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.td-social-network,.td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-handler{height:90px;font-size:13px}.td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-network{min-width:60px}.td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-but-icon{border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:2px}.td-ps-big.td-ps-padding.td-ps-bar .td-social-but-icon{-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}.td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-but-text{display:block;padding-bottom:17px;line-height:1;border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-but-text:before{display:none}.td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-expand-tabs i{line-height:90px}.td-ps-nogap{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.td-ps-nogap .td-social-network,.td-ps-nogap .td-social-handler{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;border-radius:0}.td-ps-nogap .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon,.td-ps-nogap .td-social-network .td-social-but-text{border-radius:0}.td-ps-nogap .td-social-expand-tabs{border-radius:0}.td-post-sharing-style7 .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon{height:100%}.td-post-sharing-style7 .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon:before{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.31)}.td-post-sharing-style7 .td-social-network .td-social-but-text{padding-left:17px}.td-post-sharing-style7 .td-social-network .td-social-but-text:before{display:none}.td-post-sharing-style7 .td-social-mail .td-social-but-icon:before,.td-post-sharing-style7 .td-social-digg .td-social-but-icon:before,.td-post-sharing-style7 .td-social-copy_url .td-social-but-icon:before{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.2)}.td-post-sharing-style7 .td-social-print .td-social-but-icon:before{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.1)}@media (max-width:767px){.td-post-sharing-style1 .td-social-share-text .td-social-but-text,.td-post-sharing-style3 .td-social-share-text .td-social-but-text,.td-post-sharing-style5 .td-social-share-text .td-social-but-text,.td-post-sharing-style14 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href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yekum.org%2F2024%2F11%2F%25d7%259e%25d7%25a1%25d7%25a2-%25d7%2591%25d7%2599%25d7%259f-%25d7%259b%25d7%2595%25d7%259b%25d7%2591%25d7%2599%25d7%259d-%25d7%2594%25d7%2592%25d7%2599%25d7%25a8%25d7%25a1%25d7%2594-%25d7%2594%25d7%25a1%25d7%2595%25d7%2591%25d7%2599%25d7%2599%25d7%2598%25d7%2599%25d7%25aa-%25d7%25a2%25d7%259c-%25d7%2594%25d7%25a1%2F" title="Facebook" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-facebook"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Facebook</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A2+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%E2%80%93+%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA%3A+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98+%22%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C%22&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yekum.org%2F2024%2F11%2F%25d7%259e%25d7%25a1%25d7%25a2-%25d7%2591%25d7%2599%25d7%259f-%25d7%259b%25d7%2595%25d7%259b%25d7%2591%25d7%2599%25d7%259d-%25d7%2594%25d7%2592%25d7%2599%25d7%25a8%25d7%25a1%25d7%2594-%25d7%2594%25d7%25a1%25d7%2595%25d7%2591%25d7%2599%25d7%2599%25d7%2598%25d7%2599%25d7%25aa-%25d7%25a2%25d7%259c-%25d7%2594%25d7%25a1%2F&via=%D7%99%D6%B0%D7%A7%D7%95%D6%BC%D7%9D+%D7%AA%D6%B7%D6%BC%D7%A8%D6%B0%D7%91%D6%BC%D7%95%D6%BC%D7%AA" title="Twitter" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-twitter"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Twitter</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-pinterest" href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/&media=https://www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/androimeda-0.jpg&description=סקירה על יפרמוב, סופר המדע הבדיוני הרוסי המפורסם, הספר שלו והסרט הרוסי המפורסם שנעשה על פיו, שפתחו עידן קוסמי במדע הבדיוני הרוסי." title="Pinterest" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-pinterest"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Pinterest</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-whatsapp" href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A2+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%E2%80%93+%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA%3A+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98+%22%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C%22 %0A%0A https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/" title="WhatsApp" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-whatsapp"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">WhatsApp</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/&title=%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A2+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%E2%80%93+%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA%3A+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98+%22%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C%22" title="Linkedin" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-linkedin"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Linkedin</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-mail" href="mailto:?subject=מסע בין כוכבים – הגירסה הסובייטית: על הספר והסרט "כוכב הברזל"&body=https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/" title="Email" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-mail"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Email</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-print" href="#" title="Print" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-print"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Print</div></a></div><div class="td-social-sharing-hidden"><ul class="td-pulldown-filter-list"></ul><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-handler td-social-expand-tabs" href="#" data-block-uid="td_social_sharing_article_top" title="More"> <div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-plus td-social-expand-tabs-icon"></i></div> </a></div></div></div> <div class="td-post-content tagdiv-type"> <p>סקירה על ספר מסע בדיוני רוסי מפורסם מאוד ועל הסרט הרוסי המפורסם שנעשה על פיו, ספר שפתח עידן קוסמי במדע הבדיוני ברוסיה וסרט שהיווה את שיאו..