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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Michel First Nation</caption><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> / <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis people</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calihoo,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calihoo, Alberta">Calihoo, Alberta</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province</th><td class="infobox-data">Alberta</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccf;">Land</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reserve(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">none </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccf;">(1998)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccf;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michelfirstnation.com/">michelfirstnation<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16242678#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Michel Band</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous nation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Alberta" title="Central Alberta">central Alberta</a>, Canada, which the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> recognized as a nation and treaty partner from 1878 to 1958. The descendants of that historic band, now organized as an association called the <b>Michel First Nation</b>, are engaged in legal and political action to regain recognition. </p><p>The Michel Band was also referred to as the Michel Caillehoo, Michel Caillehouis, Michel Caillehow, Michel Calihoo, Michel Calistrois, or Michel Calliho Band,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to the name of their chief at the time that they signed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a> with the Canadian Crown by adhesion on September 3, 1878. </p><p>In 1880, a 40-square-mile (100 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> was surveyed as "Michel I.R. 132" on the Sturgeon River, about 8 miles (13 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Roman Catholic mission</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a>, northwest of <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> near the present-day town site of <a href="/wiki/Villeneuve,_Alberta" title="Villeneuve, Alberta">Villeneuve</a>. The reserve was described and surveyed in September 1880 by G.A. Simpsona as "to a post on the right bank of the Sturgeon River and thence easterly along the said bank of the river to the point of beginning, containing an area of forty square miles more or less."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formalized by <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> PC 1151 on May 17, 1889. </p><p>Like all First Nations in the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> area, the Michel Band members came under government and settler pressure to surrender their agricultural land. Land sales marked by government corruption steadily eroded their land base through the next half-century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1959 the entire band was "enfranchised"—removed from <a href="/wiki/Status_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Status Indian">status as Indians</a> in exchange for the right to vote in Canadian elections and removal from the strictures of the <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a></i> on March 31, 1958,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Was it 1959 or 1958? (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by Order in Council P.C. 375. The Michel Band was the only one in Canada to be enfranchised during the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people of the modern-day Michel First Nation have ancestry primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> ethnic groups. An Iroquois (Mohawk) man by the name of Louis Callihoo, born in 1782, came west in 1800 to work for the Northwest Company, spawning a large group of descendants, many of which live in Alberta today. In 1998, there were over 700 registered descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numbered-Treaties-Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Numbered-Treaties-Map.svg/220px-Numbered-Treaties-Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Numbered-Treaties-Map.svg/330px-Numbered-Treaties-Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Numbered-Treaties-Map.svg/440px-Numbered-Treaties-Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Numbered-Treaties-Map</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Band&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Michel band, composed of Iroquois and their leader, called "Yellowhead", travelled from the east to avoid assassination because of a bounty offered by the American government for provable deaths of Iroquois people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Iroquois Yellowhead was rumoured to be a descendant of the French Crown from a period when the Iroquois were invited and visited the French King. He, Yellowhead, believed he had to leave the east to avoid being assassinated during the French Revolution, because of his rumored connection to the French aristocracy. </p><p>Michel and his band came to St. Albert, in Alberta, and he appealed to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lacombe" title="Albert Lacombe">Father Lacombe</a>, who had come to Alberta in 1852, to arrange a home for himself and his people, his family. Michel Reserve, north of St. Albert, became their land base. In 1880 Michel Calihoo (spelling differs), as leader of the band, signed treaty and the band settled on the "Michel Indian Reserve." </p><p>In 1958, almost the entire band gave up their Reserve and Treaty rights and were enfranchised. As Iroquois, their style of government was based on voting, (American democracy is based on the Iroquois style of government, each individual having the right to vote) and British colonial government policy was that Indians on reserves, Indigenous people who signed treaties, did not have the vote. So most of the Michel Band gave up their reserve and their treaty rights and moved into St. Albert, so that they could vote. </p><p>The Michel Band is the only First Nation in Canada in the 20th century to enfranchise as a group.