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id="toc-Origin_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safavid_conquest_of_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safavid_conquest_of_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Safavid conquest of Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safavid_conquest_of_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_of_Iranianhood_and_spread_of_Shi'ism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_Iranianhood_and_spread_of_Shi'ism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Revival of Iranianhood and spread of Shi'ism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_Iranianhood_and_spread_of_Shi'ism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Ismail_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Ismail_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>After the Ismail I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Ismail_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Reconquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safavid_Shahs_of_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safavid_Shahs_of_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Safavid Shahs of Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safavid_Shahs_of_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Safavid Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safawidiese_Ryk" title="Safawidiese Ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Safawidiese Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة الصفوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة الصفوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Safavida" title="Imperio Safavida – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Safavida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սեֆեան Պարսկաստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեֆեան Պարսկաստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99f%C9%99vil%C9%99r" title="Səfəvilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səfəvilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="صفوی ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صفوی ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সাফাভীয় সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাফাভীয় সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B8%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Сәфәүиҙәр дәүләте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәфәүиҙәр дәүләте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Сефевиин улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сефевиин улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Saf%C3%A0vida" title="Imperi Safàvida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Safàvida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safaviidide_Iraan" title="Safaviidide Iraan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Safaviidide Iraan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Safavid Iran" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_saf%C3%A1vida" title="Imperio safávida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio safávida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safaviden_Inperioa" title="Safaviden Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Safaviden Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ایران صفوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایران صفوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_s%C3%A9f%C3%A9vide" title="Empire séfévide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire séfévide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%8C%8C%EB%B9%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="사파비 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사파비 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Safawiyya" title="Daular Safawiyya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Safawiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սեֆյան Պարսկաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեֆյան Պարսկաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="साफाविद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साफाविद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavidsko_Carstvo" title="Safavidsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Safavidsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Safawi" title="Iran Safawi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iran Safawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הספווית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הספווית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სეფიანთა იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სეფიანთა იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewleta_Sefewiyan" title="Dewleta Sefewiyan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dewleta Sefewiyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сефевилер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сефевилер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сафавидско Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сафавидско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Safavida" title="Empira Safavida – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Safavida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സഫവി സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സഫവി സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სეფიანეფიშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სეფიანეფიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الدوله الصفويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الدوله الصفويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida" title="Empèri Safavida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Safavida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safaviylar_davlati" title="Safaviylar davlati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Safaviylar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਫਾਵਿਦ ਇਰਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਫਾਵਿਦ ਇਰਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="صفوی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صفوی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Saf%C3%A1vida" title="Império Safávida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Safávida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefeviyler_Devleti" title="Sefeviyler Devleti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sefeviyler Devleti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сефевидское государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сефевидское государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saf%C3%ADjovsk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Safíjovská ríša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Safíjovská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawladii_safawiyiinta" title="Dawladii