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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages_of_GoA3+" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_of_GoA3+"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Advantages of GoA3+</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_of_GoA3+-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents_involving_ATO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents_and_incidents_involving_ATO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Accidents and incidents involving ATO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents_involving_ATO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ATO_research_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ATO_research_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Train_Operation" title="Automatic Train Operation – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Automatic Train Operation" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Train_Operation" title="Automatic Train Operation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Automatic Train Operation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Train_Operation" title="Automatic Train Operation – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Automatic Train Operation" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سیستم هدایت خودکار قطار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیستم هدایت خودکار قطار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_autonome" title="Train autonome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Train autonome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99_%EC%97%B4%EC%B0%A8_%EC%9A%B4%EC%A0%84_%EC%9E%A5%EC%B9%98" title="자동 열차 운전 장치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자동 열차 운전 장치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasi_kereta_api_otomatis" title="Operasi kereta api otomatis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Operasi kereta api otomatis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Train_Operation" title="Automatic Train Operation – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Automatic Train Operation" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatische_treinbesturing" title="Automatische treinbesturing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Automatische treinbesturing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A%E9%81%8B%E8%BB%A2%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE" title="自動列車運転装置 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自動列車運転装置" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Автоведение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автоведение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Automatic train operation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="தானியங்கி தொடருந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தானியங்கி தொடருந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomatik_tren_i%C5%9Fletim_sistemi" title="Otomatik tren işletim sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otomatik tren işletim sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:180%;font-weight:bold;">Automated track-bound traffic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ATO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/ATO.svg/200px-ATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/ATO.svg/300px-ATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/ATO.svg/400px-ATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="102" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddeeff;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automatic train operation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Automated guideway transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_people_mover" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated people mover">Automated people mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications-based_train_control" title="Communications-based train control">CBTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Train_Control_System" title="European Train Control System">ETCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_train_automation" title="History of train automation">History of train automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automated_transit_networks_suppliers" title="List of automated transit networks suppliers">Automated transit networks suppliers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddeeff;"> Lists of automated train systems</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_automated_train_systems" title="List of defunct automated train systems">Defunct systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semi-automatic_train_systems" title="List of semi-automatic train systems">GoA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_driverless_train_systems" title="List of driverless train systems">GoA3+</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddeeff;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_surface_vehicle" title="Unmanned surface vehicle">Unmanned surface vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automated_track-bound_traffic" title="Template:Automated track-bound traffic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automated_track-bound_traffic" title="Template talk:Automated track-bound traffic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automated_track-bound_traffic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automated track-bound traffic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Automatic train operation</b> (<b>ATO</b>) is a method of operating <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">trains</a> <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automatically</a> where the driver is not required or required for supervision at most.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, ATO can be defined as a subsystem within the <a href="/wiki/Automatic_train_control" title="Automatic train control">automatic train control</a>, which performs any or all of functions like programmed stopping, speed adjusting, door operation, and similar otherwise assigned to the train operator.