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985 many descendants of the historic Michel Band regained <a href="/wiki/Indian_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian status">Indian status</a> through <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act#Bill_C-31" title="Indian Act">Bill C-31</a>. They have since that time lobbied the federal government to once again recognize them as an Indian band with <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal rights">Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">treaty rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Louis_Callihoo_Kwarakwante_"Yellowhead""><span id="Louis_Callihoo_Kwarakwante_.22Yellowhead.22"></span>Louis Callihoo Kwarakwante "Yellowhead"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Band&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Louis Callihoo Kwarakwante "Yellowhead""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Michel Band members trace their ancestry to Louis Callihoo, a name used by people who could not spell his Iroquois name. He was called "Yellowhead" and known as Kara Komptee, Kwarakwante. He was Mohawk (Mohawks are part of the Iroquois confederacy), born in 1782, Sault St. Louis, in what is now called <a href="/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake">Kahnawake</a>, Quebec. He was known as "Le Soleil Voyageur", which may be a reference to the rumored relationship to the French aristocracy; the French king, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, known as "the Sun King". In 1800, Louis Kwarkwante, Yellowhead, signed on as a voyageur with the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> (a clerk changed his name to Caliheue)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and travelled west from Montreal to Northern Alberta to work as a fur trader. He married three local women (a <a href="/wiki/Sekani" title="Sekani">Sekani</a> Native and two French-Cree <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> sisters). <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk, an Iroquois language</a>, may at one time have been the language of the band, but by the late 19th Century Father <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lacombe" title="Albert Lacombe">Albert Lacombe</a> wrote that most band members spoke <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> or French.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems likely that <a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a>, a mixed Cree-French language, was used by the Michel Band. Michel Band’s descendants still live across Canada. Descendants such as bassist, filmmaker, and photographer Tegan Armstrong number among them. </p><p>The Michel Band <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">emerged as a distinct cultural and kinship group</a> during the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Canadian fur trade</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg/220px-Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg/330px-Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg/440px-Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Fur traders in canada 1777</figcaption></figure><p>Louis Kwarakwante ("The Sun Traveller") was born in 1782 near the Catholic Mission of Saul St. Louis of <a href="/wiki/Caughnawaga_Indian_Village_Site" title="Caughnawaga Indian Village Site">Caughnawaga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is speculated that Louis was <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a>. The name Kwarakwante appears to be an incorrect translation of Garakontie. Records list his surname variously as "Karaconti. Karaquienthe, Caraquanti." Louis also went by the surname of Callihoo, which derived from "Karhioo" meaning "Tall Forest" in Iroquois. Many members of his family, especially those who went west with the Fur Trade, had the name Karakontie bestowed on them by the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>. Louis Kwarakwante was likely a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garaconti%C3%A9" title="Daniel Garacontié">Daniel Garakontie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canoe_Manned_by_Voyageurs_Passing_a_Waterfall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canoe_Manned_by_Voyageurs_Passing_a_Waterfall.jpg/220px-Canoe_Manned_by_Voyageurs_Passing_a_Waterfall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canoe_Manned_by_Voyageurs_Passing_a_Waterfall.jpg/330px-Canoe_Manned_by_Voyageurs_Passing_a_Waterfall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canoe_Manned_by_Voyageurs_Passing_a_Waterfall.jpg/440px-Canoe_Manned_by_Voyageurs_Passing_a_Waterfall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Canoe Manned by Voyageurs Passing a Waterfall</figcaption></figure><p> As early as 1800, the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> began to employ Iroquois <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyagers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colin_Robertson_(fur_trader)" title="Colin Robertson (fur trader)">Colin Robertson</a> said he preferred the Iroquois voyageurs to French-Canadians in a rapid or dangerous river crossing "for their calmness and presence of mind which never forsakes them in the greatest danger."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was still a common trend even up until 1872, when George Grant remarked:</p><blockquote><p>"Our crews were chiefly Iroquois Indians from Caugh-naw-aga, near Montreal, the best voyagers known, according to the testimony of everyone who has tried them. The Iroquois made the engagement for the trip, and hired a few Ojibways bear the Shebandowan and Fort Francis to make up the necessary number. They were as fine-looking, clean-limbed men as one's eye could desire to rest on, punctual, diligent, uncomplaining, and reserving their chief affection for their canoes. As a jockey cherishes his horse and shepherd his dog, so do they care for their canoe."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>The NWC undoubtedly hired Iroquois from Caughnawaga not only for their experience, but also their familiarity with the Catholic clergy and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seigneurial-system">habitant seigneuries</a> who had land holdings in the Missions. The Regardless, the bark <a href="/wiki/Longhouses_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America">longhouses</a> still resembled those of in Mohawk Valley, and <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">traditional agriculture</a> was still practiced. In this Mission, Louis Callihoo learned his <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">native tongue</a>. He spoke French and later many other languages as well, which no doubt made his commercial dealings easier. He was contracted as a canoemen on November 23, 1800 by McTavish, Frobisher & Company, agents of the NWC. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daniel_Garacontié"><span id="Daniel_Garaconti.C3.A9"></span>Daniel Garacontié</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Band&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Daniel Garacontié"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garaconti%C3%A9" title="Daniel Garacontié">Daniel Garacontié</a> (also spelled Garagonthie, Garakontie, and Garakontié) an <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a> <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">sachem</a>, chief and orator, first travelled<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> northwest from the communities of <a href="/wiki/Caughnawaga_Indian_Village_Site" title="Caughnawaga Indian Village Site">Caughnawaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Regis_Mohawk_Reservation" title="St. Regis Mohawk Reservation">St.Regis</a>. Generations of Iroquois had been trapping furs for a living and had become proficient in the trading of goods to maintain a comfortable lifestyle in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">St.Lawrence River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes regions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iroquois_western_goods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Iroquois_western_goods.jpg/220px-Iroquois_western_goods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Iroquois_western_goods.jpg/330px-Iroquois_western_goods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Iroquois_western_goods.jpg/440px-Iroquois_western_goods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Iroquois, with western goods 1722.</figcaption></figure><p> The Iroquois were politically governed by the traditional customs and governance of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Law_of_Peace" title="Great Law of Peace">Great Law of Peace</a>. In 1645 Iroquois <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">headmen</a> began treating the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">Frenchmen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Hurons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algonquins" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquins">Algonquins</a>. In their dealings with the French, Iroquois diplomats adapted the language and rituals of the Great Law of Peace to create the protocol for intercultural diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1654, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garaconti%C3%A9" title="Daniel Garacontié">Daniel Garakontie</a> or "The Moving Sun" was the <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">Great Sachem</a> of the Iroquois Confederacy.</p><blockquote><p>"Five whole Nations address thee through my mouth. I have in my heart the sentiments of all the Iroquois Nations - and my tongue is faithful to my heart." -Garakontie<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Garakontie was known as <i>Sagochiendagehte</i> ("the name bearer") the Council name of the Onondaga - a status he occupied as its principal speaker. Garakontie was his family name and not his <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">hereditary</a> title, thus his status as speaker and chief diplomat was achieved, not ascribed by his membership into the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/clan-system/">Bear Clan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first references to Garakontié reveal him struggling to preserve the general peace of 1653.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Quebec Garakontie proclaimed his faith in Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garakontié was baptized in the Cathedral of Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He announced he would no longer sponsor dream feasts and declared the Iroquois cosmology was a fable.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionalist Iroquois headmen maintained that Garakontie had become French and untrustworthy<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jesuits had not only created Catholic converts, but also strong Christian and Traditionalist factions that brought unprecedented disquiet to Iroquois communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1660s Jesuit missionaries encouraged increasing numbers of Catholic Iroquois to desert their homes for the <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">mission</a> villages in Canada; by the mid 1670s over two-hundred had departed. The lack of pelts to trade and warfare created serious economic hardship in Iroquoia. In 1700, over 500 of their 2000 warriors had been killed, captured, or had deserted to Catholic missions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enfranchisement_and_legal_dispute">Enfranchisement and legal dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Band&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Enfranchisement and legal dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Michel First Nation's position is summarized though testimony at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Committee (page does not exist)">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Committee</a> on April 9, 2008, by Chief Rosalind Callihoo: </p> <blockquote><p>I am the great-great-granddaughter of Michel Callihoo, who signed treaty in 1878 by an adhesion to Treaty No. 6. I'm here today on behalf of over 700 members of the Michel First Nation who were reinstated under Bill C-31. </p><p>I would like to present to the committee today the issue of discrimination throughout the Michel history. The whole band was enfranchised in 1958 under section 112 of the <i>Indian Act</i>, which was later repealed because it was deemed to be discriminatory. </p><p>Bill C-31 was also discriminatory. I stated that 700-plus members have been reinstated. However, there are probably approximately the same number who were not reinstated because they were enfranchised under the band enfranchisement. Bill C-31 did not address that. They only addressed individual enfranchisement. </p><p>My third comment regarding discrimination is the specific claims policy and access to it. In 1998 we had concluded an inquiry from the Indian Claims Commission. That inquiry made a recommendation to Canada that Canada should grant the Michel First Nation special standing to file a specific claim. In 2002, after four years, the Minister of Indian Affairs of the day refused to give us that special standing, and the recommendation was not adopted. </p><p>Our sole recommendation here today to this committee is to propose an amendment to the definition of first nation in Bill C-30. In order to bring a claim