medieval representation of Mars. Sitting on a rainbow with a sword and a <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a>, he "excites men to war".</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mural_warrior.jpg/150px-Mural_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mural_warrior.jpg/225px-Mural_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mural_warrior.jpg/300px-Mural_warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A nude statue of Mars<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> in a garden setting, depicted on a wall painting from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mars_Symbol.png/140px-Mars_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mars_Symbol.png/210px-Mars_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mars_Symbol.png/280px-Mars_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="836" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Symbol">A stylised "spear and shield of Mars"</a> is also the symbol for <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">the planet Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male gender</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> In <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a>, Mars is depicted as either bearded and mature, or young and clean-shaven. Even <a href="/wiki/Nude_(art)" title="Nude (art)">nude</a> or seminude, he often wears a helmet or carries a spear as emblems of his warrior nature. Mars was among the deities to appear on the earliest Roman coinage in the late 4th and early 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Altar_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar of Peace">Altar of Peace</a> (Ara Pacis), built in the last years of the 1st century BCE, Mars is a mature man with a "handsome, <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicizing</a>" face, and a short curly beard and moustache. His helmet is a plumed <a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">neo-Attic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Attic_helmet" title="Attic helmet">type</a>. He wears a military cloak (<a href="/wiki/Paludamentum" title="Paludamentum">paludamentum</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cuirass" title="Muscle cuirass">cuirass</a> ornamented with a <a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">gorgoneion</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> is somewhat damaged at this spot, he appears to hold a spear <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">garlanded in laurel</a>, symbolizing a peace that is won by military victory. The 1st-century statue of Mars found in the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Nerva" title="Forum of Nerva">Forum of Nerva</a> (pictured at top) is similar. In this guise, Mars is presented as the dignified ancestor of the Roman people. The panel of the Ara Pacis on which he appears would have faced the Campus Martius, reminding viewers that Mars was the god whose altar Numa established there, that is, the god of Rome's oldest civic and military institutions.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Particularly in works of art influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">the Greek tradition</a>, Mars may be portrayed in a manner that resembles Ares, youthful, beardless, and often nude.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the Renaissance, Mars's nudity was thought to represent his lack of fear in facing danger.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_spear_of_Mars">The spear of Mars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The spear of Mars">edit</a>]</div> The spear is the instrument of Mars in the same way that Jupiter wields the lightning bolt, <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> the trident, and <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a> the scythe or sickle.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Relics_in_classical_antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics in classical antiquity">relic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">fetish</a> called the spear of Mars<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> was kept in a <a href="/wiki/Sacellum" title="Sacellum">sacrarium</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Regia" title="Regia">Regia</a>, the former residence of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Rome">Kings of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The spear was said to move, tremble or vibrate at impending war or other danger to the state, as was reported to occur before the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassination of Julius Caesar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> When Mars is pictured as a peace-bringer, his spear is wreathed with laurel or other vegetation, as on the Ara Pacis or a coin of <a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priesthoods">Priesthoods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Priesthoods">edit</a>]</div> The high priest of Mars in Roman public religion was the <a href="/wiki/Flamen_Martialis" title="Flamen Martialis">Flamen Martialis</a>, who was one of the three major priests in the fifteen-member <a href="/wiki/Collegium" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegium">college</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">flamens</a>. Mars was also served by the <a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salii</a>, a twelve-member priesthood of patrician youths who dressed as archaic warriors and danced in procession around the city in March. Both priesthoods extend to the earliest periods of Roman history, and <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician birth</a> was required.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals_and_rituals">Festivals and rituals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Festivals and rituals">edit</a>]</div> The festivals of Mars cluster in his namesake month of March (Latin: <a href="/wiki/Martius_(month)" title="Martius (month)">Martius</a>), with a few observances in October, the beginning and end of the season for military campaigning and agriculture. Festivals with horse racing took place in the Campus Martius. Some festivals in March retained characteristics of new year festivals, since Martius was originally the first month of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelia50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cornelia50.jpg/280px-Cornelia50.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Cornelia50.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a>, issued 88 BCE, depicting the helmeted head of Mars, with <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victory</a> driving a two-horse chariot (<a href="/wiki/Biga_(chariot)" title="Biga (chariot)">biga</a>) on the reverse</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>February 27: <a href="/wiki/Equirria" title="Equirria">Equirria</a>, involving <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot</a> or horse races;</li> <li>March 1: Mars's <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#dies_natalis" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">dies natalis</a> ("birthday"), a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#feria" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">feria</a> also sacred to <a href="#Birth">his mother Juno</a>;<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>March 14: a second Equirria, again with chariot races;</li> <li>March 14 or 15: <a href="/wiki/Mamuralia" title="Mamuralia">Mamuralia</a>, a new year festival when a figure called <a href="/wiki/Mamurius_Veturius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamurius Veturius">Mamurius Veturius</a> (perhaps the "old Mars" of the old year) is driven out;</li> <li>March 17: an <a href="/wiki/Agonalia#Agonium_Martiale" title="Agonalia">Agonalia or Agonium Martiale</a>, an obscure type of observance held at other times for various deities;</li> <li>March 23: <a href="/wiki/Tubilustrium" title="Tubilustrium">Tubilustrium</a>, a purification of the deploying army March 23;</li> <li>October 15: the ritual of the <a href="/wiki/October_Horse" title="October Horse">October Horse</a>, with a chariot race and Rome's only known <a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">horse sacrifice</a>;</li> <li>October 19: <a href="/wiki/Armilustrium" title="Armilustrium">Armilustrium</a> ("purification of arms").</li></ul> Mars was also honored by chariot races at the <a href="/wiki/Robigalia" title="Robigalia">Robigalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consualia" title="Consualia">Consualia</a>, though these festivals are not primarily dedicated to him. From 217 BCE onward, Mars was among the gods honored at the <a href="/wiki/Lectisternium" title="Lectisternium">lectisternium</a>, a banquet given for deities who were present as images.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Roman hymns (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#carmen" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">carmina</a>) are rarely preserved, but Mars is invoked in two. The <a href="/wiki/Arval_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Arval Brothers">Arval Brothers</a>, or "Brothers of the Fields", chanted a hymn to Mars while performing their three-step dance.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Saliare" title="Carmen Saliare">Carmen Saliare</a> was sung by Mars's priests the Salii while they moved twelve sacred shields (<a href="/wiki/Ancilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancilia">ancilia</a>) throughout the city in a procession.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In the 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> remarks that the language of the Salian hymn was so archaic that it was no longer fully understood.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_cult_epithets">Name and cult epithets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Name and cult epithets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Mars_de_Todi_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Etruscano_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/0_Mars_de_Todi_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Etruscano_%281%29.JPG/170px-0_Mars_de_Todi_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Etruscano_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/0_Mars_de_Todi_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Etruscano_%281%29.JPG/255px-0_Mars_de_Todi_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Etruscano_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/0_Mars_de_Todi_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Etruscano_%281%29.JPG/340px-0_Mars_de_Todi_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Etruscano_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>The so-called <a href="/wiki/Mars_of_Todi" title="Mars of Todi">Mars of Todi</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> bronze of the early 4th century BCE, probably depicting a warrior<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Classical Roman religion</a>, Mars was invoked under several titles, and the first Roman emperor Augustus thoroughly integrated Mars into <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a>. The 4th-century Latin historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> treats Mars as one of several classical Roman deities who remained "cultic realities" up to his own time.