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cab_of_T251_set_2037.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cab_of_T251_set_2037.jpg/220px-Cab_of_T251_set_2037.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cab_of_T251_set_2037.jpg/330px-Cab_of_T251_set_2037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cab_of_T251_set_2037.jpg/440px-Cab_of_T251_set_2037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Pictured is a train cab of a <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries_%26_CRRC_Qingdao_Sifang_T251" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang T251">Kawasaki–CRRC Sifang T251</a> train serving the <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">Mass Rapid Transit</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93East_Coast_MRT_line" title="Thomson–East Coast MRT line">Thomson–East Coast Line</a> in Singapore. This line runs under ATO GoA 4, which is automatically controlled without any on-board staff.</figcaption></figure> <p>The degree of automation is indicated by the Grade of Automation (GoA), up to GoA4 in which the train is automatically controlled without any staff on board.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On most systems for lower grades of automation up to GoA2, there is a <a href="/wiki/Train_driver" title="Train driver">driver</a> present to mitigate risks associated with failures or emergencies. Driverless automation is primarily used on <a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">automated guideway transit</a> systems where it is easier to ensure the safety due to isolated tracks. Fully automated trains for <a href="/wiki/Main_line_(railway)" title="Main line (railway)">mainline railways</a> are an area of research.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first driverless experiments in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_train_automation" title="History of train automation">history of train automation</a> date back to 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grades_of_automation">Grades of automation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_train_operation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Grades of automation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Grades_of_Automation"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_semi-automatic_train_systems" title="List of semi-automatic train systems">List of semi-automatic train systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_driverless_train_systems" title="List of driverless train systems">List of driverless train systems</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoA_CITYFLO650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GoA_CITYFLO650.jpg/250px-GoA_CITYFLO650.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GoA_CITYFLO650.jpg/375px-GoA_CITYFLO650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/GoA_CITYFLO650.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>A diagram representing the different levels of automation possible on railways</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ETCS_L3_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ETCS_L3_en.svg/220px-ETCS_L3_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ETCS_L3_en.svg/330px-ETCS_L3_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ETCS_L3_en.svg/440px-ETCS_L3_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Operation scheme of <a href="/wiki/ETCS" class="mw-redirect" title="ETCS">ETCS</a> Level 3 as an example for GoA2</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Public_Transport" title="International Association of Public Transport">International Association of Public Transport</a> (UITP) and the international standard <a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_62290-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEC 62290-1 (page does not exist)">IEC 62290-1</a>, there are five Grades of Automation (GoA) of trains.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These levels correspond with the automotive <a href="/wiki/SAE_J3016" class="mw-redirect" title="SAE J3016">SAE J3016</a> classification:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Grade of automation </th> <th>Train operation </th> <th>Description and examples </th> <th>SAE levels </th></tr> <tr> <td>GoA0 </td> <td>On-sight </td> <td>No automation </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GoA1 </td> <td>Manual </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Train_driver" title="Train driver">train driver</a> controls starting and stopping, operation of doors and handling of emergencies or sudden diversions. Overseen signals due to human errors are safeguarded by <a href="/wiki/Train_protection_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Train protection systems">train protection systems</a> like <a href="/wiki/ETCS_L1" class="mw-redirect" title="ETCS L1">ETCS L1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-witpress_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witpress-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GoA2 </td> <td>Semi-automatic (STO) </td> <td>Starting and stopping are automated using advanced <a href="/wiki/Train_protection_system" title="Train protection system">train protection systems</a> like <a href="/wiki/ETCS_L2" class="mw-redirect" title="ETCS L2">ETCS L2</a> or <a href="/wiki/ETCS_L3" class="mw-redirect" title="ETCS L3">3</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-witpress_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witpress-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a driver operates the doors, drives the train if needed and handles emergencies. Many ATO systems are GoA2. In this system, trains run automatically from station to station but a driver is in the cab, with responsibility for door closing, obstacle detection on the track in front of the train and handling of emergency situations. As in a GoA3 system, the GoA2 train cannot operate safely without the staff member on board. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Victoria_line" title="Victoria line">Victoria line</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/7_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="7 (New York City Subway service)">7 route</a>. </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GoA3 </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Driverless_train_operation"></span> Driverless (DTO) </td> <td>Starting and stopping are automated, but a train attendant operates the doors and drives the train in case of emergencies. In this system, trains run automatically from station to station but a staff member is always in the train, with responsibility for handling of emergency situations. In a GoA3 system, the train cannot operate safely without the staff member on board. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a>. </td> <td>3 and 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GoA4 </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Unattended_train_operation"></span> Unattended (UTO) </td> <td>Starting, stopping and operation of doors are all fully automated without any on-train staff. It is recommended that stations have <a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">platform screen doors</a> installed. In this system, trains are capable of operating automatically at all times, including door closing, obstacle detection and emergency situations. On-board staff may be provided for other purposes, e.g. customer service, but are not required for safe operation. Controls are often provided to drive the train manually in the event of a computer failure. <a href="/wiki/CBTC" class="mw-redirect" title="CBTC">CBTC</a> is considered a basic enabler technology for GoA4.<sup id="cite_ref-witpress_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witpress-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">Singapore MRT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_5" title="Milan Metro Line 5">Milan Metro line 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_4" title="Milan Metro Line 4">Milan Metro line 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_C_(Rome_Metro)" title="Line C (Rome Metro)">Line C (Rome Metro)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin_Metro" title="Turin Metro">Turin Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brescia_Metro" title="Brescia Metro">Brescia Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris metro lines 1, 4 and 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Metro_line_9" title="Barcelona Metro line 9">Barcelona Metro line 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Metro" title="Sydney Metro">Sydney Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahn" title="Nuremberg U-Bahn">Nuremberg Metro</a> lines <a href="/wiki/U2_(Nuremberg_U-Bahn)" title="U2 (Nuremberg U-Bahn)">2</a> and <a href="/wiki/U3_(Nuremberg_U-Bahn)" title="U3 (Nuremberg U-Bahn)">3</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Metro" title="Copenhagen Metro">Copenhagen Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skyline_(Honolulu)" title="Skyline (Honolulu)">Honolulu Skyline</a>, Delhi Metro Magenta/Pink/Grey Lines and the <a href="/wiki/Line_11_(Suzhou_Rail_Transit)" title="Line 11 (Suzhou Rail Transit)">Suzhou Rail Transit line 11</a>. </td> <td>5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_types">Additional types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_train_operation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Additional types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Grade of automation </th> <th>Description and examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>GoA1+ </td> <td>In addition to GoA1, there is connected on-board train energy optimisation (C-DAS) over <a href="/wiki/ETCS" class="mw-redirect" title="ETCS">ETCS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>GoA2+ </td> <td>In case of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Metro" title="Amsterdam Metro">Amsterdam Metro</a>, a GoA2 is able to reverse in GoA4 at the final stations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is indicated by '+'. GoA2+ is also present on <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Metro" title="Bucharest Metro">Bucharest Metro</a> line M5, which uses the same URBALIS 400 CBTC as Amsterdam. </td></tr> <tr> <td>GoA2(+) </td> <td>This is GoA2 with additional functions related to <a href="/wiki/Metre-gauge_railway" title="Metre-gauge railway">metre-gauge railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>GoA2.5 </td> <td>Instead of a trained driver, a train attendant sits in the cab, with nothing to do except detect obstacles and evacuate passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-japanese_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japanese-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Railway_Company" title="Kyushu Railway Company">Kyushu Railway Company</a> started commercial operation of automatic train operation using the ATS-DK on the Kashii Line (between Nishi-Tozaki and Kashii Stations) on a trial basis on December 24, 2020. The goal is to achieve GoA3, a form of "driverless operation with an attendant".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>GoA3+ </td> <td>An umbrella term for GoA3 and GoA4 meaning replacement of human train driver.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms <i>GoA3/4</i>, <i>GoA3,4</i> and <i>autonomous trains</i> are used synonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-japanese_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japanese-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_of_ATO">Operation of ATO</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_train_operation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operation of ATO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Central_Shuttle_platform_in_1962.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Grand_Central_Shuttle_platform_in_1962.jpeg/220px-Grand_Central_Shuttle_platform_in_1962.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Grand_Central_Shuttle_platform_in_1962.jpeg/330px-Grand_Central_Shuttle_platform_in_1962.