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Ibn al-Nadim - Wikipedia
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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="النديم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_N%C9%99dim" title="İbn Nədim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbn Nədim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="ইবনে আল নাদিম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইবনে আল নাদিম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%BD-%D0%9D%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ибн ән-Нәдим – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ибн ән-Нәдим" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_an-Nadim" title="Ibn an-Nadim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ibn an-Nadim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_an-Nad%C4%ABm" title="Ibn an-Nadīm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ibn an-Nadīm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ibn al-Nadim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ibn al-Nadim" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابن ندیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن ندیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ibn al-Nadim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_an-Nadim" title="Ibnu an-Nadim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibnu an-Nadim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ibn al-Nadim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ibn al-Nadim" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ebn_Nedim" title="Îbn Nedim – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îbn Nedim" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ابن النديم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن النديم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="イブン・ナディーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イブン・ナディーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ibn al-Nadim" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابن ندیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن ندیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibne_Nadim" title="Ibne Nadim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ibne Nadim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ибн ан-Надим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибн ан-Надим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ابن النديم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابن النديم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ئیبن نەدیم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبن نەدیم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ибни Надим – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ибни Надим" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn%C3%BC%27n-Ned%C3%AEm" title="İbnü'n-Nedîm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbnü'n-Nedîm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابن ندیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن ندیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1384613#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ibn an-Nadīm</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">~320 H (~932 CE)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Abbasid Caliphate</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">~385 H (~995 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-brill_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Abbasid Caliphate</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Fihrist" title="Al-Fihrist">Kitāb al-Fihrist</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval period</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Later Abbasid era</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-brill_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a><sup id="cite_ref-brill_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creed</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a><sup id="cite_ref-brill_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Bibliographer, Historian</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq an-Nadīm</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ابو الفرج محمد بن إسحاق النديم</span>), also <b>Ibn Abī Yaʿqūb Isḥāq ibn Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq al-Warrāq</b>, and commonly known by the <i><a href="/wiki/Nasab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasab">nasab</a></i> (patronymic) <b>Ibn an-Nadīm</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ابن النديم</span>; died 17 September 995 or 998), was an important <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliographer">bibliographer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Biographer">biographer</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> who compiled the encyclopedia <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fihrist" title="Al-Fihrist">Kitāb al-Fihrist</a></i> (<i>The Book Catalogue</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Nadim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much known of an-Nadim is deduced from his epithets. 'an-Nadim' (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">النَّدِيم</span></span>), 'the Court Companion' and 'al-Warrāq (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الْوَرَّاق</span></span>) 'the copyist of manuscripts'. Probably born in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> ca. 320/932 he died there on Wednesday, 20th of Shaʿban A.H. 385. He was a Persian or perhaps an Arab.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson362_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson362-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray24_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray24-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known about Ibn an-Nadīm's life. Some historians say that he was of Persian descent , but this is not certain. However, the choice of the rarely used Persian word pehrest (fehrest/fehres/fahrasat) meaning "The List" as the title for a handbook on Arabic literature is noteworthy in this context. </p><p>From age six, he may have attended a <i><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a></i> and received comprehensive education in Islamic studies, history, geography, comparative religion, the sciences, grammar, rhetoric and <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Qurʾanic commentary</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_al-Abyari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim al-Abyari (page does not exist)">Ibrahim al-Abyari</a>, author of <i>Turāth al-Insaniyah</i> says an-Nadim studied with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hasan_ibn_Sawwar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hasan ibn Sawwar (page does not exist)">al-Hasan ibn Sawwar</a>, a logician and translator of science books; Yunus al-Qass, translator of classical mathematical texts; and Abu al-Hasan Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Naqit, scholar in <a href="/wiki/Greek_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek science">Greek science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexvii_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgexvii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inscription, in an early copy of al-Fihrist, probably by the historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a>, relates that an-Nadim was a pupil of the jurist Abu Sa'id <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sirafi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sirafi (page does not exist)">al-Sirafi</a> (d.978/9), the poet <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Faraj_al-Isfahani" title="Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani">Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani</a>, and the historian Abu Abdullah al-Marzubani and others. Al-Maqrizi's phrase 'but no one quoted him', would imply an-Nadim