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戊戌变法 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>背景</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-背景-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关背景子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-公車上書" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公車上書"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>公車上書</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公車上書-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-變法醞釀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#變法醞釀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>變法醞釀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-變法醞釀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-明定國是" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#明定國是"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>明定國是</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-明定國是-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-變法內容" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#變法內容"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>變法內容</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-變法內容-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关變法內容子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-變法內容-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-教育改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教育改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>教育改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教育改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經濟建設" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經濟建設"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>經濟建設</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-經濟建設-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-軍事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#軍事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>軍事</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-軍事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>政治</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-慈禧默許" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#慈禧默許"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>慈禧默許</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-慈禧默許-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-发生摩擦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发生摩擦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>发生摩擦</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-发生摩擦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政變" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政變"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>政變</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政變-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-失敗原因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#失敗原因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>失敗原因</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-失敗原因-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关失敗原因子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-失敗原因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-早期探究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期探究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>早期探究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期探究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-當今新探" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#當今新探"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>當今新探</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-當今新探-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-袁世凱與戊戌變法成敗的關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#袁世凱與戊戌變法成敗的關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>袁世凱與戊戌變法成敗的關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-袁世凱與戊戌變法成敗的關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對中國政局的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對中國政局的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>對中國政局的影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對中國政局的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考文獻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">戊戌变法</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。27种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_dels_Cent_Dies" title="Reforma dels Cent Dies – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reforma dels Cent Dies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto_dn%C3%AD_reforem" title="Sto dní reforem – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sto dní reforem" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundert-Tage-Reform" title="Hundert-Tage-Reform – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hundert-Tage-Reform" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days&#039; Reform – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hundred Days&#039; Reform" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_de_los_Cien_D%C3%ADas" title="Reforma de los Cien Días – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reforma de los Cien Días" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="اصلاحات صدروزه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اصلاحات صدروزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadan_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4n_uudistukset" title="Sadan päivän uudistukset – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sadan päivän uudistukset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_des_Cent_Jours" title="Réforme des Cent Jours – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réforme des Cent Jours" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רפורמת מאה