before the Specific Claims Tribunal, a first nation must meet the first nation definition under section 2 of the <i>Indian Act</i>. This defines first nation to mean a band as defined under the act. This definition needs to be expanded to include the Michel First Nation, which would be a first nation if not for Canada's breach of lawful obligation, because Canada's breach goes directly to the status of the Michel First Nation. </p><p>The Indian Claims Commission did note that Canada should not benefit because of a technicality. In our case, Canada is still benefiting from its own wrongful act; it points to its own discrimination as the justification for not granting us status as standing under the policy. Parliament would continue this wrong by enacting Bill C-30 without the requested amendment. </p><p>One of the purposes of Bill C-30, and the reason why it was endorsed by the Assembly of First Nations, is that it removes the non-binding status of recommendations under the former Indian Claims Commission. Bill C-30 is a positive step, and we endorse it. However, the benefits of Bill C-30, as it is currently drafted, exclude us because of the catch-22 position we are in. We are not recognized as a band, but we say we should be a band. We can't argue that we should be a band. </p><p>The basic principles and values of Canadian society are reflected in the constitutional provisions designed to protect the rights of aboriginal peoples, to abolish discrimination. These basic principles and values need to be applied to our situation. We have the same issues before us as all the other first nations in Canada; however, we have no platform to bring them forward. </p><p> We respectfully urge the committee to recommend that Bill C-30 be amended so we may have equal access to the legal processes that Bill C-30 set out.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Band&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/bands-agencies/005008-1113-e.html">"Index of Bands in Western Canada - Western Canada - Bands and Agencies - Library and Archives Canada"</a>. <i>collectionscanada.lgc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collectionscanada.lgc.ca&rft.atitle=Index+of+Bands+in+Western+Canada+-+Western+Canada+-+Bands+and+Agencies+-+Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fbands-agencies%2F005008-1113-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichel+Band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacPherson1998" class="citation book cs1">MacPherson, Elizabeth (1998). <i>The Sun Traveller</i>. St.Albert, Alberta: Musée Héritage Museum. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun+Traveller&rft.place=St.Albert%2C+Alberta&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+H%C3%A9ritage+Museum&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=MacPherson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichel+Band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacpherson1998" class="citation book cs1">Macpherson, Elizabeth (1998). <i>The Sun Traveller</i>. 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Gail Morin. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Company+Men%3A+Louis+Callihoo&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Gail+Morin&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Gail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichel+Band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1968" class="citation book cs1">George, Grant (1968). <i>By Canoe From Toronto To Fort Edmonton in 1872: Among The Iroquois and Ojibways with a chapter on Winter in Canada</i>. Toronto: Canadiana House Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+Canoe+From+Toronto+To+Fort+Edmonton+in+1872%3A+Among+The+Iroquois+and+Ojibways+with+a+chapter+on+Winter+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Canadiana+House+Toronto&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichel+Band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2010" class="citation book cs1">Richter, Daniel K. (November 1, 2010). <i>Beyond the Covenant Chain: The Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America, 1600-1800</i>. 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Psychology Press. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+American+Culture%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichel+Band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="First Nations in Alberta">First Nations in Alberta</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Cultural areas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Ethnolinguistic groups</a> (by language family)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language"><i>Plains</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree" title="Woodland Cree"><i>Woodland</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athapascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athapascan">Athapascan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa" title="Dane-zaa">Daneẕaa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan" title="Chipewyan">Dënesųłı̨ne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavey_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavey people">Dene Tha'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakoda (Stoney)">Nakoda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a> <small>(1876)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a> <small>(1877)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">Treaty 8</a> <small>(1899)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal councils and<br /><a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Tribal_Council" title="Athabasca Tribal Council">Athabasca Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Chipewyan_First_Nation" title="Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation">Athabasca Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_Prairie_First_Nation" title="Chipewyan Prairie First Nation">Chipewyan Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McKay_First_Nation" title="Fort McKay First Nation">Fort McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray_First_Nation" title="Fort McMurray First Nation">Fort McMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikisew_Cree_First_Nation" title="Mikisew Cree First Nation">Mikisew Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Standoff,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Standoff, Alberta">Standoff</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kainai_Nation" title="Kainai Nation">Kainai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piikani_Nation" title="Piikani