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Grand_Central_Shuttle_platform_in_1962.jpeg/440px-Grand_Central_Shuttle_platform_in_1962.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Early ATO trial on a <a href="/wiki/R22_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R22 (New York City Subway car)">R22 train</a> at track 4 of the <a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_Shuttle" title="42nd Street Shuttle">42nd Street Shuttle</a> (right) in 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>Many modern systems are linked with <a href="/wiki/Automatic_train_protection" title="Automatic train protection">automatic train protection</a> (ATP) and, in many cases, <a href="/wiki/Automatic_train_control" title="Automatic train control">automatic train control</a> (ATC) where normal <a href="/wiki/Signaller_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaller (rail)">signaling</a> operations such as route setting and train regulation are carried out by the system. The ATC and ATP systems will work together to maintain a train within a defined tolerance of its timetable. The combined system will marginally adjust operating parameters such as the ratio of power to coasting when moving and station <a href="/wiki/Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">dwell time</a> in order to adhere to a defined timetable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Whereas ATP is the safety system that ensures a safe spacing between trains and provides sufficient warning as to when to stop. ATO is the "non-safety" part of train operation related to station stops and starts, and indicates the stopping position for the train once the ATP has confirmed that the line is clear.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The train approaches the station under clear signals, so it can do a normal run-in. When it reaches the first beacon – originally a looped cable, now usually a fixed transponder – a station brake command is received by the train. The on-board computer calculates the braking curve to enable it to stop at the correct point, and as the train runs in towards the platform, the curve is updated a number of times (which varies from system to system) to ensure accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-railtechnical_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railtechnical-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the train has stopped, it verifies that its brakes are applied and checks that it has stopped within the door-enabling loops. These loops verify the position of the train relative to the platform and which side the doors should open. Once all this is complete, the ATO will open the doors. After a set time, predetermined or varied by the control centre as required, the ATO will close the doors and automatically restart the train if the door closed proving circuit is complete. Some systems have platform screen doors as well. ATO will also provide a signal for these to open once it has completed the on-board checking procedure. Although described here as an ATO function, door enabling at stations is often incorporated as part of the ATP equipment because it is regarded as a "vital" system and requires the same safety validation processes as ATP.<sup id="cite_ref-railtechnical_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railtechnical-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once door operation is completed, ATO will accelerate the train to its cruising speed, allow it to coast to the next station brake command beacon and then brake into the next station, assuming no intervention by the ATP system.<sup id="cite_ref-railtechnical_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railtechnical-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages_of_GoA3+"><span id="Advantages_of_GoA3.2B"></span>Advantages of GoA3+</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_train_operation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages of GoA3+"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Department_of_Transportation" title="Florida Department of Transportation">Florida Department of Transportation</a> funded a review by scientists from <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Talca" title="University of Talca">University of Talca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University" title="Hong Kong Polytechnic University">Hong Kong Polytechnic University</a>, which showed the following advantages of autonomous trains:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Eliminating human sources of errors</li> <li>Increasing capacity by stronger utilisation of existing rail tracks</li> <li>Reduction of operational costs. <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> reduced its operational costs in case of GoA 4 by 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increasing overall service reliability</li> <li>Improving fleet management and service flexibility</li> <li>Increasing <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_efficiency" title="Mechanical efficiency">energy efficiency</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accidents_and_incidents_involving_ATO">Accidents and incidents involving ATO</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_train_operation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accidents and incidents involving ATO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While ATO has been proven to drastically reduce the chance of <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human errors</a> in railway operation, there have been a few notable accidents involving ATO systems: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Territory</th> <th>Incident </th></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>On 5 October 1993, an automated <a href="/wiki/Nank%C5%8D_Port_Town_Line" title="Nankō Port Town Line">Nankō Port Town Line</a> train overran the line's southern terminus at <a href="/wiki/Suminoek%C5%8Den_Station" title="Suminoekōen Station">Suminoekōen Station</a> and collided with a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_stop" title="Buffer stop">buffer stop</a>, injuring 217 people. The cause was believed to have been a malfunction in some of the <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a> in the line's ATO equipment that transmits the brake command signal, causing the brakes to not operate.