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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="فانيسا بيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فانيسا بيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ونسا بل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ونسا بل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%84%A4%EC%82%AC_%EB%B2%A8" title="버네사 벨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버네사 벨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9C" title="ואנסה בל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואנסה בל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD" title="വനേസ ബെൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വനേസ ബെൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="فانيسا بيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فانيسا بيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="ヴァネッサ・ベル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァネッサ・ベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Белл, Ванесса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белл, Ванесса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vanessa Bell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Ванесса Белл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ванесса Белл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Ванесса Белл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American actress, see <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Bell_Calloway" title="Vanessa Bell Calloway">Vanessa Bell Calloway</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Vanessa Bell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Fry_Vanessa_Bell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Roger_Fry_Vanessa_Bell.jpg/220px-Roger_Fry_Vanessa_Bell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Roger_Fry_Vanessa_Bell.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="452" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Portrait of Vanessa Bell</i> (1916)<br />by Roger Fry</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Vanessa Stephen</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-05-30</span>)</span>30 May 1879<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 April 1961<span style="display:none">(1961-04-07)</span> (aged 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Farmhouse" title="Charleston Farmhouse">Charleston Farmhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Painter, interior designer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Clive Bell</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1907)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bell" title="Julian Bell">Julian Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Bell" title="Quentin Bell">Quentin Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Garnett" title="Angelica Garnett">Angelica Garnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Sir Leslie Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Stephen" title="Julia Stephen">Julia Duckworth Stephen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoby_Stephen" title="Thoby Stephen">Thoby Stephen</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Stephen" title="Adrian Stephen">Adrian Stephen</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Duckworth" title="George Herbert Duckworth">George Herbert Duckworth</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Duckworth" title="Gerald Duckworth">Gerald Duckworth</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Nicholson" title="Virginia Nicholson">Virginia Nicholson</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressida_Bell" title="Cressida Bell">Cressida Bell</a> (granddaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vanessa Bell</b> (née <b>Stephen</b>; 30 May 1879 – 7 April 1961) was an English painter and <a href="/wiki/Interior_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior designer">interior designer</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a> and the sister of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> (née Stephen). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Bell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George-Beresford,-Vanessa-Bell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/George-Beresford%2C-Vanessa-Bell.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Vanessa Bell (1902; age 23)</figcaption></figure></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Julia_Stephen" title="Julia Stephen">Julia Stephen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a></div> <p>Vanessa Stephen was the elder daughter of Sir <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Leslie Stephen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Stephen" title="Julia Stephen">Julia Prinsep Duckworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scholars_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scholars-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family included her sister <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia</a>, brothers <a href="/wiki/Thoby_Stephen" title="Thoby Stephen">Thoby</a> (1880–1906) and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Stephen" title="Adrian Stephen">Adrian</a> (1883–1948), half-sister Laura (1870–1945) whose mother was Harriett Thackeray and half-brothers <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Duckworth" title="George Herbert Duckworth">George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Duckworth" title="Gerald Duckworth">Gerald Duckworth</a>; they lived at 22 <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, London. She was educated at home in languages, mathematics and history, and took drawing lessons from <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Wake_Cook" title="Ebenezer Wake Cook">Ebenezer Cook</a> before she attended <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stockdale_Cope" title="Arthur Stockdale Cope">Sir Arthur Cope</a>'s art school in 1896. She then studied painting at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in life, she said that during her childhood she had been sexually abused by her half-brothers, <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Duckworth" title="George Herbert Duckworth">George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Duckworth" title="Gerald Duckworth">Gerald Duckworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Bell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SomeBloomsburymembers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/SomeBloomsburymembers.jpg/220px-SomeBloomsburymembers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/SomeBloomsburymembers.jpg/330px-SomeBloomsburymembers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/SomeBloomsburymembers.jpg/440px-SomeBloomsburymembers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lady_Ottoline_Morrell" title="Lady Ottoline Morrell">Lady Ottoline Morrell</a>, Maria Nys (later <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lytton_Strachey" title="Lytton Strachey">Lytton Strachey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Grant" title="Duncan Grant">Duncan Grant</a>, Vanessa Bell (1915).