אבל לצערנו שימש גם כמקור השראה לימנים רוסיים קיצוניים וגזענים בעידן הפוטיניסטי.</p> <p>המערכת</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.no-666.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/d79bd795d79bd791-d794d791d7a8d796d79c-d7a7d793d79ed799.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.no-666.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/d79bd795d79bd791-d794d791d7a8d796d79c-d7a7d793d79ed799.jpg?w=696" alt="" class="wp-image-99694"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">עטיפת התרגום העברי של הספר הרוסי "ערפילית אנדרומדה" בהוצאת "ינשוף" קדמי, 1962</figcaption></figure></div> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="696" height="949" data-attachment-id="131723" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/image-35/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?fit=778%2C1061&ssl=1" data-orig-size="778,1061" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?fit=220%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?fit=696%2C949&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?resize=696%2C949&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-131723" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?resize=751%2C1024&ssl=1 751w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?resize=220%2C300&ssl=1 220w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?resize=768%2C1047&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?resize=308%2C420&ssl=1 308w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?resize=616%2C840&ssl=1 616w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?resize=696%2C949&ssl=1 696w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-2.png?w=778&ssl=1 778w" sizes="(max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">עטיפת התרגום העברי של הספר הרוסי "ערפילית אנדרומדה" בהוצאת "ינשוף" אחורי, 1962</figcaption></figure></div> <p>לפני 67 שנים בדיוק, ב-1957, כאשר תוכנית החלל הרוסית הייתה בהתחלתה זכה המדע הבדיוני הסובייטי לפריחה. תוכנית החלל נוצרה מרעיונותיהם של המדען ציולקובסקי והמהנדס קורולב, שהפך לאבי תוכנית החלל הסובייטית.</p> <p>רוסיה שלחה ב-1961 את האדם הראשון לחלל, <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9F" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">יורי גגארין</a>, במידה רבה הודות לעניין שנוצר בחקר החלל עקב יצירות מדע בדיוני שונות. כמו <a href="https://www.yekum.org/2024/03/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91-%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8-%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">אליטה</a>, ספרו של אלכסי טולסטוי שהפך ב-1923 לסרט מפורסם, ותיאר מסע למאדים, וגם הודות ליצירותיו של מדען סובייטי ידוע וסופר מעניין בשם איבן יפרמוב (1908-1972), שנחשב לאחד הסופרים החשובים של המדע הבדיוני הסובייטי בברית המועצות.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="696" height="486" data-attachment-id="132406" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/efremov-0/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?fit=800%2C559&ssl=1" data-orig-size="800,559" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="efremov 0" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?fit=300%2C210&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?fit=696%2C486&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?resize=696%2C486&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-132406" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?w=800&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?resize=300%2C210&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?resize=768%2C537&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?resize=601%2C420&ssl=1 601w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?resize=696%2C486&ssl=1 696w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?resize=100%2C70&ssl=1 100w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-0.jpg?resize=200%2C140&ssl=1 200w" sizes="(max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">איבן יפרמוב. ציור על מעטפה לציון עשור למותו. ויקיפדיה</figcaption></figure></div> <p>איבן יפרמוב היה פלאונטולוג סובייטי ידוע מאוד. הוא עמד בראש משלחות גיאולוגיות שיצאו אל מדבר גובי והרי אוראל, יסד בברית המועצות את ענף חקר המאובנים, וקיבל פרסים על מחקריו.  </p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1-1.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="225" height="306" data-attachment-id="132407" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/efremov-1-2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1-1.jpg?fit=225%2C306&ssl=1" data-orig-size="225,306" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="efremov 1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1-1.jpg?fit=221%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1-1.jpg?fit=225%2C306&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1-1.jpg?resize=225%2C306&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-132407" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1-1.jpg?w=225&ssl=1 225w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1-1.jpg?resize=221%2C300&ssl=1 221w" sizes="(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">יפרמוב. ויקיפדיה</figcaption></figure></div> <p>יפרמוב הירבה לכתוב גם בסוגת הרומן ההיסטורי, וגם סיפורים אלה שלו זכו לפופולאריות גדולה בברית המועצות.