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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">André Weil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="أندريه ويل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أندريه ويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C" title="آندره وی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آندره وی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Андрэ Вейль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Андрэ Вейль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Андре Вейл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Андре Вейл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AD_%CE%92%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BB" title="Αντρέ Βέιλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντρέ Βέιλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C" title="آندره وی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آندره وی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%99%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88_%EB%B2%A0%EC%9C%A0" title="앙드레 베유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앙드레 베유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C" title="אנדרה וייל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדרה וייל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Андре Вейл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Андре Вейл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Weil" title="Andreas Weil – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Andreas Weil" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ანდრე ვეილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანდრე ვეილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اندريه ويل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اندريه ويل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A6" title="アンドレ・ヴェイユ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンドレ・ヴェイユ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Вейль, Андре – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вейль, Андре" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Андре Вейл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Андре Вейл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Андре Вейль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Андре Вейль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="André Weil" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%8A" title="安德烈·韦伊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安德烈·韦伊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the English mathematician, see <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">André Weil</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9_Weil_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Andr%C3%A9_Weil_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-05-06</span>)</span>6 May 1906<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 August 1998<span style="display:none">(1998-08-06)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bergman%E2%80%93Weil_formula" title="Bergman–Weil formula">Bergman–Weil formula</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Borel%E2%80%93Weil_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Borel–Weil theorem">Borel–Weil theorem</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Weil_homomorphism" title="Chern–Weil homomorphism">Chern–Weil homomorphism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Weil_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chern–Weil theory">Chern–Weil theory</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/De_Rham%E2%80%93Weil_theorem" title="De Rham–Weil theorem">De Rham–Weil theorem</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil%27s_explicit_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Weil's explicit formula">Weil's explicit formula</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasse-Weil_bound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasse-Weil bound (page does not exist)">Hasse-Weil bound</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Weil_zeta_function" title="Hasse–Weil zeta function">Hasse–Weil zeta function</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Weil_L-function" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasse–Weil L-function">Hasse–Weil L-function</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mordell%E2%80%93Weil_group" title="Mordell–Weil group">Mordell–Weil group</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mordell%E2%80%93Weil_theorem" title="Mordell–Weil theorem">Mordell–Weil theorem</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Weil_theorem" title="Oka–Weil theorem">Oka–Weil theorem</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Siegel%E2%80%93Weil_formula" title="Siegel–Weil formula">Siegel–Weil formula</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shafarevich%E2%80%93Weil_theorem" title="Shafarevich–Weil theorem">Shafarevich–Weil theorem</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Taniyama%E2%80%93Shimura%E2%80%93Weil_conjecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture">Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil_algebra" title="Weil algebra">Weil algebra</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil%E2%80%93Brezin_Map" title="Weil–Brezin Map">Weil–Brezin Map</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil%E2%80%93Ch%C3%A2telet_group" title="Weil–Châtelet group">Weil–Châtelet group</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil_cohomology" class="mw-redirect" title="Weil cohomology">Weil cohomology</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil_conjectures" title="Weil conjectures">Weil conjectures</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil_conjecture_on_Tamagawa_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers">Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil%27s_criterion" title="Weil's criterion">Weil's criterion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil%E2%80%93Deligne_group_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Weil–Deligne group scheme">Weil–Deligne group scheme</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weil_distribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weil distribution (page does not exist)">Weil distribution</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil_divisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Weil divisor">Weil divisor</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil_group" title="Weil group">Weil group</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Weil height">Weil height</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weil_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weil number (page does not exist)">Weil number</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil_pairing" title="Weil pairing">Weil pairing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil%E2%80%93Petersson_metric" title="Weil–Petersson metric">Weil–Petersson metric</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil_reciprocity_law" title="Weil reciprocity law">Weil reciprocity law</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Weil representation">Weil representation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weil_restriction" title="Weil restriction">Weil restriction</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Wolf Prize</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_P._Steele_Prize" title="Leroy P. Steele Prize">Leroy P. Steele Prize</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service_to_Science" title="Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science">Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize" title="Kyoto Prize">Kyoto Prize</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de São Paulo">Universidade de São Paulo</a> (1945–47)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (1947–58)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Hadamard" title="Jacques Hadamard">Jacques Hadamard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89mile_Picard" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Émile Picard">Charles Émile Picard</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cartier_(mathematician)" title="Pierre Cartier (mathematician)">Pierre Cartier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harley_Flanders" title="Harley Flanders">Harley Flanders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Alvin_Howard" title="William Alvin Howard">William A. Howard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teruhisa_Matsusaka" title="Teruhisa Matsusaka">Teruhisa Matsusaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Swinnerton-Dyer" title="Peter Swinnerton-Dyer">Peter Swinnerton-Dyer</a><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Rodrigues_(matem%C3%A1tico)" class="extiw" title="pt:Alexandre Rodrigues (matemático)">Alexandre Augusto Martins Rodrigues</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>André Weil</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɑ̃dʁe<span class="wrap"> </span>vɛj]</a></span>; 6 May 1906 – 6 August 1998) was a French <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, known for his foundational work in <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">algebraic geometry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the most influential mathematicians of the twentieth century. His influence is due both to his original contributions to a remarkably broad spectrum of mathematical theories, and to the mark he left on mathematical practice and style, through some of his own works as well as through the <a href="/wiki/Bourbaki_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbaki group">Bourbaki group</a>, of which he was one of the principal founders. </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French mathematician (1906–1998)</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Andre Vial and boy, 1956" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Weil.jpg/220px-Weil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Weil.