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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Sumber+terbuka" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Sumber+terbuka" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Sumber+terbuka" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Sumber+terbuka" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pengenalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengenalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pengenalan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengenalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kelebihan_perisian_sumber_terbuka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelebihan_perisian_sumber_terbuka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kelebihan perisian sumber terbuka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelebihan_perisian_sumber_terbuka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Pautan luar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gerakan_sumber_terbuka_antarabangsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerakan_sumber_terbuka_antarabangsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gerakan sumber terbuka antarabangsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerakan_sumber_terbuka_antarabangsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerakan_sumber_terbuka_di_Nusantara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerakan_sumber_terbuka_di_Nusantara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Gerakan sumber terbuka di Nusantara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerakan_sumber_terbuka_di_Nusantara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumber terbuka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 58 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oopbronkode" title="Oopbronkode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oopbronkode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD" title="مصدر مفتوح – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصدر مفتوح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digu_abiertu" title="Códigu abiertu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Códigu abiertu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_terbuka" title="Sumber terbuka – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumber terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8" title="উন্মুক্ত উৎস – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উন্মুক্ত উৎস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source" title="Open Source – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Open Source" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Отворен код – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отворен код" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codi_obert" title="Codi obert – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Codi obert" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source" title="Open Source – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Open Source" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatud_l%C3%A4htekood" title="Avatud lähtekood – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avatud lähtekood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ανοικτός Κώδικας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανοικτός Κώδικας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_abierto" title="Código abierto – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Código abierto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malferma_kodo" title="Malferma kodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malferma kodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_ireki" title="Kode ireki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kode ireki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="مدل متن‌باز – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل متن‌باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88_%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8" title="오픈 소스 모델 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오픈 소스 모델" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4" title="मुक्त स्रोत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुक्त स्रोत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otvoreni_kod" title="Otvoreni kod – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otvoreni kod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ಮುಕ್ತ ತಂತ್ರಾಂಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುಕ್ತ ತಂತ್ರಾಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atv%C4%93rtais_pirmkods" title="Atvērtais pirmkods – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atvērtais pirmkods" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source" title="Open Source – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Open Source" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atvirasis_kodas" title="Atvirasis kodas – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atvirasis kodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4" title="खुल्ला स्रोत – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खुल्ला स्रोत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="オープンソース – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オープンソース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85pen_kildekode" title="Åpen kildekode – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åpen kildekode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_kjeldekode" title="Open kjeldekode – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Open kjeldekode" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source" title="Open Source – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Open Source" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_aberto" title="Código aberto – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Código aberto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%C4%B1q_kodl%C4%B1" title="Ashıq