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var a = axel * 10000000000000; document.write('<iframe src="https://2542116.fls.doubleclick.net/activityi;src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=ord=' + a + '?" width="1" height="1" frameborder="0" style="display:none"></iframe>'); //]]> </script> <noscript> <img alt='' height='1' src='https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=1?' width='1'/> </noscript>  <div class='header-outer'> <div class='header-inner'> <div class='section' id='header'><div class='widget Header' data-version='1' id='Header1'> <div class='header-left'> <div class='header-title'> <a class='google-logo' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/'> <img height='50' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/branding/googlelogo/2x/googlelogo_color_150x54dp.png'/> </a> <a href='/.'> <h2> Testing Blog </h2> </a> </div> <div class='header-desc'> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div>  <div class='cols-wrapper loading'> <div class='col-main-wrapper'> <div class='col-main'> <div class='section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='post' data-id='3777332459169811011' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/10/why-are-there-so-many-c-testing.html' itemprop='url' title='Why Are There So Many C++ Testing Frameworks?'> Why Are There So Many C++ Testing Frameworks? </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Friday, October 26, 2012 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> By Zhanyong Wan - Software Engineer These days, it seems that everyone is rolling their own C++ testing framework, if they haven't done so already. Wikipedia has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unit_testing_frameworks#C.2B.2B">partial list</a> of such frameworks. This is interesting because many OOP languages have only one or two major frameworks. For example, most Java people seem happy with either <a href="http://junit.org/">JUnit</a> or <a href="http://testng.org/">TestNG</a>. Are C++ programmers the do-it-yourself kind? When we started working on <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/">Google Test</a> (Google’s C++ testing framework), and especially after we <a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2008/07/announcing-new-google-c-testing.html">open-sourced it</a>, people began asking us why we were doing it. The short answer is that we couldn’t find an existing C++ testing framework that satisfied all our needs. This doesn't mean that these frameworks were all poorly designed or implemented. Rather, many of them had great ideas and tricks that we learned from. However, Google had a huge number of C++ projects that got compiled on various operating systems (Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, and later Android, among others) with different compilers and all kinds of compiler flags, and we needed a framework that worked well in all these environments and ccould handle many different types and sizes of projects. Unlike Java, which has the famous slogan "Write once, run anywhere," C++ code is being written in a much more diverse environment. Due to the complexity of the language and the need to do low-level tasks, compatibility between different C++ compilers and even different versions of the same compiler is poor. There is a C++ standard, but it's not well supported by compiler vendors. For many tasks you have to rely on unportable extensions or platform-specific functionality. This makes it hard to write a reasonably complex system that can be built using many different compilers and works on many platforms. To make things more complicated, most C++ compilers allow you to turn off some standard language features in return for better performance. Don't like using exceptions? You can turn it off. Think dynamic cast is bad? You can disable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTTI">Run-Time Type Identification</a>, the feature behind dynamic cast and run-time access to type information. If you do any of these, however, code using these features will fail to compile. Many testing frameworks rely on exceptions. They are automatically out of the question for us since we turn off exceptions in many projects (in case you are curious, Google Test doesn’t require exceptions or run-time type identification by default; when these language features are turned on, Google Test will try to take advantage of them and provide you with more utilities, like the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/AdvancedGuide#Exception_Assertions">exception assertions</a>.). Why not just write a portable framework, then? Indeed, that's a top design goal for Google Test. And authors of some other frameworks have tried this too. However, this comes with a cost. Cross-platform C++ development requires much more effort: you need to test your code with different operating systems, different compilers, different versions of them, and different compiler flags (combine these factors and the task soon gets daunting); some platforms may not let you do certain things and you have to find a workaround there and guard the code with conditional compilation; different versions of compilers have different bugs and you may have to revise your code to bypass them all; etc. In the end, it's hard unless you are happy with a bare-bone system. So, I think a major reason that we have many C++ testing frameworks is that C++ is different in different environments, making it hard to write portable C++ code. John's framework may not suit Bill's environment, even if it solves John's problems perfectly. Another reason is that some limitations of C++ make it impossible to implement certain features really well, and different people chose different ways to workaround the limitations. One notable example is that C++ is a statically-typed language and doesn't support reflection. Most Java testing frameworks use reflection to automatically discover tests you've written such that you don't have to register them one-by-one. This is a good thing as manually registering tests is tedious and you can easily write a test and forget to register it. Since C++ has no reflection, we have to do it differently. Unfortunately there is no single best option. Some frameworks require you to register tests by hand, some use scripts to parse your source code to discover tests, and some use macros to automate the registration. We prefer the last approach and think it works for most people, but some disagree. Also, there are different ways to devise the macros and they involve different trade-offs, so the result is not clear cut. Let’s see some actual code to understand how Google Test solves the test registration problem. The simplest way to add a test is to use the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/Primer#Simple_Tests">TEST</a> macro (what else would we name it?): TEST(Subject, HasCertainProperty) {   … testing code goes here … } This defines a test method whose purpose is to verify that the given subject has the given property. The macro automatically registers the test with Google Test such that it will be run when the test program (which may contain many such TEST definitions) is executed. Here’s a more concrete example that verifies a Factorial() function works as expected for positive arguments: TEST(FactorialTest, HandlesPositiveInput) {   EXPECT_EQ(1, Factorial(1));   EXPECT_EQ(2, Factorial(2));   EXPECT_EQ(6, Factorial(3));   EXPECT_EQ(40320, Factorial(8)); } Finally, many C++ testing framework authors neglected extensibility and were happy just providing canned solutions, so we ended up with many solutions, each satisfying a different niche but none general enough. A versatile framework must have a good extension story. Let's face it: you cannot be all things to all people, no matter what. Instead of bloating the framework with rarely used features, we should provide good out-of-box solutions for maybe 95% of the use cases, and leave the rest to extensions. If I can easily extend a framework to solve a particular problem of mine, I will feel less motivated to write my own thing. Unfortunately, many framework authors don't seem to see the importance of extensibility. I think that mindset contributed to the plethora of frameworks we see today. In <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/">Google Test</a>, we try to make it easy to expand your testing vocabulary by <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/AdvancedGuide#Predicate_Assertions_for_Better_Error_Messages">defining custom assertions</a> that generate informative error messages. For instance, here’s a naive way to verify that an int value is in a given range: bool IsInRange(int value, int low, int high) {   return low <= value && value <= high; }   ...   EXPECT_TRUE(IsInRange(SomeFunction(), low, high)); The problem is that when the assertion fails, you only know that the value returned by SomeFunction() is not in range [low, high], but you have no idea what that return value and the range actually are -- this makes debugging the test failure harder. You could provide a custom message to make the failure more descriptive:   EXPECT_TRUE(IsInRange(SomeFunction(), low, high))       << "SomeFunction() = " << SomeFunction()        << ", not in range ["       << low << ", " << high << "]"; Except that this is incorrect as SomeFunction() may return a different answer each time.  You can fix that by introducing an intermediate variable to hold the function’s result:   int result = SomeFunction();   EXPECT_TRUE(IsInRange(result, low, high))       << "result (return value of SomeFunction()) = " << result       << ", not in range [" << low << ", " << high << "]"; However this is tedious and obscures what you are really trying to do.  