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Andre Weil and boy, 1956</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Weil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>André Weil was born in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian Jew">Alsatian Jewish</a> parents who fled the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> in 1870–71. <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a>, who would later become a famous philosopher, was Weil's younger sister and only sibling. He studied in Paris, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> and received his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">doctorate</a> in 1928. While in Germany, Weil befriended <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Siegel" title="Carl Ludwig Siegel">Carl Ludwig Siegel</a>. Starting in 1930, he spent two academic years at <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a> in India. Aside from mathematics, Weil held lifelong interests in classical Greek and Latin literature, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a>: he had taught himself Sanskrit in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Aczel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aczel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After teaching for one year at <a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix-Marseille University</a>, he taught for six years at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a>. He married Éveline de Possel (née Éveline Gillet) in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-enlisant_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enlisant-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weil was in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> when <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out; he had been traveling in Scandinavia since April 1939. His wife Éveline returned to France without him. Weil was arrested in Finland at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> on suspicion of spying; however, accounts of his life having been in danger were shown to be exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weil returned to France via Sweden and the United Kingdom, and was detained at <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> in January 1940. He was charged with <a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">failure to report for duty</a>, and was imprisoned in Le Havre and then <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>. It was in the military prison in Bonne-Nouvelle, a district of Rouen, from February to May, that Weil completed the work that made his reputation. He was tried on 3 May 1940. Sentenced to five years, he requested to be attached to a military unit instead, and was given the chance to join a regiment in <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville" title="Cherbourg-Octeville">Cherbourg</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a> in June 1940, he met up with his family in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, where he arrived by sea. He then went to <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>, where he managed to join his wife, Éveline, who had been living in German-occupied France. </p><p>In January 1941, Weil and his family sailed from Marseille to New York. He spent the remainder of the war in the United States, where he was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/John_Simon_Guggenheim_Memorial_Foundation" title="John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation">Guggenheim Foundation</a>. For two years, he taught undergraduate mathematics at <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh University</a>, where he was unappreciated, overworked and poorly paid, although he did not have to worry about being drafted, unlike his American students. He quit the job at Lehigh and moved to Brazil, where he taught at the <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de São Paulo">Universidade de São Paulo</a> from 1945 to 1947, working with <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a>. Weil and his wife had two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Sylvie_Weil" title="Sylvie Weil">Sylvie</a> (born in 1942) and Nicolette (born in 1946).<sup id="cite_ref-enlisant_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enlisant-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then returned to the United States and taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> from 1947 to 1958, before moving to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a>, where he would spend the remainder of his career. He was a Plenary Speaker at the <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians" title="International Congress of Mathematicians">ICM</a> in 1950 in Cambridge, Massachusetts,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1954 in Amsterdam,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1978 in Helsinki.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weil was elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1966">Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1966</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, he shared the second <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Wolf Prize in Mathematics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leray" title="Jean Leray">Jean Leray</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Weil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weil made substantial contributions in a number of areas, the most important being his discovery of profound connections between <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">algebraic geometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>. This began in his doctoral work leading to the <a href="/wiki/Mordell%E2%80%93Weil_theorem" title="Mordell–Weil theorem">Mordell–Weil theorem</a> (1928, and shortly applied in <a href="/wiki/Siegel%27s_theorem_on_integral_points" title="Siegel's theorem on integral points">Siegel's theorem on integral points</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mordell%27s_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordell's theorem">Mordell's theorem</a> had an <i>ad hoc</i> proof;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weil began the separation of the <a href="/wiki/Infinite_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinite descent">infinite descent</a> argument into two types of structural approach, by means of <a href="/wiki/Height_function" title="Height function">height functions</a> for sizing rational points, and by means of <a href="/wiki/Galois_cohomology" title="Galois cohomology">Galois cohomology</a>, which would not be categorized as such for another two decades. Both aspects of Weil's work have steadily developed into substantial theories. </p><p>Among his major accomplishments were the 1940s proof of the <a href="/wiki/Weil_conjectures" title="Weil conjectures">Riemann hypothesis for zeta-functions</a> of curves over finite fields,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his subsequent laying of proper <a href="/wiki/Foundations_for_algebraic_geometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundations for algebraic geometry">foundations for algebraic geometry</a> to support that result (from 1942 to 1946, most intensively). The so-called <a href="/wiki/Weil_conjectures" title="Weil conjectures">Weil conjectures</a> were hugely influential from around 1950; these statements were later proved by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Dwork" title="Bernard Dwork">Bernard Dwork</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck" title="Alexander Grothendieck">Alexander Grothendieck</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a>, and finally by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deligne" title="Pierre Deligne">Pierre Deligne</a>, who completed the most difficult step in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weil introduced the <a href="/wiki/Adele_ring" title="Adele ring">adele ring</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the late 1930s, following <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chevalley" title="Claude Chevalley">Claude Chevalley</a>'s lead with the <a href="/wiki/Idele" class="mw-redirect" title="Idele">ideles</a>, and gave a proof of the <a href="/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Roch_theorem" title="Riemann–Roch theorem">Riemann–Roch theorem</a> with them (a version appeared in his <i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Number_Theory" title="Basic Number Theory">Basic Number Theory</a></i> in 1967).