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="696" height="917" data-attachment-id="132366" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/efremov-1/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?fit=1291%2C1702&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1291,1702" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="efremov 1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?fit=228%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?fit=696%2C917&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?resize=696%2C917&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-132366" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?resize=777%2C1024&ssl=1 777w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?resize=228%2C300&ssl=1 228w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?resize=768%2C1012&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?resize=1165%2C1536&ssl=1 1165w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?resize=319%2C420&ssl=1 319w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?resize=637%2C840&ssl=1 637w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?resize=696%2C918&ssl=1 696w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?resize=1068%2C1408&ssl=1 1068w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-1.jpg?w=1291&ssl=1 1291w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">כריכת ספרו של יפרמוב בעברית ״שלושה שברחו״</figcaption></figure></div> <p>לעברית תורגם רומן היסטורי לא רע בכלל של יפרמוב בשם "שלושה שברחו" </p> <p> (<em><strong>At the Edge of Oikoumene</strong></em> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language">Russian</a>: На краuו Ойкумены, <small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian">romanized</a>: </small><em>Na krayu Oikumeny</em> (1949, "</p> <p> (עברית אריה חשביה,הוצאת מ.מזרחי, 1966). סיפור פופולארי מאוד בברית המועצות על הרפתקאותיו של עוזר פסל יווני צעיר, אי אז במאה העשירית לפני הספירה, ימי פרעה שישק במצרים, שספינתו נטרפה בים והוא נופל בשבי הפיניקים שמוכרים אותו לידי המצרים הקדומים והופך לעבד. הגיבור נמלט לבסוף עם שני ידידים בעת מרד עבדים, והם נודדים באפריקה הקדומה עד שובם למולדתם, ותוך כדי כך נתקלים בחיות הסוואנה האפריקאית כגון אריות ופילים.</p> <p>הייחוד בספר זה הוא הסגנון הפיוטי, כמעט מיסטי, שבו, התיאור של אפריקה בימי קדם.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-foam.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="625" height="1000" data-attachment-id="132410" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/efremov-foam/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-foam.jpg?fit=625%2C1000&ssl=1" data-orig-size="625,1000" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="efremov foam" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-foam.jpg?fit=188%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-foam.jpg?fit=625%2C1000&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-foam.jpg?resize=625%2C1000&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-132410" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-foam.jpg?w=625&ssl=1 625w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-foam.jpg?resize=188%2C300&ssl=1 188w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-foam.jpg?resize=263%2C420&ssl=1 263w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-foam.jpg?resize=525%2C840&ssl=1 525w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">עטיפת המהדורה האנגלית של ספרו של יפרמוב The Land of Foam.<strong> </strong></figcaption></figure></div> <p>במהדורה הרוסית המורחבת של ספר זה נוסף סיפור נוסף על מסע קדום של המצרים לארץ פונט באפריקה, שאמנם אינו קשור ממש לסיפור הקודם חוץ מהרקע ההיסטורי, אבל יש בו קשר עמוק לצורך של האדם לחקור ולחפש ולגלות מקומות חדשים ועולמות חדשים.</p> <p>למרבית הצער הסיפור הזה של יפרמוב לא תורגם לעברית.</p> <p>אבל הוא ידוע הרבה יותר בגלל ספר אחר – "ערפילית אנדרומדה", Tumannost' Andromedy [Andromeda's Nebula] Туманность Андромеды, מ-1958, בשמו בעברית "כוכב הברזל".</p> <p>הספר הזה הוא אחד מספרי המדע הבדיוני הרוסייים המפורסמים ביותר מאז ומעולם. הוא מתאר עתיד קומוניסטי רחוק, שבו כדור הארץ הוא חלק מ"המעגל הגדול", ברית של כוכבי לכת שונים. בספר בני האדם של העולם הקומוניסטי האוטופי יוצאים לחקור את החלל ופוגשים גזעים זרים ונחותים, כלומר – קפיטליסטיים.</p> <p>למעשה עלילת הספר מזכירה מאוד את מה שקורה בסדרת המדע הבדיוני האמריקנית "<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">מסע בין כוכבים</a>", שגם בה מתוארת חללית של "פדרציית הכוכבים" שיוצאת לחקור כוכבי לכת במערכות שמש אחרות בעתיד אוטופי. אבל יפרמוב הקדים את הסדרה הזאת כמעט בעשור.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="696" height="524" data-attachment-id="132280" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/evremov/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?fit=1200%2C903&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1200,903" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="evremov" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?fit=300%2C226&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?fit=696%2C524&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?resize=696%2C524&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-132280" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?resize=1024%2C771&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?resize=300%2C226&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?resize=768%2C578&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?resize=558%2C420&ssl=1 558w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?resize=1116%2C840&ssl=1 1116w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?resize=80%2C60&ssl=1 80w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?resize=160%2C120&ssl=1 160w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?resize=696%2C524&ssl=1 696w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?resize=1068%2C804&ssl=1 1068w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/evremov.