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Mars, and specifically Mars Ultor, was among the gods who received sacrifices from <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a>, the only emperor to reject Christianity after the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. In 363 AD, in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (363)">Siege of Ctesiphon</a>, Julian sacrificed ten "very fine" bulls to Mars Ultor. The tenth bull violated ritual protocol by attempting to break free, and when killed and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#litatio" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">examined</a>, produced <a href="/wiki/Exta" class="mw-redirect" title="Exta">ill omens</a>, among the many that were read at the end of Julian's reign. As represented by Ammianus, Julian swore never to make sacrifice to Mars again—a vow kept with his death a month later.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_Gradivus">Mars Gradivus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mars Gradivus">edit</a>]</div> Gradivus was one of the gods by whom a general or soldiers might swear an oath to be valorous in battle.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> His temple outside the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Capena" title="Porta Capena">Porta Capena</a> was where armies gathered. The archaic priesthood of Mars Gradivus was the <a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salii</a>, the "leaping priests" who danced ritually in armor as a prelude to war.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> His cult title is most often taken to mean "the Strider" or "the Marching God", from gradus, "step, march."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a> addresses him as "the most implacable of the gods,"<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a> concludes his <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">history</a> by invoking Mars Gradivus as "author and support of the name 'Roman'":<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Gradivus is asked – along with Capitoline Jupiter and <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a>, as the keeper of Rome's perpetual flame – to "guard, preserve, and protect" the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Rome">state of Rome</a>, the peace, and the <a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a> (the emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> at the time).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> A source from <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> says that the wife of Gradivus was <a href="#Consort">Nereia</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a>, and that he loved her passionately.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_Quirinus">Mars Quirinus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mars Quirinus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninianus_Aemilianus-RIC_0015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Antoninianus_Aemilianus-RIC_0015.jpg/220px-Antoninianus_Aemilianus-RIC_0015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Antoninianus_Aemilianus-RIC_0015.jpg/330px-Antoninianus_Aemilianus-RIC_0015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Antoninianus_Aemilianus-RIC_0015.jpg/440px-Antoninianus_Aemilianus-RIC_0015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Mars celebrated as peace-bringer on a Roman coin issued by <a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></figcaption></figure> Mars Quirinus was the protector of the <a href="/wiki/Quirites" title="Quirites">Quirites</a> ("citizens" or "civilians") as divided into <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">curiae</a> (citizen assemblies), whose oaths were required to make a treaty.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> As a guarantor of treaties, Mars Quirinus is thus a god of peace: "When he rampages, Mars is called Gradivus, but when he's at peace Quirinus."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The deified <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus</a> was identified with Mars Quirinus. In the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Triad" title="Capitoline Triad">Capitoline Triad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, Mars, and <a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a>, however, Mars and Quirinus were two separate deities, though not perhaps in origin. Each of the three had his own <a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">flamen</a> (specialized priest), but the functions of the <a href="/wiki/Flamen_Martialis" title="Flamen Martialis">Flamen Martialis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flamen_Quirinalis" title="Flamen Quirinalis">Flamen Quirinalis</a> are hard to distinguish.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_Grabovius">Mars Grabovius</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mars Grabovius">edit</a>]</div> Mars is invoked as Grabovius in the <a href="/wiki/Iguvine_Tablets" title="Iguvine Tablets">Iguvine Tablets</a>, bronze tablets written in <a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian</a> that record ritual protocols for carrying out public ceremonies on behalf of the city and community of <a href="/wiki/Gubbio" title="Gubbio">Iguvium</a>. The same title is given to Jupiter and to the Umbrian deity Vofionus. This triad has been compared to the Archaic Triad, with Vofionus equivalent to Quirinus.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Tables I and VI describe a complex ritual that took place at the three gates of the city. After the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#auspicia" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">auspices</a> were taken, two groups of three <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#victima" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">victims</a> were sacrificed at each gate. Mars Grabovius received three oxen.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_Pater">Mars Pater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mars Pater">edit</a>]</div> "Father Mars" or "Mars the Father" is the form in which the god is invoked in the agricultural prayer of Cato,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and he appears with this title in several other literary texts and inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Mars Pater is among the several gods invoked in the ritual of <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#devotio" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">devotio</a>, by means of which a general sacrificed himself and the lives of the enemy to secure a Roman victory.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Father Mars is the regular recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Suovetaurilia" title="Suovetaurilia">suovetaurilia</a>, the sacrifice of a pig (sus), ram (ovis) and bull (taurus), or often a bull alone.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> To Mars Pater other epithets were sometimes appended, such as Mars Pater Victor ("Father Mars the Victorious"),<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> to whom the Roman army sacrificed a bull on March 1.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Although pater and mater were fairly common as honorifics for a deity,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> any special claim for Mars as father of the Roman people lies in the mythic genealogy that makes him the divine father of <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_Silvanus">Mars Silvanus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mars Silvanus">edit</a>]</div> In the section of his farming book that offers recipes and medical preparations, Cato describes a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#votum" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">votum</a> to promote the health of cattle: <blockquote> Make an offering to Mars Silvanus in the forest (in silva) during the daytime for each head of cattle: 3 pounds of meal, 4½ pounds of bacon, 4½ pounds of meat, and 3 pints of wine. You may place the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/viands" class="extiw" title="wikt:viands">viands</a> in one vessel, and the wine likewise in one vessel. Either a slave or a free man may make this offering. After the ceremony is over, consume the offering on the spot at once. A woman may not take part in this offering or see how it is performed. You may vow the vow every year if you wish.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </blockquote> That Mars Silvanus is a single entity has been doubted. <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#invocatio" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Invocations of deities</a> are often list-like, <a href="/wiki/Asyndeton" title="Asyndeton">without connecting words</a>, and the phrase should perhaps be understood as "Mars and Silvanus".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Women were explicitly excluded from some cult practices of Silvanus, but not necessarily of Mars.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Warde_Fowler" title="William Warde Fowler">William Warde Fowler</a>, however, thought that the wild <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">god of the wood Silvanus</a> may have been "an emanation or offshoot" of Mars.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_Ultor">Mars Ultor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mars Ultor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanfortatbalmu00mill_orig_0143_Mars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Romanfortatbalmu00mill_orig_0143_Mars.png/110px-Romanfortatbalmu00mill_orig_0143_Mars.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Romanfortatbalmu00mill_orig_0143_Mars.png/165px-Romanfortatbalmu00mill_orig_0143_Mars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Romanfortatbalmu00mill_orig_0143_Mars.png/220px-Romanfortatbalmu00mill_orig_0143_Mars.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A statue to Mars Ultor from <a href="/wiki/Balmuildy" title="Balmuildy">Balmuildy</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> has been scanned and a video produced.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> created the cult of "Mars the Avenger" to mark two occasions: his defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassins of Caesar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Philippi</a> in 42 BCE, and the negotiated return of the <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">Roman battle standards</a> that had been lost to the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a> in 53 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Augustus_Assembles_His_Marble_City-122">[122]</a> The god is depicted wearing a cuirass and helmet and standing in a "martial pose," leaning on a lance he holds in his right hand. He holds a shield in his left hand.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The goddess <a href="/wiki/Ultio" title="Ultio">Ultio</a>, a divine personification of vengeance, had an altar and golden statue in his temple.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The Temple of Mars Ultor, dedicated in 2 BCE in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a>, gave the god a new place of honor.<a href="#cite_note-Augustus_Assembles_His_Marble_City-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Some rituals previously conducted within the cult of Capitoline Jupiter were transferred to the new temple,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> which became the point of departure for <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistrates</a> as they left for military campaigns abroad.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Augustus required the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Senate</a> to meet at the temple when deliberating questions of war and peace.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The temple also became the site at which sacrifice was made to conclude the <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Rites_of_passage" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">rite of passage</a> of young men assuming the <a href="/wiki/Toga_virilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Toga virilis">toga virilis</a> ("man's toga") around age 14.