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 'matrix divisor' (<a href="/wiki/Vector_bundle" title="Vector bundle">vector bundle</a> <i>avant la lettre</i>) Riemann–Roch theorem from 1938 was a very early anticipation of later ideas such as moduli spaces of bundles. The <a href="/wiki/Weil_conjecture_on_Tamagawa_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers">Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proved resistant for many years. Eventually the adelic approach became basic in <a href="/wiki/Automorphic_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Automorphic representation">automorphic representation</a> theory. He picked up another credited <i>Weil conjecture</i>, around 1967, which later under pressure from <a href="/wiki/Serge_Lang" title="Serge Lang">Serge Lang</a> (resp. of Serre) became known as the <a href="/wiki/Taniyama%E2%80%93Shimura_conjecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Taniyama–Shimura conjecture">Taniyama–Shimura conjecture</a> (resp. Taniyama–Weil conjecture) based on a roughly formulated question of Taniyama at the 1955 Nikkō conference. His attitude towards conjectures was that one should not dignify a guess as a conjecture lightly, and in the Taniyama case, the evidence was only there after extensive computational work carried out from the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other significant results were on <a href="/wiki/Pontryagin_duality" title="Pontryagin duality">Pontryagin duality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Differential_geometry" title="Differential geometry">differential geometry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He introduced the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_space" title="Uniform space">uniform space</a> in <a href="/wiki/General_topology" title="General topology">general topology</a>, as a by-product of his collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bourbaki" title="Nicolas Bourbaki">Nicolas Bourbaki</a> (of which he was a Founding Father). His work on <a href="/wiki/Sheaf_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheaf theory">sheaf theory</a> hardly appears in his published papers, but correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Cartan" title="Henri Cartan">Henri Cartan</a> in the late 1940s, and reprinted in his collected papers, proved most influential. He also chose the symbol <a href="/wiki/Null_sign" title="Null sign">∅</a>, derived from the letter <a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian alphabet">Norwegian alphabet</a> (which he alone among the Bourbaki group was familiar with), to represent the <a href="/wiki/Empty_set" title="Empty set">empty set</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weil also made a well-known contribution in <a href="/wiki/Riemannian_geometry" title="Riemannian geometry">Riemannian geometry</a> in his very first paper in 1926, when he showed that the classical <a href="/wiki/Isoperimetric_inequality" title="Isoperimetric inequality">isoperimetric inequality</a> holds on non-positively curved surfaces. This established the 2-dimensional case of what later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Cartan%E2%80%93Hadamard_conjecture" title="Cartan–Hadamard conjecture">Cartan–Hadamard conjecture</a>. </p><p>He discovered that the so-called <a href="/wiki/Weil_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Weil representation">Weil representation</a>, previously introduced in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Segal" title="Irving Segal">Irving Segal</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Shale" title="David Shale">David Shale</a>, gave a contemporary framework for understanding the classical theory of <a href="/wiki/Quadratic_form" title="Quadratic form">quadratic forms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also a beginning of a substantial development by others, connecting <a href="/wiki/Representation_theory" title="Representation theory">representation theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theta_function" title="Theta function">theta functions</a>. </p><p>Weil was a member of both the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_expositor">As expositor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Weil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As expositor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weil's ideas made an important contribution to the writings and seminars of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bourbaki" title="Nicolas Bourbaki">Bourbaki</a>, before and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He also wrote several books on the history of number theory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Weil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu thought</a> had great influence on Weil.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an agnostic,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he respected religions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Weil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asteroid <a href="/wiki/289085_Andreweil" class="mw-redirect" title="289085 Andreweil">289085 Andreweil</a>, discovered by astronomers at the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Sulpice Observatory">Saint-Sulpice Observatory</a> in 2004, was named in his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-object_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-object-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official <a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_289001%E2%80%93290000#085" title="Meanings of minor planet names: 289001–290000">naming citation</a> was published by the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> on 14 February 2014 (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Planet Circulars">M.P.C.</a> 87143</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Weil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mathematical works: </p> <ul><li><i>Arithmétique et géométrie sur les variétés algébriques</i> (1935)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sur les espaces à structure uniforme et sur la topologie générale</i> (1937)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>L'intégration dans les groupes topologiques et ses applications</i> (1940)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeil1946" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weil, André</a> (1946), <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Algebraic_Geometry" title="Foundations of Algebraic Geometry"><i>Foundations of Algebraic Geometry</i></a>, American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publications, vol. 29, Providence, R.I.: <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-1029-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-1029-3"><bdi>978-0-8218-1029-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0023093">0023093</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Algebraic+Geometry&rft.place=Providence%2C+R.I.&rft.series=American+Mathematical+Society+Colloquium+Publications%2C+vol.+29&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-1029-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0023093%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sur les courbes algébriques et les variétés qui s'en déduisent</i> (1948)</li> <li><i>Variétés abéliennes et courbes algébriques</i> (1948)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Introduction à l'étude des variétés kählériennes</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>Discontinuous subgroups of classical groups</i> (1958) Chicago lecture notes</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil1967" class="citation cs2">Weil, André (1967), <i>Basic number theory.</i>, Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 144, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-58655-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-58655-5"><bdi>3-540-58655-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0234930">0234930</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+number+theory.&rft.series=Die+Grundlehren+der+mathematischen+Wissenschaften&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+New+York%2C+Inc.