It’s not a good pattern when you need to do the “is in range” check repeatedly. What we need here is a way to abstract this pattern into a reusable construct. Google Test lets you define a test predicate like this: AssertionResult IsInRange(int value, int low, int high) {   if (value < low)     return AssertionFailure()         << value << " < lower bound " << low;   else if (value > high)     return AssertionFailure()         << value << " > upper bound " << high;   else     return AssertionSuccess()         << value << " is in range ["          << low << ", " << high << "]"; } Then the statement EXPECT_TRUE(IsInRange(SomeFunction(), low, high)) may print (assuming that SomeFunction() returns 13):    Value of: IsInRange(SomeFunction(), low, high)      Actual: false (13 < lower bound 20)    Expected: true The same IsInRange() definition also lets you use it in an EXPECT_FALSE context, e.g. EXPECT_FALSE(IsInRange(AnotherFunction(), low, high)) could print:    Value of: IsInRange(AnotherFunction(), low, high)      Actual: true (25 is in range [20, 60])    Expected: false This way, you can build a library of test predicates for your problem domain, and benefit from clear, declarative test code and descriptive failure messages. In the same vein, <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/">Google Mock</a> (our C++ mocking framework) allows you to <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/CookBook#Writing_New_Matchers_Quickly">easily define matchers</a> that can be used exactly the same way as built-in matchers.  Also, we have included an <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/AdvancedGuide#Extending_Google_Test_by_Handling_Test_Events">event listener API</a> in Google Test for people to write plug-ins. We hope that people will use these features to extend Google Test/Mock for their own need and contribute back extensions that might be generally useful. Perhaps one day we will solve the C++ testing framework fragmentation problem, after all. :-) <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> By Zhanyong Wan - Software Engineer These days, it seems that everyone is rolling their own C++ testing framework, if they haven't done so already. Wikipedia has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unit_testing_frameworks#C.2B.2B">partial list</a> of such frameworks. This is interesting because many OOP languages have only one or two major frameworks. For example, most Java people seem happy with either <a href="http://junit.org/">JUnit</a> or <a href="http://testng.org/">TestNG</a>. Are C++ programmers the do-it-yourself kind? When we started working on <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/">Google Test</a> (Google’s C++ testing framework), and especially after we <a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2008/07/announcing-new-google-c-testing.html">open-sourced it</a>, people began asking us why we were doing it. The short answer is that we couldn’t find an existing C++ testing framework that satisfied all our needs. This doesn't mean that these frameworks were all poorly designed or implemented. Rather, many of them had great ideas and tricks that we learned from. However, Google had a huge number of C++ projects that got compiled on various operating systems (Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, and later Android, among others) with different compilers and all kinds of compiler flags, and we needed a framework that worked well in all these environments and ccould handle many different types and sizes of projects. Unlike Java, which has the famous slogan "Write once, run anywhere," C++ code is being written in a much more diverse environment. Due to the complexity of the language and the need to do low-level tasks, compatibility between different C++ compilers and even different versions of the same compiler is poor. There is a C++ standard, but it's not well supported by compiler vendors. For many tasks you have to rely on unportable extensions or platform-specific functionality. This makes it hard to write a reasonably complex system that can be built using many different compilers and works on many platforms. To make things more complicated, most C++ compilers allow you to turn off some standard language features in return for better performance. Don't like using exceptions? You can turn it off. Think dynamic cast is bad? You can disable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTTI">Run-Time Type Identification</a>, the feature behind dynamic cast and run-time access to type information. If you do any of these, however, code using these features will fail to compile. Many testing frameworks rely on exceptions. They are automatically out of the question for us since we turn off exceptions in many projects (in case you are curious, Google Test doesn’t require exceptions or run-time type identification by default; when these language features are turned on, Google Test will try to take advantage of them and provide you with more utilities, like the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/AdvancedGuide#Exception_Assertions">exception assertions</a>.). Why not just write a portable framework, then? Indeed, that's a top design goal for Google Test. And authors of some other frameworks have tried this too. However, this comes with a cost. Cross-platform C++ development requires much more effort: you need to test your code with different operating systems, different compilers, different versions of them, and different compiler flags (combine these factors and the task soon gets daunting); some platforms may not let you do certain things and you have to find a workaround there and guard the code with conditional compilation; different versions of compilers have different bugs and you may have to revise your code to bypass them all; etc. In the end, it's hard unless you are happy with a bare-bone system. So, I think a major reason that we have many C++ testing frameworks is that C++ is different in different environments, making it hard to write portable C++ code. John's framework may not suit Bill's environment, even if it solves John's problems perfectly. Another reason is that some limitations of C++ make it impossible to implement certain features really well, and different people chose different ways to workaround the limitations. One notable example is that C++ is a statically-typed language and doesn't support reflection. Most Java testing frameworks use reflection to automatically discover tests you've written such that you don't have to register them one-by-one. This is a good thing as manually registering tests is tedious and you can easily write a test and forget to register it. Since C++ has no reflection, we have to do it differently. Unfortunately there is no single best option. Some frameworks require you to register tests by hand, some use scripts to parse your source code to discover tests, and some use macros to automate the registration. We prefer the last approach and think it works for most people, but some disagree. Also, there are different ways to devise the macros and they involve different trade-offs, so the result is not clear cut. Let’s see some actual code to understand how Google Test solves the test registration problem. The simplest way to add a test is to use the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/Primer#Simple_Tests">TEST</a> macro (what else would we name it?): TEST(Subject, HasCertainProperty) {   … testing code goes here … } This defines a test method whose purpose is to verify that the given subject has the given property. The macro automatically registers the test with Google Test such that it will be run when the test program (which may contain many such TEST definitions) is executed. Here’s a more concrete example that verifies a Factorial() function works as expected for positive arguments: TEST(FactorialTest, HandlesPositiveInput) {   EXPECT_EQ(1, Factorial(1));   EXPECT_EQ(2, Factorial(2));   EXPECT_EQ(6, Factorial(3));   EXPECT_EQ(40320, Factorial(8)); } Finally, many C++ testing framework authors neglected extensibility and were happy just providing canned solutions, so we ended up with many solutions, each satisfying a different niche but none general enough. A versatile framework must have a good extension story. Let's face it: you cannot be all things to all people, no matter what. Instead of bloating the framework with rarely used features, we should provide good out-of-box solutions for maybe 95% of the use cases, and leave the rest to extensions. If I can easily extend a framework to solve a particular problem of mine, I will feel less motivated to write my own thing. Unfortunately, many framework authors don't seem to see the importance of extensibility. I think that mindset contributed to the plethora of frameworks we see today. In <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/">Google Test</a>, we try to make it easy to expand your testing vocabulary by <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/AdvancedGuide#Predicate_Assertions_for_Better_Error_Messages">defining custom assertions</a> that generate informative error messages. For instance, here’s a naive way to verify that an int value is in a given range: bool IsInRange(int value, int low, int high) {   return low <= value && value <= high; }   ...   EXPECT_TRUE(IsInRange(SomeFunction(), low, high)); The problem is that when the assertion fails, you only know that the value returned by SomeFunction() is not in range [low, high], but you have no idea what that return value and the range actually are -- this makes debugging the test failure harder. You could provide a custom message to make the failure more descriptive:   EXPECT_TRUE(IsInRange(SomeFunction(), low, high))       << "SomeFunction() = " << SomeFunction()        << ", not in range ["       << low << ", " << high << "]"; Except that this is incorrect as SomeFunction() may return a different answer each time.  