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> On various <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial holidays</a>, Mars Ultor was the first god to receive a sacrifice, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a> of the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscription</a> from the 2nd century records a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#votum" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">vow</a> to offer Mars Ultor a bull with gilded horns.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_Augustus">Mars Augustus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mars Augustus">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus (honorific)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul_-_St%C3%A8le_Gallo-romaine_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul_-_St%C3%A8le_Gallo-romaine_3.jpg/170px-%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul_-_St%C3%A8le_Gallo-romaine_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul_-_St%C3%A8le_Gallo-romaine_3.jpg/255px-%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul_-_St%C3%A8le_Gallo-romaine_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul_-_St%C3%A8le_Gallo-romaine_3.jpg/340px-%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul_-_St%C3%A8le_Gallo-romaine_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption>Fragmentary dedication <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> to Mars Augustus from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></figcaption></figure> Augustus or Augusta was appended far and wide, "on monuments great and small,"<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> to the name of gods or goddesses, including Mars. The honorific marks the affiliation of a deity with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, many of the statues and dedications to Mars Augustus were presented by members of the priesthood or <a href="/wiki/Sodales" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodales">sodality</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Sodales Augustales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> These vows (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#votum" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">vota</a>) were usually fulfilled within a sanctuary of Imperial cult, or in a temple or precinct (<a href="/wiki/Templum" class="mw-redirect" title="Templum">templum</a>) consecrated specifically to Mars.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> As with other deities invoked as Augustus, altars to Mars Augustus might be set up to further the well-being (<a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">salus</a>) of the emperor,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> but some inscriptions suggest personal devotion. An inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> records the gratitude of a <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">slave</a> who dedicated a statue to Mars Augustus as conservator corporis sui, the preserver of his own body, said to have been vowed ex iussu numinis ipsius, "by the order of the <a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">numen</a> himself".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Mars Augustus appears in inscriptions at sites throughout the Empire, such as <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Saguntum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emerita_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerita Augusta">Emerita</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>) in Roman Spain;<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a> (with a date of 6–7 AD) in present-day <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>;<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Sarmizegetusa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">province of Dacia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_epithets">Provincial epithets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Provincial epithets">edit</a>]</div> In addition to his cult titles at Rome, Mars appears in a large number of <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and more rarely in literary texts, <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio romana">identified with</a> a local deity by means of an <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a>. Mars appears with great frequency in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celts" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Celts">Continental Celts</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>. In Celtic settings, he is often invoked as a healer.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The inscriptions indicate that Mars's ability to dispel the enemy on the battlefield was transferred to the sick person's struggle against illness; healing is expressed in terms of warding off and rescue.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celtic_Mars">Celtic Mars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Celtic Mars">edit</a>]</div> Mars is identified with a number of Celtic deities, some of whom are not attested independently. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Votivblech_von_Barkway_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Votivblech_von_Barkway_2.jpg/220px-Votivblech_von_Barkway_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Votivblech_von_Barkway_2.jpg/330px-Votivblech_von_Barkway_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Votivblech_von_Barkway_2.jpg/440px-Votivblech_von_Barkway_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="3595" /></a><figcaption>Votive plaque inscribed to Mars Alator from the Barkway hoard, Roman Britain</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Mars Alator is attested in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> by an inscription found on an altar at <a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Silver-gilt" title="Silver-gilt">silver-gilt</a> votive plaque that was part of the <a href="/wiki/Barkway_hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkway hoard">Barkway hoard</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Alator has been interpreted variously as "Huntsman" or "Cherisher".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ross-147">[147]</a></li> <li>Mars <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Albiorix appears in an inscription from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Sablet" title="Sablet">Sablet</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Albiorix probably means "King of the Land" or "King of the World", with the first element related to the geographical name <a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> elfydd, "world, land".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The Saturnian moon <a href="/wiki/Albiorix_(moon)" title="Albiorix (moon)">Albiorix</a> is named after this epithet.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li>Mars Barrex is attested by a single dedicatory inscription found at <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Barrex or Barrecis probably means "Supreme One"<a href="#cite_note-Ross-147">[147]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> barro-, "head").<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li>Mars Belatucadrus is named in five inscriptions<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> in the area of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Belatucadros" title="Belatucadros">Belatucadros</a>, with various spellings, is attested independently in twenty additional inscriptions in northern England.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li>Mars Braciaca appears in a single votive inscription at <a href="/wiki/Bakewell" title="Bakewell">Bakewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ross-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The Celtic epithet may refer to <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> or beer, though intoxication in Greco-Roman religion is associated with Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> A reference in Pliny<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> suggests a connection to Mars's agricultural function, with the Gaulish word bracis referring to a type of wheat; a medieval Latin <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a> says it was used to make beer.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_breastplate_MBA_Lyon_L101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mars_breastplate_MBA_Lyon_L101.jpg/170px-Mars_breastplate_MBA_Lyon_L101.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mars_breastplate_MBA_Lyon_L101.jpg/255px-Mars_breastplate_MBA_Lyon_L101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mars_breastplate_MBA_Lyon_L101.jpg/340px-Mars_breastplate_MBA_Lyon_L101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption>A bronze Mars from Gaul</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Mars Camulus is found in five inscriptions scattered over a fairly wide geographical area.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Camulus" title="Camulus">Camulus</a> appears independently in one votive inscription from Rome.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li>Mars Cocidius is found in five inscriptions from northern England.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> About twenty dedications in all are known for the Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Cocidius" title="Cocidius">Cocidius</a>, mainly made by Roman military personnel, and confined to northwest <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> and along Hadrian's Wall. He is once identified with Silvanus.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> He is depicted on two votive plaques as a warrior bearing shield and spear,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> and on an altar as a huntsman accompanied by a dog and stag.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li>Mars Condatis occurs in several inscriptions from Roman Britain.<a href="#cite_note-166">[a]</a> The cult title is probably related to the place name Condate, often used in Gaul for settlements at the confluence of rivers.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Condatis" title="Condatis">Condatis</a> is thought to have functions pertaining to water and healing.<a href="#cite_note-Ross-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></li> <li>Mars Corotiacus is an equestrian Mars attested only on a votive from Martlesham in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> A bronze statuette depicts him as a cavalryman, armed and riding a horse which tramples a prostrate enemy beneath its hooves.<a href="#cite_note-Green-170">[169]</a></li> <li>Mars Lenus, or more often <a href="/wiki/Lenus" title="Lenus">Lenus</a> Mars, had a major healing cult at the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>). Among the votives are images of children offering doves.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> His consort <a href="/wiki/Ancamna" title="Ancamna">Ancamna</a> is also found with the Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Smertrios" title="Smertrios">Smertrios</a>.