himself did not teach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexxvi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgexxvi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While attending lectures of some of the leading scholars of the tenth century, he served an apprenticeship in his father's profession, the book trade. His father, a bookdealer and owner of a prosperous bookstore, commissioned an-Nadim to buy manuscripts from dealers. an-Nadim, with the other calligrapher scribes employed, would then copy these for the customers. The bookshop, customarily on an upper floor, would have been a popular hangout for intellectuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexviii_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgexviii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He probably visited the intellectual centers at <a href="/wiki/Grammarians_of_Basrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammarians of Basrah">Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> in search of scholarly material. He may have visited <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, a center of literature and culture under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a>. In a library in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> he found a fragment of a book by <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> and works of poetry. an-Nadim may have served as 'Court Companion' to <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla" title="Nasir al-Dawla">Nasir al-Dawla</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid</a> ruler of Mosul who promoted learning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexx_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgexx-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family were highly educated and he, or his ancestor, may have been a 'member of the Round Table of the prince'. The <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a> (r. 356–367 H), was the great friend of arts and sciences, loved poets and scholars, gave them salaries, and founded a significant library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFück117_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFück117-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More probably service at the court of <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a>, and later his son <a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Dawla" title="Izz al-Dawla">Izz al-Dawlah</a>'s, in Baghdad, earned him the title. He mentions meeting someone in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dar_al-Rum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dar al-Rum (page does not exist)">Dar al-Rum</a> in 988, about the period of the book's compilation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexxi_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgexxi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is probable that, here, 'Dar al-Rum' refers to the Greek Orthodox sector of Baghdad rather than <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENallino_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENallino-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others among his wide circle of elites were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_ibn_Harun_ibn_al-Munajjim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali ibn Harun ibn al-Munajjim (page does not exist)">Ali ibn Harun ibn al-Munajjim</a> (d. 963), of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Munajjim" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Munajjim">Banu Munajjim</a> and the Christian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khammar" title="Ibn al-Khammar">Ibn al-Khammar</a>. He admired <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman Sijistani</a>, son of Ali bin Isa the "Good Vizier" of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_al-Jarrah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banu al-Jarrah (page does not exist)">Banu al-Jarrah</a>, for his knowledge of philosophy, logic and the Greek, Persian and Indian sciences, especially <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. The physician <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Abi Usaibia">Ibn Abi Usaibia</a> (d. 1273), mentions an-Nadim thirteen times and calls him a writer, or perhaps a government secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an-Nadim's <i><a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">kunya</a></i> 'Abu al-Faraj' indicates he was married with at least one son. </p><p>In 987, Ibn an-Nadim began compiling <i>al-Fihrist</i> (The Catalogue), as a useful reference index for customers and traders of books. Over a long period he noted thousands of authors, their biographical data, and works, gathered from his regular visits to private book collectors and libraries across the region - including Mosul and Damascus - and through active participation in the lively literary scene of Baghdad in the period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Nadim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ishaq an-Nadim's broad discussions of religions and religious sects in his writings and the subtleties of his descriptions and terminologies raised questions as to his own religious beliefs and affiliations. It seems <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-%60Asqalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani">Ibn Hajar</a>'s claim that an-Nadim was <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiʿah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was based on his use of the term <i>specific people</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخاصة</span></span>) for the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiʿah</a>, <i>general people</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">العامة</span></span>) for non-Shiʿahs, and of the pejorative term <i>Ḥashawīyya</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الحشوية</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/Sunnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnis">Sunnis</a>. Reinforcing this suspicion are references to the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> school as <i><a href="/wiki/People_of_hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="People of hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></i> ("People of the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>"), and not <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Sunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl al-Sunna">Ahl al-Sunna</a></i> ("People of the Tradition"), use of the <a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">supplication</a> of <i>peace be upon him</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عليه السلام</span></span>) after the names of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i> (Descendants of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>) and reference to the Shia imam <a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Reza">Ali ar-Rida</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Mawlana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawlana">mawlana</a></i> (master). He alleges that <a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">al-Waqidi</a> concealed being a Shiʿah by <i><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">taqiyya</a></i> (dissimulation) and that most of the traditionalists were <a href="/wiki/Zaydiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydiyya">Zaydis</a>. Ibn Hajar also claimed an-Nadim was a <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a>. The sect is discussed in chapter five of <i>Al-Fihrist</i> where they are called the <i>People of Justice</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أهل العدل</span></span>). an-Nadim calls the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'arites</a> <i>al-Mujbira</i>, and harshly criticises