safawiyiinta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dawladii safawiyiinta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سەفەوییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەفەوییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сафавидски Иран – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сафавидски Иран" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavidska_Monarhija" title="Safavidska Monarhija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Safavidska Monarhija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="อิหร่านซาฟาวิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิหร่านซาฟาวิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Давлати Сафавиён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлати Сафавиён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safev%C3%AEler" title="Safevîler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Safevîler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefewi_d%C3%B6wleti" title="Sefewi döwleti – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sefewi döwleti" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li 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<ul><li><b>Safavid Empire</b></li> <li>The Expansive Realm of Iran<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2009241_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2009241-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ملک وسیع‌الفضای ایران</li> <li>The State of Iran<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory2007206_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory2007206-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>مملکت ایران</li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1501–1722/1736</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Safavid_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of"><img alt="Flag of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/125px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/188px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/250px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag<br />(1576–1732)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_and_Sun_(Pahlavi_Dynasty).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Coat of Arms (1501–1722) of"><img alt="Imperial Coat of Arms (1501–1722) of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lion_and_Sun_%28Pahlavi_Dynasty%29.svg/100px-Lion_and_Sun_%28Pahlavi_Dynasty%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lion_and_Sun_%28Pahlavi_Dynasty%29.svg/150px-Lion_and_Sun_%28Pahlavi_Dynasty%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lion_and_Sun_%28Pahlavi_Dynasty%29.svg/200px-Lion_and_Sun_%28Pahlavi_Dynasty%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div> <div>Imperial Coat of Arms<br />(1501–1722)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Safavid_Iran.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Greatest borders during Abbas the Great"><img alt="Greatest borders during Abbas the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Safavid_Iran.png/250px-Safavid_Iran.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Safavid_Iran.png/375px-Safavid_Iran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Safavid_Iran.png/500px-Safavid_Iran.png 2x" data-file-width="3859" data-file-height="3508" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Greatest borders during Abbas the Great</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Tabriz (1501–1555)<br />Qazvin (1555–1598)<br />Isfahan (1598–1736)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian">Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986331_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986331-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> (official)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shah</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1501–1524 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a>(first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1732–1736 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbas_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbas III (not yet started)">Abbas III</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Establishment of the Safavid order by Safi-ad-din Ardabili </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1301</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1501</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Hotak invasion </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1722</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Reconquest under Nader Shah </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1726–1729</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 March 1722/1736</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Nader Shah crowned </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 March 1736</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Tuman, Abbasi (incl. <i>Abazi</i>) <ul><li>1 Tuman = 50 Abbasi</li> <li>1 Tuman = 50 French livres</li> <li>1 Tuman = £3 6s 8d</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aq_Qoyunlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aq Qoyunlu (not yet started)">Aq Qoyunlu</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/20px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/30px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/40px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Safavid Empire</b> or the <b>Safavid Iran</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: شاهنشاهی صفوی, <span style="font-size:85%;">romanized:</span> Šāhanšāhi-ye Safavi) was an Iranian empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_iran_empire_of_the_mind_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_iran_empire_of_the_mind-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to popular belief They were not turk government. They were originally kurd </p><p>The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, they controlled all of what is now Iran, Republic of Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_language">Origin and language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Origin and language" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Origin and language"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally of Kurdish origin,[1] which began as a shia mystical order, which was non-tribal, the Safavids emerged as a hereditary lineage of Sufi sheiks centred in Ardabil, belonging to the Shafi'i school and possibly of Kurdish origin. The Safavid shahs spoke persian. After the capital was moved to Isfahan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_declares_himself_shah_by_entering_Tabriz,_Chingiz_Mehbaliyev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ismail_declares_himself_shah_by_entering_Tabriz%2C_Chingiz_Mehbaliyev.jpg/250px-Ismail_declares_himself_shah_by_entering_Tabriz%2C_Chingiz_Mehbaliyev.