%2C+New+York&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=3-540-58655-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0234930%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Dirichlet Series and Automorphic Forms, Lezioni Fermiane</i> (1971) Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 189<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Essais historiques sur la théorie des nombres</i> (1975)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Elliptic_Functions_According_to_Eisenste.html?id=voR95sDdb_MC"><i>Elliptic Functions According to Eisenstein and Kronecker</i></a> (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Number Theory for Beginners</i> (1979) with Maxwell Rosenlicht<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Adeles and Algebraic Groups</i> (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Number_Theory.html?id=XSV0hDFj3loC"><i>Number Theory: An Approach Through History From Hammurapi to Legendre</i></a> (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Collected papers: </p> <ul><li><i>Œuvres Scientifiques, Collected Works, three volumes</i> (1979)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weil, André (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/mathematics/algebra/book/978-3-540-85888-1"><i>Œuvres Scientifiques / Collected Papers</i></a>. Springer Collected Works in Mathematics (in English, French, and German). Vol. 1 (1926–1951) (2nd printing ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-85888-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-85888-1"><bdi>978-3-540-85888-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%92uvres+Scientifiques+%2F+Collected+Papers&rft.series=Springer+Collected+Works+in+Mathematics&rft.edition=2nd+printing&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009-03&rft.isbn=978-3-540-85888-1&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fmathematics%2Falgebra%2Fbook%2F978-3-540-85888-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weil, André (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/mathematics/algebra/book/978-3-540-87735-6"><i>Œuvres Scientifiques / Collected Papers</i></a>. Springer Collected Works in Mathematics (in English, French, and German). Vol. 2 (1951-1964) (2nd printing ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-87735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-87735-6"><bdi>978-3-540-87735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%92uvres+Scientifiques+%2F+Collected+Papers&rft.series=Springer+Collected+Works+in+Mathematics&rft.edition=2nd+printing&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009-03&rft.isbn=978-3-540-87735-6&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fmathematics%2Falgebra%2Fbook%2F978-3-540-87735-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weil, André (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/mathematics/algebra/book/978-3-540-87737-0"><i>Œuvres Scientifiques / Collected Papers</i></a>. Springer Collected Works in Mathematics (in English, French, and German). Vol. 3 (1964-1978) (2nd printing ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-87737-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-87737-0"><bdi>978-3-540-87737-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%92uvres+Scientifiques+%2F+Collected+Papers&rft.series=Springer+Collected+Works+in+Mathematics&rft.edition=2nd+printing&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009-03&rft.isbn=978-3-540-87737-0&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fmathematics%2Falgebra%2Fbook%2F978-3-540-87737-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="autobiography"></span><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a>: </p> <ul><li>French: <i>Souvenirs d'Apprentissage</i> (1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7643-2500-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-7643-2500-3">3-7643-2500-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3619730">Review in English</a> by J. E. Cremona.</li> <li>English translation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Apprenticeship_of_a_Mathematician.html?id=73REHmJ9JNUC"><i>The Apprenticeship of a Mathematician</i></a> (1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8176-2650-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8176-2650-6">0-8176-2650-6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/199904/rev-varadarajan.pdf">Review</a> by <a href="/wiki/Veeravalli_S._Varadarajan" title="Veeravalli S. Varadarajan">Veeravalli S. Varadarajan</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1993-28-01/S0273-0979-1993-00337-9/S0273-0979-1993-00337-9.pdf">Review</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a></li></ul> <p>Memoir by his daughter: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/At_Home_with_André_and_Simone_Weil.html?id=OdeDlT9-GBUC"><i>At Home with André and Simone Weil</i></a> by Sylvie Weil, translated by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ivry" title="Benjamin Ivry">Benjamin Ivry</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2704-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2704-3">978-0-8101-2704-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a>, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Weil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="List of things named after André Weil">List of things named after André Weil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Weil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerre1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre" title="Jean-Pierre Serre">Serre, J.-P.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1999.0034">"Andre Weil. 6 May 1906 – 6 August 1998: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1966"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>45</b>: 519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1999.0034">10.1098/rsbm.1999.0034</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Andre+Weil.+6+May+1906+%E2%80%93+6+August+1998%3A+Elected+For.Mem.R.S.+1966&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=519&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1999.0034&rft.aulast=Serre&rft.aufirst=J.-P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1999.0034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=6385">André Weil</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorgan1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(journalist)" title="John Horgan (journalist)">Horgan, J</a> (1994). "Profile: Andre Weil – The Last Universal Mathematician". <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>270</b> (6): 33–34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994SciAm.270f..33H">1994SciAm.270f..33H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0694-33">10.1038/scientificamerican0694-33</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Andre+Weil+%E2%80%93+The+Last+Universal+Mathematician&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=33-34&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0694-33&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994SciAm.270f..33H&rft.aulast=Horgan&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aczel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aczel_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amir D. Aczel,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fRCH-at7wgYC&pg=PA25"><i>The Artist and the Mathematician,</i></a> Basic Books, 2009 pp. 17ff., p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~aknapp/BorelOnWeil.pdf">"Borel, Armand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Borel%2C+Armand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.sunysb.edu%2F~aknapp%2FBorelOnWeil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enlisant-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enlisant_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enlisant_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYpsilantis2017" class="citation web cs1">Ypsilantis, Olivier (31 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zakhor-online.com/?p=11876">"En lisant " Chez les Weil. André et Simone "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=En+lisant+%22+Chez+les+Weil.+Andr%C3%A9+et+Simone+%22&rft.date=2017-03-31&rft.aulast=Ypsilantis&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzakhor-online.com%2F%3Fp%3D11876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osmo Pekonen: <i>L'affaire Weil à Helsinki en 1939</i>, Gazette des mathématiciens 52 (avril 1992), pp. 13–20. With an afterword by André Weil.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, André. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1950.2/Main/icm1950.2.0090.0102.ocr.pdf">"Number theory and algebraic geometry."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830035538/http://mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1950.2/Main/icm1950.2.0090.0102.ocr.pdf">Archived</a> 30 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In Proc. Intern. Math. Congres., Cambridge, Mass., vol. 2, pp. 90–100. 