</figcaption></figure> <p>After the deaths of her mother in 1895 and her father in 1904, Vanessa sold 22 Hyde Park Gate and moved to <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Square" title="Gordon Square">Gordon Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a> with her sister <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia</a> and brothers Thoby and Adrian.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thoby began inviting his Cambridge friends to 'at-homes' on Thursday evenings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These social gatherings at Vanessa's home on <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Square" title="Gordon Square">Gordon Square</a> led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a>, which included: <a href="/wiki/Lytton_Strachey" title="Lytton Strachey">Lytton Strachey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_MacCarthy" title="Desmond MacCarthy">Desmond MacCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Maynard Keynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolf" title="Leonard Woolf">Leonard Woolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Roger Fry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Grant" title="Duncan Grant">Duncan Grant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907, Vanessa married <a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Clive Bell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two sons, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bell" title="Julian Bell">Julian</a> (who died in 1937 during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> at the age of 29)<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scholars_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scholars-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Bell" title="Quentin Bell">Quentin</a>. The couple had an <a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">open marriage</a>, both taking lovers throughout their lives. Vanessa Bell had intimate relationships with art critic <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Roger Fry</a> and with the painter <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Grant" title="Duncan Grant">Duncan Grant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scholars_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scholars-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with whom she had a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Garnett" title="Angelica Garnett">Angelica</a> in 1918, whom Clive Bell raised as his own child.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firle_Parish_Churchyard,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Firle_Parish_Churchyard%2C_2017.jpg/220px-Firle_Parish_Churchyard%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Firle_Parish_Churchyard%2C_2017.jpg/330px-Firle_Parish_Churchyard%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Firle_Parish_Churchyard%2C_2017.jpg/440px-Firle_Parish_Churchyard%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Firle Parish Churchyard (2017).</figcaption></figure> <p>Vanessa, Clive, Duncan Grant, and Duncan's lover <a href="/wiki/David_Garnett" title="David Garnett">David Garnett</a> moved to the <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> countryside shortly before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, and settled at <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Farmhouse" title="Charleston Farmhouse">Charleston Farmhouse</a> near <a href="/wiki/Firle" title="Firle">Firle</a>, East Sussex. <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> was also a close friend and frequent member of the household, until his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Lopokova" title="Lydia Lopokova">Lydia Lopokova</a>, whom Bell disliked.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Charleston, Bell and Grant painted and worked on commissions for the <a href="/wiki/Omega_Workshops" title="Omega Workshops">Omega Workshops</a>, established by Roger Fry. Her first solo exhibition was at the Omega Workshops in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-Shone_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shone-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 April 1961, Vanessa Bell died from a brief illness at Charleston, Firle and was buried in the Firle Parish Churchyard. When Duncan Grant died in 1978, he was buried next to her.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Bell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_de_Menasce;_Vanessa_Bell_(n%C3%A9e_Stephen);_Duncan_Grant;_Eric_Siepmann,_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jean_de_Menasce%3B_Vanessa_Bell_%28n%C3%A9e_Stephen%29%3B_Duncan_Grant%3B_Eric_Siepmann%2C_1922.jpg/220px-Jean_de_Menasce%3B_Vanessa_Bell_%28n%C3%A9e_Stephen%29%3B_Duncan_Grant%3B_Eric_Siepmann%2C_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jean_de_Menasce%3B_Vanessa_Bell_%28n%C3%A9e_Stephen%29%3B_Duncan_Grant%3B_Eric_Siepmann%2C_1922.jpg/330px-Jean_de_Menasce%3B_Vanessa_Bell_%28n%C3%A9e_Stephen%29%3B_Duncan_Grant%3B_Eric_Siepmann%2C_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jean_de_Menasce%3B_Vanessa_Bell_%28n%C3%A9e_Stephen%29%3B_Duncan_Grant%3B_Eric_Siepmann%2C_1922.jpg/440px-Jean_de_Menasce%3B_Vanessa_Bell_%28n%C3%A9e_Stephen%29%3B_Duncan_Grant%3B_Eric_Siepmann%2C_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Menasce" title="Jean de Menasce">Jean de Menasce</a>, Vanessa Bell, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Grant" title="Duncan Grant">Duncan Grant</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Siepmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Siepmann (page does not exist)">Eric Siepmann</a> (1922).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._Dalloway_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Mrs._Dalloway_cover.jpg/220px-Mrs._Dalloway_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Mrs._Dalloway_cover.jpg/330px-Mrs._Dalloway_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Mrs._Dalloway_cover.jpg/440px-Mrs._Dalloway_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption> First edition dust jacket of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>’s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i>, 1925; cover art by Vanessa Bell.