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ismail_declares_himself_shah_by_entering_Tabriz%2C_Chingiz_Mehbaliyev.jpg/375px-Ismail_declares_himself_shah_by_entering_Tabriz%2C_Chingiz_Mehbaliyev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ismail_declares_himself_shah_by_entering_Tabriz%2C_Chingiz_Mehbaliyev.jpg/500px-Ismail_declares_himself_shah_by_entering_Tabriz%2C_Chingiz_Mehbaliyev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3292" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption>Ismail declares himself shah by entering Tabriz, painter <i>Chingiz Mehbaliyev</i>, in private collection. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safavid_conquest_of_Iran">Safavid conquest of Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Safavid conquest of Iran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Safavid conquest of Iran"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the summer of 1500, Ismail (member of Safavid family), rallied about 7,000 Qizilbash troops at Erzincan, including members of the Ustajlu, Rumlu, Takkalu, Dhu'l-Qadar, Afshar, Qajar, and Varsaq tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavoryKaramustafa1998628–636_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavoryKaramustafa1998628–636-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Safavids launched a new invasion from the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamid2006456–474_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamid2006456–474-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qizilbash forces passed over the Kura River in December 1500, and marched towards the Shirvanshah's state. They defeated the forces of the Shirvanshah Farrukh Yassar near Cabanı (present-day Shamakhi Rayon, Azerbaijan Republic)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986211_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986211-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at Gulistan (present-day Gülüstan, Goranboy, Nagorno-Karabakh),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201444_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201444-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2000187_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2000187-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently went on to conquer Baku.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2000187_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2000187-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_between_Shah_Ismail_and_Abul-Khayr_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Battle_between_Shah_Ismail_and_Abul-Khayr_Khan.jpg/220px-The_Battle_between_Shah_Ismail_and_Abul-Khayr_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Battle_between_Shah_Ismail_and_Abul-Khayr_Khan.jpg/330px-The_Battle_between_Shah_Ismail_and_Abul-Khayr_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Battle_between_Shah_Ismail_and_Abul-Khayr_Khan.jpg/440px-The_Battle_between_Shah_Ismail_and_Abul-Khayr_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="2706" /></a><figcaption>The battle between Ismail I and Muhammad Shaybani</figcaption></figure> <p>Thus, Shirvan and its dependencies (up to southern Dagestan in the north) were now Ismail's. The successful conquest had alarmed the ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu, Alvand, who subsequently proceeded north from Tabriz, and crossed the Aras River in order to challenge the Safavid forces, and both sides met at the battle of Sharur in which Ismail's army came out victorious despite being outnumbered by four to one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2000187_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2000187-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also made an alliance with the Kurds of Dersim,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDersimi195274_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDersimi195274-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though he had bad relations with other Kurds. The Safavid dynasty rose to power in 1501, when Ismail I took the city of Tabriz from the Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans and proclaimed himself the Shah of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986212_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986212-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appointed his former guardian and mentor Husayn Beg Shamlu as the <i>vakil</i> (vicegerent) of the empire and the commander-in-chief (<i>amir al-umara</i>) of the Qizilbash army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_of_Iranianhood_and_spread_of_Shi'ism"><span id="Revival_of_Iranianhood_and_spread_of_Shi.27ism"></span>Revival of Iranianhood and spread of Shi'ism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Revival of Iranianhood and spread of Shi'ism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Revival of Iranianhood and spread of Shi'ism"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reign of Ismail I is one of the most important in the history of Iran. The reasons for this are twofold. Firstly, before his accession in 1501, Iran, since its conquest by the Arabs eight-and-a-half centuries earlier, had not existed as a unified country under native Iranian rule, but had been controlled by a series of Arab caliphs, Turkic sultans, and Mongol khans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavoryKaramustafa1998628–636_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavoryKaramustafa1998628–636-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory19803_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory19803-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many Iranian dynasties rose to power amidst this whole period, it was only under the Buyids that a vast part of Iran properly returned to Iranian rule (945–1055). Secondly, one of his first acts, the promulgation of the Eṯnā-ʿašarī rite of Shiʿism to be the official religion of the newly-created state, had profound consequences for the subsequent history of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavoryKaramustafa1998628–636_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavoryKaramustafa1998628–636-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Safavid_persia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Map_Safavid_persia.png/250px-Map_Safavid_persia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Map_Safavid_persia.png/375px-Map_Safavid_persia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Map_Safavid_persia.png/500px-Map_Safavid_persia.png 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Shāh Ismāʻil's empire</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Ismail_I">After the Ismail I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: After the Ismail I" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: After the Ismail I"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the reign of Tahmasb I, Suleiman the Magnificent (<abbr>r.