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil,_A." class="citation book cs1">Weil, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1954.3/Main/icm1954.3.0550.0558.ocr.pdf">"Abstract versus classical algebraic geometry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><span></span></i>In:<i> Proceedings of International Congress of Mathematicians, 1954, Amsterdam</i>. Vol. 3. pp. 550–558. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1954.3/Main/icm1954.3.0550.0558.ocr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abstract+versus+classical+algebraic+geometry&rft.btitle=In%3A+Proceedings+of+International+Congress+of+Mathematicians%2C+1954%2C+Amsterdam&rft.pages=550-558&rft.au=Weil%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathunion.org%2FICM%2FICM1954.3%2FMain%2Ficm1954.3.0550.0558.ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil,_A." class="citation book cs1">Weil, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1978.1/Main/icm1978.1.0227.0236.ocr.pdf">"History of mathematics: How and why"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><span></span></i>In:<i> Proceedings of International Congress of Mathematicians, (Helsinki, 1978)</i>. Vol. 1. pp. 227–236. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1978.1/Main/icm1978.1.0227.0236.ocr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+mathematics%3A+How+and+why&rft.btitle=In%3A+Proceedings+of+International+Congress+of+Mathematicians%2C+%28Helsinki%2C+1978%29&rft.pages=227-236&rft.au=Weil%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathunion.org%2FICM%2FICM1978.1%2FMain%2Ficm1978.1.0227.0236.ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Weil, <i>L'arithmétique sur les courbes algébriques</i>, Acta Math 52, (1929) p. 281–315, reprinted in vol 1 of his collected papers <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90330-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-90330-5">0-387-90330-5</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordell1922" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mordell" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mordell">Mordell, L. J.</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proceedingscambr21camb/page/178/mode/2up">"On the rational solutions of the indeterminate equations of the third and fourth degrees"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Proceedings_of_the_Cambridge_Philosophical_Society" title="Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society">Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</a></i>. <b>21</b>: 179–192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+rational+solutions+of+the+indeterminate+equations+of+the+third+and+fourth+degrees&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=179-192&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Mordell&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproceedingscambr21camb%2Fpage%2F178%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil1949" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weil, André</a> (1949), "Numbers of solutions of equations in finite fields", <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society" title="Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society">Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society</a></i>, <b>55</b> (5): 497–508, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1949-09219-4">10.1090/S0002-9904-1949-09219-4</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9904">0002-9904</a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0029393">0029393</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Numbers+of+solutions+of+equations+in+finite+fields&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=497-508&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0029393%23id-name%3DMR&rft.issn=0002-9904&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1949-09219-4&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted in Oeuvres Scientifiques/Collected Papers by André Weil <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90330-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-90330-5">0-387-90330-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwork1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Dwork" title="Bernard Dwork">Dwork, Bernard</a> (1960), "On the rationality of the zeta function of an algebraic variety", <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Mathematics" title="American Journal of Mathematics">American Journal of Mathematics</a></i>, <b>82</b> (3), American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 82, No. 3: 631–648, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2372974">10.2307/2372974</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9327">0002-9327</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2372974">2372974</a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0140494">0140494</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Mathematics&rft.atitle=On+the+rationality+of+the+zeta+function+of+an+algebraic+variety&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=631-648&rft.date=1960&rft.issn=0002-9327&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0140494%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2372974%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2372974&rft.aulast=Dwork&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrothendieck1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck" title="Alexander Grothendieck">Grothendieck, Alexander</a> (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grothendieckcircle.org/">"The cohomology theory of abstract algebraic varieties"</a>, <i>Proc. Internat. Congress Math. (Edinburgh, 1958)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 103–118, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0130879">0130879</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+cohomology+theory+of+abstract+algebraic+varieties&rft.btitle=Proc.+Internat.+Congress+Math.+%28Edinburgh%2C+1958%29&rft.pages=103-118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0130879%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Grothendieck&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrothendieckcircle.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrothendieck1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck" title="Alexander Grothendieck">Grothendieck, Alexander</a> (1995) [1965], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numdam.org/item?id=SB_1964-1966__9__41_0">"Formule de Lefschetz et rationalité des fonctions L"</a>, <i>Séminaire Bourbaki</i>, vol. 9, Paris: <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Math%C3%A9matique_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Société Mathématique de France">Société Mathématique de France</a>, pp. 41–55, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1608788">1608788</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Formule+de+Lefschetz+et+rationalit%C3%A9+des+fonctions+L&rft.btitle=S%C3%A9minaire+Bourbaki&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=41-55&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Math%C3%A9matique+de+France&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1608788%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Grothendieck&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numdam.org%2Fitem%3Fid%3DSB_1964-1966__9__41_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrothendieck1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck" title="Alexander Grothendieck">Grothendieck, Alexander</a> (1972), <i>Groupes de monodromie en 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groupes+de+monodromie+en+g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie+alg%C3%A9brique%2C+I%3A+S%C3%A9minaire+de+G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie+Alg%C3%A9brique+du+Bois-Marie+1967%E2%80%931969+%28SGA+7+I%29&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Mathematics&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0354656%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBFb0068688&rft.isbn=978-3-540-05987-5&rft.aulast=Grothendieck&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeligne1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deligne" title="Pierre Deligne">Deligne, Pierre</a> (1971), <a 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II"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Publications_Math%C3%A9matiques_de_l%27IH%C3%89S" title="Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS">Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS</a></i>, <b>52</b> (52): 137–252, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02684780">10.1007/BF02684780</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1618-1913">1618-1913</a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0601520">0601520</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189769469">189769469</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+Math%C3%A9matiques+de+l%27IH%C3%89S&rft.atitle=La+conjecture+de+Weil.