הימים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפורמת מאה הימים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1znapos_reform" title="Száznapos reform – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Száznapos reform" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasi_Seratus_Hari" title="Reformasi Seratus Hari – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reformasi Seratus Hari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riforma_dei_cento_giorni" title="Riforma dei cento giorni – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riforma dei cento giorni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89%E6%B3%95" title="戊戌の変法 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戊戌の変法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%88%A0%EB%B3%80%EB%B2%95" title="무술변법 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무술변법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0imto_dien%C5%B3_reformos" title="Šimto dienų reformos – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šimto dienų reformos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85_100_%D3%A9%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Шинэтгэн засах 100 өдөр – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шинэтгэн засах 100 өдөр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredagersreformen" title="Hundredagersreformen – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hundredagersreformen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto_dni_reform" title="Sto dni reform – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sto dni reform" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_dos_Cem_Dias" title="Reforma dos Cem Dias – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reforma dos Cem Dias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC" title="Сто дней реформ – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сто дней реформ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto_dn%C3%AD_reforiem" title="Sto dní reforiem – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sto dní reforiem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நூறு நாள்கள் சீர்திருத்தம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நூறு நாள்கள் சீர்திருத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="การปฏิรูปร้อยวัน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปฏิรูปร้อยวัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCz_G%C3%BCn_Reformu" title="Yüz Gün Reformu – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüz Gün Reformu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Сто днів реформ в Китаї – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сто днів реформ в Китаї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ch_nh%E1%BA%ADt_duy_t%C3%A2n" title="Bách nhật duy tân – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bách nhật duy tân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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/></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liang-Qichao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Liang-Qichao.jpg/170px-Liang-Qichao.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Liang-Qichao.jpg/255px-Liang-Qichao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Liang-Qichao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%95%9F%E8%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="梁啟超">梁啟超</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80905552">.mw-parser-output ruby.zy{text-align:justify;text-justify:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rp{user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:90%;user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt+rt{padding-left:0.15em}</style><ruby class="zy center"><rb>戊</rb><rp>(</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">wù</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80905552"><ruby class="zy center"><rb>戌</rb><rp>(</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">xū</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>變法</b>,又名<b>百日维新</b>、<b>戊戌維新</b>,指的是中国<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒">光緒</a>二十四年(公元<a href="/wiki/1898%E5%B9%B4" title="1898年">1898年</a>)夏秋之际发生的短暫政治改革運動,變法最初由<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>默許、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒皇帝">光緒皇帝</a>主導,深入<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟">經濟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="軍事">軍事</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A" title="官僚">官僚</a>制度等多個層面,目的是使<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>走上<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="君主立憲">君主立憲</a>的道路。然而後期改革過於激烈,加上光緒皇帝有意通過<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B0%E6%B4%BE" title="維新派">維新派</a>奪回權力,且有維新派首領<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a>建議將慈禧太后囚禁、暗殺等傳聞,加上以慈禧為首的清朝當權<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%B4%BE_(%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95)" title="保守派 (戊戌变法)">保守勢力</a>擔心變法中的計划最終會導致中國被<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>瓜分,步上<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="大韓帝國">朝鮮</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" title="乙未事变">乙未事變</a>的後塵,因而發動了<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="戊戌政變">戊戌政變</a>,戊戌變法僅經歷了103日就告終。