</abbr> 1520–1566), sultan of the Ottoman Empire, may have considered a strong Safavid empire a threat to his ambitious plans in the west and northwest of his realm. During the first decade of Tahmasp's reign, however, he was preoccupied with fighting the Habsburgs and the unsuccessful attempt to seize Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986241_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1532, while the Ottomans were fighting in Hungary, Suleiman sent Olama Beg Takkalu with 50,000 troops under Fil Pasha to Iran. The Ottomans seized Tabriz and Kurdistan, and tried to obtain support from Gilan province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200828_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200828-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tahmasp drove the Ottomans out, but news of another Uzbek invasion prevented him from defeating them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suleiman sent his grand vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, to occupy Tabriz in July 1534 and joined him two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986241_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suleiman peacefully conquered Baghdad and Shia cities such as Najaf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200828_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200828-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst the Ottomans were on the march, Tahmasp was in Balkh, campaigning against the Uzbeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tahmasp did not fight the exhausted Ottoman army but laid waste the entire region from Tabriz to the frontier; the Ottomans could not permanently occupy the captured lands, since they soon ran out of supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavoryBosworth2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavoryBosworth2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tahmasp established a new polity for the Safavid state; he decreased the Qizilbash influence on the Iranian bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahmasp_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tahmasp_I.png/155px-Tahmasp_I.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tahmasp_I.png/232px-Tahmasp_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tahmasp_I.png/309px-Tahmasp_I.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Tahmasp I in the mountains (detail), by Farrukh Beg</figcaption></figure><p>Ismail II reigned for one year<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhereghlou2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhereghlou2016-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was replaced by Mohammad Khodabanda. At the time of Mohammad Khodabanda, oreign powers took advantage of the factional discord in Iran court to seize territory for themselves. Uzbek bands attempted to invade north-east Iran before being repulsed by the governor of Mashhad. The most important event of Khodabanda's reign was the war with the Ottomans. In 1578, the Ottoman sultan Murad III began a war with Safavid Iran which was to last until 1590. In the first attack, the sultan's vizier Lala Mustafa Pasha invaded the Safavid territories comprising Georgia and Shirvan. Shirvan fell before the end of the summer of 1578, by which fact the Ottomans had now control of almost all territories west of the Caspian Sea coast, and it also opened the way for an attack on what is nowadays the core of Armenia and Azerbaijan, which were subsequently attacked in 1579 by a large contingent of Crimean Tatars, led by Adil Giray Khan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker20012–3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker20012–3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he was captured in a remarkable counterattack led by Mirza Salman Jabiri and Hamza Mirza, and later executed in Qazvin, the Safavid capital at that time. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconquest">Reconquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Reconquest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Reconquest"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Abbas_I_engraving_by_Dominicus_Custos_-_Antwerp_artist_printer_and_engraver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shah_Abbas_I_engraving_by_Dominicus_Custos_-_Antwerp_artist_printer_and_engraver.jpg/220px-Shah_Abbas_I_engraving_by_Dominicus_Custos_-_Antwerp_artist_printer_and_engraver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shah_Abbas_I_engraving_by_Dominicus_Custos_-_Antwerp_artist_printer_and_engraver.jpg/330px-Shah_Abbas_I_engraving_by_Dominicus_Custos_-_Antwerp_artist_printer_and_engraver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shah_Abbas_I_engraving_by_Dominicus_Custos_-_Antwerp_artist_printer_and_engraver.jpg/440px-Shah_Abbas_I_engraving_by_Dominicus_Custos_-_Antwerp_artist_printer_and_engraver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption><i>Shah 'Abbās King of the Persians</i>.<br />Copper engraving by Dominicus Custos, from his <i>Atrium heroicum Caesarum</i> pub. 1600–1602.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Against the Uzbeks</b> </p><p>His successor, Abbas I, initiated a Reconquest, with the Uzbeks invading Khorasan first. By 1599, Abbas had conquered not only Herat and Mashhad, but had moved as far east as Balkh. This would be a short-lived victory and he would eventually have to settle on controlling only some of this conquest after the new ruler of the Khanate of Khiva, Baqi Muhammad Khan attempted to retake Balkh and Abbas found his troops were still no match for the Uzbeks. By 1603, the battle lines had stabilized, albeit with the loss of the majority of the Persian artillery. Abbas was able to hold onto most of Khorassan, including Herat, Sabzevar, Farah, and Nisa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986267_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986267-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abbas' north-east frontier was now safe for the time being and he could turn his attention to the Ottomans in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory198084_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory198084-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After defeating the Uzbeks, he moved his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan. </p><p><b>Against the Ottomans</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RecaptureOfTabrizByShahAbbas1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RecaptureOfTabrizByShahAbbas1.jpg/180px-RecaptureOfTabrizByShahAbbas1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RecaptureOfTabrizByShahAbbas1.jpg/271px-RecaptureOfTabrizByShahAbbas1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RecaptureOfTabrizByShahAbbas1.jpg/360px-RecaptureOfTabrizByShahAbbas1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the capture of Tabriz and the parading before Shah Abbas I of the severed heads of Ottoman soldiers. Drawn by a European traveller, 1603.