</li> <li>Mars Loucetius. The Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Loucetios" title="Loucetios">Loucetios</a>, Latinized as -ius, appears in nine inscriptions in present-day Germany and France and one in Britain, and in three as Leucetius. The <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brythonic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/theonym" class="extiw" title="wikt:theonym">theonyms</a> likely derive from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> *louk(k)et-, "bright, shining, flashing," hence also "lightning,"<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> alluding to either a Celtic commonplace <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> between battles and thunderstorms (Old Irish torannchless, the "thunder feat"), or the aura of a divinized hero (the lúan of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a>). The name is given as an epithet of Mars. The consort of Mars Loucetius is <a href="/wiki/Nemetona" title="Nemetona">Nemetona</a>, whose name may be understood as pertaining either to "sacred privilege" or to the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">sacred grove</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">nemeton</a>),<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> and who is also identified with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Romano-British</a> site in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, a dedication to Mars Loucetius as part of this divine couple was made by a pilgrim who had come from the continental <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> to seek healing.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></li> <li>Mars Medocius Campesium appears on a bronze plaque at a <a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>; see Mars Camulus above). The dedication<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> was made between 222 and 235 CE by a self-identified <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> jointly honoring Mars and the Victoria (Victory)<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a>. A Celto-Latin name Medocius or Medocus is known,<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> and a link between Mars's epithet and the Irish legendary surgeon <a href="/wiki/Miach" title="Miach">Miodhach</a> has been conjectured.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Campesium may be an error for Campestrium, "of the Campestres", the divinities who oversaw the parade ground,<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> or "of the Compeses" may refer to a local place name or <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a></li> <li>Mars Mullo is invoked in two <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorican</a> inscriptions pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> The name of the Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Mullo_(god)" title="Mullo (god)">Mullo</a>, which appears in a few additional inscriptions, has been analyzed variously as "mule" and "hill, heap".<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></li> <li>Mars Neton or <a href="/wiki/Neto_(deity)" title="Neto (deity)">Neto</a> was a Celtiberian god at Acci (modern <a href="/wiki/Guadix" title="Guadix">Guadix</a>). According to <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a>, he wore a <a href="/wiki/Radiant_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant crown">radiant crown</a> like a sun god, because the passion to act with valor was a kind of heat. He may be connected to Irish <a href="/wiki/Neit" title="Neit">Neit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></li> <li>Mars Nodens has a possible connection to the Irish mythological figure <a href="/wiki/Nuada_Airgetl%C3%A1m" title="Nuada Airgetlám">Nuada Airgetlám</a>. The Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Nodens" title="Nodens">Nodens</a> was also interpreted as equivalent to several other Roman gods, including <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> and Neptune. The name may have meant "catcher", hence a fisher or hunter.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a></li> <li>Mars Ocelus had an altar dedicated by a junior army officer at <a href="/wiki/Caerwent" title="Caerwent">Caerwent</a>, and possibly a temple. He may be a local counterpart to Lenus.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a></li> <li>Mars Olloudius was depicted in a relief from Roman Britain without armor, in the guise of a <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a> carrying a double <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a> and holding a libation bowl (<a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">patera</a>). <a href="/wiki/Olloudius" title="Olloudius">Olloudius</a> is found also at <a href="/wiki/Ollioules" title="Ollioules">Ollioules</a> in southern Gaul.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a></li> <li>Mars Rigisamus is found in two inscriptions, the earliest most likely the one at <a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>, France) in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Cubi" title="Bituriges Cubi">Bituriges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> At the site of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villa</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Coker" title="West Coker">West Coker</a>, Somerset, he received a bronze plaque <a href="/wiki/Votum" title="Votum">votum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> The Gaulish element rig- (very common at the end of names as -rix), found in later Celtic languages as <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AD" title="Rí">rí</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with Latin rex, "king" or more precisely "ruler". <a href="/wiki/Rigisamus" title="Rigisamus">Rigisamus</a> or Rigisamos is "supreme ruler" or "king of kings".<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></li> <li>Mars Rigonemetis ("King of the Sacred Grove"). A dedication to Rigonemetis and the <a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">numen</a> (spirit) of the Emperor inscribed on a stone was discovered at <a href="/wiki/Nettleham" title="Nettleham">Nettleham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>) in 1961. Rigonemetis is only known from this site, and it seems he may have been a god belonging to the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Corieltauvi" title="Corieltauvi">Corieltauvi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Green-170">[169]</a></li> <li>Mars Segomo. "Mars the Victorious" appears among the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></li> <li>Mars Smertrius. At a site within the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancamna" title="Ancamna">Ancamna</a> was the consort of Mars Smertrius.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></li> <li>Mars Teutates. A fusion of Mars with the Celtic god Teutates (<a href="/wiki/Toutatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Toutatis">Toutatis</a>).</li> <li>Mars Thincsus. A form of Mars invoked at <a href="/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort" title="Housesteads Roman Fort">Housesteads Roman Fort</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>, where his name is linked with two goddesses called the <a href="/wiki/Alaisiagae" title="Alaisiagae">Alaisiagae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Ross_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Ross (scholar)">Anne Ross</a> associated Thincsus with a sculpture, also from the fort, which shows a god flanked by goddesses and accompanied by a goose – a frequent companion of war gods.<a href="#cite_note-Green-170">[169]</a></li> <li>Mars Visucius. A fusion of Mars with the Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Visucius" title="Visucius">Visucius</a>.</li> <li>Mars Vorocius. A Celtic healer-god invoked at the curative spring shrine at <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allier" title="Allier">Allier</a>) as a curer of eye afflictions. On images, the god is depicted as a Celtic warrior.<a href="#cite_note-Green-170">[169]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Mars_Balearicus"">"Mars Balearicus"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: "Mars Balearicus"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Balearicus_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mars_Balearicus_cropped.jpg/150px-Mars_Balearicus_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mars_Balearicus_cropped.jpg/225px-Mars_Balearicus_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mars_Balearicus_cropped.jpg/300px-Mars_Balearicus_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statuette of Mars Balearicus</figcaption></figure> "Mars Balearicus" is a name used in modern scholarship for small bronze warrior figures from <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> (one of the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>) that are interpreted as representing the local Mars cult.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> These statuettes have been found within <a href="/wiki/Talaiot" title="Talaiot">talayotic</a> sanctuaries with extensive evidence of burnt offerings. "Mars" is fashioned as a lean, athletic nude lifting a lance and wearing a helmet, often conical; the genitals are perhaps semi-erect in some examples. Other bronzes at the sites represent the heads or horns of bulls, but the bones in the ash layers indicate that sheep, goats, and pigs were the sacrificial victims. Bronze horse-hooves were found in one sanctuary. Another site held an imported statue of <a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a>, the legendary <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Egyptian physician</a>. These sacred precincts were still in active use when the Roman occupation began in 123 BCE. They seem to have been astronomically oriented toward the rising or setting of the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> <a href="/wiki/Centaurus" title="Centaurus">Centaurus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_the_calendar">On the calendar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: On the calendar">edit</a>]</div> Mars gave his name to the third month in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martius_(month)" title="Martius (month)">Martius</a>, from which English March derives. In the most ancient Roman calendar, Martius was the first month. The <a href="/wiki/Planet_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet Mars">planet Mars</a> was named for him, and in some allegorical and philosophical writings, the planet and the god are endowed with shared characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> In many languages, <a href="/wiki/Tuesday" title="Tuesday">Tuesday</a> is <a href="/wiki/Week-day_names#Planetary" class="mw-redirect" title="Week-day names">named for the planet Mars or the god of war</a>: In Latin, martis dies (literally, 'Mars's Day'), survived in <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> as marte (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Portuguese</a>), martes (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spanish">Spanish</a>), mardi (<a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">French</a>), martedì (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Italian">Italian</a>), marți (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romanian">Romanian</a>), and dimarts (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">Catalan</a>). In Irish (Gaelic), the day is An Mháirt, while in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> it is e Marta. The English word Tuesday derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> Tiwesdæg and means 'Tiw's Day', Tiw being the Old English form of the Proto-Germanic war god *Tîwaz, or <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a> in Norse.