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1906, when Bell started to think of herself as an artist, she formed the Friday Club to create a place in London that was more favourable to painting.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordartonline.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordartonline.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanessa was encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionist</a> exhibitions organised by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Roger Fry</a>, and she copied their bright colours and bold <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_Art#Form" class="mw-redirect" title="Elements of Art">forms</a> in her artworks. In 1914, she turned to <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstraction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bell rejected the examples of Victorian narrative painting and rejected a discourse on the ideal and aberrant qualities of femininity. She also designed book jackets for all of her sister Virginia's books that were published by Virginia and Leonard Woolf's publishing company, the <a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bell is one of the most celebrated painters of the Bloomsbury group. She exhibited in London and Paris during her lifetime, and has been praised for innovative works and for her contributions to design.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tub_(1917).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Tub_%281917%29.jpg/220px-The_Tub_%281917%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Tub_%281917%29.jpg/330px-The_Tub_%281917%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Tub_%281917%29.jpg/440px-The_Tub_%281917%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The Tub (1917). Tate Museum, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bell's paintings include <i>Studland Beach</i> (1912),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETickner1999_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETickner1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Tub</i> (1918), <i>Interior with Two Women</i> (1932), and portraits of her sister Virginia Woolf (three in 1912), <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> (1929–1930) and <a href="/wiki/David_Garnett" title="David Garnett">David Garnett</a> (1916). Bell also worked with Duncan Grant to create <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berwickchurch.org.uk/the-bloomsbury-artists.html">murals for Berwick Church</a> in Sussex (1940–42).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, Bell and Grant were commissioned to produce a dinner service for <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With oversight from Kenneth's wife Jane Clark, they produced the <a href="/wiki/Famous_Women_Dinner_Service" title="Famous Women Dinner Service">Famous Women Dinner Service</a>: 50 plates painted with portraits of notable women throughout history. The collection eventually passed on to a private collector, and passed out of public view until 2017. The full collection was exhibited in London in early 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Bell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1909, <i>Iceland Poppies</i> (1908) was exhibited at the New English Art Club. It was praised by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sickert" title="Walter Sickert">Walter Sickert</a> and marks Bell's artistic maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordartonline.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordartonline.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Designs for a Screen: Figures by a Lake</i> (1912), gouache on board, was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Nabis</a> paintings by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Édouard Vuillard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Denis" title="Maurice Denis">Maurice Denis</a> and might have been a part of Bell's exhibit Design for Screen, which was shown at the Friday Club Exhibition in February 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, Bell's first solo exhibition was held in the <a href="/wiki/Omega_Workshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega Workshop">Omega Workshop</a> in London, a prominent place for exhibitions which supported young artists and introduced design work to the public. Bell had become a co-director of the Omega Workshop in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Design for Overmantel Mural</i> (1913), oil on paper, depicts herself and <a href="/wiki/Molly_MacCarthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Molly MacCarthy">Molly MacCarthy</a> naked in Bell's studio at 46 Gordon Square.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Street Corner Conversation</i> (also created in 1913) features four individuals in conversation amidst massive geometrical forms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Summer Camp</i> (1913), oil on board, illustrates a summer camp organized at <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Suffolk" title="Brandon, Suffolk">Brandon</a> on the Norfolk-Suffolk border near <a href="/wiki/Thetford" title="Thetford">Thetford</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>By the Estuary</i> (1915), oil on canvas, is a modestly scaled landscape showing her fondness for clarity of design in which segments of contrasting color harmonize.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Nude with Poppies</i> (1916), oil on canvas, is a preliminary design for a headboard which Bell painted for Mary Hutchinson.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1920, she painted a mysterious, narrative painting, “The Party,” which she exhibited in May 1922 at the prestigious London Group Exhibition but was “not for sale.” The painting was prominently illustrated and praised in <a href="/wiki/British_Vogue" title="British Vogue">British <i>Vogue</i></a>, June 1922, but then disappeared for 61 years until sold by the Anthony d’Offay Gallery from the estate of Virginia Woolf with the title of “Mrs. Dalloway’s Party.” It is unknown who retitled it, and Woolf’s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i>, was not published until 1925. Bell created the cover art for the first edition dust jacket of that novel. </p><p>In 2021, Bell was one of four featured women artists at an exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Laing_Art_Gallery" title="Laing Art Gallery">Laing Art Gallery</a>, Newcastle.