</figcaption></figure> <p>He then fought against the Ottomans and aptured northern Iran even in 1623, Abbas decided to take back Mesopotamia, which had been lost by his grandfather Tahmasp through the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998157–158_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998157–158-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Profiting from the confusion surrounding the accession of the new Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, he pretended to be making a pilgrimage to the Shi'ite shrines of Kerbala and Najaf, but used his army to seize Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998158_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998158-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Abbas was then distracted by a rebellion in Georgia in 1624 led by Giorgi Saakadze thus allowing an Ottoman force to besiege Baghdad, but the Shah came to its relief the next year and crushed the Turkish army decisively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998158–159_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998158–159-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1638, however, after Abbas' death, the Ottomans retook Baghdad, and the Iranian–Ottoman border was finalised to be roughly the same as the current Iran–Turkey and Iran–Iraq borders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall">Fall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Fall" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Fall"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Safavids eventually succumbed to Russian, Afghan and Ottoman pressure and was replaced by Afsharids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safavid_Shahs_of_Iran">Safavid Shahs of Iran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Safavid Shahs of Iran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Safavid Shahs of Iran"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Reign years </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Shahs </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>Ismail I </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo,_dated_1552-1568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/70px-Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/105px-Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/141px-Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="993" /></a></span> </td> <td>Shahanshah </td> <td>1501–1524 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>Tahmasp I </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Shah_Tahmasp_I._Inscribed_%22Tammas_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo,_dated_1552-1568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portrait_of_Shah_Tahmasp_I._Inscribed_%22Tammas_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/70px-Portrait_of_Shah_Tahmasp_I._Inscribed_%22Tammas_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portrait_of_Shah_Tahmasp_I._Inscribed_%22Tammas_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/105px-Portrait_of_Shah_Tahmasp_I._Inscribed_%22Tammas_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portrait_of_Shah_Tahmasp_I._Inscribed_%22Tammas_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/140px-Portrait_of_Shah_Tahmasp_I._Inscribed_%22Tammas_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td>Shah </td> <td>1524–1576 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>Ismail II </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Ismayil_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shah_Ismayil_I.jpg/89px-Shah_Ismayil_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shah_Ismayil_I.jpg/134px-Shah_Ismayil_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shah_Ismayil_I.jpg/178px-Shah_Ismayil_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="352" /></a></span> </td> <td>Shah </td> <td>1576–1577 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td>Mohammad Khodabanda </td> <td> </td> <td>Shah, <p>Sultan </p> </td> <td>1578–1588 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>Abbas I </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ShahAbbasPortraitFromItalianPainter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ShahAbbasPortraitFromItalianPainter.jpg/89px-ShahAbbasPortraitFromItalianPainter.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ShahAbbasPortraitFromItalianPainter.jpg/134px-ShahAbbasPortraitFromItalianPainter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ShahAbbasPortraitFromItalianPainter.jpg/178px-ShahAbbasPortraitFromItalianPainter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="918" /></a></span> </td> <td>Shah,<br />Zell'ollah,<br />Ṣāḥebqerān-e-ʿAlāʾ </td> <td>1588–1629 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td>Safi </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Safi_I_of_Persia_on_Horseback_Carrying_a_Mace-_Sahand_Ace.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Shah_Safi_I_of_Persia_on_Horseback_Carrying_a_Mace-_Sahand_Ace.png/88px-Shah_Safi_I_of_Persia_on_Horseback_Carrying_a_Mace-_Sahand_Ace.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Shah_Safi_I_of_Persia_on_Horseback_Carrying_a_Mace-_Sahand_Ace.png/132px-Shah_Safi_I_of_Persia_on_Horseback_Carrying_a_Mace-_Sahand_Ace.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Shah_Safi_I_of_Persia_on_Horseback_Carrying_a_Mace-_Sahand_Ace.png/176px-Shah_Safi_I_of_Persia_on_Horseback_Carrying_a_Mace-_Sahand_Ace.png 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="2783" /></a></span> </td> <td>Shah </td> <td>1629–1642 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td>Abbas II </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Abbas_II,_1663,_Aga_Khan_trust_of_culture.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shah_Abbas_II%2C_1663%2C_Aga_Khan_trust_of_culture.PNG/88px-Shah_Abbas_II%2C_1663%2C_Aga_Khan_trust_of_culture.PNG" decoding="async" width="88" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shah_Abbas_II%2C_1663%2C_Aga_Khan_trust_of_culture.PNG/132px-Shah_Abbas_II%2C_1663%2C_Aga_Khan_trust_of_culture.