You can fix that by introducing an intermediate variable to hold the function’s result:   int result = SomeFunction();   EXPECT_TRUE(IsInRange(result, low, high))       << "result (return value of SomeFunction()) = " << result       << ", not in range [" << low << ", " << high << "]"; However this is tedious and obscures what you are really trying to do.  It’s not a good pattern when you need to do the “is in range” check repeatedly. What we need here is a way to abstract this pattern into a reusable construct. Google Test lets you define a test predicate like this: AssertionResult IsInRange(int value, int low, int high) {   if (value < low)     return AssertionFailure()         << value << " < lower bound " << low;   else if (value > high)     return AssertionFailure()         << value << " > upper bound " << high;   else     return AssertionSuccess()         << value << " is in range ["          << low << ", " << high << "]"; } Then the statement EXPECT_TRUE(IsInRange(SomeFunction(), low, high)) may print (assuming that SomeFunction() returns 13):    Value of: IsInRange(SomeFunction(), low, high)      Actual: false (13 < lower bound 20)    Expected: true The same IsInRange() definition also lets you use it in an EXPECT_FALSE context, e.g. EXPECT_FALSE(IsInRange(AnotherFunction(), low, high)) could print:    Value of: IsInRange(AnotherFunction(), low, high)      Actual: true (25 is in range [20, 60])    Expected: false This way, you can build a library of test predicates for your problem domain, and benefit from clear, declarative test code and descriptive failure messages. In the same vein, <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/">Google Mock</a> (our C++ mocking framework) allows you to <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/CookBook#Writing_New_Matchers_Quickly">easily define matchers</a> that can be used exactly the same way as built-in matchers.  Also, we have included an <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/AdvancedGuide#Extending_Google_Test_by_Handling_Test_Events">event listener API</a> in Google Test for people to write plug-ins. We hope that people will use these features to extend Google Test/Mock for their own need and contribute back extensions that might be generally useful. Perhaps one day we will solve the C++ testing framework fragmentation problem, after all. :-) <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Why Are There So Many C++ Testing Frameworks?&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/10/why-are-there-so-many-c-testing.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/10/why-are-there-so-many-c-testing.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>3 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/10/why-are-there-so-many-c-testing.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/C%2B%2B' rel='tag'> C++ </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Zhanyong%20Wan' rel='tag'> Zhanyong Wan </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='1204733198786401529' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/10/tott-making-perfect-matcher.html' itemprop='url' title='TotT: Making a Perfect Matcher'> TotT: Making a Perfect Matcher </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Monday, October 05, 2009 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> by Zhanyong G. Mock Wan in Google Kirkland In the previous episode, we showed how Google C++ Mocking Framework matchers can make both your test code and your test output readable. What if you cannot find the right matcher for the task? Don't settle for anything less than perfect. It's easy to create a matcher that does exactly what you want, either by composing from existing matchers or by writing one from scratch. The simplest composite matcher is Not(m), which negates matcher m as you may have guessed. We also have AnyOf(m1, ..., mn) for OR-ing and AllOf(m1, ..., mn) for AND-ing. Combining them wisely and you can get a lot done. For example, <p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND: rgb(230,245,255); MARGIN-LEFT: 0.39in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.39in; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous">EXPECT_THAT(new_code, AnyOf(StartsWith(“// Tests”)),               Not(ContainsRegex(“TODO.*intern”)))); could generate a message like: <p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND: rgb(230,245,255); MARGIN-LEFT: 0.39in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.39in; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous">Expected: (starts with “// Tests”) or           (doesn't contain regular expression “TODO.*intern”) Actual: “/* TODO: hire an intern. */ int main() {}” If the matcher expression gets too complex, or your matcher logic cannot be expressed in terms of existing matchers, you can use plain C++. The MATCHER macro lets you define a named matcher: <p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND: rgb(230,245,255); MARGIN-LEFT: 0.39in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.39in; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous">MATCHER(IsEven, “”) { return (arg % 2) == 0; } allows you to write EXPECT_THAT(paren_num, IsEven()) to verify that paren_num is divisible by two. The special variable arg refers to the value being validated (paren_num in this case) – it is not a global variable. You can put any code between {} to validate arg, as long as it returns a bool value. The empty string “” tells Google C++ Mocking Framework to automatically generate the matcher's description from its name (therefore you'll see “Expected: is even” when the match fails). As long as you pick a descriptive name, you get a good description for free. You can also give multiple parameters to a matcher, or customize its description. The code: <p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND: rgb(230,245,255); MARGIN-LEFT: 0.39in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.39in; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous">// P2 means the matcher has 2 parameters. Their names are low and high. MATCHER_P2(InClosedRange, low, high, “is in range [%(low)s, %(high)s]”) {   return low <= arg && arg <= high; } ... EXPECT_THAT(my_age, InClosedRange(adult_min, penalty_to_withdraw_401k)); may print: <p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND: rgb(230,245,255); MARGIN-LEFT: 0.39in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.39in; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous">Expected: is in range [18, 60]   Actual: 2 (No, that's not my real age.) Note how you can use Python-style interpolation in the description string to print the matcher parameters. You may wonder why we haven't seen any types in the examples. Rest assured that all the code we showed you is type-safe. Google C++ Mocking Framework uses compiler type inference to “write” the matcher parameter types for you, so that you can spend the time on actually writing tests – or finding your perfect match. <a href="http://code.google.com/intl/de-CH/testing/TotT-2009-10-05.pdf">Toilet-Friendly Version</a> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> by Zhanyong G. Mock Wan in Google Kirkland In the previous episode, we showed how Google C++ Mocking Framework matchers can make both your test code and your test output readable. What if you cannot find the right matcher for the task? Don't settle for anything less than perfect. It's easy to create a matcher that does exactly what you want, either by composing from existing matchers or by writing one from scratch. The simplest composite matcher is Not(m), which negates matcher m as you may have guessed. We also have AnyOf(m1, ..., mn) for OR-ing and AllOf(m1, ..., mn) for AND-ing. Combining them wisely and you can get a lot done. For example, <p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND: rgb(230,245,255); MARGIN-LEFT: 0.39in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.39in; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous">EXPECT_THAT(new_code, AnyOf(StartsWith(“// Tests”)),               Not(ContainsRegex(“TODO.*intern”)))); could generate a message like: <p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND: rgb(230,245,255); MARGIN-LEFT: 0.39in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.39in; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous">Expected: (starts with “// Tests”) or           (doesn't contain regular expression “TODO.