+II&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=137-252&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189769469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D601520%23id-name%3DMR&rft.issn=1618-1913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02684780&rft.aulast=Deligne&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numdam.org%2Fitem%3Fid%3DPMIHES_1980__52__137_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeligneKatz1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deligne" title="Pierre Deligne">Deligne, Pierre</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Katz">Katz, Nicholas</a> (1973), <i>Groupes de monodromie en géométrie algébrique. 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(1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02391012">"Sur certains groupes d'opérateurs unitaires"</a>. <i>Acta Math.</i> (in French). <b>111</b>: 143–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02391012">10.1007/BF02391012</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Math.&rft.atitle=Sur+certains+groupes+d%27op%C3%A9rateurs+unitaires&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=143-211&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02391012&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF02391012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/45882.html">"Andre Weil"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Andre+Weil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F45882.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Andr%C3%A9+Weil&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DAndr%25C3%25A9%2BWeil%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borel, Armand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~aknapp/BorelOnWeil.pdf">[1]</a> (see also)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/638991/Andre-Weil">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_BetzMark_Christopher_Carnes,_American_Council_of_Learned_Societies2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Betz; Mark Christopher Carnes, <a href="/wiki/American_Council_of_Learned_Societies" title="American Council of Learned Societies">American Council of Learned Societies</a> (2002). <i>American National Biography: Supplement, Volume 1</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 676. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515063-6"><bdi>978-0-19-515063-6</bdi></a>. <q>Although as a lifelong agnostic he may have been somewhat bemused by Simone Weil's preoccupations with <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a>, he remained a vigilant guardian of her memory,...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography%3A+Supplement%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=676&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515063-6&rft.au=Paul+Betz&rft.au=Mark+Christopher+Carnes%2C+American+Council+of+Learned+Societies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._Grattan-Guinness2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/I._Grattan-Guinness" class="mw-redirect" title="I. Grattan-Guinness">I. Grattan-Guinness</a> (2004). I. Grattan-Guinness, Bhuri Singh Yadav (ed.). <i>History of the Mathematical Sciences</i>. Hindustan Book Agency. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85931-45-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85931-45-6"><bdi>978-81-85931-45-6</bdi></a>. <q>Like in mathematics he would go directly to the teaching of the Masters. He read <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> and was deeply impressed by <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a>. He had affinity for Hinduism. Andre Weil was an agnostic but respected religions. He often teased me about <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> in which he did not believe. He told me he would like to be reincarnated as a cat. He would often impress me by readings in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Mathematical+Sciences&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Hindustan+Book+Agency&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-85931-45-6&rft.au=I.+Grattan-Guinness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-object-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-object_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=289085">"289085 Andreweil (2004 TC244)"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=289085+Andreweil+%282004+TC244%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D289085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html">"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=MPC%2FMPO%2FMPS+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fiau%2FECS%2FMPCArchive%2FMPCArchive_TBL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOre1936" class="citation journal cs1">Ore, Oystein (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1936-06368-8">"Book Review: Arithmétique et Géométrie sur les Variétés Algébriques"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society</i>. <b>42</b> (9): 618–619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1936-06368-8">10.1090/S0002-9904-1936-06368-8</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Arithm%C3%A9tique+et+G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie+sur+les+Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+Alg%C3%A9briques&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=618-619&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1936-06368-8&rft.aulast=Ore&rft.aufirst=Oystein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1090%252FS0002-9904-1936-06368-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCairns,_Stewart_S.1939" class="citation journal cs1">Cairns, Stewart S. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1939-45-01/S0002-9904-1939-06919-X/S0002-9904-1939-06919-X.pdf">"Review: <i>Sur les Espaces à Structure Uniforme et sur la Topologie Générale</i>, by A. Weil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 59–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1939-06919-X">10.1090/s0002-9904-1939-06919-X</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1939-45-01/S0002-9904-1939-06919-X/S0002-9904-1939-06919-X.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Sur+les+Espaces+%C3%A0+Structure+Uniforme+et+sur+la+Topologie+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C+by+A.+Weil&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-60&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1939-06919-X&rft.au=Cairns%2C+Stewart+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1939-45-01%2FS0002-9904-1939-06919-X%2FS0002-9904-1939-06919-X.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZariski,_Oscar1948" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Zariski, Oscar</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1948-54-07/S0002-9904-1948-09040-1/S0002-9904-1948-09040-1.pdf">"Review: <i>Foundations of Algebraic Geometry</i>, by A. Weil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>54</b> (7): 671–675. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1948-09040-1">10.1090/s0002-9904-1948-09040-1</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1948-54-07/S0002-9904-1948-09040-1/S0002-9904-1948-09040-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Foundations+of+Algebraic+Geometry%2C+by+A.+Weil&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=671-675&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1948-09040-1&rft.au=Zariski%2C+Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1948-54-07%2FS0002-9904-1948-09040-1%2FS0002-9904-1948-09040-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChern,_Shiing-shen1950" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Chern, Shiing-shen</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1950-09391-4">"Review: <i>Variétés abéliennes et courbes algébriques</i>, by A. Weil"</a>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 202–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1950-09391-4">10.1090/s0002-9904-1950-09391-4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+ab%C3%A9liennes+et+courbes+alg%C3%A9briques%2C+by+A.