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">איבן יפרמוב, סופר מדע בדיוני סובייטי מפורסם ועטיפות ספריו ברוסית.</figcaption></figure> <p>היו כבר סיפורי מדע בדיוני רוסיים שעסקו במסעות לכוכבי לכת אחרים במערכת השמש. כמו <a href="https://www.yekum.org/2024/03/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91-%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8-%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2/">ספרו הקלאסי של אלכסי טולסטיי "אליטה</a>"על מסע לכוכב הלכת מאדים, ואחרים, אבל זה היה הספר הראשון שתיאר ברוסית מסע חללי למערכות כוכבים אחרות.</p> <p>משערים שיפרמוב קיבל השראה לספר זה גם מסיפורי מדע בדיוני של הסופר האמריקני <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Hamilton" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">אדמונד המילטון</a> שאותו אולי קרא באנגלית, ואולי בתרגומים שהיו קיימים לרוסית או לשפות אחרות, ובאופן ספציפי ספר בשם The Star Kings מ-1949.</p> <p>הסיפור פורסם תחילה בהמשכים החל מהגליון של ינואר 1957 במגזין מדע פופולארי לנוער בשם "טכנולוגיה לצעירים" Technika – molodjoschi<a href="https://technicamolodezhi.ru/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Техника — молодёжи</a>, שהירבה לפרסם סיפורי מדע בדיוני מתורגמים משפות אחרות לצד סיפורים רוסיים מקוריים לצד מאמרים על חידושים טכנולוגיים ב-1957. הפרסום היה כמה חודשים <strong>לפני</strong> שנשלח <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">הספוטניק</a> הראשון לחלל.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image-1.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="696" height="928" data-attachment-id="132278" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/image-45/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image-1.png?fit=768%2C1024&ssl=1" data-orig-size="768,1024" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image-1.png?fit=225%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image-1.png?fit=696%2C928&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image-1.png?resize=696%2C928&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-132278" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image-1.png?w=768&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image-1.png?resize=225%2C300&ssl=1 225w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image-1.png?resize=315%2C420&ssl=1 315w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image-1.png?resize=630%2C840&ssl=1 630w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image-1.png?resize=696%2C928&ssl=1 696w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">עטיפות גליונות ודפים מהסיפור "ערפילית אנדרומדה" בהמשכים במגזין לנוער Technika – molodjoschi ב-1957</figcaption></figure></div> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="696" height="522" data-attachment-id="132275" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/image-44/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1024,768" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?fit=696%2C522&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?resize=696%2C522&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-132275" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?w=1024&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?resize=560%2C420&ssl=1 560w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?resize=80%2C60&ssl=1 80w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?resize=160%2C120&ssl=1 160w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?resize=696%2C522&ssl=1 696w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/image.png?resize=265%2C198&ssl=1 265w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">עטיפות גליונות ודפים מהסיפור "ערפילית אנדרומדה" בהמשכים במגזין לנוער Technika – molodjoschi ב-1957</figcaption></figure> <p>לאחר שיצא לחלל הספוטניק הראשון הסיפור יצא לאור כספר בכריכה קשה.</p> <p>הספר זכה להצלחה עצומה. טוענים שהייתה לו השפעה גדולה על חיזוק התמיכה בתוכנית החלל של המשטר הסובייטי דאז, של חרושצ'וב.</p> <p>"ערפילית אנדרומדה" תורגם לעברית בידי אסתר זמירי בשם "כוכב הברזל" ב-1962,<a href="https://www.no-666.com/2021/02/27/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA-%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A3-%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2-%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99/"> בהוצאה בשם "ינשוף",</a> שתכננה להוציא סדרה של ספרי מדע בדיוני. הוא נראה לקוראיו בברית המועצות, וגם בישראל, כדוגמה המושלמת של המדע הבדיוני הסובייטי המציג את העתיד הקומוניסטי האוטופי, שכמובן מעולם לא התממש.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/androimeda-0.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="626" height="1000" data-attachment-id="131773" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/androimeda-0/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/androimeda-0.jpg?fit=626%2C1000&ssl=1" data-orig-size="626,1000" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="androimeda 0" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/androimeda-0.jpg?fit=188%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/androimeda-0.jpg?fit=626%2C1000&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/androimeda-0.jpg?resize=626%2C1000&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-131773" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/androimeda-0.jpg?w=626&ssl=1 626w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/androimeda-0.jpg?resize=188%2C300&ssl=1 188w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/androimeda-0.jpg?resize=263%2C420&ssl=1 263w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/androimeda-0.jpg?resize=526%2C840&ssl=1 526w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">כריכת Andromeda של יפרמוב</figcaption></figure></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">עוד סיפורים ביקום של "המעגל הגדול"</h3> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-serepant-1.