*intern”) Actual: “/* TODO: hire an intern. */ int main() {}” If the matcher expression gets too complex, or your matcher logic cannot be expressed in terms of existing matchers, you can use plain C++. The MATCHER macro lets you define a named matcher: <p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND: rgb(230,245,255); MARGIN-LEFT: 0.39in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.39in; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous">MATCHER(IsEven, “”) { return (arg % 2) == 0; } allows you to write EXPECT_THAT(paren_num, IsEven()) to verify that paren_num is divisible by two. The special variable arg refers to the value being validated (paren_num in this case) – it is not a global variable. You can put any code between {} to validate arg, as long as it returns a bool value. The empty string “” tells Google C++ Mocking Framework to automatically generate the matcher's description from its name (therefore you'll see “Expected: is even” when the match fails). As long as you pick a descriptive name, you get a good description for free. You can also give multiple parameters to a matcher, or customize its description. The code: <p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND: rgb(230,245,255); MARGIN-LEFT: 0.39in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.39in; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous">// P2 means the matcher has 2 parameters. Their names are low and high. MATCHER_P2(InClosedRange, low, high, “is in range [%(low)s, %(high)s]”) {   return low <= arg && arg <= high; } ... EXPECT_THAT(my_age, InClosedRange(adult_min, penalty_to_withdraw_401k)); may print: <p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; BACKGROUND: rgb(230,245,255); MARGIN-LEFT: 0.39in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.39in; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous">Expected: is in range [18, 60]   Actual: 2 (No, that's not my real age.) Note how you can use Python-style interpolation in the description string to print the matcher parameters. You may wonder why we haven't seen any types in the examples. Rest assured that all the code we showed you is type-safe. Google C++ Mocking Framework uses compiler type inference to “write” the matcher parameter types for you, so that you can spend the time on actually writing tests – or finding your perfect match. <a href="http://code.google.com/intl/de-CH/testing/TotT-2009-10-05.pdf">Toilet-Friendly Version</a> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:TotT: Making a Perfect Matcher&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/10/tott-making-perfect-matcher.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/10/tott-making-perfect-matcher.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>2 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/10/tott-making-perfect-matcher.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/C%2B%2B' rel='tag'> C++ </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Zhanyong%20Wan' rel='tag'> Zhanyong Wan </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='8559119593676951275' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/09/tott-literate-testing-with-matchers.html' itemprop='url' title='TotT: Literate Testing With Matchers'> TotT: Literate Testing With Matchers </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Tuesday, September 29, 2009 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> By Zhanyong G. Mock Wan in Google Kirkland Alright, it sounds like a good idea to verify that matchmakers can read and write. How does this concern us programmers, though? Actually, we are talking about a way of writing tests here – a way that makes both the test code and its output read like English (hence “literate”). The key to this technique is matchers, which are predicates that know how to describe themselves. For example, in Google C++ Mocking Framework, ContainsRegex("Ahcho+!") is a matcher that matches any string that has the regular expression "Ahcho+!" in it. Therefore, it matches "Ahchoo!" and "Ahchoooo! Sorry.", but not "Aha!". What's this to do with test readability, anyway? It turns out that matchers, whose names are usually verb phrases, lend themselves easily to an assertion style that resembles natural languages. Namely, the assertion <div style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(230,245,255); border-bottom: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in;"> EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher);</div> succeeds if value matches matcher. For example, <div style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(230,245,255); border-bottom: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in;"> #include <gmock/gmock.h> using ::testing::Contains; ... EXPECT_THAT(GetUserList(), Contains(admin_id));</div> verifies that the result of GetUserList() contains the administrator. Now, pretend the punctuations aren't there in the last C++ statement and read it. See what I mean? Better yet, when an EXPECT_THAT assertion fails, it will print an informative message that includes the expression being validated, its value, and the property we expect it to have – thanks to a matcher's ability to describe itself in human-friendly language. Therefore, not only is the test code readable, the test output it generates is readable too. For instance, the above example might produce: <div style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(255,255,50); border-bottom: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in;"> Value of: GetUserList() Expected: contains "yoko"   Actual: { "john", "paul", "george", "ringo" }</div> This message contains relevant information for diagnosing the problem, often without having to use a debugger. To get the same effect without using a matcher, you'd have to write something like: <div style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(230,245,255); border-bottom: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in;"> std::vector<std::string> users = GetUserList(); EXPECT_TRUE(VectorContains(users, admin_id))     << " GetUserList() returns " << users     << " and admin_id is " << admin_id;</div> which is harder to write and less clear than the one-liner we saw earlier. Google C++ Mocking Framework (<a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/">http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/</a>) provides dozens of matchers for validating many kinds of values: numbers, strings, STL containers, structs, etc. They all produce friendly and informative messages. See <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/CheatSheet">http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/CheatSheet</a> to learn more. If you cannot find one that matches (pun intended) your need, you can either combine existing matchers, or define your own from scratch. Both are quite easy to do. We'll show you how in another episode. Stay tuned! <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_EQS8-2f7m5bzBmZlJ0ZEZKVzg/edit?usp=sharing">Toilet-friendly version</a> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> By Zhanyong G. Mock Wan in Google Kirkland Alright, it sounds like a good idea to verify that matchmakers can read and write. How does this concern us programmers, though? Actually, we are talking about a way of writing tests here – a way that makes both the test code and its output read like English (hence “literate”). The key to this technique is matchers, which are predicates that know how to describe themselves. For example, in Google C++ Mocking Framework, ContainsRegex("Ahcho+!") is a matcher that matches any string that has the regular expression "Ahcho+!" in it. Therefore, it matches "Ahchoo!" and "Ahchoooo! Sorry.", but not "Aha!". What's this to do with test readability, anyway? It turns out that matchers, whose names are usually verb phrases, lend themselves easily to an assertion style that resembles natural languages. Namely, the assertion <div style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(230,245,255); border-bottom: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in;"> EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher);</div> succeeds if value matches matcher. For example, <div style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(230,245,255); border-bottom: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in;"> #include <gmock/gmock.h> using ::testing::Contains; ... EXPECT_THAT(GetUserList(), Contains(admin_id));</div> verifies that the result of GetUserList() contains the administrator. Now, pretend the punctuations aren't there in the last C++ statement and read it. See what I mean? Better yet, when an EXPECT_THAT assertion fails, it will print an informative message that includes the expression being validated, its value, and the property we expect it to have – thanks to a matcher's ability to describe itself in human-friendly language. Therefore, not only is the test code readable, the test output it generates is readable too. For instance, the above example might produce: <div style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(255,255,50); border-bottom: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in;"> Value of: GetUserList() Expected: contains "yoko"   Actual: { "john", "paul", "george", "ringo" }</div> This message contains relevant information for diagnosing the problem, often without having to use a debugger. To get the same effect without using a matcher, you'd have to write something like: <div style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(230,245,255); border-bottom: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(128,128,128) 1px solid; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in;"> std::vector<std::string> users = GetUserList(); EXPECT_TRUE(VectorContains(users, admin_id))     << " GetUserList() returns " << users     << " and admin_id is " << admin_id;</div> which is harder to write and less clear than the one-liner we saw earlier. Google C++ Mocking Framework (<a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/">http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/</a>) provides dozens of matchers for validating many kinds of values: numbers, strings, STL containers, structs, etc. They all produce friendly and informative messages. See <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/CheatSheet">http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/CheatSheet</a> to learn more. If you cannot find one that matches (pun intended) your need, you can either combine existing matchers, or define your own from scratch. Both are quite easy to do. We'll show you how in another episode. Stay tuned! <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_EQS8-2f7m5bzBmZlJ0ZEZKVzg/edit?usp=sharing">Toilet-friendly version</a> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:TotT: Literate Testing With Matchers&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/09/tott-literate-testing-with-matchers.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/09/tott-literate-testing-with-matchers.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>2 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/09/tott-literate-testing-with-matchers.