+Weil&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202-204&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1950-09391-4&rft.au=Chern%2C+Shiing-shen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1090%252Fs0002-9904-1950-09391-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil1974" class="citation book cs1">Weil, André (1974). <i>Basic Number Theory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-61945-8">10.1007/978-3-642-61945-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-58655-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-58655-5"><bdi>978-3-540-58655-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Number+Theory&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-61945-8&rft.isbn=978-3-540-58655-5&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil1971" class="citation cs2">Weil, André (1971), <i>Dirichlet Series and Automorphic Forms: Lezioni Fermiane</i>, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 189, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbfb0061201">10.1007/bfb0061201</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-05382-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-05382-8"><bdi>978-3-540-05382-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-8434">0075-8434</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dirichlet+Series+and+Automorphic+Forms%3A+Lezioni+Fermiane&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Mathematics&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0075-8434&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbfb0061201&rft.isbn=978-3-540-05382-8&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil1976" class="citation book cs1">Weil, André (1976). <i>Elliptic Functions according to Eisenstein and Kronecker</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-66209-6">10.1007/978-3-642-66209-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-65036-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-65036-2"><bdi>978-3-540-65036-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elliptic+Functions+according+to+Eisenstein+and+Kronecker&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-66209-6&rft.isbn=978-3-540-65036-2&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil1979" class="citation book cs1">Weil, André (1979). <i>Number Theory for Beginners</i>. New York, NY: Springer New York. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-9957-8">10.1007/978-1-4612-9957-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-90381-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-90381-1"><bdi>978-0-387-90381-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Number+Theory+for+Beginners&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4612-9957-8&rft.isbn=978-0-387-90381-1&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys,_James_E.1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Humphreys" title="James E. Humphreys">Humphreys, James E.</a> (1983). "Review of <i>Adeles and Algebraic Groups</i> by A. Weil". <i>Linear & Multilinear Algebra</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 111–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03081088308817546">10.1080/03081088308817546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linear+%26+Multilinear+Algebra&rft.atitle=Review+of+Adeles+and+Algebraic+Groups+by+A.+Weil&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-112&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03081088308817546&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibenboim,_Paulo1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Ribenboim" title="Paulo Ribenboim">Ribenboim, Paulo</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1985-13-02/S0273-0979-1985-15411-4/S0273-0979-1985-15411-4.pdf">"Review of <i>Number Theory: An Approach Through History From Hammurapi to Legendre</i>, by André Weil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.)</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 173–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-1985-15411-4">10.1090/s0273-0979-1985-15411-4</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1985-13-02/S0273-0979-1985-15411-4/S0273-0979-1985-15411-4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.+%28N.S.%29&rft.atitle=Review+of+Number+Theory%3A+An+Approach+Through+History+From+Hammurapi+to+Legendre%2C+by+Andr%C3%A9+Weil&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-182&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-1985-15411-4&rft.au=Ribenboim%2C+Paulo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1985-13-02%2FS0273-0979-1985-15411-4%2FS0273-0979-1985-15411-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg,_Michael2015" class="citation web cs1">Berg, Michael (1 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.maa.org/press/maa-reviews/andr-weil-oeuvres-scientifiques-collected-papers-i-1926-1951">"Review of <i>Œuvres Scientifiques - Collected Papers</i>, Volume 1 (1926–1951)"</a>. <i>MAA Reviews, Mathematical Association of America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAA+Reviews%2C+Mathematical+Association+of+America&rft.atitle=Review+of+%C5%92uvres+Scientifiques+-+Collected+Papers%2C+Volume+1+%281926%E2%80%931951%29&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.au=Berg%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.maa.org%2Fpress%2Fmaa-reviews%2Fandr-weil-oeuvres-scientifiques-collected-papers-i-1926-1951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudin,_Michèle2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Audin" title="Michèle Audin">Audin, Michèle</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/201105/rtx110500697p.pdf">"Review: <i>At Home with André and Simone Weil</i>, by Sylvie Weil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Notices of the AMS</i>. <b>58</b> (5): 697–698. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ams.org/notices/201105/rtx110500697p.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+AMS&rft.atitle=Review%3A+At+Home+with+Andr%C3%A9+and+Simone+Weil%2C+by+Sylvie+Weil&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=697-698&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Audin%2C+Mich%C3%A8le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fnotices%2F201105%2Frtx110500697p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Weil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/André Weil">André Weil</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2009-46-04/S0273-0979-09-01264-6/home.html">André Weil</a>, by A. Borel, Bull. AMS 46 (2009), 661–666.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/199904/index.html">André Weil</a>: memorial articles in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notices_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society" title="Notices of the American Mathematical Society">Notices of the AMS</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Armand_Borel" title="Armand Borel">Armand Borel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cartier_(mathematician)" title="Pierre Cartier (mathematician)">Pierre Cartier</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._S._Chandrasekharan" title="K. S. Chandrasekharan">Komaravolu Chandrasekharan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a>, and Shokichi Iyanaga</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/images/weil-photo.gif">Image of Weil</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/200503/fea-weil.pdf">A 1940 Letter of André Weil on Analogy in Mathematics</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord_Burkhart1998" class="citation news cs1">Ford Burkhart (10 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/10/nyregion/andre-weil-who-reshaped-mathematics-is-dead-at-92.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink">"Andre Weil, Who Reshaped Mathematics, Is Dead at 92"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Andre+Weil%2C+Who+Reshaped+Mathematics%2C+Is+Dead+at+92&rft.date=1998-08-10&rft.au=Ford+Burkhart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F08%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Fandre-weil-who-reshaped-mathematics-is-dead-at-92.html%3Fexprod%3Dpermalink%26partner%3Dpermalink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hoffman1999" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoffman_(science_writer)" title="Paul Hoffman (science writer)">Paul Hoffman</a> (3 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/03/magazine/the-lives-they-lived-andre-weil-numbers-man.html">"The lives they lived: Andre Weil; Numbers Man"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+lives+they+lived%3A+Andre+Weil%3B+Numbers+Man&rft.date=1999-01-03&rft.au=Paul+Hoffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F01%2F03%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-lives-they-lived-andre-weil-numbers-man.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252003/526.pdf">Artless innocents and ivory-tower sophisticates: Some personalities on the Indian mathematical scene</a> – <a href="/wiki/M._S._Raghunathan" title="M. S. Raghunathan">M. S. Raghunathan</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradaraja1999" class="citation journal cs1">Varadaraja, V.S. (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/199904/rev-varadarajan.pdf">"Book Review: The Apprenticeship of a Mathematician—Autobiography of André Weil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Notices of the AMS</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 448–456.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+AMS&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+The+Apprenticeship+of+a+Mathematician%E2%80%94Autobiography+of+Andr%C3%A9+Weil&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=448-456&rft.date=1999-04&rft.aulast=Varadaraja&rft.aufirst=V.