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariocecus" title="Cariocecus">Cariocecus</a>, an Iberian war god syncretised with Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, the planet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>, the Babylonian god associated with the planet Mars in <a href="/wiki/Astral_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Astral theology">astral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Mars" title="Planets in astrology">Planets in astrology#Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a>, the Norse god of war</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Condatis" title="Condatis">Condatis</a> > <a href="/wiki/Condatis#Archaeological_evidence" title="Condatis"> Archaeological evidence</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Based on an <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustan-era</a> original that in turn used a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic Greek model</a> of the 4th century BCE. <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a> in Rome, Italy. Capitoline Museums. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://capitolini.info/scu00058/?lang=en">Colossal statue of Mars Ultor also known as Pyrrhus – Inv. Scu 58.</a>" Capitolini.information. Accessed 8 October 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEvans1998" class="citation book cs1">Evans, James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17">The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5"><bdi>978-0-19-509539-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Astronomy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509539-5&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnS51_7qbEWsC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Later represented in the astronomical and astrological <a href="/wiki/Mars_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars symbol">symbol for the planet Mars</a>, and the male gender (♂) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alatius.com/latin/bennetthidden.html">Chapter 3</a>, Charles E. Bennett (1907) The Latin Language – a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax. Allyn & Bacon, Boston. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome: A History (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Scheid" title="John Scheid">John Scheid</a>, An Introduction to Roman Religion, translated by Janet Lloyd (Indiana University Press, 2003), pp. 51–52; Robert Turcan, The Gods of Ancient Rome (Routledge, 2001; originally published in French 1998), p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lar-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Lar_7-0">^</a> Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia, <a href="/wiki/The_Book_People" title="The Book People">The Book People</a>, Haydock, 1995, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Kurt A. Raaflaub, War and Peace in the Ancient World (Blackwell, 2007), p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Paul Rehak and John G. Younger, Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius (University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> calls Mars Romanae gentis auctorem, the originator or founder of the Roman people as a <a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a> (Etymologiae 5.33.5). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a> of the name is as follows: <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative case</a>, Mars; <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>, Martis; <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, Martem; <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a>, Marti; <a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a> Marte.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/grammar/whprax/w7-d3-n.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910183407/http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/grammar/whprax/w7-d3-n.html">Archived</a> September 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Virgil, Aeneid VIII, 630 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryD._Q._Adams1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">D. Q. Adams</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 630–631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2"><bdi>1-884964-98-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E630-%3C%2Fspan%3E631&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-884964-98-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=D.+Q.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988">; some of the older literature assumes an Indo-European form closer to *Marts, and see a connection with the Indic wind gods, the <a href="/wiki/Maruts" title="Maruts">Maruts</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724122105/http://vedabase.net/m/maruta">"Māruta"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedabase.net/m/maruta">the original</a> on July 24, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C4%81ruta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.net%2Fm%2Fmaruta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"> However, this makes the appearance of Mavors and the agricultural cults of Mars difficult to explain. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michiel_de_Vaan" title="Michiel de Vaan">Michiel de Vaan</a>, Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Brill, 2008, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Larissa Bonfante, Etruscan Life and Afterlife: A Handbook of Etruscan Studies (Wayne State University Press, 1986), p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pallottino" title="Massimo Pallottino">Massimo Pallottino</a>, "Religion in Pre-Roman Italy", in Roman and European Mythologies (University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), pp. 29, 30; <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Wagenvoort" title="Hendrik Wagenvoort">Hendrik Wagenvoort</a>, "The Origin of the Ludi Saeculares", in Studies in Roman Literature, Culture and Religion (Brill, 1956), p. 219 et passim; <a href="/wiki/John_F._Hall" title="John F. Hall">John F. Hall III</a>, "The Saeculum Novum of Augustus and its Etruscan Antecedents", Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.16.3 (1986), p. 2574; <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Larissa Bonfante</a>, Etruscan Life and Afterlife: A Handbook of Etruscan Studies (Wayne State University Press, 1986), p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=martial">"martial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary</a>. Retrieved November 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.atitle=martial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dmartial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dauzat" title="Albert Dauzat">Albert Dauzat</a>, Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille et prénoms de France, Larousse, Paris 1980. p. 420. New completed edition by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Morlet" class="extiw" title="fr:Marie-Thérèse Morlet">Marie-Thérèse Morlet</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-York,_Michael_1988-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-York,_Michael_1988_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-York,_Michael_1988_19-1">b</a> York, Michael. Romulus and Remus, Mars and Quirinus. Journal of Indo-European Studies 16:1 & 2 (Spring/Summer, 1988), 153–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, Theogony p. 79 in the translation of Norman O. Brown (Bobbs-Merrill, 1953); 921 in the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hesiod00hesi">numbering</a>; <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, 5.890–896. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mars-birth-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mars-birth_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mars-birth_21-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ovidsfasti00oviduoft#page/276/mode/2up">5.229–260</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Warde_Fowler" title="William Warde Fowler">William Warde Fowler</a>, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1908), p. 35f., discusses this interpretation in order to question it. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Carole E. Newlands, Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti (Cornell University Press, 1995), pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a>, Attic Nights 13.23. Gellius says the word Nerio or Nerienes is <a href="/wiki/Sabine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine language">Sabine</a> and is supposed to be the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">name</a> Nero as used by the <a href="/wiki/Claudia_gens" title="Claudia gens">Claudian family</a>, who were <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabine</a> in origin. The Sabines themselves, Gellius says, thought the word was <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> in origin, from νεῦρα (neura), Latin nervi, meaning the sinews and ligaments of the limbs. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E.A._Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert E.A. Palmer">Robert E.A. Palmer</a>, The Archaic Community of the Romans (Cambridge University Press, 1970, 2009), p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>, Truculentus 515. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lydus" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Lydus">Johannes Lydus</a>, De mensibus 4.60 (42). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Porphyrion" title="Pomponius Porphyrion">Porphyrion</a>, Commentum in Horatium Flaccum, on Epistula II.2.209. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Warde_Fowler" title="William Warde Fowler">William Warde Fowler</a>, The Religious Experience of the Roman People (London, 1922), p. 150–154; Roger D. Woodard, Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult (University of Illinois Press, 2006), pp. 113–114; Gary Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War (University of California Press, 2005), p. 145. The prayer is recorded in the passage on Nerio in Aulus Gellius. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Robert Schilling, "Venus", in Roman and European Mythologies (University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> John R. Clarke, The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.–A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration (University of California Press, 1991), pp. 156–157 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Laura Salah Nasrallah, Christian Responses to Roman Art and Architecture: The Second-Century Church amid the Spaces of Empire (Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 284–287. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Ficino, On Love, speech 5, chapter 8, as summarized in the entry on "Mars", The Classical Tradition (Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 564. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Entry on "Mars" in The Classical Tradition, p. 564. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Onians, The Origins of European Thought about the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time and Fate (Cambridge University Press, 1951), pp. 470–471. Onians connects the name of Mars to the Latin mas, maris, "male" (p. 178), as had Isidore of Seville, saying that the month of March (Martius) was named after Mars "because at that time all living things are stirred toward virility (mas, gen. maris) and to the pleasures of sexual intercourse" (eo tempore cuncta animantia agantur ad marem et ad concumbendi voluptatem): Etymologies 5.33.5, translation by Stephen A. Barney, The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 128. In antiquity, vis was thought to be related etymologically to vita, "life." Varro (De lingua latina 5.64, quoting <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Lucilius" title="Gaius Lucilius">Lucilius</a>) notes that vis is vita: "vis drives us to do everything." </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> On the relation of Mars's warrior aspect to his agricultural functions with respect to Dumézil's <a href="/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis" title="Trifunctional hypothesis">Trifunctional hypothesis</a>, see Wouter W. Belier, Decayed Gods: Origin and Development of Georges Dumézil's 'idéologie tripartie' (Brill, 1991), pp. 88–91 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs3BpWur0_4C&dq=%22Besides+the+obviously+warlike+aspects+of+Mars+there+are+also+features+which+have+an+agricultural+aspect%22&pg=PA88">online.