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell's work was included in the 2021 exhibition <i><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Abstraction" title="Women in Abstraction">Women in Abstraction</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Pompidou" title="Centre Pompidou">Centre Pompidou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_abstraction_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_abstraction-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2024 exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/MK_Gallery" title="MK Gallery">MK Gallery</a> in Milton Keynes, <i>A World of Form and Colour</i>, focused on the <i>Famous Women Dinner Service</i>, a series of hand-painted plates by Bell and Duncan Grant depicting prominent women, and one man (Grant himself).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_portrayal">Media portrayal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Bell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Media portrayal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bell was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Janet_McTeer" title="Janet McTeer">Janet McTeer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dora_Carrington" title="Dora Carrington">Dora Carrington</a> biopic <i><a href="/wiki/Carrington_(film)" title="Carrington (film)">Carrington</a></i> (1995) and by <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Richardson" title="Miranda Richardson">Miranda Richardson</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(film)" title="The Hours (film)">The Hours</a></i> (2002).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bell is the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sellers" title="Susan Sellers">Susan Sellers</a> novel <i>Vanessa and Virginia</i> (2010) and of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Priya_Parmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priya Parmar (page does not exist)">Priya Parmar</a> novel <i>Vanessa and Her Sister</i> (2014). She was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Fox" title="Phoebe Fox">Phoebe Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eve_Best" title="Eve Best">Eve Best</a> in the BBC mini-series <i><a href="/wiki/Life_in_Squares" title="Life in Squares">Life in Squares</a></i> (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Online_-_credits_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Online_-_credits-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bell was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Fennell" title="Emerald Fennell">Emerald Fennell</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_%26_Virginia" title="Vita & Virginia">Vita & Virginia</a></i> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a user-generated source. (July 2022)">user-generated source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Bell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bloomsbury_Group_people" title="List of Bloomsbury Group people">List of Bloomsbury Group people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Bell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-American_Scholars-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scholars_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scholars_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scholars_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Marnie (Winter 1985). "Review: Her Own Story". <i>The American Scholar</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 130. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41211148">41211148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Scholar&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Her+Own+Story&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41211148%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Marnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/archivejourneys/bloomsburyhtml/art_bell.htm">"Archive Journeys: Bloomsbury Art: Vanessa Bell | Tate"</a>. <i>www.tate.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tate.org.uk&rft.atitle=Archive+Journeys%3A+Bloomsbury+Art%3A+Vanessa+Bell+%7C+Tate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Farchivejourneys%2Fbloomsburyhtml%2Fart_bell.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, Jane. (1990) <i>A Very Close Conspiracy: Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf</i>. London: Jonathan Cape, pp. 20-21. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780224022347" title="Special:BookSources/9780224022347">9780224022347</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding1983" class="citation book cs1">Spalding, Frances (1983). <i>Vanessa Bell</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanessa+Bell&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding1983" class="citation book cs1">Spalding, Frances (1983). <i>Vanessa Bell</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanessa+Bell&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding2005" class="citation book cs1">Spalding, Frances (2005). <i>The Bloomsbury Group</i>. London: National Portrait Gallery Publications. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Group&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=National+Portrait+Gallery+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding1983" class="citation book cs1">Spalding, Frances (1983). <i>Vanessa Bell</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanessa+Bell&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724174115/http://www2.tate.org.uk/archivejourneys/bloomsburyhtml/group.htm">Archive Journeys: Bloomsbury</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackrell2013" class="citation book cs1">Mackrell, Judith (17 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/893656800"><i>Bloomsbury ballerina : Lydia Lopokova, imperial dancer and Mrs John Maynard Keynes</i></a>. Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-708-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-708-5"><bdi>978-1-78022-708-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893656800">893656800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloomsbury+ballerina+%3A+Lydia+Lopokova%2C+imperial+dancer+and+Mrs+John+Maynard+Keynes&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893656800&rft.isbn=978-1-78022-708-5&rft.aulast=Mackrell&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F893656800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shone-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shone_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shone" title="Richard Shone">Shone, Richard</a>. (1999) <i>The Art of Bloomsbury Roger Fry, Vanessa Bell, and Duncan Grant</i>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, pp. 137-138. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691049939" title="Special:BookSources/0691049939">0691049939</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding1997" class="citation book cs1">Spalding, Frances (1997). <i>Duncan Grant</i>. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-3409-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-3409-7"><bdi>0-7011-3409-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duncan+Grant&rft.place=London&rft.pages=506&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7011-3409-7&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordartonline.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxfordartonline.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfordartonline.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances Spalding. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T007587">"Bell, Vanessa"</a>. Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 February 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chilvers, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t118/e231">"Bell, Vanessa"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to Western Art</i>. Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 February 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatlin" class="citation news cs1">Catlin, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/a-sisters-bookish-art/2015/05/14/123cad1e-f5be-11e4-b2f3-af5479e6bbdd_story.html">"A sister's bookish art for her sister, Virginia's, publishing company, the Hogarth Press"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+sister%27s+bookish+art+for+her+sister%2C+Virginia%27s%2C+publishing+company%2C+the+Hogarth+Press.&rft.aulast=Catlin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmuseums%2Fa-sisters-bookish-art%2F2015%2F05%2F14%2F123cad1e-f5be-11e4-b2f3-af5479e6bbdd_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElinor1984" class="citation journal cs1">Elinor, Gillian (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357882">"Vanessa Bell and Dora Carrington: Bloomsbury Painters"</a>. <i>Woman's Art Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357882">10.2307/1357882</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-7993">0270-7993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Woman%27s+Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Vanessa+Bell+and+Dora+Carrington%3A+Bloomsbury+Painters&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357882&rft.issn=0270-7993&rft.aulast=Elinor&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETickner1999-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETickner1999_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTickner1999">Tickner 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916183024/http://www.berwickchurch.org.uk/bloomsbury%20at%20berwick%20home.html">"Introduction to the Berwick Murals"</a>. <i>Berwick Church</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=artnet+News&rft.atitle=Decades+Before+Judy+Chicago%27s+%27The+Dinner+Party%2C%27+Virginia+Woolf%27s+Sister+Made+a+Set+of+Dinner+Plates+Celebrating+50+Historic+Women+%7C+artnet+News&rft.date=2018-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.artnet.com%2Fexhibitions%2Fvanessa-bell-duncan-grant-famous-women-dinner-service-1254239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shone, Richard. <i>The Art of Bloomsbury</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding1983" class="citation book cs1">Spalding, Frances (1983). <i>Vanessa Bell</i>. 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London : New York, New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ; Thames & Hudson Inc. 2021. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500094372" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500094372"><bdi>978-0500094372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+abstraction&rft.place=London+%3A+New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Ltd.+%3B+Thames+%26+Hudson+Inc&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0500094372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchan2024" class="citation news cs1">Buchan, Kit (5 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/oct/05/vanessa-bell-duncan-grant-the-famous-women-dinner-service">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A great work of feminist art': how the Bloomsbury group's Famous Women Dinner Service got a place at the table"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98A+great+work+of+feminist+art%E2%80%99%3A+how+the+Bloomsbury+group%E2%80%99s+Famous+Women+Dinner+Service+got+a+place+at+the+table&rft.date=2024-10-05&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=Kit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2024%2Foct%2F05%2Fvanessa-bell-duncan-grant-the-famous-women-dinner-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Online_-_credits-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Online_-_credits_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0649d08/credits">"BBC2: Life in Squares: Credits – Episode 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=BBC2%3A+Life+in+Squares%3A+Credits+%E2%80%93+Episode+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb0649d08%2Fcredits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5859882/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1">"Vita & Virginia (2018) - IMDb"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Vita+%26+Virginia+%282018%29+-+IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt5859882%2F%3Fref_%3Dfn_al_tt_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Bell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Spalding" title="Frances Spalding">Spalding, Frances</a> (2016) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOMtCwAAQBAJ"><i>Vanessa Bell: Portrait of the Bloomsbury Artist</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-241-3"><bdi>978-1-78453-241-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanessa+Bell%3A+Portrait+of+the+Bloomsbury+Artist&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78453-241-3&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOMtCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTickner1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Tickner" title="Lisa Tickner">Tickner, Lisa</a> (Winter 1999). "Vanessa Bell: Studland Beach, Domesticity, and "Significant Form"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Representations" title="Representations">Representations</a></i>. <b>65</b> (Special