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fnotices%2F199904%2Frev-varadarajan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9+Weil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>La vie et l'oeuvre d'André Weil, by J-P. Serre, L'Ens. Math. 45 (1999),5–16.</li> <li>Correspondance entre Henri Cartan et André Weil (1928–1991), par Michèle Audin, Doc. Math. 6, Soc. Math. France, 2011.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Wolf Prize in Mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Gelfand" title="Israel Gelfand">Israel Gelfand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Siegel" title="Carl Ludwig Siegel">Carl L. Siegel</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Leray" title="Jean Leray">Jean Leray</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">André Weil</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Cartan" title="Henri Cartan">Henri Cartan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kolmogorov" title="Andrey Kolmogorov">Andrey Kolmogorov</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Ahlfors" title="Lars Ahlfors">Lars Ahlfors</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mark_Krein" title="Mark Krein">Mark Krein</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s" title="Paul Erdős">Paul Erdős</a> (1983/84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunihiko_Kodaira" title="Kunihiko Kodaira">Kunihiko Kodaira</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lewy" title="Hans Lewy">Hans Lewy</a> (1984/85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eilenberg" title="Samuel Eilenberg">Samuel Eilenberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atle_Selberg" title="Atle Selberg">Atle Selberg</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyosi_It%C3%B4" title="Kiyosi Itô">Kiyosi Itô</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hirzebruch" title="Friedrich Hirzebruch">Friedrich Hirzebruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lars_H%C3%B6rmander" title="Lars Hörmander">Lars Hörmander</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_De_Giorgi" title="Ennio De Giorgi">Ennio De Giorgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Piatetski-Shapiro" title="Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro">Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Carleson" title="Lennart Carleson">Lennart Carleson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_G._Thompson" title="John G. Thompson">John G. Thompson</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Leonidovich_Gromov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov">Mikhail Gromov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tits" title="Jacques Tits">Jacques Tits</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moser" title="Jürgen Moser">Jürgen Moser</a> (1994/95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands">Robert Langlands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> (1995/96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Keller" title="Joseph Keller">Joseph Keller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sinai" title="Yakov Sinai">Yakov G. Sinai</a> (1996/97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lov%C3%A1sz" title="László Lovász">László Lovász</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elias_M._Stein" title="Elias M. Stein">Elias M. Stein</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre" title="Jean-Pierre Serre">Jean-Pierre Serre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold" title="Vladimir Arnold">Vladimir Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Saharon_Shelah" title="Saharon Shelah">Saharon Shelah</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikio_Sato" title="Mikio Sato">Mikio Sato</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Tate_(mathematician)" title="John Tate (mathematician)">John Tate</a> (2002/03)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Margulis" title="Grigory Margulis">Grigory Margulis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Novikov_(mathematician)" title="Sergei Novikov (mathematician)">Sergei Novikov</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Furstenberg" title="Hillel Furstenberg">Hillel Furstenberg</a> (2006/07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deligne" title="Pierre Deligne">Pierre Deligne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Griffiths" title="Phillip Griffiths">Phillip A. Griffiths</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">David B. Mumford</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis Sullivan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Aschbacher" title="Michael Aschbacher">Michael Aschbacher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luis_Caffarelli" title="Luis Caffarelli">Luis Caffarelli</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mostow" title="George Mostow">George Mostow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sarnak" title="Peter Sarnak">Peter Sarnak</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Arthur_(mathematician)" title="James Arthur (mathematician)">James G. 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Menter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mourant" title="Arthur Mourant">Arthur Mourant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Pearson" title="Egon Pearson">Egon Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hill_Perkins" title="Donald Hill Perkins">Donald Hill Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford_(physiologist)" title="Mary Pickford (physiologist)">Mary Pickford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Otto_Schild" title="Heinz Otto Schild">Heinz Otto Schild</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165050" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165050">Herbert Muggleton Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Stocker" title="Bruce Stocker">Bruce Stocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sutton_(geologist)" title="John Sutton (geologist)">John Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Szwarc" title="Michael Szwarc">Michael Szwarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Whiffen" title="David Whiffen">David Whiffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_White_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred White (scientist)">Fred White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statute 12</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Brachet" title="Jean Brachet">Jean Brachet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Keffer Hartline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Louis Néel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">André Weil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323232#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323232#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323232#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118980963">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79045560">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122797219">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122797219">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00460438">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Weil, André"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV010380">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35597154">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0005852&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1265418">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068354673">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90200511">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000085300&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000160513&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdgcwj4h41h04">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810634847905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007301855405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058529745806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14335027">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00838327?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=6385">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16485416400">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:weil.andre">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/181390">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1009138">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118980963.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118980963">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031616348">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61c24sn">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=André_Weil&oldid=1262096744">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=André_Weil&oldid=1262096744</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1906_births" title="Category:1906 births">1906 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