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="384" height="549" data-attachment-id="132338" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/unsupported-unicode-string/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-serepant-1.jpg?fit=384%2C549&ssl=1" data-orig-size="384,549" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"Unsupported UNICODE string","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Unsupported UNICODE string","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Unsupported UNICODE string" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Unsupported UNICODE string</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-serepant-1.jpg?fit=210%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-serepant-1.jpg?fit=384%2C549&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-serepant-1.jpg?resize=384%2C549&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-132338" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-serepant-1.jpg?w=384&ssl=1 384w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-serepant-1.jpg?resize=210%2C300&ssl=1 210w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-serepant-1.jpg?resize=294%2C420&ssl=1 294w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">כריכת The Heart of the Serpents של יפרמוב</figcaption></figure></div> <p>שני הסיפורים הבאים שכתב יפרמוב בסדרה שהתרחשו באותו היקום של "המעגל הגדול", על שם קבוצת הגזעים בכוכבי לכת שונים שקיימו בינם קשר ממרחקים גדולים ובהם כדור הארץ, עם דמויות אחרות מאלו שב"ערפילית אנדרומדה" מעולם לא תורגמו לעברית וחבל.</p> <p>הראשון שבהם היה סיפור תשובה לסיפור מדע בדיוני ידוע מאוד של הסופר האמריקני <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">מארי לנסטר</a> בשם "מגע ראשון". זהו סיפור שהופיע בעברית בקובץ "מבחר הסיפורת הבדיונית" בעריכת עמנואל לוטם, ותיאר את המגע הראשון בין בני אדם וחייזרים כניסיון ליצירת קשר בין שני גזעים חשדניים אך רציונליים.</p> <p>בסיפורו מ-1958 "לב הנחש ( <em>Cor Serpentis</em>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language">Russian</a>: Сердце Змеи) תקף יפרמוב את הסיפור הנ"ל ואת מחברו כדוגמאות של הפרנויה הקפיטליסטית אימפריאליסטית המערבית, והביא דוגמה כיצד יתקיים מגע ראשון "אמיתי" בעתיד הקומוניסטי בין בני אדם וחייזרים, ללא שום חשדנות וללא כל פרנויה אמריקנית, מאחר שיתברר שכל גזעי היקום שיצאו למסע בחלל הם כולם קומוניסטיים וכך לא יהיה שום צורך לחשדנות ביניהם.</p> <p><a href="https://galacticjourney.org/stories/MSSF_Yefremov_Heart%20of%20the%20Serpent.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">תוכלו לקרוא תרגום של הסיפור לאנגלית כאן.</a></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="696" height="696" data-attachment-id="132342" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/efremov-hour-of-the-bull-1024x1024/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1024,1024" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="efremov Hour-of-the-Bull-1024×1024" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?fit=300%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?fit=696%2C696&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?resize=696%2C696&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-132342" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?w=1024&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?resize=300%2C300&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?resize=768%2C768&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?resize=420%2C420&ssl=1 420w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?resize=840%2C840&ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-Hour-of-the-Bull-1024x1024-1.png?resize=696%2C696&ssl=1 696w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">כריכת The Hour of the Bull של יפרמוב</figcaption></figure> <p>ספרו האחרון היה "שעת הפר" (1968 Час Быка, <em>Chas Byká</em>)), שהופיע גם הוא בהמשכים בכתב העת "טכנולוגיה לצעירים ".</p> <p></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EFREMOV-HOUR-OF-THE-BULL.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="401" data-attachment-id="133690" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/efremov-hour-of-the-bull/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EFREMOV-HOUR-OF-THE-BULL.jpg?fit=300%2C401&ssl=1" data-orig-size="300,401" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="EFREMOV HOUR OF THE BULL" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EFREMOV-HOUR-OF-THE-BULL.jpg?fit=224%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EFREMOV-HOUR-OF-THE-BULL.jpg?fit=300%2C401&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EFREMOV-HOUR-OF-THE-BULL.jpg?resize=300%2C401&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-133690" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EFREMOV-HOUR-OF-THE-BULL.jpg?w=300&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EFREMOV-HOUR-OF-THE-BULL.jpg?resize=224%2C300&ssl=1 224w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></figure> <p>עטיפת גליון של המגזין Technika – molodjoschi שבו הופיעו בהמשכים פרקי הספר "שעת הפר"בשנים 1968-1969. ולאחר מכן כספר ב-1970.</p> <p> זה היה מעין ספר שלישי המתרחש ביקום של "כוכב הברזל" ושל "עור הנחש", ותיאר ספינת חלל מהעתיד האוטופי המגיעה לכוכב שבו התיישבו קפיטליסטים מכדור הארץ, מגלה שרידים של תרבות שנחרבה עקב המשטר הרודני הקפיטליסטי, ומנסה לסייע להם.