Nation">Piikani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siksika_Nation" title="Siksika Nation">Siksika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederacy_of_Treaty_6_First_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations">Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Enoch,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch, Alberta">Enoch</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Cree_Nation" title="Enoch Cree Nation">Enoch Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermineskin_Cree_Nation" title="Ermineskin Cree Nation">Ermineskin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bull_Tribe" title="Louis Bull Tribe">Louis Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_First_Nation" title="Montana First Nation">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Band" title="Paul Band">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Saddle Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Cree_Nation" title="Samson Cree Nation">Samson Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kee_Tas_Kee_Now_Tribal_Council" title="Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council">Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Atikameg</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Earth_Creek" title="Red Earth Creek">Loon River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Band" title="Lubicon Lake Band">Lubicon Lake Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerless_Trout_First_Nation" title="Peerless Trout First Nation">Peerless Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree_First_Nation" title="Woodland Cree First Nation">Woodland Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Slave_Lake_Indian_Regional_Council" title="Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council">Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Slave_Lake,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Lake, Alberta">Slave Lake</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driftpile_First_Nation" title="Driftpile First Nation">Driftpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapawe%27no_First_Nation" title="Kapawe'no First Nation">Kapawe'no</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawridge_First_Nation" title="Sawridge First Nation">Sawridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucker_Creek_Cree_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucker Creek Cree First Nation">Sucker Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_First_Nation" title="Swan River First Nation">Swan River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Peace_Tribal_Council" title="North Peace Tribal Council">North Peace Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/High_Level,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="High Level, Alberta">High Level</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_First_Nation" title="Beaver First Nation">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene_Tha%27_First_Nation" title="Dene Tha' First Nation">Dene Tha'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_River_Cree_Nation" title="Little Red River Cree Nation">Little Red River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallcree_Tribal_Government" title="Tallcree Tribal Government">Tallcree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoney_Nakoda_-_Tsuut%27ina_Tribal_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council (page does not exist)">Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_Nakoda_First_Nation" title="Stoney Nakoda First Nation">Stoney Nakoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearspaw_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearspaw First Nation">Bearspaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiniki_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiniki First Nation">Chiniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley First Nation">Wesley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_Chiefs_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribal Chiefs Ventures (page does not exist)">Tribal Chiefs Ventures</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_Tribal_Council" title="Western Cree Tribal Council">Western Cree Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Valleyview,_Alberta" title="Valleyview, Alberta">Valleyview</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duncan%27s_First_Nation" title="Duncan's First Nation">Duncan's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Lake_First_Nation" title="Horse Lake First Nation">Horse Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation">Sturgeon Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Tribal_Council" title="Yellowhead Tribal Council">Yellowhead Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Morinville,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Morinville, Alberta">Morinville</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unaffiliated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigstone_Cree_Nation" title="Bigstone Cree Nation">Bigstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not federally recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aseniwuche_Winewak_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (page does not exist)">Aseniwuche Winewak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Indian_Nation" title="Lubicon Lake Indian Nation">Lubicon Lake Indian Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not headquartered in Alberta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acho_Dene_Koe_First_Nation" title="Acho Dene Koe First Nation">Acho Dene Koe</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Lake,_British_Columbia" title="Kelly Lake, British Columbia">Kelly Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Onion Lake Cree Nation">Onion Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Landing_First_Nation" title="Smith's Landing First Nation">Smith's Landing</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papaschase" title="Papaschase">Papaschase</a> <small>(1891)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharphead_band" title="Sharphead band">Sharphead</a> <small>(1897)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michel</a> <small>(1958)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Alberta" title="List of Indian reserves in Alberta">List of Indian reserves in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis in Alberta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Numbered_Treaties:_Treaty_Six" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numbertreaty" title="Template:Numbertreaty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numbertreaty" title="Template