<sup id="cite_ref-交通1993-1109_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-交通1993-1109-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operations resumed on 19 November 1993 after <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundancy</a> equipment was installed and tested on the line.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>China</td> <td>On 27 September 2011 at 14:51 hours local time (06:51 hours <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>), two trains on <a href="/wiki/Line_10_(Shanghai_Metro)" title="Line 10 (Shanghai Metro)">Shanghai Metro Line 10</a> collided between <a href="/wiki/Yuyuan_Garden_station" title="Yuyuan Garden station">Yuyuan Garden station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laoximen_station" title="Laoximen station">Laoximen station</a>, injuring 284–300 people. Initial investigations found that train operators violated regulations while operating the trains manually after a loss of power on the line caused its ATO and signalling systems to fail. No deaths were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>On 4 May 2015, at around 18:00 hours local time (00:00 hours UTC)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during heavy rain with hail,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two trains crashed at <a href="/wiki/Ocean%C3%ADa_metro_station" title="Oceanía metro station">Oceanía station</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_5" title="Mexico City Metro Line 5">Mexico City Metro Line 5</a> while both were heading toward <a href="/wiki/Polit%C3%A9cnico_metro_station" title="Politécnico metro station">Politécnico station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first train, No. 4, was parked at the end of Oceanía station's platform after the driver reported that a <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> board was obstructing the tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-rieles_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rieles-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second train, No. 5, left Terminal Aérea station with the analogue PA-135 ATO system turned on despite the driver being asked to turn it off and to operate the train manually,<sup id="cite_ref-aristegui_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aristegui-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the protocol requests it when it rains because trains have to drive with reduced speed.<sup id="cite_ref-financiero_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-financiero-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Train No. 5 crashed into Train No. 4 at 31.8 km/h (19.8 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-aristegui_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aristegui-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – double the average on arrival at the platforms<sup id="cite_ref-rieles_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rieles-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and left twelve people injured.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>Singapore</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joo_Koon_rail_accident" title="Joo Koon rail accident">Joo Koon rail accident</a> – on 15 November 2017 at about 08:30 hours local time (00:30 hours UTC), one <a href="/wiki/SMRT_Trains" title="SMRT Trains">SMRT</a> <a href="/wiki/East_West_MRT_line" class="mw-redirect" title="East West MRT line">East-West Line</a> <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries_%26_CSR_Qingdao_Sifang_C151A" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151A">C151A</a> train rear-ended another C151A train at <a href="/wiki/Joo_Koon_MRT_station" title="Joo Koon MRT station">Joo Koon MRT station</a> in Singapore, causing 38 injuries. At that time, the East-West Line was in the process of having its previous <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Brake_and_Signal_Company" title="Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company">Westinghouse</a> ATC <a href="/wiki/Signalling_block_system" title="Signalling block system">fixed block signalling</a> and associated ATO system replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales</a> <a href="/wiki/SelTrac" title="SelTrac">SelTrac</a> CBTC <a href="/wiki/Moving_block" title="Moving block">moving block</a> signalling system. One of the trains involved had a safety protection feature removed when it went over a faulty signalling circuit as a fix for a known software bug, hence "bursting" the signalling bubble and leading to the collision.<sup id="cite_ref-signal-lta_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signal-lta-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>India </td> <td>Before the prime minister was supposed to ride the train and a few days before the opening, the train was undergoing ATO trials at the Kalindi Kunj Depot. As the train approached the buffer, it hit the buffers and derailed, hitting the front wall. The wall was eventually patched with bricks. However, it was eventually realized that the brakes were not applied by the train by default under the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the trains being controlled by drivers until 2024, delaying the full UTO operations by seven years. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td>A similar incident as the above occurred on the MTR <a href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_line" title="Tsuen Wan line">Tsuen Wan Line</a> in Hong Kong on 18 March 2019, when two <a href="/wiki/MTR_Metro_Cammell_EMU_(DC)" title="MTR Metro Cammell EMU (DC)">MTR M-Train EMUs</a> crashed in the crossover track section between <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_station_(MTR)" title="Admiralty station (MTR)">Admiralty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_station_(MTR)" title="Central station (MTR)">Central</a> while MTR was testing a new version of the <a href="/wiki/SelTrac" title="SelTrac">SelTrac</a> <a href="/wiki/Communications-based_train_control" title="Communications-based train control">train control system</a> intended to replace the line's existing <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27aide_%C3%A0_la_conduite,_%C3%A0_l%27exploitation_et_%C3%A0_la_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Système d'aide à la conduite, à l'exploitation et à la maintenance">SACEM</a> signalling system. There were no passengers aboard either train, although the operators of both trains were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the crash site had been cleaned up, all Tsuen Wan line trains terminated at Admiralty instead of Central. The same vendor also provided a similar signalling system in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Joo_Koon_rail_accident" title="Joo Koon rail accident">Joo Koon rail accident</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_and_Mechanical_Services_Department" title="Electrical and Mechanical Services Department">Electrical and Mechanical Services Department</a> (EMSD) published an investigation report into the incident and concluded that a programming error in the SelTrac signalling system led the ATP system to malfunction, resulting in the collision.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>Malaysia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Kelana_Jaya_LRT_collision" title="2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision">2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, in which 213 people were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>China</td> <td>On 22 January 2022, an elder passenger was caught between the traindoor and screendoor in <a href="/wiki/Qi%27an_Road_station" title="Qi'an Road station">Qi'an Road station</a> of <a href="/wiki/Line_15_(Shanghai_Metro)" title="Line 15 (Shanghai Metro)">Line 15 (Shanghai Metro)</a>. On seeing the situation, the staff misoperated the traindoor controlling system, allowing the screen door to isolate without detecting, causing the train run a short while and fatally injuring the trapped passenger.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ATO_research_projects">ATO research projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_train_operation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ATO research projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Start year</th> <th>End year</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Volume </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMARAGT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMARAGT (page does not exist)">SMARAGT</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMARAGT" class="extiw" title="de:SMARAGT">de</a>]</span></td> <td></td> <td>1999</td> <td>Automatization of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahn" title="Nuremberg U-Bahn">Nuremberg U-Bahn</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Germany</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=RUBIN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RUBIN (page does not exist)">RUBIN</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RUBIN" class="extiw" title="de:RUBIN">de</a>]</span></td> <td></td> <td>2001</td> <td>Automatization of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahn" title="Nuremberg U-Bahn">Nuremberg U-Bahn</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Germany</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>KOMPAS I</td> <td>2001</td> <td></td> <td>Driverless operation on mainline railways<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Germany</td> <td>4.85 million €<sup id="cite_ref-foerderportal_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foerderportal-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>AutoBAHN</td> <td>2010</td> <td>2014</td> <td>Autonomous trains on existing regional railway lines<sup id="cite_ref-autobahn_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobahn-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Austria</td> <td>2.5 million €<sup id="cite_ref-autobahn_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobahn-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>RCAS</td> <td></td> <td>2010</td> <td>Collision avoidance without permanent installations<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Germany</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>KI-Lok</td> <td>2021</td> <td>2024</td> <td>Safe AI for the rail<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Germany</td> <td> <p>2.47 million €<sup id="cite_ref-foerderportal_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foerderportal-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SMART 2</td> <td>2019</td> <td>2022</td> <td>Advanced integrated obstacle and track intrusion detection system for smart automation of rail transport<sup id="cite_ref-smart2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smart2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>EU</td> <td> <p>1.7 million €<sup id="cite_ref-smart2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smart2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>safe.trAIn</td> <td>2022</td> <td></td> <td>Development of AI-Enabled Automated Trains<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Germany</td> <td>24 million € </td></tr> <tr> <td>AutomatedTrain</td> <td>2023</td> <td></td> <td>Fully automated staging and parking of trains<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>EU</td> <td>42.6 million €<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>R2DATO</td> <td>2023</td> <td></td> <td>Rail to Digital automated up to autonomous train operation<sup id="cite_ref-r2dato_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2dato-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>EU</td> <td>160.8 million € </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_train_operation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2021, the pilot project of the "world's first automated, driverless