</p> <p></p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-houre-1.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="636" height="1000" data-attachment-id="132341" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/efremov-houre-1/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-houre-1.jpg?fit=636%2C1000&ssl=1" data-orig-size="636,1000" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="efremov houre 1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-houre-1.jpg?fit=191%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-houre-1.jpg?fit=636%2C1000&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-houre-1.jpg?resize=636%2C1000&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-132341" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-houre-1.jpg?w=636&ssl=1 636w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-houre-1.jpg?resize=191%2C300&ssl=1 191w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-houre-1.jpg?resize=267%2C420&ssl=1 267w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-houre-1.jpg?resize=534%2C840&ssl=1 534w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">עטיפת מהדורה רוסית של "שעת הפר" של יפרמוב שהוחרם על ידי הצנזורה הרוסית.</figcaption></figure></div> <p>הספר היה במופגן אנטי קפיטליסטי. לכאורה לא הייתה בו שום בעייה. אבל ראש הק.ג.ב יורי אנדרופוב ( לימים מנהיג ברית המועצות ) שקרא אותו זיהה בו מייד אלמנטים אנטי קומוניסטיים מוסווים שתקפו את הרעיון של מדינה רודנית, והורה על החרמתו.</p> <p>ומכאן ואילך ועד מותו הוחרם יפרמוב בידי המשטר.</p> <p>"ערפילית אנדרומדה" הפכה גם לסרט ידוע, שבו הופיעו אנשי הקבוצה האולימפית הסובייטית כדוגמאות של אזרחי העתיד הקומוניסטי המושלמים ויפי התואר.</p> <p>השם המלא של הסרט היה "ערפילית אנדרומדה אפיזודה 1: אסירים של כוכב הברזל", ובהחלט הייתה כוונה להסריט גם את שני הסיפורים האחרים בסדרה, ואולי מי יודע גם נוספים.</p> <p>אבל זה לא התממש. </p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-1.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="194" height="352" data-attachment-id="131734" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/andromeda-nebula-1/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-1.jpg?fit=194%2C352&ssl=1" data-orig-size="194,352" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="andromeda nebula 1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-1.jpg?fit=165%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-1.jpg?fit=194%2C352&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-1.jpg?resize=194%2C352&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-131734" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-1.jpg?w=194&ssl=1 194w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-1.jpg?resize=165%2C300&ssl=1 165w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 194px) 100vw, 194px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">פוסטר רוסי של הסרט "ערפילית אנדרומדה"</figcaption></figure></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">עלילת "כוכב הברזל"</h3> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-6.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="663" height="1024" data-attachment-id="131774" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/andromeda-6/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-6.jpg?fit=736%2C1137&ssl=1" data-orig-size="736,1137" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="andromeda 6" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-6.jpg?fit=194%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-6.jpg?fit=663%2C1024&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-6.jpg?resize=663%2C1024&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-131774" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-6.jpg?resize=663%2C1024&ssl=1 663w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-6.jpg?resize=194%2C300&ssl=1 194w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-6.jpg?resize=272%2C420&ssl=1 272w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-6.jpg?resize=544%2C840&ssl=1 544w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-6.jpg?resize=696%2C1075&ssl=1 696w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-6.jpg?w=736&ssl=1 736w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">כריכה של ״כוכב הברזל״ ברוסית</figcaption></figure></div> <p>הסרט נוצר ב-1966, במקביל לעונה הראשונה של <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">סטאר טראק</a>, שאכן מזכירה בתיאור העתיד האוטופי שלה את זה של "ערפילית אנדרומדה", אבל יש להניח שהרוסים והאמריקנים כלל לא היו מודעים זה לזה ולגירסה העתידנית המקבילה לזו שלהם ב-1966.</p> <p>הסיפור של "ערפילית אנדרומדה" עוסק בצוות ספינת החלל "טנטרה" בעתיד הרחוק, שבהחלט מזכירה את ספינת החלל "אנטרפרייז" מ"סטאר טראק" ,שיוצאים למסע הבין כוכבי ה-37 לחקור כוכב זר במערכת שמש אחרת, שבו ישנם יצורים חיים. צוות הספינה מגלה שרדיואקטיביות מלאכותית השמידה כמעט את כל סוגי החיים שם.</p> <p>במסעם הביתה הספינה נלכדת בידי כוח המשיכה של כוכב ברזל אדיר, ונוחתת על כוכב הלכת שמקיף את הכוכב. שם הם מגלים ספינה חייזרית קדומה שאינה שייכת לאף אחד מהגזעים במעגל הגדול של הגלקסיה המוכרים בכדור הארץ. הם מנסים להיכנס לספינה החייזרית אך ללא הצלחה. ואז הם מגלים שיש חיים מקומיים, והם עויינים – חיות חייזריות שמסוגלות לפגוע במערכות העצבים גם דרך חליפות חלל. אחד הקוסמונאוטים נהרג על ידיהם. הם מגלים על הכוכב עוד ספינה מכדור הארץ, שאנשי צוותה נהרגו כולם, ושומעים את הדיווחים המוקלטים שלהם על חיסולם השיטתי בידי הטורפים המקומיים.</p> <p>לבסוף הם מצליחים להיעזר בדלק של ספינת החלל הארצית האחרת ולחזור לכדור הארץ.</p> <p>הסרט הוסרט בחלקו בעיר קייב באוקראינה באולפני דובסזשנקו, שהיו אז הגדולים מסוגם באירופה. סצינות כדור הארץ צולמו בחצי האי קרים, במחנה הפיונירים, ארגון הנוער הסובייטי, ארטק, שצורתו הלא קונבנציונאלית נראתה כמקבילה לזאת של כדור הארץ בעתיד הרחוק, גם בלילה שבו פוזרו פצצות עשן ואור פנסים.