kodlı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ashıq kodlı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surs%C4%83_deschis%C4%83" title="Sursă deschisă – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sursă deschisă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicha_pukyu" title="Kicha pukyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kicha pukyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Политика открытого кода – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политика открытого кода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_soorce" title="Open soorce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Open soorce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodi_burim_i_hapur" title="Kodi burim i hapur – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kodi burim i hapur" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgenti_aperta" title="Surgenti aperta – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Surgenti aperta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odprta_koda" title="Odprta koda – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odprta koda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8E%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="ژێدەرکراوە – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژێدەرکراوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Отворен код – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отворен код" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otvoreni_kod" title="Otvoreni kod – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otvoreni kod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoin_l%C3%A4hdekoodi" title="Avoin lähdekoodi – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avoin lähdekoodi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ppen_k%C3%A4llkod" title="Öppen källkod – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öppen källkod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="திறந்த மூலநிரல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திறந்த மூலநிரல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA" title="โอเพนซอร์ส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอเพนซอร์ส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_m%E1%BB%9F" title="Nguồn mở – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguồn mở" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Матни боз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Матни боз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_kaynak" title="Açık kaynak – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Açık kaynak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Політика відкритого коду – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політика відкритого коду" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="آزاد مصدر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزاد مصدر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%93" title="אפענער קאד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפענער קאד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81" title="开放源代码 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="开放源代码" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sumber_terbuka" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Sumber_terbuka" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sumber_terbuka"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sumber_terbuka"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Sumber_terbuka" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Sumber_terbuka" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&oldid=6312683" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Sumber_terbuka&id=6312683&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSumber_terbuka"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSumber_terbuka"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Sumber+terbuka"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sumber_terbuka&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Open_source" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39162" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana ini mengenai model pengeluaran dan pembangunan.  Untuk aplikasinya dalam perisian, sila lihat <a href="/wiki/Perisian_sumber_terbuka" title="Perisian sumber terbuka">perisian sumber terbuka</a>.  Untuk kegunaan lain, sila lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka_(nyahkekaburan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumber terbuka (nyahkekaburan) (laman tidak wujud)">sumber terbuka (nyahkekaburan)</a>.</div> <p><b>Sumber terbuka</b> (<i>open source</i>) merujuk kepada beberapa prinsip dan amalan tertentu yang menggalakkan capaian kepada reka bentuk dan proses pengeluaran barangan. Istilah ini biasanya digunakan pada <a href="/wiki/Kod_sumber" title="Kod sumber">kod sumber</a> bagi sesebuah <a href="/wiki/Perisian" title="Perisian">perisian</a> yang boleh dilihat, diubah dan disebarkan secara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesen_bebas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesen bebas (laman tidak wujud)">bebas</a> oleh orang ramai tanpa sebarang sekatan undang-undang harta intelek. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengenalan">Pengenalan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengenalan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengenalan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumber terbuka tidak sahaja bermaksud akses kepada kod sumber. Terma pengedaran bagi perisian sumber terbuka harus menepati kriteria-kriteria berikut: </p><p><b>1. Pengedaran Semula Bebas</b> </p><p>Lesen tersebut tidak menghadkan mana-mana pihak dari menjual atau memberi perisian sebagai komponen daripada satu edaran perisian lengkap yang mengandungi aturcara dari pelbagai sumber. Lesen ini tidak memerlukan sebarang royalti atau lain-lain bayaran bagi penjualan tertentu. </p><p><b>2. Kod Sumber</b> </p><p>Aturcara tersebut perlu mengandungi kod sumber, dan membolehkan pengedaran kod sumber serta pengedaran dalam bentuk kompil. Dimana sesetengah bentuk produk tidak diedarkan bersama kod sumber, harus terdapat satu cara yang diketahui ramai bagi mendapatkan kod sumber pada kos reproduksi berpatutan atau boleh dimuat turunkan melalui Internet tanpa sebarang bayaran. </p><p>Kod sumber haruslah menjadi bentuk utama seorang pengaturcara membuat pindaan terhadap sesuatu aturcara. Kod sumber yang sengaja mengelirukan tidak dibenarkan. Bentuk pertengahan seperti output prapemproses atau penterjemah tidak dibenarkan. </p><p><b>3. Kerja Bersumber</b> </p><p>Lesen tersebut harus membenarkan modifikasi serta kerja bersumber dan perlu membenarkan ia diedarkan dibawah terma yang sama dengan lesen perisian asal. </p><p><b>4. Keutuhan Kod Pencipta Kod Sumber</b> </p><p>Lesen tersebut boleh menghadkan kod sumber daripada diedarkan dalam bentuk berpinda hanya jika lesen tersebut membenarkan pengedaran fail tampung bersama kod sumber dengan tujuan meminda aturcara tersebut pada masa pembuatan. </p><p>Lesen tersebut perlu secara jelas membenarkan edaran perisian yang dibangunkan dari kod sumber yang telah dipinda. Lesen tersebut boleh menghendaki kerja bersumber menggunakan nama yang lain atau nombor versi yang lain daripada perisian asal. </p><p><b>5. Tiada Diskriminisasi Terhadap Seseorang Atau Kumpulan</b> </p><p>Lesen tersebut tidak boleh mendiskriminisasi terhadap seseorang atau sekumpulan orang. </p><p><b>6. Tiada Diskriminasi Terhadap Usaha Bidang Lain</b> </p><p>Lesen tersebut tidak boleh menghalang sesiapa lain daripada mengguna-semula aturcara tersebut bagi sebarang usaha dalam bidang lain. </p><p>Sebagai contoh, lesen tersebut tidak boleh melarang sesiapa daripada menggunakan aturcara dalam bidang perniagaan ataupun digunakan dalam kajian genetik. </p><p><b>7. Pengedaran Lesen</b> </p><p>Hak yang dikaitkan dengan aturcara harus bersabit kepada sesiapa yang mengedar semula aturcara tersebut tanpa perlu dikeluarkan lesen tambahan. </p><p><b>8. Lesen Tidak Boleh Khusus Kepada Satu Produk</b> </p><p>Hak yang dikaitkan dengan aturcara tidak boleh bergantung kepada aturcara tersebut sebagai sebahagian daripada distribusi perisian tertentu. </p><p>Jika aturcara ini diekstrak daripada distribusi tersebut atau digunakan atau diedarkan dibawah terma lesen aturcara tersebut, semua pihak yang mana aturcara itu telah diedarkan harus mempunyai hak yang sama dengan mereka yang mendapat hak bersamaan edaran aturcara asal. </p><p><b>9. Lesen Tidak Boleh Menghadkan Perisian Yang Lain</b> </p><p>Lesen tersebut tidak boleh meletakkan larangan kepada perisian lain yang diedarkan bersama perisian asal. Sebagai contoh, lesen tersebut tidak boleh menghadkan bahawa aturcara yang lain diedarkan diatas medium sama harus juga perisian sumber terbuka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tahun 1950-an, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> mengedarkan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Sistem_pengendalian" title="Sistem pengendalian">sistem pengendalian</a> dalam format sumber terbuka, dan kumpulan yang dinamakan dengan SHARE ditubuhkan untuk memudahkan pertukaran kod sumber. Pada tahun 1960-an, para penyelidik yang berkerja di bawah ARPANET menggunakan proses yang dinamakan <a href="/wiki/RFC" class="mw-disambig" title="RFC">RFC</a> untuk membangunkan protokol-protokol jaringan telekomunikasi. Proses kerjasama ini menyumbang kepada kelahiran <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> pada tahun 1969. </p><p>Istilah "sumber terbuka" mula dipopularkan ketika sesi strategi yang diadakan di Palo Alto, California. Sesi ini diadakan sebagai reaksi kepada pengumuman Netscape pada bulan Januari 1998 untuk membebaskan kod sumber produk <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a>. Individu yang menghadiri sesi tersebut termasuklah Cristine Peterson, Todd Anderson, Larry Augustin, Jon Hall, Sam Ockman dan Eric S. Raymond. </p><p>SEJARAH perisian sumber terbuka juga panjang dan berliku. Bermula dengan International Business Machines (IBM) memperkenalkan komputer komersial pertama pada 1960-an menggunakan perisian sistem operasi yang disediakan secara percuma (ia boleh dikongsi bersama pengguna lain kerana disertakan bersama kod sumber terbuka yang boleh diubah suai dan diperbaiki). </p><p>Bagaimanapun, keadaan itu berubah apabila penghujung 1960-an IBM tidak lagi membekalkan perisian berkenaan dan kemunculan model perisian komersial boleh dikesan pada pertengahan 1970-an. Gerakan perisian sumber terbuka sekarang diasaskan akibat kemunculan dua kumpulan utama yang mendukung pemberian perisian secara percuma di Amerika Syarikat. </p><p>Richard Stallman, bekas pengatur cara di Makmal Kepintaran Buatan MIT, melancarkan Projek GNU dan Yayasan Perisian Bebas. Matlamat utamanya ialah membangunkan perisian sistem operasi secara percuma serta bebas tanpa dipengaruhi mana-mana pihak dan Stallman bermula dengan menyediakan perkakasan pengatur cara, misalnya pembangun dan penyunting. </p><p>Satu pihak lain ialah Kumpulan Penyelidikan Sains Komputer daripada Universiti California di Berkeley untuk mempertingkat dan memperbaiki sistem Unix serta membangunkan banyak aplikasi yang dikenali sebagai BSDUnix. </p><p>Pada pertengahan 1990-an, kebanyakan projek perisian sumber terbuka menghasilkan perisian bermutu tinggi dan bermanfaat. Antara yang popular ialah Apache (popular sebagai pelayan WWW), Perl (digunakan di perpustakaan), XFree86 (dimanfaatkan untuk pelaksanaan X11 bagi komputer peribadi), GNOME dan KDE (kedua-duanya menyediakan set perpustakaan dan aplikasi secara konsisten untuk mesra guna PC). </p><p>Perisian paling terkemuka ialah Mozilla (projek perisian percuma yang dibiayai Netscape) untuk membangunkan pelayar bagi melayari WWW serta GNOME dan KDE kerana ia memberi peluang kepada pengguna bukan teknikal merasai pengalaman memanfaatkan PC. </p><p>Perisian Sumber Terbuka (OSS) mendapat suntikan berharga daripada Linus Torvalds, yang ketika itu menuntut di Universiti Helsinki, Finland. Linus