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href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <title>AMS Glossary</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;"> <meta name="description" content="FW4 Generic HTML"> <style type="text/css"></style> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff" onload="" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" alink="#FFF09F" link="" vlink="#007177"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="600"> <tr> <td colspan="3"><img name="index_r1_c1" src="/web/20090421220756im_/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/images/amsg/index_r1_c1.jpg" width="600" height="50" border="0" usemap="#m_index_r1_c1"></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><img name="index_r2_c1" src="/web/20090421220756im_/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/images/amsg/index_r2_c1.jpg" width="74" height="31" border="0"></td> <td> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=A&p=1">A</a> <a 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<form method="GET" action="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search"> <input type="hidden" name="p" value="1"> <table> <tr><td align="right"> <input type="text" name="query" value=""><br> <input class="buttons" type="submit" name="submit" value="Search"> </td> <td valign="top"> <input type="checkbox" name="def"> Search Definitions<br> <input type="checkbox" name="case">case sensitive </td> </tr> </table> </form> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface1">First Edition Preface</a>  <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface2">Second Edition Preface</a>  <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/acknowledge">Acknowledgments</a> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="550" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td> <table width="550"><tr><th align="left" class="text">Section <i>M</i></th><td align="center"><a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=M&index=1">M index</a></td><th align="right" class="text">1-9 of 651 terms</th></tr></table><hr><table align="center"><tr><td valign="top"><font color="gray">previous</font></td><td><strong>1</strong> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=2">2</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=3">3</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=4">4</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=5">5</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=6">6</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=7">7</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=8">8</a> <a 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href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=59">59</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=60">60</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=61">61</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=62">62</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=63">63</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=64">64</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=65">65</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=66">66</a> </td><td valign="top"><a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=2">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><li></td> <td><b><font color="#007177">M component</font></b>In a <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=lightning-discharge1">lightning discharge</a>, an increase in channel luminosity accompanied by a rapid <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=electric-field1">electric field</a> variation, itself called an M electric field change. <dd>The M components occur when the channel is already faintly <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=luminous1">luminous</a>. Downward-moving <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=leader1">leaders</a> have not been observed to precede M components. The M components may be confused with branch components, the increases in channel luminosity that occur between each branch and the ground when the upward-propagating <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=return-stroke1">return stroke</a> reaches that branch, since the higher branches are obscured by the <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cloud1">cloud</a>. The M component is a minor surge of <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=current1">current</a> that reilluminates the channel in a negative <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cloud-to-ground-flash1">cloud-to-ground flash</a>. It may occur within microseconds or up to a few milliseconds of a return stroke. Evidence exists that M components are a result of the sequence of fast in-cloud negative leaders (<a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=k-changes1">K changes</a>) contacting a conducting ground channel and renewed ground <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=potential1">potential</a> wave that reilluminate the channel. </td></tr></table> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><li></td> <td><b><font color="#007177">M meter</font></b>Name applied to a class of instruments that measure the liquid <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=water-content1">water content</a> of the <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=atmosphere1">atmosphere</a>. <dd><i>See</i> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=capillary-collector1">capillary collector</a>. </td></tr></table> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><li></td> <td><b><font color="#007177">M-region</font></b>Name given to a region of activity on the sun when the details and nature of that activity cannot be established. <dd>This term was used in the 1940s to account for recurrent geomagnetic storms with a <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=period1">period</a> the same as the period of solar rotation relative to the earth, that is, 27.3 days. Today these storms are usually associated with high-speed <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=solar-wind1">solar wind</a> streams emanating from <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=coronal-holes1">coronal holes</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=magnetic-storm1">magnetic storm</a>. </td></tr></table> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><li></td> <td><b><font color="#007177">M-unit</font></b><i>See</i> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=modified-refractivity1">modified refractivity</a>. </td></tr></table> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><li></td> <td><b><font color="#007177">Mach number</font></b>A <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=dimensionless-number1">dimensionless number</a>, the ratio of a <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=characteristic-velocity1">characteristic velocity</a> in a fluid to the <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=speed-of-sound1">speed of sound</a> in that fluid. </td></tr></table> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><li></td> <td><b><font color="#007177">machine learning</font></b>The process by which computer systems can be directed to improve their performance over time. <dd>Examples are <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=neural-network1">neural networks</a> and genetic algorithms. </td></tr></table> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><li></td> <td><b><font color="#007177">mackerel breeze</font></b>(Also called</i> mackerel gale.) A <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=wind1">wind</a> that ruffles the water, favoring the catching of mackerel. </td></tr></table> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><li></td> <td><b><font color="#007177">mackerel sky</font></b>A sky with considerable <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cirrocumulus1">cirrocumulus</a> or small-element <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=altocumulus1">altocumulus</a> cloud, resembling the scales on a mackerel; clouds of the variety <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=vertebratus1">vertebratus</a>. </td></tr></table> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><li></td> <td><b><font color="#007177">Maclaurin series</font></b><i>See</i> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=taylor-s-theorem1">Taylor's theorem</a>. </td></tr></table> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><li></td> <td><b><font color="#007177">macroburst</font></b>A <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=downburst1">downburst</a> on the <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=misoscale1">misoscale</a>. <dd><a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=bow-echo1">Bow echoes</a> are often associated with macrobursts. <i>See also</i> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=microburst1">microburst</a>. </td></tr></table> <hr><table align="center"><tr><td valign="top"><font color="gray">previous</font></td><td><strong>1</strong> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=2">2</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=3">3</a> <a href="/web/20090421220756/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=m&p=4">4</a> <a 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