talk:Numbertreaty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numbertreaty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numbertreaty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Numbered_Treaties:_Treaty_Six" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a>: Treaty Six</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numbered <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_1" title="Treaty 1">Treaty 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_2" title="Treaty 2">Treaty 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_3" title="Treaty 3">Treaty 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_4" title="Treaty 4">Treaty 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_5" title="Treaty 5">Treaty 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">Treaty 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_9" title="Treaty 9">Treaty 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_10" title="Treaty 10">Treaty 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_11" title="Treaty 11">Treaty 11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Colomb_First_Nation" title="Marcel Colomb First Nation">Marcel Colomb First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathias_Colomb_First_Nation" title="Mathias Colomb First Nation">Mathias Colomb First Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahtahkakoop_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahtahkakoop First Nation">Ahtahkakoop First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beardy%27s_and_Okemasis%27_Cree_Nation" title="Beardy's and Okemasis' Cree Nation">Beardy's and Okemasis' Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Island_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Big Island Lake Cree Nation">Big Island Lake Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_River_First_Nation" title="Big River First Nation">Big River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dust_First_Nation" title="Flying Dust First Nation">Flying Dust First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_Lake_First_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Island Lake First Nation (page does not exist)">Island Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="James Smith First Nation">James Smith First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_La_Ronge_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac La Ronge First Nation">Lac La Ronge First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pine_First_Nation" title="Little Pine First Nation">Little Pine First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Man_Cree_Nation" title="Lucky Man Cree Nation">Lucky Man Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makwa_Sahgaiehcan_First_Nation" title="Makwa Sahgaiehcan First Nation">Makwa Sahgaiehcan First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistawasis_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistawasis First Nation">Mistawasis First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Montreal Lake Cree Nation">Montreal Lake Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosomin_First_Nation" title="Moosomin First Nation">Moosomin First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito-Grizzly_Bear%27s_Head-Lean_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head-Lean Man">Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head-Lean Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Muskeg Lake Cree Nation">Muskeg Lake Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskoday_First_Nation" title="Muskoday First Nation">Muskoday First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Arrow_First_Nation" title="One Arrow First Nation">One Arrow First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_Lake_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Onion Lake First Nation">Onion Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Lake_First_Nation" title="Pelican Lake First Nation">Pelican Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ballantyne_Cree_Nation" title="Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation">Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poundmaker_Cree_Nation" title="Poundmaker Cree Nation">Poundmaker Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pheasant_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Pheasant First Nation">Red Pheasant First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulteaux_First_Nation" title="Saulteaux First Nation">Saulteaux First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetgrass_First_Nation" title="Sweetgrass First Nation">Sweetgrass First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Lake_First_Nation" title="Sturgeon Lake First Nation">Sturgeon Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderchild_First_Nation" title="Thunderchild First Nation">Thunderchild First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterhen_Lake_First_Nation" title="Waterhen Lake First Nation">Waterhen Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchekan_Lake_First_Nation" title="Witchekan Lake First Nation">Witchekan Lake First Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Lake First Nation">Cold Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Cree_Nation" title="Enoch Cree Nation">Enoch Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermineskin_Cree_Nation" title="Ermineskin Cree Nation">Ermineskin Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bull_Tribe" title="Louis Bull Tribe">Louis Bull Tribe</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michel Band</a></i> <small>(terminated)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_First_Nation" title="Montana First Nation">Montana First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese First Nation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papaschase" title="Papaschase">Papaschase Band</a></i> <small>(terminated)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul First Nation">Paul First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Saddle Lake Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Samson First Nation">Samson First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_Lake_First_Nation_(Goodfish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitefish Lake First Nation (Goodfish)">Whitefish Lake First Nation (Goodfish)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Band&oldid=1216246787">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Band&oldid=1216246787</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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