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/C%2B%2B' rel='tag'> C++ </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Zhanyong%20Wan' rel='tag'> Zhanyong Wan </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='44272234430161593' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/12/announcing-google-c-mocking-framework.html' itemprop='url' title='Announcing Google C++ Mocking Framework'> Announcing Google C++ Mocking Framework </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Thursday, December 11, 2008 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> Posted by Zhanyong Wan, Software EngineerFive months ago we open-sourced <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/" id="ik0m" title="Google C++ Testing Framework">Google C++ Testing Framework</a> to help C++ developers write better tests. Enthusiastic users have embraced it and sent in numerous encouraging comments and suggestions, as well as patches to make it more useful. It was a truly gratifying experience for us. Today, we are excited to release <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/" id="q_7q" style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);" title="Google C++ Mocking Framework">Google C++ Mocking Framework</a> (Google Mock for short) under the <a href="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php" id="o2nw" title="new BSD license">new BSD license</a>. When used with Google Test, it lets you easily create and use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Object" id="ylkf" title="mock objects">mock objects</a> in C++ tests and rapid prototypes. If you aren't sure what mocks are or why you'll need them, our <a title="for dummies" href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/ForDummies" id="c9s3">Why Google Mock?</a> article will help explain why this is so exciting, and the Testing on the Toilet episode posted nearby on this blog gives a more light-hearted overview. In short, this technique can greatly improve the design and testability of software systems, as shown in this <a title="OOPSLA paper" href="http://www.jmock.org/oopsla2004.pdf" id="uwu1">OOPSLA paper</a>. We are happily using Google Mock in more than 100 projects at Google. It works on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X. Its benefits include: <ul><li>Simple, declarative syntax for defining mocks </li><li>Rich set of matchers for validating function arguments </li><li> Intuitive syntax for controlling the behavior of a mock </li><li> Automatic verification of expectations </li><li> Easy extensibility through new user-defined matchers and actions </li></ul> Our users inside Google have appreciated that Google Mock is easy and even fun to use, and is an effective tool for improving software quality. We hope you'll like it too. Interested? Please take a few minutes to read the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/w/list" id="x2c0" title="documentation">documentation</a> and <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/downloads/list" id="jo3t" title="download">download Google Mock</a>. Be warned, though: mocking is addictive, so proceed at your own risk. And... we'd love to hear from you!  If you have any questions or feedback, please meet us on the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock" id="nzyu" title="Google Mock Discussion Group">Google Mock Discussion Group</a>. Happy mocking! <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> Posted by Zhanyong Wan, Software EngineerFive months ago we open-sourced <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/" id="ik0m" title="Google C++ Testing Framework">Google C++ Testing Framework</a> to help C++ developers write better tests. Enthusiastic users have embraced it and sent in numerous encouraging comments and suggestions, as well as patches to make it more useful. It was a truly gratifying experience for us. Today, we are excited to release <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/" id="q_7q" style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);" title="Google C++ Mocking Framework">Google C++ Mocking Framework</a> (Google Mock for short) under the <a href="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php" id="o2nw" title="new BSD license">new BSD license</a>. When used with Google Test, it lets you easily create and use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Object" id="ylkf" title="mock objects">mock objects</a> in C++ tests and rapid prototypes. If you aren't sure what mocks are or why you'll need them, our <a title="for dummies" href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/ForDummies" id="c9s3">Why Google Mock?</a> article will help explain why this is so exciting, and the Testing on the Toilet episode posted nearby on this blog gives a more light-hearted overview. In short, this technique can greatly improve the design and testability of software systems, as shown in this <a title="OOPSLA paper" href="http://www.jmock.org/oopsla2004.pdf" id="uwu1">OOPSLA paper</a>. We are happily using Google Mock in more than 100 projects at Google. It works on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X. Its benefits include: <ul><li>Simple, declarative syntax for defining mocks </li><li>Rich set of matchers for validating function arguments </li><li> Intuitive syntax for controlling the behavior of a mock </li><li> Automatic verification of expectations </li><li> Easy extensibility through new user-defined matchers and actions </li></ul> Our users inside Google have appreciated that Google Mock is easy and even fun to use, and is an effective tool for improving software quality. We hope you'll like it too. Interested? Please take a few minutes to read the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/w/list" id="x2c0" title="documentation">documentation</a> and <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/downloads/list" id="jo3t" title="download">download Google Mock</a>. Be warned, though: mocking is addictive, so proceed at your own risk. And... we'd love to hear from you!  If you have any questions or feedback, please meet us on the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock" id="nzyu" title="Google Mock Discussion Group">Google Mock Discussion Group</a>. Happy mocking! <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Announcing Google C++ Mocking Framework&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/12/announcing-google-c-mocking-framework.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/12/announcing-google-c-mocking-framework.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>1 comment</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/12/announcing-google-c-mocking-framework.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/C%2B%2B' rel='tag'> C++ </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Zhanyong%20Wan' rel='tag'> Zhanyong Wan </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='2871820243373118346' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/12/mockers-of-c-world-delight.html' itemprop='url' title='Mockers of the (C++) World, Delight!'> Mockers of the (C++) World, Delight! </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Thursday, December 11, 2008 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> by Zhanyong Wan, Software Engineer Life is unfair. You work every bit as hard as Joe the Java programmer next to you. Yet as a C++ programmer, you don't get to play with all the fancy programming tools Joe takes for granted. In particular, without a good mocking framework, mock objects in C++ have to be rolled by hand. Boy, is that tedious! (Not to mention how error-prone it is.) Why should you endure this? Dread no more. Google Mock is finally here to help! It's a Google-originated open-source framework for creating and using C++ mocks. Inspired by jMock and EasyMock, Google Mock is easy to use, yet flexible and extensible. All you need to get started is the ability to count from 0 to 10 and use an editor. Think you can do it? Let's try this simple example: you have a ShoppingCart class that gets the tax rate from a server, and you want to test that it remembers to disconnect from the server even when the server has generated an error. It's easy to write the test using a mock tax server, which implements this interface: <p style="border: 1px solid rgb(128, 128, 128); padding: 0.01in; background: rgb(230, 245, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0in;"> class TaxServer {   // Returns the tax rate of a location   // (by postal code) or -1 on error.   