yang amat meminati sistem UNIX kecil dikenali sebagai Minix menghasilkan satu sistem yang melepasi standard Minix. </p><p>Beliau memulakan kerjanya pada 1991 dan menghasilkan versi pertama 0.02 dan meneruskan penyelidikannya serta menghasilkan versi pertama kernel Linux. Kernel adalah jantung kepada sistem Linux yang dihasilkan menerusi Lesen Umum (GNU) manakala kod sumbernya adalah percuma kepada sesiapa saja yang memiliki idea untuk menambah baik perisian berkenaan. </p><p>Kelebihan Linux yang diedarkan secara percuma di samping ketahanannya, memiliki kepelbagaian fungsi dan mudah dimanfaatkan, menyebabkan ia muncul sebagai sistem operasi pilihan kepada Microsoft dan Unix. </p><p>Sebahagian besar kegunaan Linux adalah untuk pelayan manakala bagi kegunaan rumah dan pejabat, ia semakin mendapat sambutan daripada pengguna. Sistem operasi yang dihasilkan itu boleh digabungkan terus ke dalam cip mikro menerusi proses yang dikenali sebagai embedding dan semakin digunakan untuk peranti komunikasi lain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kelebihan_perisian_sumber_terbuka">Kelebihan perisian sumber terbuka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Kelebihan perisian sumber terbuka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kelebihan perisian sumber terbuka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tiada paksaan untuk menaiktarafkan sesuatu perisian Pembekal bagi perisian berbayar perlu untuk mengekalkan imbuhan pendapatan mereka. Dengan menjual satu produk kepada pelanggan adalah tidak berbaloi. Mereka mengkehendaki pelanggan sentiasa membeli dalam meningkatkan tahap kualiti produk dan menambah ciri-ciri baru. Tetapi mereka yg menghasilkan perisian sumber terbuka kebiasaannya tidak begitu. Contohnya: • Sistem pengoperasian lama bagi Microsoft yang sudah tamat tempoh akan kehilangan support, penyelesaiannya hanya dengan menaiktaraf sistem tersebut: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ther...e/21981.html">http://www.ther...e/21981.html</a> </p><p>Kos efektif Perisian Sumber Terbuka selalunya datang dengan kos yang percuma. Ini membantu syarikat dan seterusnya negara untuk menggunakannya. </p><p>Lebih selamat Disebabkan kod sumber adalah terbuka, lebih ramai yang memeriksa kod sumber dan dengan itu lebih banyak kesilapan dijumpai dan dibetulkan. Hasil terakhir yang diperolehi akan lebih selamat dibandingkan dengan kod sumber tertutup bagi kod sumber yang sama. </p><p><br /> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> Istilah Linux atau GNU/Linux (GNU) juga digunakan bagi merujuk kepada keseluruhan edaran Linux(Linux distribution), yang selalunya disertakan perisian-perisian lain sekali dengan Sistem Pengoperasian. Contoh-contoh perisian adalah seperti Pelayan Web, Bahasa Pengaturcaraan, Pangkalan Data(database), Persekitaran Desktop(Desktop environment) (seperti GNOME dan KDE), dan suite pejabat(office suite) seperti OpenOffice.org. Edaran-edaran Linux telah mengalami pertumbuhan yang pesat dari segi kepopularan, sehingga lebih popular daripada versi UNIX yang propritari(proprietary) dan mula mencabar dominasi Microsoft Windows dalam sesetengah perkara. </p><p><br /> Kini Linux telah mendapat sokongan daripada syarikat-syarikat besar seperti IBM, dan Hewlett-Packard. Para penganalisa menujukan kejayaannya ini disebabkan ia tidak bergantung kepada vendor(vendor-independence), kos perkakasan yang rendah, dan kepantasannya berbanding versi UNIX proprietari, serta faktor keselamatan dan kestabilannya berbanding dengan Microsoft Windows. Ciri-ciri ini juga menjadi bukti kepada keberkesanan model pembangunan sumber terbuka. </p><p>Linux merupakan asas kepada kombinasi perisian-pelayan LAMP, kependekan daripada Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP,Python. LAMP telah mencapai kepopularan yang luas di kalangan pembangun Web. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandungan_terbuka" title="Kandungan terbuka">Kandungan terbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perisian_sumber_terbuka" title="Perisian sumber terbuka">Perisian sumber terbuka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerakan_sumber_terbuka_antarabangsa">Gerakan sumber terbuka antarabangsa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Gerakan sumber terbuka antarabangsa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Gerakan sumber terbuka antarabangsa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensource.org">Inisiatif Sumber Terbuka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerakan_sumber_terbuka_di_Nusantara">Gerakan sumber terbuka di Nusantara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Gerakan sumber terbuka di Nusantara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Gerakan sumber terbuka di Nusantara"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Malaysia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Malaysia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mampu.gov.my/perkhidmatan/opensource">Pelan Induk untuk Perisian Sumber Terbuka (OSS) Sektor Awam</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscc.org.my">Malaysian Public Sector Open Source Competency Centre</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foss.org.my">Persatuan Perisian Bebas dan Sumber Terbuka Malaysia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumberterbuka.com">Portal Komuniti & Direktori Sumber Terbuka Malaysia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Indonesia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_terbuka&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Indonesia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igos.web.id/">IGOS - Indonesia Go Open Source</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugos.ugm.ac.id/">UGOS - UGM Go Open Source</a> - kelolaan Universitas Gadjah Mada</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Perisian_Bebas_dan_Sumber_Terbuka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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