維新派首領康有為逃往天津,<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%95%9F%E8%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="梁啟超">梁啟超</a>逃入日本驻北京大使馆,<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%9A%E5%97%A3%E5%90%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="譚嗣同">譚嗣同</a>等維新人士陸續被捕殺害,光緒帝則被<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%A6%81" title="軟禁">軟禁</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7" title="中南海">中南海</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%9B%E5%8F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="瀛台">瀛臺</a>,慈禧重新當政,引發了民間輿論支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="孫文">孫文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E8%88%88" class="mw-redirect" title="黃興">黃興</a>等更為激烈的革命主張,推翻帝制,建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="共和">共和</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85099211">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="洋務運動">洋務運動</a></div> <p>1840年<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鴉片戰爭">鴉片戰爭</a>戰敗後,清朝与世界的關係日益紧密。接踵而至的內憂外患,迫使清政府及一眾知識分子醒覺到必須要改變以自強。同治年間(1861年)開始,清政府進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="洋務運動">洋務運動</a>,希望能夠以「師夷長技以制夷」的方式,改良生產技術。全國各地先後引入了外國新科技,開設<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="礦業">礦業</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0" title="工廠">工廠</a>,建設<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="鐵路">鐵路</a>及架設<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="電報">電報</a>網,培訓技術人材;在軍事上亦建立了<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%9D%B1" title="遠東">遠東</a>最具規模的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="海軍">海軍</a>──<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a>。 </p><p>1895年,清朝在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="甲午戰爭">甲午戰爭</a>败给<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a>全軍覆沒。大清因此割讓了<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E5%88%97%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="澎湖列島">澎湖列島</a>,賠款二萬萬三仟萬<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E9%8A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="兩銀">兩銀</a>即二億三仟萬兩白銀。証明了洋務運動未能根本地改變清朝落後的境况。於是涌现出了要求從更基本層面,包括政治體制上,進行變法維新的聲音。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="公車上書"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E8.BB.8A.E4.B8.8A.E6.9B.B8"></span>公車上書</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:公車上書"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weng_Tonghe2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Weng_Tonghe2.jpg/200px-Weng_Tonghe2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Weng_Tonghe2.jpg/300px-Weng_Tonghe2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Weng_Tonghe2.jpg/400px-Weng_Tonghe2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E5%90%8C%E9%BE%A2" title="翁同龢">翁同龢</a>曾經支持康有為和梁啟超兩人發起的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="強學會">強學會</a>,但是戊戌變法進入第5日,慈禧要求光緒下令免去他的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E8%BE%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB" title="協辦大學士">協辦大學士</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="軍機大臣">軍機大臣</a>等職務,逐回原籍</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%BB%8A%E4%B8%8A%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="公車上書">公車上書</a></div> <p>變法維新的要求開始於1895年於北京發生<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%BB%8A%E5%AD%9D%E5%BB%89%E9%80%A3%E7%BD%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="公車孝廉連署上書">公車孝廉連署上書</a>(公車上書)。當時齊集在北京參與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="科舉">科舉</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="會試">會試</a>的各省<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="舉人">舉人</a>收到《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%97%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="馬關條約">馬關條約</a>》中,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>割去<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="遼東半島">遼東</a>,並且向日本賠款<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E5%85%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="銀兩">白銀</a>兩萬萬兩的消息,一時間群情激動。4月,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%95%9F%E8%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="梁啟超">梁啟超</a>作出成上皇帝的<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%B8%9D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="s:上清帝第二書">萬言書</a>,提出「拒和、遷都、練兵、變法」的主張,得到多人連署。5月2日,二人、十八省舉人及數千北京官民,集合在<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%AF%9F%E9%99%A2" title="都察院">都察院</a>門前要求代奏<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>。進京參加會試的舉人是由各省薦派,依照汉代<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E5%BB%89" title="孝廉">孝廉</a>乘公家馬車赴京師接受考核之惯例,對「舉人進京參加會試」又俗稱為「公车」,故此稱為「公車孝廉連署上書」,簡稱「公車上書」。雖然公車上書在當時沒有得到直接實質的效果,但是卻形成了國民問政的風氣,之後亦催生了各式各樣不同的議政團體。當中由康有為和梁啟超二人發起的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="強學會">強學會</a>最為聲勢浩大,一度得到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%B8%88" title="帝师">帝師</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E5%90%8C%E9%BE%A2" title="翁同龢">翁同龢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%BB%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="湖廣總督">湖廣總督</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E4%B9%8B%E6%B4%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="張之洞">張之洞</a>等清朝高級官員的支持。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="變法醞釀"><span id=".E8.AE.8A.E6.B3.95.E9.86.9E.E9.87.80"></span>變法醞釀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:變法醞釀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1897年底,發生<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="山東">山東</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%B7%9E%E6%95%99%E6%A1%88" title="曹州教案">曹州教案</a>,兩名<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>傳教士被殺。