</p> <p>יפרמוב כתב את הגירסה הראשונה לתסריט, אך לאחר מכן התסריט נכתב מחדש בידי תסריטאים מקצועיים.</p> <p>האסתטיקה של הסרט מזכירה את זאת של ציורים על עטיפות מגזינים סובייטיים, שהירבו לעסוק בחקר החלל בעתיד.</p> <p>הסרט זכה בפרס השופטים בפסטיבל הסרטים הפנטסטיים בטיאראסט ב-1968, על אף שהותקף בידי כמה מבקרים בגלל הבלטת שדי הגיבורות הלבושות בחליפות חלל, מה שנראה כפורנוגרפיה.</p> <p>ביקורות רציניות יותר התלוננו על שהדמויות לא עסקו מספיק במחקר המדעי בסרט ושיחקו בצורה פומפוזית, כמו הדמויות בספר.</p> <p>לסרט ישנן שתי גרסאות. הראשונה מ-1967 של 75 דקות, והשנייה משנות השמונים מקוצרת ל-68 דקות. בגירסה המקוצרת נחתך כל איזכור לעידן הקומוניסטי. כיום הסרט נראה קפוא וחסר חיים. השחקנים בבירור לא מבינים את העולם שבו הם חיים, ומתייחסים אליו משל היו במחזה של שיקספיר, זאת בניגוד לשחקנים של סטאר טראק, המקביל האמריקאי, שפשוט מתייחסים לספינת החלל בה הם חיים כחלק מחיי היום יום ותו לא.</p> <p>לכאורה לא צולמו שני החלקים הבאים עקב מותו המפתיע ב-1969 של השחקן הראשי שגילם את הקפטיין של ספינת החלל. למעשה הסיבה האמיתית הייתה ההסתבכות של יפרמוב עם הצנזורה הרוסית לגבי ספרו האחרון "שעת הפר", שהיה אמור להפוך לחלק השלישי בסדרת הסרטים.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-model.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" data-attachment-id="131732" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/andromeda-nebula-model/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-model.jpg?fit=250%2C167&ssl=1" data-orig-size="250,167" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="andromeda nebula model" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-model.jpg?fit=250%2C167&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-model.jpg?fit=250%2C167&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/andromeda-nebula-model.jpg?resize=250%2C167&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-131732"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">מודל של ספינת החלל "טנטרה" בסרט שמור במוזיאון איואן יפרמוב ברוסיה. ויקיפדיה</figcaption></figure></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">יפרמוב ברוסיה העכשווית </h3> <p>בעקבות יפרמוב קם גל של סופרי מדע בדיוני שהשתחררו מהמגבלות האידיאולוגיות הקשוחות שהוטלו בימי סטלין, ושדרשו לתאר רק את "העתיד הקומוניסטי הקרוב מאוד".</p> <p>ידוע שיפרמוב בחייו הפרטיים היה מיודד עם סופרי המדע הבדיוני הסוביטיים המפורסמים האחים ארקדי ובוריס סטרוגצקי שהיו יהודים. ואף הושפע מרעיונות שלהם בספרם מ-1964 "<a href="https://www.yekum.org/2023/07/%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%91-%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99-%D7%A9%D7%9C/">קשה להיות אל"</a> ( שתורגם גם לעברית ) שמתאר חוקר מהעתיד הקומוניסטי האוטופי שמגיע לכוכב לכת פרימיטיבי והגיב עליהם בכתיבתו בספרו "שעת הפר" מ-1968 שמתאר סיטואציה דומה של ספינת חלל מהעתיד הקומוניסטי שמגיעה לכוכב לכת שנחרב.</p> <p> אבל זה פחות ידוע שבמקביל יפרמוב דגל בדיעות כמו-פשיסטיות על עליונות הגזע הארי, שמוצאו כביכול ביוון העתיקה ובהודו, והאמין שהעם הרוסי הוא עם ארי, כמו הגרמנים, ושלעם הרוסי יש קשרים הדוקים עם הודו. הוא אפילו תמך באאוגניקה. ביהודים, בסינים, ובמוסלמים ראה עמים "אנטי אנושיים", ברוח האנטישמיות הרוסית הישנה שממנה כנראה הושפע מאוד, אם כי היה, לכאורה לפחות, קומוניסט אדוק, והיה ידיד של סופרי המדע הבדיוני היהודיים הידועים האחים סטרוגוצקי. זה לא הפריע לו להיות גזען, ולחשוב שהציביליזציות הסינית והיהודית מפריעות להתפתחות האנושות.</p> <p>האמונות האלו די ברורות בספרו האחרון, "שעת השור". הוא ראה התפתחות היסטורית במושגים פשיסטיים ולא קומוניסטיים, וטען שיש לפתח גזע עליון באמצעים מדעיים. אמנם הוא לא כתב מאמרים על כך, אבל רמז בצורה ברורה ברומנים שלו.</p> <p> לאחר מותו בשנות השמונים הפך יפרמוב לאב רוחני של קבוצה פשיסטית אנטישמית קיצונית בשם "השומר הצעיר" שדגלה ברעיונותיו של גזע סלאבי ארי טהור מכל אספקט יהודי. אלו היו "אנשי רוח" שכתבו ספרי פנטסטיקה פשיסטית נגד היהודים ונגד המערב, והיו פונקציונרים של הקומסומול. הם ראו בו "אב רוחני" וקראו ליהודים גזע לא אנושי. הקבוצה הזאת פיתחה את התורה שלו לאנטישמיות קיצונית יותר מאשר אצלו. רוב הספרים שכתבו היו מדע בדיוני והמשיכו את הקו שלו מבחינה רעיונית, עם שילוב של אוטופיה סוציאליסטית ונאצית, כשיפרמוב הוא סמל התנועה.</p> <p>לקבוצה הזאת, שהייתה לה השפעה רבה בחיי התרבות של ברית המועצות בשנות השבעים והשמונים, יש ככל הנראה השפעה גדולה על כל קבוצות הימין הקיצוני הרוסי, שיש להן השפעה גדולה במשטר הפוטיניסטי הנוכחי ברוסיה ובמלחמתו באוקראינה.</p> <p>חבל מאוד שזאת גם כן חלק ממורשתו של יפרמוב. לא ברור לי אם יפרמוב היה מתלהב מהפוטיניזם הלוחמני הקיים כיום ברוסיה אבל הוא בהחלט קרוב לכמה מרעיונותיו.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/efremov-picture-2.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="696" height="507" data-attachment-id="133682" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/efremov-picture-2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/efremov-picture-2.jpg?fit=1000%2C728&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1000,728" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="efremov picture 2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/efremov-picture-2.jpg?fit=300%2C218&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/efremov-picture-2.jpg?fit=696%2C507&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/efremov-picture-2.jpg?resize=696%2C507&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-133682" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/efremov-picture-2.jpg?w=1000&ssl=1 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/efremov-picture-2.jpg?resize=300%2C218&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/efremov-picture-2.jpg?resize=768%2C559&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/efremov-picture-2.jpg?resize=577%2C420&ssl=1 577w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/efremov-picture-2.jpg?resize=696%2C507&ssl=1 