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Schilling, "Mars", in Roman and European Mythologies, p. 135; Palmer, Archaic Community, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Gary Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome (University of California Press, 2005), p. 127; Fowler, Religious Experience, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato</a>, On Agriculture 141. In pre-modern agricultural societies, encroaching woodland or wild growth was a real threat to the food supply, since clearing land for cultivation required intense manual labor with minimal tools and little or no large-scale machinery. Fowler says of Mars, "As he was not localised either on the farm or in the city, I prefer to think that he was originally conceived as a Power outside the boundary in each case, but for that very reason all the more to be propitiated by the settlers within it" (Religious Experience, p. 142). </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Schilling, "Mars", p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Beard et al., Religions of Rome: A History, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Plutarch, Roman Questions 21, citing <a href="/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus">Nigidius Figulus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Roman Questions 21; also named as sacred to Mars in his Life of Romulus. Ovid (Fasti 3.37) calls the woodpecker the bird of Mars. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, Natural History 29.29. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Pliny, Natural History 27.60. Pliny names the herb as glycysīdē in Greek, Latin <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeonia (plant)">paeonia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Peony#Name" title="Peony">Peony: Name</a>), also called pentorobos. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> A.H. Krappe, "Picus Who Is Also Zeus", Mnemosyne 9.4 (1941), p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Geoffrey_Arnott" class="mw-redirect" title="William Geoffrey Arnott">William Geoffrey Arnott</a>, Birds in the ancient world from A to Z (Routledge, 2007), p. 63 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0NB4qqenLQIC&dq=picus+Martius+Mars+%22green+woodpecker%22&pg=PA63">online.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Roman Questions 21. <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> lists the woodpecker among delicacies on Greek tables (Deipnosophistae 9.369). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>, Asinaria 259–261; <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, Natural History 10.18. Named also in the <a href="/wiki/Iguvine_Tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguvine Tables">Iguvine Tables</a> (6a, 1–7), as <a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian</a> peiqu; Schilling, "Roman Divination", in Roman and European Mythologies (University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 96–97 and 105, note 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> 1.31; Peter F. Dorcey, The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion (Brill, 1992), p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> John Greppin, entry on "woodpecker", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), p. 648. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Halicarnassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius Halicarnassus">Dionysius Halicarnassus</a>, Roman Antiquities I.14.5, as noted by Mary Emma Armstrong, The Significance of Certain Colors in Roman Ritual (George Banta Publishing, 1917), p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> The myth of the she-wolf, and the birth of the twins with Mars as their father, is a long and complex tradition that weaves together multiple stories about the founding of Rome. See <a href="/wiki/T.P._Wiseman" class="mw-redirect" title="T.P. Wiseman">T.P. Wiseman</a>, Remus: A Roman Myth (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. xiii, 73ff. et passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Plutarch, Life of Romulus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Romulus*.html">4.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> 22.1.12, as cited by Wiseman, Remus, p. 189, note 6, and Armstrong, The Significance of Certain Colors, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab Urbe Condita</a> 10.27. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Miranda Green, Animals in Celtic Life and Myth (Routledge, 1992), p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Related Beliefs", in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 283; C. Bennett Pascal, "October Horse", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85 (1981), pp. 268, 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> As did Neptune, Janus and the <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Scheid" title="John Scheid">John Scheid</a>, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors", in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> C. Bennett Pascal, "October Horse", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85 (1981), pp. 263, 268, 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Lawrence Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, Roman Antiquities 5.13.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Livy 40.45.8, 1.44.1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Katja Moede, "Reliefs, Public and Private", in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> 1.7.1; <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, note to <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> 1.292; Richardson, New Topographical Dictionary, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> 6.5.7; Richardson, New Topographical Dictionary, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Ovid, Fasti 6.191–192 and the <a href="/wiki/Fasti_Antiates" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasti Antiates">Fasti Antiates</a> (Degrassi 463), as cited by Richardson, New Topographical Dictionary, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> 6.473, 474 = 30774, 485; <a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Latinae_Selectae" title="Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae">ILS</a> 3139, 3144, as cited by Richardson, New Topographical Dictionary, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/H.H._Scullard" class="mw-redirect" title="H.H. Scullard">H.H. Scullard</a>, Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic (Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Scullard, Festivals and Ceremonies, pp. 127, 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Pliny, Natural History 36.26; Richardson, New Topographical Dictionary, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Paul Rehak, Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius (University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Rehak, Imperium and Cosmos, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Michele Renee Salzman, On Roman Time: The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity (University of California Press, 1990), p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Richardson, New Topographical Dictionary, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Robert Schilling, "Mars", in Roman and European Mythologies (University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 135 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf2_kHAs22sC&dq=mars+intitle%3Amythologies&pg=PA135">online.</a> The figure is sometimes identified only as a warrior. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Jonathan Williams, "Religion and Roman Coins", in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Paul Rehak and John G. Younger, Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius (University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Rehak and Younger, Imperium and Cosmos, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Entry on "Mars", in The Classical Tradition, p. 564, citing Sebastiano Erizzo, On Ancient Medallions (1559), p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a> 5.425, with Mars specified as Gradivus and Neptune named as <a href="/wiki/Portunus_(mythology)" title="Portunus (mythology)">Portunus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>, Antiquitates frg. 254* (Cardauns); <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Romulus 29.1 (a rather muddled account); <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, Adversus nationes 6.11. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Michael Lipka, Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach (Brill, 2009), p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a>, Attic Nights <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/4*.html#6.1">4.6.1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/44*.html#17.2">44.17.2</a> (because Caesar was <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a>); Veit Rosenberger, "Republican Nobiles: Controlling the Res Publica", in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Imperium and Cosmos p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Christopher Smith, "The Religion of Archaic Rome", in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Scullard, Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Marked as such only on the <a href="/wiki/Chronography_of_354" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronography of 354">Chronography of 354</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The hymn is preserved in an inscription (<a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> 6.2104); Frances Hickson Hahn, "Performing the Sacred", in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Hahn, "Performing the Sacred", p. 237, citing <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> 2.70.1–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>, Institutiones 1.6.40, as cited by Frances Hickson Hahn, in "Performing the Sacred", in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Guiliano Bonfante and <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Larissa Bonfante</a>, The Etruscan Language: An Introduction (Manchester University Press, 1983, 2002 rev.ed.), p. 26; Donald Strong and J.M.C. Toynbee, Roman Art (Yale University Press, 1976, 1988), p. 33; Fred S. Kleiner, introduction to A History of Roman Art (Wadsworth, 2007, 2010 "enhanced edition"), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-r0S-z-UxkC&dq=mars+todi+bronze&pg=PR40">p. xl.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> R.L. Rike, Apex Omnium: Religion in the Res Gestae of Ammianus (University of California Press, 1987), p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Ammianus Marcellinus 24.6.17; Rike, Apex Omnium, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> 2.45. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Livy, 1.20, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivyWarrior1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>; Warrior, Valerie M (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-ikf_c0rB0C&pg=PA31">The History of Rome, Books 1–5</a>. Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60384-381-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-60384-381-7"><bdi>1-60384-381-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome%2C+Books+1%E2%80%935&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=1884&rft.isbn=1-60384-381-7&rft.au=Livy&rft.au=Warrior%2C+Valerie+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-ikf_c0rB0C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988">, with note by Valerie M. Warrior, The History of Rome Books 1–5 (Hackett, 2006), p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Compare <a href="/wiki/Gradiva" title="Gradiva">Gradiva</a>. The second-century grammarian <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a> offers two other explanations in addition. The name, he says, might also mean the vibration of a spear, for which the Greeks use the word kradainein; others locate the origin of Gradivus in the grass (gramine), because the <a href="/wiki/Grass_Crown" title="Grass Crown">Grass Crown</a> is the highest military honor; see Carole Newlands, Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti (Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 106. <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a> says that grass was sacred to Mars (note to <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> 12.119). </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Statius, <a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Latin_poem)" title="Thebaid (Latin poem)">Thebaid</a> 9.4. See also 7.695. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a> 2.131.1, auctor ac stator Romani nominis. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Hans-Friedrich Mueller, Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus (Routledge, 2002), p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a>, The Marriage of Philology and Mercury 1.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._E._A._Palmer" title="R. E. A. Palmer">Palmer, R. E. A.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaiccommunity0000palm">The Archaic Community of the Romans</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07702-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07702-6"><bdi>978-0-521-07702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaic+Community+of+the+Romans&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07702-6&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=R.+E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaiccommunity0000palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988">, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Mars enim cum saevit Gradivus dicitur, cum tranquillus est Quirinus: <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a>, note to <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> 1.292, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+1.292&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053">Perseus.</a> At Aeneid 6.860, Servius further notes: "Quirinus is the Mars who presides over peace and whose cult is maintained within the civilian realm, for the Mars of war has his <a href="/wiki/Templum" class="mw-redirect" title="Templum">temple</a> outside that realm." See also Belier, Decayed Gods, p. 92: "The identification of the two gods is a reflection of a social process. The men who till the soil as Quirites in times of peace are identical with the men who defend their country as Milites in times of war." </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Palmer, The Archaic Community of the Romans, pp. 165–171. On how Romulus became identified with Mars Quirinus, see the Dumézilian summary of Belier, Decayed Gods, p. 93–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Etymologically, Quirinus is *co-uiri-no, "(the god) of the community of men (viri)," and Vofionus is *leudhyo-no, "(the god) of the people": Oliver de Cazanove, "Pre-Roman Italy, Before and Under the Romans", in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 49. It has also been argued that Vofionus corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a>, because an entry in <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a> (204, edition of Lindsay) indicates there was a Roman triad of Jupiter, Mars, and Janus, each having quirinus as a title; C. Scott Littleton, The New Comparative Mythology (University of California Press, 1966, 1973), p. 178, citing Vsevolod Basanoff, Les dieux Romains (1942). </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> O. de Cazanove, "Pre-Roman Italy," pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> The Indo-European character of this prayer is discussed by <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Calvert Watkins</a>, "Some Indo-European Prayers: Cato's Lustration of the Fields", in <a href="/wiki/How_to_Kill_a_Dragon:_Aspects_of_Indo-European_Poetics" class="mw-redirect" title="How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics">How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics</a> (Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 197–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Celia E. Schultz, "Juno Sospita and Roman Insecurity in the Social War", in Religion in Republican Italy (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 217, especially note 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> For the text of this vow, see <a href="/wiki/Novensiles#The_invocation_of_Decius_Mus" title="Novensiles">The invocation of Decius Mus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 71ff. for examples of a bull offering, p. 153 on the suovetaurilia. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Beard et al., "Religions of Rome, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Martin Henig, Religion in Roman Britain (London, 1984, 1995), p. 27, citing the military calendar from <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Gary Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War (University of California Press, 2005), p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Newlands, Playing with Time, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Votum pro bubus, uti valeant, sic facito. Marti Silvano in silva interdius in capita singula boum votum facito. Farris L. III et lardi P.39 IIII S et pulpae P. IIII S, vini S.40 III, id in unum vas liceto coicere, et vinum item in unum vas liceto coicere. Eam rem divinam vel servus vel liber licebit faciat. Ubi <a href="/wiki/Res_divina" title="Res divina">res divina</a> facta erit, statim ibidem consumito. Mulier ad eam rem divinam ne adsit neve videat quo modo fiat. Hoc votum in annos singulos, si voles, licebit vovere. <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a>, On Farming 83, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cato/De_Agricultura/E*.html#83">English translation</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, Bill Thayer's edition at <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Robert Schilling, "Silvanus", in Roman and European Mythologies (University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 146; Peter F. Dorcey, The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion (Brill, 1992), pp. 8–9, 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Dorcey, The Cult of Silvanus, pp. 9 and 105ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Warde_Fowler" title="William Warde Fowler">William Warde Fowler</a>, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1908), p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/269194099">"Statue of Mars Ultor, Balmuildy"</a>. May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statue+of+Mars+Ultor%2C+Balmuildy&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F269194099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Augustus_Assembles_His_Marble_City-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Augustus_Assembles_His_Marble_City_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Augustus_Assembles_His_Marble_City_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Diana E. E. Kleiner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/roman-architecture/lecture/6whGG/9-4-augustus-assembles-his-marble-city">Augustus Assembles His Marble City</a> (Multimedia presentation). Yale University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augustus+Assembles+His+Marble+City&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coursera.org%2Flearn%2Froman-architecture%2Flecture%2F6whGG%2F9-4-augustus-assembles-his-marble-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Michael Lipka, Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach (Brill, 2009), p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Clark, Divine Qualities, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Robert Schilling, "Mars," Roman and European Mythologies (University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 135; <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> For instance, during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> was charged with the ritual <a href="/wiki/Clavum_fingere" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavum fingere">clavi figendi causa</a>, driving a nail into the wall of the Capitoline temple. According to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (55.10.4, as cited by Lipka, Roman Gods, p. 108), this duty was transferred to a <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censor</a> under Augustus, and the ritual moved to the Temple of Mars Ultor. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Lipka, Roman Gods, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Harry Sidebottom, "International Relations," in The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire (Cambridge University Press, 2007), vol. 2, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> 55.10.2; Nicole Belyache, "Religious Actors in Daily Life," in A Companion to Roman Religion p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Lipka, Roman Gods, pp. 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> VI.1, no. 2086 (edition of Bormann and Henzen, 1876), as translated and cited by Charlotte R. Long, The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome (Brill, 1987), pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Keith Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves (Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> A.E. Cooley, "Beyond Rome and Latium: Roman Religion in the Age of Augustus," in Religion in Republican Italy (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 247; Duncan Fishwick, The imperial cult in the Latin West (Brill, 2005), passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Jonathan Edmondson, "The Cult of Mars Augustus and Roman Imperial Power at Augusta Emerita (Lusitania) in the Third Century A.D.: A New Votive Dedication," in Culto imperial: politica y poder («L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 2007), p. 562. These include an inscription that was later built into the castle walls at <a href="/wiki/Sines" title="Sines">Sines</a>, Portugal; dedications at Ipagrum (<a href="/wiki/Aguilar_de_la_Frontera" title="Aguilar de la Frontera">Aguilar de la Frontera</a>, in the modern <a href="/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)" title="Province of Córdoba (Spain)">province of Córdoba</a>) and at Conobaria (<a href="/wiki/Las_Cabezas_de_San_Juan" title="Las Cabezas de San Juan">Las Cabezas de San Juan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Seville" title="Province of Seville">province of Seville</a>) in Baetica; and a statue at Isturgi (<a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> II. 2121 = <a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Latinae_Selectae" title="Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae">ILS</a> II2/7, 56). A magister of the "<a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> of Augustus" made a dedication to Mars Augustus (<a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> II. 2013 = <a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Latinae_Selectae" title="Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae">ILS</a> II2/5, 773) at Singili(a) Barba (Cerro del Castillón, <a href="/wiki/Antequera" title="Antequera">Antequera</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Edmondson, "The Cult of Mars Augustus," p. 563. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Edmondson, "The Cult of Mars Augustus," p. 562. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Latinae_Selectae" title="Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae">ILS</a> 3160; Rudolf Haensch, "Inscriptions as Sources of Knowledge for Religions and Cults in the Roman World of Imperial Times," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> William Van Andringa, "Religions and the Integration of Cities in the Empire in the Second Century AD: The Creation of a Common Religious Language," A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Edmondson, "The Cult of Mars Augustus," pp. 541–575. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Ittai Gradel, Emperor Worship and Roman Religion (Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 238, note 11, citing Victor Ehrenberg and Arnold H.M. Jones, Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius (Oxford University Press, 1955), no. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> The chief priest of the three Dacian provinces dedicated an altar pro salute, for the wellbeing of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a>, at an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">imperial cult</a> center sometime between 238 and 244 AD; Edmondson, "The Cult of Mars Augustus," p. 562. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Miranda Green, Animals in Celtic Life and Myth (Routledge, 1992), p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Ton Derks, Gods, Temples, and Ritual Practices: The Transformation of Religious Ideas and Values in Roman Gaul (Amsterdam University Press, 1998), p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Inscriptions_of_Britain" title="Roman Inscriptions of Britain">RIB</a> 1055, as cited by Bernhard Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture (Boydell & Brewer, 1997, originally published in German 1994), p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> RIB 218, as cited by Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Phillips, E.J. (1977). Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani, Great Britain, Volume I, Fascicule 1. Hadrian's Wall East of the North Tyne (p. 66). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-725954-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-725954-5">0-19-725954-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_147-3">d</a> Ross, Anne (1967). Pagan Celtic Britain. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902357-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-902357-03-4">0-902357-03-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> 12.1300. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html">"Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers"</a>. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527090504/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Planet+and+Satellite+Names+and+Discoverers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2Fappend7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise (Éditions Errance, 2003), p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> RIB 918, 948, 970, 1784, 2044, as cited by Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Miranda Alhouse-Green, "Gallo-British Deities and Their Shrines," in A Companion to Roman Britain (Blackwell, 2004), p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> RIB 278, as cited by Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Birley" title="Eric Birley">Eric Birley</a>, "The Deities of Roman Britain," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.18.1 (1986), pp. 43, 68; Delamarre, entry on bracis, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, p. 85. In discussing the Celtiberian Mars Neto, Macrobius associates Mars and <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a>, a Roman deity identified with Dionysus (Saturnalia 1.19). </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, Natural History 18.62. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a>, the form of Celtic spoken by the Celts who settled in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, the word embrekton was a kind of beverage; Delamarre, Dictionnaire, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> ILTG 351; CIL 13.3980; CIL 13.8701; CIL 13.11818; RIV 2166; Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> CIL 6.32574; Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> RIB 602, 933, 1017, 2015, 2024; Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> RIB 1578. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> RIB 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> RIB 986 and 987; Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Jones, Barri & Mattingly, David (1990). An Atlas of Roman Britain (p. 275). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84217-067-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84217-067-8">1-84217-067-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> RIB 213; Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_170-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_170-3">d</a> Miranda J. Green. "Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend" (p. 142.) Thames and Hudson Ltd. 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Green, Animals in Celtic Life and Myth, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise (Éditions Errance, 2003), 2nd edition, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> <a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">nemeton</a> was originally a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">sacred grove</a> or space defined for religious purposes, and later a building: <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Maier_(religious_studies_professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Maier (religious studies professor)">Bernhard Maier</a>, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture (Boydell Press, 1997, 2000, originally published 1994 in German), p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Helmut Birkham, entry on "Loucetius," in Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, edited by John Koch (ABC-Clio, 2006), p. 1192. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> RIB 191: DEO MARTI MEDOCIO CAMPESIVM ET VICTORIE ALEXANDRI PII FELICIS AVGVSTI NOSI DONVM LOSSIO VEDA DE SVO POSVIT NEPOS VEPOGENI CALEDO ("To the god of the battlefields Mars Medocius, and to the victory of [Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus] Alexander Pius Felix Augustus, Lossius Veda the grandson of Vepogenus Caledos, placed [this] offering out of his own [funds]"). </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Martin Henig, Religion in Roman Britain (Taylor & Francis, 1984, 2005), p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Duncan Fishwick, "Imperial Cult in Britain," Phoenix 15.4 (1961), p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> A Saint Medocus is recorded in the early 16th century as the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a> for St. Madoes in <a href="/wiki/Gowrie" title="Gowrie">Gowrie</a>; Molly Miller, "Matriliny by Treaty: The Pictish Foundation-Legend," in Ireland in Early Mediaeval Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Fishwick, "Imperial Cult in Britain," p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> John Ferguson, The Religions of the Roman Empire (Cornell University Press, 1970, 1985), p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Perhaps related to Campesie Fells in <a href="/wiki/Stirlingshire" title="Stirlingshire">Stirlingshire</a>; Fishwick, "Imperial Cult in Britain," p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> CIL 13.3148 and 3149 at <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>; Paganism and Christianity, 100–425 C.E.: A Sourcebook, edited by <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacMullen" title="Ramsay MacMullen">Ramsay MacMullen</a> and Eugene N. Lane (Augsburg Fortress, 1992), pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> CIL 13.3096 (<a href="/wiki/Craon,_Mayenne" title="Craon, Mayenne">Craon</a>), CIL 13.3101 and 3102, at <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, ILTG 343–345 (Allones); Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.19; David Rankin, Celts and the Classical World (Routledge, 1987), p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> John Wacher, The Towns of Roman Britain (University of California Press, 1974), p. 384. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Green, Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> CIL 1190 = <a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Latinae_Selectae" title="Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae">ILS</a> 4581; E. Birley, "Deities of Roman Britain," p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Anthony Birley, The People of Roman Britain (University of California Press, 1979), p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Delamarre, entry on rix, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, pp. 260–261; Green, Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins, Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome (Facts on File, 1994, 2004), p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Miranda Green, Celtic Myths (University of Texas Press, 1993, 1998), p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> G. Llompart, "Mars Balearicus," Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología 26 (1960) 101–128; "Estatuillas de bronce de Mallorca: Mars Balearicus," in Bronces y religión romana: actas del XI Congreso Internacional de Bronces Antiguos, Madrid, mayo-junio, 1990 (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1993), p. 57ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Jaume García Rosselló, Joan Fornés Bisquerra, and Michael Hoskin, "Orientations of the Talayotic Sanctuaries of Mallorca," Journal of History of Astronomy, Archaeoastronomy Supplement 31 (2000), pp. 58–64 (especially note 10) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?2000JHAS...31...58G&defaultprint=YES&filetype=.pdf">pdf.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> "Mars," The Classical Tradition, p. 565. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Tuesday">Online Etymology Dictionary.</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mars_(god)" class="extiw" title="commons:Mars (god)">Mars (god)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler,_William_Warde1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Warde_Fowler" title="William Warde Fowler">Fowler, William Warde</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mars_(deity)">"Mars (deity)" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 760–761.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+%28deity%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E760-%3C%2Fspan%3E761&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Fowler%2C+William+Warde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000163">The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Mars)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenoria_(mythology)" title="Agenoria (mythology)">Agenoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angerona" title="Angerona">Angerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Dea" title="Bona Dea">Bona Dea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloacina" title="Cloacina">Cloacina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Dia" title="Dea Dia">Dea Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dies_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies (deity)">Dies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_(deity)" title="Fauna (deity)">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_ancient_Rome" title="Hercules in ancient Rome">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nox_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nox (goddess)">Nox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1054" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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