德國乘機侵佔<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%B7%9E%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="膠州灣">膠州灣</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="青島">青島</a>),<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄國">俄國</a>同時進佔<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="旅順">旅順</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大連">大連</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>進佔<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="廣州灣">廣州灣</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東">廣東</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%9B%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="湛江">湛江</a>),<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>進佔山東<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="威海">威海</a>,並且要求拓展<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D" title="九龍">九龍</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%95%8C" title="新界">新界</a>。 </p><p>1898年(戊戌年),康有為多番上書要求推行新政,但是康有為非四品官,無權力上書皇上。1月29日,经<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%94%AD%E6%A1%93" title="張蔭桓">張蔭桓</a>推荐<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,康有為的奏摺首次由总理各国事务衙门轉呈光緒,光緒命令允許康有為隨時上書。於同日,康有為第6次上書。2月,康有為第7次上書,再次建議皇帝效仿<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="彼得大帝">彼得大帝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="明治天皇">明治天皇</a>的改革,並且呈上他自己的著作《日本變政考》和《俄大彼得變政記》和其他有關各國改革的書籍。皇帝之後每日閱讀,並將康有為的著作呈覽給慈禧。康有為的書加強了光緒帝對改革的決心。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>5月29日,<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%AD%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B" title="恭親王">恭親王</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%89%E7%BD%97%E5%A5%95%E8%A8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="爱新觉罗奕訢">奕訢</a>去世,死前對光緒說:「聞廣東舉人康有為等主張變法,請皇上慎思,不可輕信小人。」他逝世兩日後,康有為以御史<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E6%B7%B1%E7%A7%80" title="楊深秀">楊深秀</a>名義呈上奏摺,請求明定國是。6月6日,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E8%87%B4%E9%9D%96" title="徐致靖">徐致靖</a>上書《請明定國是疏》(康有為代擬)請求光緒帝正式改變舊法,實施新政。 </p><p>1894年末,譚嗣同給其師<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%BD%E4%B8%AD%E9%B5%A0" title="歐陽中鵠">歐陽中鵠</a>寫信談及改革路徑,具體到改革經費的籌措時,譚嗣同說:「試為今之時勢籌之,已割之地不必論矣。益當盡賣<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>,盡賣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英吉利</a>,以償清二萬萬之欠款。以二境方數万里之大,我之力終不能守,徒為我之累贅,而賣之則不止值二萬萬,仍可多取值為變法之用,兼請英俄保護中國十年。」,認為<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古">蒙古</a>、新疆、西藏、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="青海">青海</a>「毫無利於中國」,不如賣掉「供變法之用」。 </p><p>康有為在戊戌年前後,也有將西藏、新疆等地賣給列強的想法。據<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%B0%E6%9E%97%E9%99%A2" title="翰林院">翰林院</a>編修<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%99%E6%A1%90" title="夏孙桐">夏孫桐</a>在《書孫文正公事》中記載,朝廷重臣孫家鼐曾質問康有為的新政構想「萬端並起」,經費將如何籌措;康有為的回答是:把西藏賣給英國,「可得善價供新政用」。然而康、譚其實並不懂國家之間買賣疆土是怎麼回事。在康有為進呈給光緒帝的著作之一《日本變政考》裡,康有為舉了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%A0%81%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="庫頁島">庫頁島</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">日本人</a>稱樺太島)劃俄和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉斯加">阿拉斯加</a>售<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美</a>兩個例子,來證明其賣疆土搞變法的理念是正確的。然而日俄《樺太千島交換條約》並非如康氏所言,是日本政府在「賣地」,而是日俄兩國的一次邊界勘定。至於出售阿拉斯加,其目的並不是為了賣錢來處理內政,其所得亦非如康有為所說,賣了「金錢數萬萬(億)」(實際上僅賣了720萬美元),更沒有拿來「築<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="鐵路">鐵路</a>、興<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="學校">學校</a>、購<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="戰艦">鐵艦</a>、增<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="海軍">海軍</a>」。批評者指出,康有為在進呈給光緒的著作裡如此扭曲史實,或是其本就一知半解,或是刻意曲解以引誘光緒贊同賣疆土搞變法——考慮到康氏畢生為學,如梁啟超所言,常好博求異,為證成己論,不惜抹煞事實,曲解證據,恐後者之可能性更大<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="明定國是"><span id=".E6.98.8E.E5.AE.9A.E5.9C.8B.E6.98.AF"></span>明定國是</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:明定國是"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中的相关原始文献:<b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%9A%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%AF%E8%A9%94" class="extiw" title="s:明定國是詔">明定國是詔</a></b></div></div> </div> <p>1898年6月10日,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="清德宗">光緒</a>令<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E5%90%8C%E9%BE%A2" title="翁同龢">翁同龢</a>起草《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%9A%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%AF%E8%A9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="明定國是詔">明定國是詔</a>》,送呈<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="慈禧">慈禧</a>審查,得到批准,於6月11日(農曆四月二十三日)頒布《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%9A%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%AF%E8%A9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="明定國是詔">明定國是詔</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,表明變革決心,百日維新由此開始。 </p><p>光緒並召袁世凱來京,下旨進行新政整頓在軍事上,陸軍改練洋操,並開始一系列的改制: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p> 國家振興庶政,兼採西法,誠以為民立政,中西所同,而西法可補我所未及。……今將變法之意,佈告天下,使百姓咸喻朕心,共知其君之可恃,上下同心,以成新政,以強中國,朕不勝厚望焉。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>6月13日,翰林院侍读学士<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E8%87%B4%E9%9D%96" title="徐致靖">徐致靖</a>上《国是既定,用人宜先,谨保维新救时之才。请特旨破格委任折》一折,保荐<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%BA" title="康有为">康有为</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%AD%E5%97%A3%E5%90%8C" title="谭嗣同">谭嗣同</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%85%83%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="张元济">张元济</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%81%B5%E5%AE%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="黄遵宪">黄遵宪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%90%AF%E8%B6%85" title="梁启超">梁启超</a>五人。