696w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/efremov-picture-2.jpg?resize=324%2C235&ssl=1 324w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></a></figure> <p>יםרמוב עכםן דמויות מספרו "ערפילית אנדרומדה" </p> <p><a href="https://avtonom.org/author_columns/polet-tantry-o-zhenskoy-energii-shakti-i-tvorchestve-ivana-efremova">https://avtonom.org/author_columns/polet-tantry-o-zhenskoy-energii-shakti-i-tvorchestve-ivana-efremova</a></p> <p>נציין עוד שהסופר הרוסי המודרני אנדרי קוזלובסקי כתב ב-2011 ספר המשך לטרילוגיית אנדרומדה בשם "להבה אפלה", <a href="https://nice-books.net/books/fantastika-i-fjentezi/kosmicheskaja-fantastika/111275-andrei-kozlovich-temnoe-plamya.html"> Темное пламя</a> שמתאר הרפתקאות נוספות של ספינת החלל "טנטרה" בעתיד הרחוק של המאה ה-23. למשל ספינת החלל מגלה עולם שהושמד בידי התקפה גרעינית מהחלל, דהיינו דווקא יש תרבות בין כוכבית שהיא לוחמנית פשיסטית.</p> <p>לצערנו התברר שתרבות פשיסטית כזאת יכולה לצמוח גם מרעיונותיו של יפרמוב עצמו.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-kuzlovich.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="240" height="383" data-attachment-id="132413" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/11/%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%a2-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9b%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%98%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a1/efremov-kuzlovich/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-kuzlovich.jpg?fit=240%2C383&ssl=1" data-orig-size="240,383" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="efremov kuzlovich" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-kuzlovich.jpg?fit=188%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-kuzlovich.jpg?fit=240%2C383&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-kuzlovich.jpg?resize=240%2C383&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-132413" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-kuzlovich.jpg?w=240&ssl=1 240w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/efremov-kuzlovich.jpg?resize=188%2C300&ssl=1 188w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">עטיפת ספר ההמשך של קוזלובסקי לערפילית</figcaption></figure></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">קראו עוד</h3> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Yefremov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">יפרמוב בויקיפדיה</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YnL0OwEeNuI" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">צפו בסרט הרוסי "ערפילית אנדרומדה"</a> בגירסאות שונות :</p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <div class="youtube-embed" data-video_id="q-aOXXXzNVk"><iframe loading="lazy" title="Туманность Андромеды (1967) фильм" width="696" height="522" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/q-aOXXXzNVk?feature=oembed&enablejsapi=1" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></div> </div></figure> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <div class="youtube-embed" data-video_id="YnL0OwEeNuI"><iframe loading="lazy" title="Tumannost Andromedy AKA Andromeda Nebula URSS 1976" width="696" height="522" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnL0OwEeNuI?feature=oembed&enablejsapi=1" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></div> </div></figure> <p>וגם בדיבוב לאנגלית</p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <div class="youtube-embed" data-video_id="6FGxKIMZ67M"><iframe loading="lazy" title="Soviet Sci-Fi Cosmos (Eng) - Andromeda Nebula (1967) (Vintage Film Archive)" width="696" height="392" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6FGxKIMZ67M?feature=oembed&enablejsapi=1" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></div> </div></figure> <p>וגם סרט דוקומנטרי על העתיד של "אנדרומדה"</p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <div class="youtube-embed" data-video_id="DVabhbfXI7U"><iframe loading="lazy" title="The Perfect Communist Future Portrayed in the Soviet-era Sci-Fi Novel "Andromeda Nebula"" width="696" height="392" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DVabhbfXI7U?feature=oembed&enablejsapi=1" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></div> </div></figure> <p>המוזיקה של הסרט</p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <div class="youtube-embed" data-video_id="3KWhMNv0ZHI"><iframe loading="lazy" title="The Andromeda Nebula 1967 music by Yakov Lapinsky" width="696" height="392" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3KWhMNv0ZHI?feature=oembed&enablejsapi=1" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; 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(min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.td_block_social_counter.td-social-style10 .td_social_youtube .td-sp{background-position:-11px -376px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.td_block_social_counter.td-social-style10 .td_social_instagram .td-sp{background-position:-12px -220px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.td_block_social_counter.td-social-style10 .td_social_pinterest .td-sp{background-position:-13px -65px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.td_block_social_counter.td-social-style10 .td_social_tiktok .td-sp{background-position:-13px -732px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.td_block_social_counter.td-social-style10 .td_social_twitch .td-sp{background-position:-12px -772px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.td_block_social_counter.td-social-style10 .td_social_steam .td-sp{background-position:-13px -834px}}</style><div class="td-block-title-wrap"><h4 class="block-title td-block-title"><span 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