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shah_Abbas_II%2C_1663%2C_Aga_Khan_trust_of_culture.PNG/176px-Shah_Abbas_II%2C_1663%2C_Aga_Khan_trust_of_culture.PNG 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="947" /></a></span> </td> <td>Shah </td> <td>1642– 1666 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td>Suleiman I </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Shah, Sultan </td> <td>1666–1694 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td>Soltan Hoseyn </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Husayn_by_Bruyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sultan_Husayn_by_Bruyn.jpg/89px-Sultan_Husayn_by_Bruyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sultan_Husayn_by_Bruyn.jpg/134px-Sultan_Husayn_by_Bruyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sultan_Husayn_by_Bruyn.jpg/178px-Sultan_Husayn_by_Bruyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2611" data-file-height="3753" /></a></span> </td> <td>Shah, Sultan </td> <td>1694–1722 </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td>Tahmasp II </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persia,_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II,_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro,_1722-1732.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG/100px-Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG/150px-Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG/200px-Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span> </td> <td>Shah </td> <td>1722–1730 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><i>de jure</i> shahs under Nader Khan the grand vizier </th></tr> <tr> <th>(9) </th> <td>Tahmasp II </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persia,_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II,_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro,_1722-1732.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG/100px-Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG/150px-Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG/200px-Persia%2C_sci%C3%A0_thamasp_II%2C_decuplo_afshari_d%27oro%2C_1722-1732.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span> </td> <td>Shah </td> <td>1722–1732 </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td>Abbas III </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbas_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Abbas_III.jpg/100px-Abbas_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Abbas_III.jpg/150px-Abbas_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Abbas_III.jpg/200px-Abbas_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1591" /></a></span> </td> <td>Shah,<br />Sahib-i-Qiran,<br />Sultan bar Salatin </td> <td>1732–1736 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><i>de jure</i> shah under Karim Khan Zand the <i>deputy of people</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>11</i> </th> <td>Ismail III </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_minted_in_the_name_of_Ismail_III_in_Mazandaran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Coin_minted_in_the_name_of_Ismail_III_in_Mazandaran.jpg/100px-Coin_minted_in_the_name_of_Ismail_III_in_Mazandaran.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Coin_minted_in_the_name_of_Ismail_III_in_Mazandaran.jpg/150px-Coin_minted_in_the_name_of_Ismail_III_in_Mazandaran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Coin_minted_in_the_name_of_Ismail_III_in_Mazandaran.jpg/200px-Coin_minted_in_the_name_of_Ismail_III_in_Mazandaran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="708" /></a></span> </td> <td>Shah </td> <td>1750–1773 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2009241-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2009241_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthee2009">Matthee 2009</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory2007206-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory2007206_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavory2007">Savory 2007</a>, p. 206.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSavory2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986331-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986331_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoemer1986">Roemer 1986</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_iran_empire_of_the_mind-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_iran_empire_of_the_mind_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA_History_of_iran_empire_of_the_mind">A History of iran empire of the mind</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFA_History_of_iran_empire_of_the_mind (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The pursuit of pleasure Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900</i>. Rudi matthee. pp. Page 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pursuit+of+pleasure+Drugs+and+Stimulants+in+Iranian+History%2C+1500-1900&rft.pages=Page+18&rft.pub=Rudi+matthee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">line feed character in <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> at position 24 (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invisible_char" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavoryKaramustafa1998628–636-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavoryKaramustafa1998628–636_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavoryKaramustafa1998628–636_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavoryKaramustafa1998628–636_6-2">6.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavoryKaramustafa1998">Savory & Karamustafa 1998</a>, p. 628–636.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSavoryKaramustafa1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamid2006456–474-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamid2006456–474_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamid2006">Hamid 2006</a>, p. 456–474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986211-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986211_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoemer1986">Roemer 1986</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201444-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201444_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2014">Roy 2014</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2000187-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2000187_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2000187_10-1">10.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2000187_10-2">10.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSicker2000">Sicker 2000</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDersimi195274-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDersimi195274_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDersimi1952">Dersimi 1952</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986212-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986212_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoemer1986">Roemer 1986</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory19803-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory19803_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavory1980">Savory 1980</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986241-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986241_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986241_14-1">14.