Issue: New Perspectives in British Studies): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Frep.1999.65.1.01p0033o">10.1525/rep.1999.65.1.01p0033o</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2902962">2902962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representations&rft.atitle=Vanessa+Bell%3A+Studland+Beach%2C+Domesticity%2C+and+%22Significant+Form%22&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=Special+Issue%3A+New+Perspectives+in+British+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Frep.1999.65.1.01p0033o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2902962%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tickner&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Sketches in Pen and Ink</i>, Vanessa Bell</li> <li><i>A Passionate Apprentice: the early journals</i>, Virginia Woolf</li> <li><i>A Moment's Liberty</i>, Virginia Woolf</li> <li><i>A Very Close Conspiracy: Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf</i>, Jane Dunn</li> <li><i>Duncan Grant</i>, Frances Spalding</li> <li><i>Deceived with Kindness: a Bloomsbury Childhood</i>, Angelica Garnett</li> <li><i>Elders and Betters</i>, Quentin Bell</li> <li><i>Vanessa and Virginia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sellers" title="Susan Sellers">Susan Sellers</a> (fictional biography)</li> <li><i>Charleston</i>, Quentin Bell and Virginia Nicholson</li> <li><i>Virginia Woolf</i>, Hermione Lee</li> <li><i>Vanessa and Her Sister</i>, Priya Parmar (novel)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Bell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vanessa_Bell" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vanessa Bell">Vanessa Bell</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:bell-vanessa-18791961">153 artworks by or after Vanessa Bell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charleston.org.uk">Official site of the Charleston Farmhouse in Sussex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724174115/http://www2.tate.org.uk/archivejourneys/bloomsburyhtml/group.htm">A presentation by the Tate Gallery, including biographies, timeline, pictures etc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/bell_vanessa.html">Links to Vanessa Bell's works online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F65302">"Archival material relating to Vanessa Bell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Vanessa+Bell&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF65302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanessa+Bell" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255294#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bloomsbury_Group" title="Template talk:Bloomsbury Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bloomsbury_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bloomsbury Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bloomsbury_Group94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Clive Bell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vanessa Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Roger Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Grant" title="Duncan Grant">Duncan Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_MacCarthy" title="Desmond MacCarthy">Desmond MacCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytton_Strachey" title="Lytton Strachey">Lytton Strachey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolf" title="Leonard Woolf">Leonard Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Bloomsbury</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Apostles" title="Cambridge Apostles">Cambridge Apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Stephen" title="Adrian Stephen">Adrian Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Stephen" title="Karin Stephen">Karin Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Sydney-Turner" title="Saxon Sydney-Turner">Saxon Sydney-Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_MacCarthy" title="Mary MacCarthy">Mary MacCarthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Bell" title="Quentin Bell">Quentin Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Carrington" title="Dora Carrington">Dora Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Garnett" title="Angelica Garnett">Angelica Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garnett" title="David Garnett">David Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Ottoline_Morrell" title="Lady Ottoline Morrell">Lady Ottoline Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Partridge" title="Frances Partridge">Frances Partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Partridge" title="Ralph Partridge">Ralph Partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vita_Sackville-West" title="Vita Sackville-West">Vita Sackville-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoby_Stephen" title="Thoby Stephen">Thoby Stephen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought_hoax" title="Dreadnought hoax"><i>Dreadnought</i> hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Workshops" title="Omega Workshops">Omega Workshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group#Memoir_Club" title="Bloomsbury Group">Memoir Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable Addresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/33_Fitzroy_Square" title="33 Fitzroy Square">33 Fitzroy Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Square" title="Gordon Square">46 Gordon Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Farmhouse" title="Charleston Farmhouse">Charleston Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk%27s_House" title="Monk's House">Monk's House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bloomsbury_Group_people" title="List of Bloomsbury Group people">List of Bloomsbury Group people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group_in_LGBT_history" title="Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history">Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virginia_Woolf112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virginia_Woolf" title="Template:Virginia Woolf"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virginia_Woolf" title="Template talk:Virginia Woolf"><abbr 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title="Jacob's Room">Jacob's Room</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway_(film)" title="Mrs Dalloway (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Lighthouse" title="To the Lighthouse">To the Lighthouse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orlando:_A_Biography" title="Orlando: A Biography">Orlando: A Biography</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_(film)" title="Orlando (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waves" title="The Waves">The Waves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_(Woolf_novel)" title="The Years (Woolf novel)">The Years</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Acts" title="Between the Acts">Between the Acts</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mark_on_the_Wall" title="The Mark on the Wall">The Mark on the Wall</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens_(short_story)" title="Kew Gardens (short story)">Kew Gardens</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monday_or_Tuesday" title="Monday or Tuesday">Monday or Tuesday</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_String_Quartet" title="The String Quartet">The String Quartet</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_New_Dress_(short_story)" title="The New Dress (short story)">The New Dress</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_and_the_Jeweller" title="The Duchess and the Jeweller">The Duchess and the Jeweller</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Haunted_House_and_Other_Short_Stories" title="A Haunted House and Other Short Stories">A Haunted House and Other Short Stories</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Widow_and_the_Parrot" title="The Widow and the Parrot">The Widow and the Parrot</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_(play)" title="Freshwater (play)">Freshwater</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flush:_A_Biography" title="Flush: A Biography">Flush: A Biography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry:_A_Biography" title="Roger Fry: A Biography">Roger Fry: A Biography</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Modern_Fiction_(essay)" title="Modern Fiction (essay)">Modern Fiction</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Bennett_and_Mrs._Brown" title="Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown">Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Being_Ill" title="On Being Ill">On Being Ill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Room_of_One%27s_Own" title="A Room of One's Own">A Room of One's Own</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Scene" title="The London Scene">The London Scene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Guineas" title="Three Guineas">Three Guineas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Young_Poet" title="A Letter to a Young Poet">A Letter to a Young Poet</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moments_of_Being" title="Moments of Being">Moments of Being</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Sketch_of_the_Past" title="A Sketch of the Past">A Sketch of the Past</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk%27s_House" title="Monk's House">Monk's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought_hoax" title="Dreadnought hoax"><i>Dreadnought</i> hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolf" title="Leonard Woolf">Leonard Woolf (husband)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Stephen" title="Julia Stephen">Julia Stephen (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Leslie Stephen (father)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vanessa Bell (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoby_Stephen" title="Thoby Stephen">Thoby Stephen (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Stephen" title="Adrian Stephen">Adrian Stephen (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(novel)" title="The Hours (novel)"><i>The Hours</i> (novel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(film)" title="The Hours (film)"><i>The Hours</i> (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(opera)" title="The Hours (opera)"><i>The Hours</i> (opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_the_Diary_of_Virginia_Woolf" title="From the Diary of Virginia Woolf"><i>From the Diary of Virginia Woolf</i> (song cycle)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255294#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3753" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255294#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3753" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255294#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083539343">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368512646">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7399364">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/104629/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmwvRMj88HQBGrDh6BT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119029170">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82216518">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119682535">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119682535">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00799394">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bell, Vanessa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TSAV005967">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35308247">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1005116">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1558214">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069866694">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90170742">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dgg4gl44zs669">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810643516305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258465705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058605117706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07646051?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500008308">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/6184">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/6867/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/445">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/2772">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/10989">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/413/">Auckland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/2462/">South Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/906125">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119029170">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027695301">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69w1qjt">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/186">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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