the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sab%27iyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sab'iyya (page does not exist)">Sab'iyya</a> doctrine and history. An allusion to a certain <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> scholar as a 'secret Twelver', is said to indicate his possible <a href="/wiki/Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelvers">Twelver</a> affiliation. Within his circle were the theologian <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Mufid</a>, the <i>da'i</i> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hamdan" title="Ibn Hamdan">Ibn Hamdan</a>, the author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khushkunanadh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khushkunanadh (page does not exist)">Khushkunanadh</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacobite</a> philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_ibn_%27Adi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahya ibn 'Adi (page does not exist)">Yahya ibn 'Adi</a> (d. 363/973) preceptor to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isa_bin_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isa bin Ali (page does not exist)">Isa bin Ali</a> and a fellow copyist and bookseller (p. t64, 8). Another unsubstantiated claim that an-Nadim was <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a>, rests on his meeting with an Isma'ili leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexviii_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgexviii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Al-Fihrist"><i>Al-Fihrist</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Nadim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Al-Fihrist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Fihrist" title="Al-Fihrist">Al-Fihrist</a></div> <p>The <i>Kitāb al-Fihrist</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب الفهرست</span>) is a compendium of the knowledge and literature of tenth-century Islam referencing approx. 10,000 books and 2,000 authors.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This crucial source of medieval <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-Islamic literature, informed by various ancient Hellenic and Roman civilizations, preserves from his own hand the names of authors, books and accounts otherwise entirely lost. <i>Al-Fihrist</i> is evidence of an-Nadim's thirst for knowledge among the exciting sophisticated milieu of Baghdad's intellectual elite. As a record of civilisation transmitted through Muslim culture to the West world, it provides unique classical material and links to other civilisations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgei_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgei-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Nadim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Nadim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ḥashawīyya</i> means those who believe Allah can be confined to physical dimensions.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Nadim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brill-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brill_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFück1960–2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fück, J.W. (1960–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3317">"Ibn Al-Nadīm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a> (12 vols.)</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3317">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Al-Nad%C4%ABm&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition+%2812+vols.%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1960%2F2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3317&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCck&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ebn-al-nadim">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Febn-al-nadim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson362-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson362_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson">Nicholson</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray24-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray24_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray">Gray</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgexvii-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexvii_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodge">Dodge</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgexxvi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexxvi_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodge">Dodge</a>, p. xxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgexviii-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexviii_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexviii_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodge">Dodge</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgexx-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexx_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodge">Dodge</a>, p. xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFück117-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFück117_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFück">Fück</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgexxi-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgexxi_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodge">Dodge</a>, p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENallino-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENallino_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNallino">Nallino</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usaybi'ah, Part I, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajar, Lisān al-Mīzān, pt.5, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</i>, Volume 2, Numero 2, p. 782</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodgei-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodgei_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodge">Dodge</a>, p. i.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Nadim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Dodge" title="Bayard Dodge">Dodge, Bayard</a>, ed. (1970), <i>The Fihrist of al-Nadīm: A Tenth-Century Survey of Islamic Culture</i>, vol. 2, translated by Dodge, New York: Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fihrist+of+al-Nad%C4%ABm%3A+A+Tenth-Century+Survey+of+Islamic+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span>[complete English translation].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFück" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_F%C3%BCck" title="Johann Fück">Fück</a>, Johann Wilhelm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/93107"><i>Eine arabische Literaturgeschichte aus dem 10. Jahrhundert n. Chr</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eine+arabische+Literaturgeschichte+aus+dem+10.+Jahrhundert+n.+Chr.&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCck&rft.aufirst=Johann+Wilhelm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fdmg%2Fperiodical%2Ftitleinfo%2F93107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFück1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fück, J.W. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Ibn+al-Nad%C4%ABm&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Ibn al-Nadīm"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage" title="Victor Louis Ménage">Ménage, V. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume III:<i> H–Iram</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525">495469525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+al-Nad%C4%ABm&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+III%3A+H%E2%80%93Iram&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469525&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCck&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DIbn%2Bal-Nad%25C4%25ABm%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibid." class="citation cs2">ibid., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/93107"><i>Die arabischen Studien in Europa bis in den Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts.</i></a>, vol. viii, Leipzig, p. 335</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+arabischen+Studien+in+Europa+bis+in+den+Anfang+des+20.+Jahrhunderts.&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=335&rft.au=ibid.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fdmg%2Fperiodical%2Ftitleinfo%2F93107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldziher" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Goldziher" title="Ignác Goldziher">Goldziher</a>, Ignác, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/search?operation=searchRetrieve&query=bib.personalName%3D%22Goldziher%2C%20Ig.%22%20and%20vl.domain%3Ddmg%20sortBy%20dc.title%2Fasc"><i>Beiträge zur Erklärung des Kitâb al-Fihrist</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Erkl%C3%A4rung+des+Kit%C3%A2b+al-Fihrist&rft.aulast=Goldziher&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fdmg%2Fsearch%3Foperation%3DsearchRetrieve%26query%3Dbib.personalName%253D%2522Goldziher%252C%2520Ig.%2522%2520and%2520vl.domain%253Ddmg%2520sortBy%2520dc.title%252Fasc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Herbert_Gray" title="Louis Herbert Gray">Gray, Louis Herbert</a> (1915). "Iranian material in the Fihrist". <i>Le Muséon</i>. <b>33</b>: 24–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Mus%C3%A9on&rft.atitle=Iranian+material+in+the+Fihrist&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=24-39&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Louis+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1871" class="citation cs2">Nadīm (al-), Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq Abū Ya'qūb al-Warrāq (1871), <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Flugel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Flugel">Flügel</a>, Gustav (ed.), <i>Kitab al-Fihrist</i>, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: Vogel</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitab+al-Fihrist&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Vogel&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Nad%C4%ABm+%28al-%29&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+al-Faraj+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q+Ab%C5%AB+Ya%27q%C5%ABb+al-Warr%C4%81q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNallino" class="citation book cs1">Nallino, Carlo Alfonso. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zExAugAACAAJ"><i>Ilm al-falak: Tarikhuhu ind al-Arab fi al-qurun al-wusta (Astronomy: the history of Arabic Writers of the Middle Ages)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilm+al-falak%3A+Tarikhuhu+ind+al-Arab+fi+al-qurun+al-wusta+%28Astronomy%3A+the+history+of+Arabic+Writers+of+the+Middle+Ages%29&rft.aulast=Nallino&rft.aufirst=Carlo+Alfonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzExAugAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Reynold_A._Nicholson" title="Reynold A. Nicholson">Nicholson, Reynold A</a> (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zsqz2JmJWhoC&q=Professor+Reynold+Alleyne+Nicholson+Fihrist&pg=PT331"><i>A Literary History of the Arabs</i></a>, Cambridge: T.F. Unwin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781465510228" title="Special:BookSources/9781465510228"><bdi>9781465510228</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+History+of+the+Arabs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=T.F.+Unwin&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=9781465510228&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Reynold+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZsqz2JmJWhoC%26q%3DProfessor%2BReynold%2BAlleyne%2BNicholson%2BFihrist%26pg%3DPT331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter1928" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hellmut_Ritter" title="Hellmut Ritter">Ritter</a>, Hellmut (1928), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hellmut-ritter">"Zur Überlieferung des Fihrist"</a>, <i>Philologika I</i> (Der Islam 17 ed.): 15–23</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philologika+I&rft.atitle=Zur+%C3%9Cberlieferung+des+Fihrist&rft.pages=15-23&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Hellmut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhellmut-ritter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Nadim" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template talk:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemists_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi_al-Khati" title="Al-Khwarizmi al-Khati">al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Imad_al-Din" title="Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din">Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughra%27i" title="Al-Tughra'i">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-Simāwī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Nabati" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati">Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Rammah" title="Hasan al-Rammah">Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rassam" title="Ibn Rassam">Ibn al-Rassām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Ashba_ibn_Tammam" title="Abul Ashba ibn Tammam">Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">al-iksīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae">Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet">Emerald Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Hundred_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Hundred Books">Five Hundred Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi"><i>al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifthah_al-hikma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mifthah al-hikma"><i>Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma</i> (<i>Clavis sapientiae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture"><i>Nabataean Agriculture</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Twelve_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred and Twelve Books">One Hundred and Twelve Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba Philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Nasr_ibn_Abdallah_al-Shayzari" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Nasr ibn Abdallah al-Shayzari"><i>Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba</i> (al-Nabarawi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000118801488">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100195866">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100158790746238852896">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1825380/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjtDDYBWHDBHwjkh7qKWXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118902067">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87909800">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13483848v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13483848v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074313479">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=164618">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwztdt35vmv9mv">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/29390">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273583705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ibn-an-nadim.">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118902067.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118902067">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/076291235">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibnun-nedim">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐kmnzc Cached time: 20241122143523 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.956 seconds 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