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoemer1986">Roemer 1986</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200828-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200828_15-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200828_15-1">15.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman2008">Newman 2008</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2009-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2009_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2009_16-1">16.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2009">Mitchell 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavoryBosworth2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavoryBosworth2012_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavoryBosworth2012">Savory & Bosworth 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoemer2008">Roemer 2008</a>, p. 249<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRoemer2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFKhafipour2021">Khafipour 2021</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhereghlou2016-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhereghlou2016_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhereghlou2016">Ghereghlou 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker20012–3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker20012–3_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSicker2001">Sicker 2001</a>, pp. 2–3.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSicker2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986267-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoemer1986267_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoemer1986">Roemer 1986</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory198084-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory198084_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavory1980">Savory 1980</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998157–158-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998157–158_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomatiNahavandi1998">Bomati & Nahavandi 1998</a>, pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998158-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998158_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomatiNahavandi1998">Bomati & Nahavandi 1998</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998158–159-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomatiNahavandi1998158–159_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomatiNahavandi1998">Bomati & Nahavandi 1998</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Sources" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Sources"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2008). "SAFAVID DYNASTY". <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SAFAVID+DYNASTY&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSicker2000" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicworldinas0000sick"><i>The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275968922" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275968922"><bdi>978-0275968922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+in+Ascendancy%3A+From+the+Arab+Conquests+to+the+Siege+of+Vienna&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0275968922&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicworldinas0000sick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHamid2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hamid, Algar (2006). "IRAN ix. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiʿism in Iran Since the Safavids". <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIII. Fasc. 5</i>. pp. 456–474.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+ix.+RELIGIONS+IN+IRAN+%282%29+Islam+in+Iran+%282.3%29+Shi%CA%BFism+in+Iran+Since+the+Safavids&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+XIII.+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=456-474&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Algar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2009" class="citation journal cs1">Matthee, Rudi (1 September 2009). "Was Safavid Iran an Empire". <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F002249910X12573963244449">10.1163/002249910X12573963244449</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55237025">55237025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Was+Safavid+Iran+an+Empire&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=241&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F002249910X12573963244449&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55237025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2008" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Andrew J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/safavidiranrebir0000newm"><i>Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire</i></a>. New York: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857716613" title="Special:BookSources/9780857716613"><bdi>9780857716613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safavid+Iran%3A+Rebirth+of+a+Persian+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780857716613&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsafavidiranrebir0000newm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBomatiNahavandi1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bomati, Yves; Nahavandi, Houchang (1998). <i>Shah Abbas, Empereur de Perse: 1587–1629</i> [<i>Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia: 1587–1629</i>] (in French). Paris, France: Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-2620-1131-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-2620-1131-1"><bdi>2-2620-1131-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/99161812">99161812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+Abbas%2C+Empereur+de+Perse%3A+1587%E2%80%931629&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F99161812&rft.isbn=2-2620-1131-1&rft.aulast=Bomati&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.au=Nahavandi%2C+Houchang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2014" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2014). <i>Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780938004" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780938004"><bdi>978-1780938004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Transition+in+Early+Modern+Asia%2C+1400%E2%80%931750%3A+Cavalry%2C+Guns%2C+Government+and+Ships&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1780938004&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Savory2007" class="citation journal cs1">Roger Savory (2 January 2007). "The Safavid state and polity". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (1–2): 206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210867408701463">10.1080/00210867408701463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Safavid+state+and+polity&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=206&rft.date=2007-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210867408701463&rft.au=Roger+Savory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSavoryBosworth2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Savory, Roger M.; Bosworth, C.E. (2012). "Ṭahmāsp". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%ACahm%C4%81sp&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+THREE.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=Roger+M.&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSavory1980" class="citation book cs1">Savory, Roger (1980). <i>Iran under the Safavids</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22483-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22483-7"><bdi>0-521-22483-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+under+the+Safavids&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22483-7&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAmorettiMatthee2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi (2009). "Ṣafavid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%A2afavid+Dynasty&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Amoretti&rft.aufirst=Biancamaria+Scarcia&rft.au=Matthee%2C+Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGhereghlou2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016). "Esmāʿil II". <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esm%C4%81%CA%BFil+II&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ghereghlou&rft.aufirst=Kioumars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDersimi1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dersimi, Nuri (1952). <i>Kürdistan Tarihinde Dersim</i> (in Turkish). Aleppo: Ani Matbaası. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-6876-44-1" title="Special:BookSources/975-6876-44-1"><bdi>975-6876-44-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%BCrdistan+Tarihinde+Dersim&rft.place=Aleppo&rft.pub=Ani+Matbaas%C4%B1&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=975-6876-44-1&rft.aulast=Dersimi&rft.aufirst=Nuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2005" class="citation book cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pursuitofpleasur0000matt"><i>The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900</i></a>. Princeton Universty Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3260-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-3260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Pleasure%3A+Drugs+and+Stimulants+in+Iranian+History%2C+1500-1900&rft.pub=Princeton+Universty+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3260-6&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpursuitofpleasur0000matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTapper1997" class="citation book cs1">Tapper, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontiernomadsof0000tapp"><i>Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontiernomadsof0000tapp/page/n60">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521583367" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521583367"><bdi>978-0521583367</bdi></a>. <q>The Safavid Shahs who ruled Iran between 1501 and 1722 descended from Sheikh Safi ad-Din of Ardabil (1252–1334). Sheikh Safi and his immediate successors were renowned as holy ascetics Sufis. Their own origins were obscure; probably of Kurdish or Iranian extraction, they later claimed descent from the Prophet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Nomads+of+Iran%3A+A+Political+and+Social+History+of+the+Shahsevan&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0521583367&rft.aulast=Tapper&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontiernomadsof0000tapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRoemer1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Roemer, H. R (1986). "The Safavid Period". In Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G.R.G.; Melville, C. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i>. Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20094-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20094-6"><bdi>0-521-20094-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Safavid+Period&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-20094-6&rft.aulast=Roemer&rft.aufirst=H.+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat2017" class="citation book cs1">Amanat, Abbas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranmodernhistor0000aman"><i>Iran: a Modern History</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranmodernhistor0000aman/page/n59">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300231465" title="Special:BookSources/9780300231465"><bdi>9780300231465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+a+Modern+History&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780300231465&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanmodernhistor0000aman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSavory2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Savory, Roger (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Vol. VIII. Fasc. 1. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=EBN+BAZZ%C4%80Z&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKhafipour2021" class="citation book cs1">Khafipour, Hani (2021). "Beyond Charismatic Authority: The crafting of a Sovereign's Image in the Public Sphere". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). <i>The Safavid World</i>. New York: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000392876" title="Special:BookSources/9781000392876"><bdi>9781000392876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+Charismatic+Authority%3A+The+crafting+of+a+Sovereign%E2%80%99s+Image+in+the+Public+Sphere&rft.btitle=The+Safavid+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000392876&rft.aulast=Khafipour&rft.aufirst=Hani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitchell, Colin P (2009). "Tahmāsp I". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tahm%C4%81sp+I&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Colin+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&oldid=9904564">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&oldid=9904564</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Iran" title="Category:History of Iran">History of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_empires" title="Category:Former empires">Former empires</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Former countries in the Middle East">Former countries in the Middle East</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_invisible_characters" title="Category:CS1 errors: invisible characters">CS1 errors: invisible characters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_flag_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 25 November 2024, at 12:39.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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