virtual double FetchTaxRate(     const string& postal_code) = 0;   virtual void CloseConnection() = 0; }; <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.1in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left">Here's how you mock it and use the mock server to verify the expected behavior of ShoppingCart: <p style="border: 1px solid rgb(128, 128, 128); padding: 0.01in; background: rgb(230, 255, 230) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0in;"> class MockTaxServer : public TaxServer {     // #1   MOCK_METHOD1(FetchTaxRate, double(const string&));   MOCK_METHOD0(CloseConnection, void()); }; TEST(ShoppingCartTest,      StillCallsCloseIfServerErrorOccurs) {   MockTaxServer mock_taxserver;              // #2   EXPECT_CALL(mock_taxserver, FetchTaxRate(_))     .WillOnce(Return(-1));                   // #3   EXPECT_CALL(mock_taxserver, CloseConnection());   ShoppingCart cart(&mock_taxserver);        // #4   cart.CalculateTax();  // Calls FetchTaxRate()                         // and CloseConnection(). }                                            // #5 <ol><li> <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.02in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left"> Derive the mock class from the interface. For each virtual method, count how many arguments it has, name the result n, and define it using MOCK_METHODn, whose arguments are the name and type of the method. </li><li> <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.02in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left"> Create an instance of the mock class. It will be used where you would normally use a real object. </li><li> <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.02in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left"> Set expectations on the mock object (How will it be used? What will it do?). For example, the first EXPECT_CALL says that FetchTaxRate() will be called and will return an error. The underscore (_) is a matcher that says the argument can be anything. Google Mock has many matchers you can use to precisely specify what the argument should be like. You can also define your own matcher or use an exact value. </li><li> <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.02in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left">Exercise code that uses the mock object. You'll get an error immediately if a mock method is called more times than expected or with the wrong arguments. </li><li> <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.02in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left"> When the mock object is destroyed, it checks that all expectations on it have been satisfied. </li></ol> You can also use Google Mock for rapid prototyping – and get a better design. To find out more, visit the project homepage at <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/">http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/</a>. Now, be the first one on your block to use Google Mock and prepare to be envied. Did I say life is unfair? Remember to download this episode and post it in your office! <a href="http://code.google.com/testing/TotT-2008-12-11.pdf">Toilet-Friendly Version</a> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> by Zhanyong Wan, Software Engineer Life is unfair. You work every bit as hard as Joe the Java programmer next to you. Yet as a C++ programmer, you don't get to play with all the fancy programming tools Joe takes for granted. In particular, without a good mocking framework, mock objects in C++ have to be rolled by hand. Boy, is that tedious! (Not to mention how error-prone it is.) Why should you endure this? Dread no more. Google Mock is finally here to help! It's a Google-originated open-source framework for creating and using C++ mocks. Inspired by jMock and EasyMock, Google Mock is easy to use, yet flexible and extensible. All you need to get started is the ability to count from 0 to 10 and use an editor. Think you can do it? Let's try this simple example: you have a ShoppingCart class that gets the tax rate from a server, and you want to test that it remembers to disconnect from the server even when the server has generated an error. It's easy to write the test using a mock tax server, which implements this interface: <p style="border: 1px solid rgb(128, 128, 128); padding: 0.01in; background: rgb(230, 245, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0in;"> class TaxServer {   // Returns the tax rate of a location   // (by postal code) or -1 on error.   virtual double FetchTaxRate(     const string& postal_code) = 0;   virtual void CloseConnection() = 0; }; <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.1in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left">Here's how you mock it and use the mock server to verify the expected behavior of ShoppingCart: <p style="border: 1px solid rgb(128, 128, 128); padding: 0.01in; background: rgb(230, 255, 230) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0in;"> class MockTaxServer : public TaxServer {     // #1   MOCK_METHOD1(FetchTaxRate, double(const string&));   MOCK_METHOD0(CloseConnection, void()); }; TEST(ShoppingCartTest,      StillCallsCloseIfServerErrorOccurs) {   MockTaxServer mock_taxserver;              // #2   EXPECT_CALL(mock_taxserver, FetchTaxRate(_))     .WillOnce(Return(-1));                   // #3   EXPECT_CALL(mock_taxserver, CloseConnection());   ShoppingCart cart(&mock_taxserver);        // #4   cart.CalculateTax();  // Calls FetchTaxRate()                         // and CloseConnection(). }                                            // #5 <ol><li> <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.02in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left"> Derive the mock class from the interface. For each virtual method, count how many arguments it has, name the result n, and define it using MOCK_METHODn, whose arguments are the name and type of the method. </li><li> <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.02in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left"> Create an instance of the mock class. It will be used where you would normally use a real object. </li><li> <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.02in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left"> Set expectations on the mock object (How will it be used? What will it do?). For example, the first EXPECT_CALL says that FetchTaxRate() will be called and will return an error. The underscore (_) is a matcher that says the argument can be anything. Google Mock has many matchers you can use to precisely specify what the argument should be like. You can also define your own matcher or use an exact value. </li><li> <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.02in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left">Exercise code that uses the mock object. You'll get an error immediately if a mock method is called more times than expected or with the wrong arguments. </li><li> <p class="western" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-top: 0.02in; margin-bottom: 0in;" align="left"> When the mock object is destroyed, it checks that all expectations on it have been satisfied. </li></ol> You can also use Google Mock for rapid prototyping – and get a better design. To find out more, visit the project homepage at <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/">http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/</a>. Now, be the first one on your block to use Google Mock and prepare to be envied. Did I say life is unfair? Remember to download this episode and post it in your office! <a href="http://code.google.com/testing/TotT-2008-12-11.pdf">Toilet-Friendly Version</a> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Mockers of the (C++) World, Delight!&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/12/mockers-of-c-world-delight.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/12/mockers-of-c-world-delight.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>2 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/12/mockers-of-c-world-delight.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/C%2B%2B' rel='tag'> C++ </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Zhanyong%20Wan' rel='tag'> Zhanyong Wan </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='4596842432845665451' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/07/announcing-new-google-c-testing.html' itemprop='url' title='Announcing: New Google C++ Testing Framework'> Announcing: New Google C++ Testing Framework </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Thursday, July 03, 2008 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> Posted by Zhanyong Wan, Software Engineer We all know the importance of writing automated tests to cover our code. To make it easier for everyone to write good C++ tests, today we have open-sourced <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/" id="fl82" target="_blank">Google C++ Testing Framework</a> (Google Test for short), a library that thousands of Googlers have been using in our C++ programs. Highlights of the project include: <ul id="fl821"><li id="fl822"> Google Test is portable: it works on a variety of platforms (Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, and more), with several versions of GCC and MSVC compilers, and with or without exceptions. You can even use it in embedded systems like Windows CE and Symbian. Build tools and test runners for many of these are under active development, with Linux <a title="Autotools" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/" id="aq27">Autotools</a> support already in place. </li><li id="fl824"> It supports both <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestPrimer#Basic_Concepts" id="fl825" target="_blank">fatal and nonfatal</a> assertions. The test will continue after a nonfatal failure. This allows more problems to be uncovered and fixed in a single edit-compile-test cycle. </li><li id="fl826"> It provides many <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestPrimer#Assertions" id="fl827" target="_blank">assertions</a> for common testing needs, and lets you easily <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestAdvancedGuide#Predicate_Assertions" id="fl828" target="_blank">define new assertions</a> for less common cases. </li><li id="fl829"> On Linux, you can write <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestAdvancedGuide#Death_Tests" id="fl8210" target="_blank">death tests</a> to ensure that your code crashes with expected errors. </li><li id="fl8211">Because it's based on the popular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XUnit" id="fl8212" target="_blank">xUnit</a> architecture, Google Test is easy to learn if you've used any testing framework in this family before. </li></ul> It will take you about 10 minutes to learn <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestPrimer" id="fl8213" target="_blank">the basics</a> and get started. Stay tuned to this blog