train" on regular tracks shared with other rail traffic was launched in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany. The conventional, standard-track, non-metro train technology could, according to reports, theoretically be implemented for rail transport worldwide and is also substantially more <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy efficient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ATO was introduced on the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Circle_line_(London_Underground)" title="Circle line (London Underground)">Circle</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_line" title="District line">District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_City_line" title="Hammersmith & City line">Hammersmith & City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_line" title="Metropolitan line">Metropolitan lines</a> by 2022. ATO is used on parts of <a href="/wiki/Crossrail" title="Crossrail">Crossrail</a>. Trains on the central London section of <a href="/wiki/Thameslink_(route)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thameslink (route)">Thameslink</a> were the first to use ATO on the <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">UK mainline railway</a> network<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/European_Train_Control_System" title="European Train Control System">ETCS</a> Level 2. </p><p>In April 2022, <a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company">JR West</a> announced that they would test ATO on a 12-car W7 series Shinkansen train used on the <a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen" title="Hokuriku Shinkansen">Hokuriku Shinkansen</a> at the Hakusan General Rolling Stock Yard during 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U-Bahn in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> was scheduled to be equipped with ATO in 2023 on the new U5 line. </p><p>All lines built for the new <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Metro" title="Sydney Metro">Sydney Metro</a> feature driverless operation without any staff in attendance. </p><p>From 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_subway" title="Toronto subway">Toronto subway</a> underwent signal upgrades in order to use ATO and ATC over the next decade.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work has been completed on sections <a href="/wiki/Line_1_Yonge%E2%80%93University" title="Line 1 Yonge–University">Yonge–University</a> line.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underground portion of <a href="/wiki/Line_5_Eglinton" title="Line 5 Eglinton">Line 5 Eglinton</a> was equipped with ATC and ATO in 2022. The underground portion will use a GoA2 system while the <a href="/wiki/Eglinton_Maintenance_and_Storage_Facility" title="Eglinton Maintenance and Storage Facility">Eglinton Maintenance and Storage Facility</a> will use a GoA4 system and travel driverless around the yard.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Line" title="Ontario Line">Ontario Line</a> is proposed have a GoA4 driverless system and will open in 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since March 2021, <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a> region have begun an <a href="/wiki/Experimentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimentation">experimentation</a> with a French <a href="/wiki/Regio_2N" title="Regio 2N">Regio 2N</a> Class, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Equipped_with_sensors_and_software&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equipped with sensors and software (page does not exist)">equipped with sensors and software</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regio_2N#ATO" class="extiw" title="fr:Regio 2N">fr</a>]</sup> (fr). </p><p>In 2025, regular driverless passenger services on the line from <a href="/wiki/Kopidlno" title="Kopidlno">Kopidlno</a> to <a href="/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_Bousov" title="Dolní Bousov">Dolní Bousov</a> will be resumed by <a href="/wiki/A%C5%BDD_Praha" title="AŽD Praha">AŽD Praha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lokreport_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lokreport-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_train_operation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation_of_the_London_Underground" title="Automation of the London Underground">Automation of the London Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications-based_train_control" title="Communications-based train control">Communications-based train control</a> – A moving block signalling system that can be used to automate operation of trains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_operation" title="One-person operation">One-person operation</a> – A method of train operation, sometimes seen as an intermediate step towards greater automation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signaling_of_the_New_York_City_Subway#Automation" title="Signaling of the New York City Subway">Signaling of the New York City Subway#Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_automatic_stopping_controller" title="Train automatic stopping controller">Train automatic stopping controller</a> – An automatic braking system used on some Japanese railway lines, can also be combined with ATO as its auto-braking function</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">Vehicular automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit</a> (ART)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_train_operation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=821-09-01">"IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Details for IEV number 821-09-01: "automatic train operation"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.electropedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aristegui+Noticias&rft.atitle=Error+humano+caus%C3%B3+choque+en+Metro+Ocean%C3%ADa%2C+informa+comit%C3%A9+investigador&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faristeguinoticias.com%2F1205%2Fmexico%2Ferror-humano-causo-choque-en-metro-oceania-comite-investigador%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+train+operation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-financiero-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-financiero_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrer2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrer, Angélica (11 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/cdmx/y-a-todo-esto-cuantos-choques-han-ocurrido-a-lo-largo-de-la-historia-del-metro-de-la-cdmx/">"Y a todo esto, ¿cuántos choques han ocurrido a lo largo de la historia del Metro de la CDMX?"</a> [And by the way, how many crashes have occurred throughout the history of the Mexico City Metro?]. <i>El Financiero</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210530211101/https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/cdmx/y-a-todo-esto-cuantos-choques-han-ocurrido-a-lo-largo-de-la-historia-del-metro-de-la-cdmx/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Financiero&rft.atitle=Y+a+todo+esto%2C+%C2%BFcu%C3%A1ntos+choques+han+ocurrido+a+lo+largo+de+la+historia+del+Metro+de+la+CDMX%3F&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft.aulast=Ferrer&rft.aufirst=Ang%C3%A9lica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elfinanciero.com.mx%2Fcdmx%2Fy-a-todo-esto-cuantos-choques-han-ocurrido-a-lo-largo-de-la-historia-del-metro-de-la-cdmx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+train+operation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdez2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Valdez, Ilich (12 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milenio.com/estados/error-humano-causo-choque-trenes-metro-oceania">"Error humano causó choque de trenes en Metro Oceanía"</a> [Human error caused train crash at Oceanía station]. <i>Milenio</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404214935/https://www.milenio.com/estados/error-humano-causo-choque-trenes-metro-oceania">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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For Railroad Career Professionals"</a>. <i>Progressive Railroading</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Progressive+Railroading&rft.atitle=Rail+News+%E2%80%93+TTC+extends+signal+system+to+Queen+Station.+For+Railroad+Career+Professionals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.progressiverailroading.com%2Fc_s%2Fnews%2FTTC-extends-signal-system-to-Queen-Station--59811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+train+operation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.metrolinx.com/2019/12/09/how-will-the-eglinton-crosstown-lrts-automatic-train-control-work-we-break-down-every-major-element-in-an-infographic/">"How will the Eglinton Crosstown LRT's automatic train control work? We break down every major element in an infographic"</a>. 9 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+will+the+Eglinton+Crosstown+LRT%27s+automatic+train+control+work%3F+We+break+down+every+major+element+in+an+infographic&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.metrolinx.com%2F2019%2F12%2F09%2Fhow-will-the-eglinton-crosstown-lrts-automatic-train-control-work-we-break-down-every-major-element-in-an-infographic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+train+operation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.metrolinx.com/2019/09/10/ontario-line-will-be-driven-by-proven-tech-rather-than-futuristic-prototypes/">"Ontario Line will be driven by proven tech rather than futuristic prototypes"</a>. 10 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ontario+Line+will+be+driven+by+proven+tech+rather+than+futuristic+prototypes&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.metrolinx.com%2F2019%2F09%2F10%2Fontario-line-will-be-driven-by-proven-tech-rather-than-futuristic-prototypes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+train+operation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lokreport-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lokreport_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lok-report.de/news/europa/item/46482-tschechien-azd-will-kopidlno-dolni-bousov-im-jahr-2025-autonom-betreiben.html">"LOK Report - Tschechien: AŽD will Kopidlno - Dolní Bousov im Jahr 2025 autonom betreiben"</a>. <i>www.lok-report.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Bahn_Serfaus" title="U-Bahn Serfaus">U-Bahn Serfaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_Automatique_L%C3%A9ger" title="Véhicule Automatique Léger">Véhicule Automatique Léger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal<br />rapid<br />transit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Transit_Association" title="Advanced Transit Association">Advanced Transit Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alden_staRRcar" title="Alden staRRcar">Alden staRRcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramis_(personal_rapid_transit)" title="Aramis (personal rapid transit)">Aramis (personal rapid transit)</a></li> <li><a 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title="List of hexapod robots">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle">Automated guided vehicle (AGV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automatic train operation (ATO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automated_train_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of automated train systems">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Underwater</th><td 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title="Unmanned surface vehicle">Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft" title="Uncrewed spacecraft">Uncrewed spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list of probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spacecraft_by_program" class="mw-redirect" title="List of uncrewed spacecraft by program">list by program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">list of orbiters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo spacecraft">Cargo spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="Uncrewed 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