for helpful Google Test information in upcoming Testing on the Toilet episodes. Please send questions and feedback to <a title="googletestframework@googlegroups.com" href="mailto:googletestframework@googlegroups.com" id="bx9o">googletestframework@googlegroups.com</a> (the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/googletestframework" id="fl8215" target="_blank">Google Test Discussion Group</a>). See you there! <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> Posted by Zhanyong Wan, Software Engineer We all know the importance of writing automated tests to cover our code. To make it easier for everyone to write good C++ tests, today we have open-sourced <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/" id="fl82" target="_blank">Google C++ Testing Framework</a> (Google Test for short), a library that thousands of Googlers have been using in our C++ programs. Highlights of the project include: <ul id="fl821"><li id="fl822"> Google Test is portable: it works on a variety of platforms (Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, and more), with several versions of GCC and MSVC compilers, and with or without exceptions. You can even use it in embedded systems like Windows CE and Symbian. Build tools and test runners for many of these are under active development, with Linux <a title="Autotools" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/" id="aq27">Autotools</a> support already in place. </li><li id="fl824"> It supports both <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestPrimer#Basic_Concepts" id="fl825" target="_blank">fatal and nonfatal</a> assertions. The test will continue after a nonfatal failure. This allows more problems to be uncovered and fixed in a single edit-compile-test cycle. </li><li id="fl826"> It provides many <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestPrimer#Assertions" id="fl827" target="_blank">assertions</a> for common testing needs, and lets you easily <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestAdvancedGuide#Predicate_Assertions" id="fl828" target="_blank">define new assertions</a> for less common cases. </li><li id="fl829"> On Linux, you can write <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestAdvancedGuide#Death_Tests" id="fl8210" target="_blank">death tests</a> to ensure that your code crashes with expected errors. </li><li id="fl8211">Because it's based on the popular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XUnit" id="fl8212" target="_blank">xUnit</a> architecture, Google Test is easy to learn if you've used any testing framework in this family before. </li></ul> It will take you about 10 minutes to learn <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestPrimer" id="fl8213" target="_blank">the basics</a> and get started. Stay tuned to this blog for helpful Google Test information in upcoming Testing on the Toilet episodes. Please send questions and feedback to <a title="googletestframework@googlegroups.com" href="mailto:googletestframework@googlegroups.com" id="bx9o">googletestframework@googlegroups.com</a> (the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/googletestframework" id="fl8215" target="_blank">Google Test Discussion Group</a>). See you there! <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Announcing: New Google C++ Testing Framework&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/07/announcing-new-google-c-testing.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/07/announcing-new-google-c-testing.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>11 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' 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src='data:image/png;base64,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'/> <h2> Labels </h2>  </div> <div class='widget-content list-label-widget-content'> <ul> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT'> TotT </a> 102 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/GTAC'> GTAC </a> 61 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/James%20Whittaker'> James Whittaker </a> 42 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Misko%20Hevery'> Misko Hevery </a> 32 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Code%20Health'> Code Health </a> 30 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Anthony%20Vallone'> Anthony Vallone </a> 27 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Patrick%20Copeland'> Patrick Copeland </a> 23 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jobs'> Jobs </a> 18 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Andrew%20Trenk'> Andrew Trenk </a> 12 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/C%2B%2B'> C++ </a> 11 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Patrik%20H%C3%B6glund'> Patrik Höglund </a> 8 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/JavaScript'> JavaScript </a> 7 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Allen%20Hutchison'> Allen Hutchison </a> 6 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/George%20Pirocanac'> George Pirocanac </a> 6 </li> <li> Zhanyong Wan 6 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Harry%20Robinson'> Harry Robinson </a> 5 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Java'> Java </a> 5 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Julian%20Harty'> Julian Harty </a> 5 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Adam%20Bender'> Adam Bender </a> 4 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Alberto%20Savoia'> Alberto Savoia </a> 4 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Ben%20Yu'> Ben Yu </a> 4 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Erik%20Kuefler'> Erik Kuefler </a> 4 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Philip%20Zembrod'> Philip Zembrod </a> 4 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Shyam%20Seshadri'> Shyam Seshadri </a> 4 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Chrome'> Chrome </a> 3 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Dillon%20Bly'> Dillon Bly </a> 3 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/John%20Thomas'> John Thomas </a> 3 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Lesley%20Katzen'> Lesley Katzen </a> 3 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Marc%20Kaplan'> Marc Kaplan </a> 3 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Markus%20Clermont'> Markus Clermont </a> 3 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Max%20Kanat-Alexander'> Max Kanat-Alexander </a> 3 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Sonal%20Shah'> Sonal Shah </a> 3 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/APIs'> APIs </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Abhishek%20Arya'> Abhishek Arya </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Alan%20Myrvold'> Alan Myrvold </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Alek%20Icev'> Alek Icev </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Android'> Android </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/April%20Fools'> April Fools </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Chaitali%20Narla'> Chaitali Narla </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Chris%20Lewis'> Chris Lewis </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Chrome%20OS'> Chrome OS </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Diego%20Salas'> Diego Salas </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Dori%20Reuveni'> Dori Reuveni </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jason%20Arbon'> Jason Arbon </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jochen%20Wuttke'> Jochen Wuttke </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Kostya%20Serebryany'> Kostya Serebryany </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Marc%20Eaddy'> Marc Eaddy </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Marko%20Ivankovi%C4%87'> Marko Ivanković </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Mobile'> Mobile </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Oliver%20Chang'> Oliver Chang </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Simon%20Stewart'> Simon Stewart </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Stefan%20Kennedy'> Stefan Kennedy </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Test%20Flakiness'> Test Flakiness </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Titus%20Winters'> Titus Winters </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Tony%20Voellm'> Tony Voellm </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/WebRTC'> WebRTC </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Yiming%20Sun'> Yiming Sun </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Yvette%20Nameth'> Yvette Nameth </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Zuri%20Kemp'> Zuri Kemp </a> 2 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Aaron%20Jacobs'> Aaron Jacobs </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Adam%20Porter'> Adam Porter </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Adam%20Raider'> Adam Raider </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Adel%20Saoud'> Adel Saoud </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Alan%20Faulkner'> Alan Faulkner </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Alex%20Eagle'> Alex Eagle </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Amy%20Fu'> Amy Fu </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Anantha%20Keesara'> Anantha Keesara </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Antoine%20Picard'> Antoine Picard </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/App%20Engine'> App Engine </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Ari%20Shamash'> Ari Shamash </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Arif%20Sukoco'> Arif Sukoco </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Benjamin%20Pick'> Benjamin Pick </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Bob%20Nystrom'> Bob Nystrom </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Bruce%20Leban'> Bruce Leban </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Carlos%20Arguelles'> Carlos Arguelles </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Carlos%20Israel%20Ortiz%20Garc%C3%ADa'> Carlos Israel Ortiz García </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Cathal%20Weakliam'> Cathal Weakliam </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Christopher%20Semturs'> Christopher Semturs </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Clay%20Murphy'> Clay Murphy </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Dagang%20Wei'> Dagang Wei </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Dan%20Maksimovich'> Dan Maksimovich </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Dan%20Shi'> Dan Shi </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Dan%20Willemsen'> Dan Willemsen </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Dave%20Chen'> Dave Chen </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Dave%20Gladfelter'> Dave Gladfelter </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/David%20Bendory'> David Bendory </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/David%20Mandelberg'> David Mandelberg </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Derek%20Snyder'> Derek Snyder </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Diego%20Cavalcanti'> Diego Cavalcanti </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Dmitry%20Vyukov'> Dmitry Vyukov </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Eduardo%20Bravo%20Ortiz'> Eduardo Bravo Ortiz </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Ekaterina%20Kamenskaya'> Ekaterina Kamenskaya </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Elliott%20Karpilovsky'> Elliott Karpilovsky </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Elliotte%20Rusty%20Harold'> Elliotte Rusty Harold </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Espresso'> Espresso </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Felipe%20Sodr%C3%A9'> Felipe Sodré </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Francois%20Aube'> Francois Aube </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Gene%20Volovich'> Gene Volovich </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Google%2B'> Google+ </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Goran%20Petrovic'> Goran Petrovic </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Goranka%20Bjedov'> Goranka Bjedov </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Hank%20Duan'> Hank Duan </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Havard%20Rast%20Blok'> Havard Rast Blok </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Hongfei%20Ding'> Hongfei Ding </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jason%20Elbaum'> Jason Elbaum </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jason%20Huggins'> Jason Huggins </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jay%20Han'> Jay Han </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jeff%20Hoy'> Jeff Hoy </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jeff%20Listfield'> Jeff Listfield </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jessica%20Tomechak'> Jessica Tomechak </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jim%20Reardon'> Jim Reardon </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Joe%20Allan%20Muharsky'> Joe Allan Muharsky </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Joel%20Hynoski'> Joel Hynoski </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/John%20Micco'> John Micco </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/John%20Penix'> John Penix </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jonathan%20Rockway'> Jonathan Rockway </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Jonathan%20Velasquez'> Jonathan Velasquez </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Josh%20Armour'> Josh Armour </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Julie%20Ralph'> Julie Ralph </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Kai%20Kent'> Kai Kent </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Karin%20Lundberg'> Karin Lundberg </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Kaue%20Silveira'> Kaue Silveira </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Kevin%20Bourrillion'> Kevin Bourrillion </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Kevin%20Graney'> Kevin Graney </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Kirkland'> Kirkland </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Kurt%20Alfred%20Kluever'> Kurt Alfred Kluever </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Manjusha%20Parvathaneni'> Manjusha Parvathaneni </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Marek%20Kiszkis'> Marek Kiszkis </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Marius%20Latinis'> Marius Latinis </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Mark%20Ivey'> Mark Ivey </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Mark%20Manley'> Mark Manley </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Mark%20Striebeck'> Mark Striebeck </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Matt%20Lowrie'> Matt Lowrie </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Meredith%20Whittaker'> Meredith Whittaker </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Michael%20Bachman'> Michael Bachman </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Michael%20Klepikov'> Michael Klepikov </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Mike%20Aizatsky'> Mike Aizatsky </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Mike%20Wacker'> Mike Wacker </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Mona%20El%20Mahdy'> Mona El Mahdy </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Noel%20Yap'> Noel Yap </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Palak%20Bansal'> Palak Bansal </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Patricia%20Legaspi'> Patricia Legaspi </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Per%20Jacobsson'> Per Jacobsson </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Peter%20Arrenbrecht'> Peter Arrenbrecht </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Peter%20Spragins'> Peter Spragins </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Phil%20Norman'> Phil Norman </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Phil%20Rollet'> Phil Rollet </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Pooja%20Gupta'> Pooja Gupta </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Project%20Showcase'> Project Showcase </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Radoslav%20Vasilev'> Radoslav Vasilev </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Rajat%20Dewan'> Rajat Dewan </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Rajat%20Jain'> Rajat Jain </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Rich%20Martin'> Rich Martin </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Richard%20Bustamante'> Richard Bustamante </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Roshan%20Sembacuttiaratchy'> Roshan Sembacuttiaratchy </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Ruslan%20Khamitov'> Ruslan Khamitov </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Sam%20Lee'> Sam Lee </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Sean%20Jordan'> Sean Jordan </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Sharon%20Zhou'> Sharon Zhou </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Shiva%20Garg'> Shiva Garg </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Siddartha%20Janga'> Siddartha Janga </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Simran%20Basi'> Simran Basi </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Stan%20Chan'> Stan Chan </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Stephen%20Ng'> Stephen Ng </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Tejas%20Shah'> Tejas Shah </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Test%20Analytics'> Test Analytics </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Test%20Engineer'> Test Engineer </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Tim%20Lyakhovetskiy'> Tim Lyakhovetskiy </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Tom%20O%27Neill'> Tom O'Neill </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Vojta%20J%C3%ADna'> Vojta Jína </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/automation'> automation </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/dead%20code'> dead code </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/iOS'> iOS </a> 1 </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/mutation%20testing'> mutation testing </a> 1 </li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget BlogArchive' data-version='1' id='BlogArchive1'> <div class='tab'>  <h2> Archive </h2>  </div> <div class='widget-content'> <div id='ArchiveList'> <div id='BlogArchive1_ArchiveList'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ▼  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/'> 2024 </a> (12) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li 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class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/04/'> Apr </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/03/'> Mar </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/02/'> Feb </a> (1) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/'> 2015 </a> (14) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' 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