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>6月16日,光緒首次召見康有為。據傳康有為入殿前,碰到剛剛接到<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="直隸總督">直隸總督</a>任命的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%AE%E7%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="榮祿">榮祿</a>,榮祿問:「以子之大才,亦將有補救時局之術否?」康有為答:「非變法不能救中國也。」榮祿問:「固知法當變也。但一二百年之成法,一旦能遽變乎?」康有為答:「殺幾個一品大員,法即變矣!」<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-趙焰_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-趙焰-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>康有為覲見光緒帝時,開宗明義說:「大清快要滅亡了。」光緒答這是保守官員所累,康有為指靠那些官員推動改革,等如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A3%E6%9C%A8%E6%B1%82%E9%AD%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="緣木求魚(页面不存在)">緣木求魚</a>,康有為用了大量的時間,力陳變革之必要。這是光緒與康有為首次會面、亦是唯一一次,數日後,光绪調任他為總理事務衙門章京行走,但是官位僅至六品,而康有為早於3年前已經是六品官。 </p><p>隨後在7月3日,光緒又召見<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%95%9F%E8%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="梁啟超">梁啟超</a>,並且僅委派其出任六品官的辦理譯書局事務。梁啟超獲得任命後,離開北京,沒有再次參與新政。在整場百日維新中,僅康有为、梁启超見過光緒一次,其它人都没有见过光绪。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="變法內容"><span id=".E8.AE.8A.E6.B3.95.E5.85.A7.E5.AE.B9"></span>變法內容</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:變法內容"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%80%8A%E8%BD%BD%E6%B9%89%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E3%80%8A%E8%BD%BD%E6%B9%89%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg/200px-%E3%80%8A%E8%BD%BD%E6%B9%89%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E3%80%8A%E8%BD%BD%E6%B9%89%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg/300px-%E3%80%8A%E8%BD%BD%E6%B9%89%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E3%80%8A%E8%BD%BD%E6%B9%89%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg/400px-%E3%80%8A%E8%BD%BD%E6%B9%89%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="清德宗">光緒</a>于公元1898年起用康、梁兩人等推行新政,并以<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%AD%E5%97%A3%E5%90%8C" title="谭嗣同">谭嗣同</a>等四军卿架空原有的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%BA%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="军机大臣">军机大臣</a>,受到保守派的反对。</figcaption></figure><p>新政內容主要涵蓋教育及軍事等多方面的政策和體制。其最終目標,是推行<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主立憲制">君主立憲制</a>。康有為向光緒皇帝贈送自己的著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%8A%E6%94%BF%E8%80%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本變政考(页面不存在)">日本變政考</a>》和《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E8%AE%8A%E6%94%BF%E8%A8%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="俄羅斯大彼得變政記(页面不存在)">俄羅斯大彼得變政記</a>》,還有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%8F%90%E6%91%A9%E5%A4%AA" title="李提摩太">李提摩太</a>翻譯的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%B0%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%B2%E6%94%AC%E8%A6%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="泰西新史攬要(页面不存在)">泰西新史攬要</a>》和其他有關各國改革的書。這令光緒傾向以<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="明治維新">明治維新</a>為改革的藍本。 </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="教育改革"><span id=".E6.95.99.E8.82.B2.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>教育改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:教育改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>這是維新派最重視的地方,細節包括: </p> <ul><li>舉辦<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A0%82" title="京师大学堂">京師大學堂</a></li> <li>所有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="書院">書院</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A0%E5%BA%99" class="mw-redirect" title="祠庙">祠廟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-disambig" title="義學">義學</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%AD%B8" title="社學">社學</a>一律改為兼習中西學的學堂</li> <li>各省設<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="高校">高等學堂</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="府">府</a>城設<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中學">中學</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9E" title="州">州</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="縣">縣</a>設<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="小學">小學</a></li> <li>鼓勵私人開辦學堂</li> <li>設立<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="翻譯">翻譯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學">醫學</a>、農、商、<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="鐵路">鐵路</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="礦">礦</a>、茶務及蠶桑速成學堂</li> <li>派遣皇族宗室出國遊歷,挑選學生到日本遊學</li> <li>廢<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%82%A1%E6%96%87" title="八股文">八股文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A1%E8%AF%95" title="乡试">鄉試</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="會試">會試</a>及生童歲、科考試,改考<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歷史">歷史</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>、時務及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%9B%B8%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="四書五經">四書五經</a>,以及定期舉行<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟">經濟</a>特科</li> <li>設譯書局</li> <li>頒發著書及發明給獎章程,保薦<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學">格致</a>人才</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="經濟建設"><span id=".E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F.E5.BB.BA.E8.A8.AD"></span>經濟建設</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:經濟建設"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>康有為強調中國必須以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86" class="mw-redirect" title="工商">工商</a>立國,才能富國養民;另外因為官辦企業多有弊病,故此也著重鼓勵民辦企業。 </p> <ul><li>設鐵路礦務總局、農工商總局,並且在各省設分局</li> <li>廣泛開設農會,刊印農報,購買農具,訂立獎勵學藝、農業程序,編譯外國農學書籍,採用清西各法切實開墾</li> <li>頒發製器及振興工藝給獎章程</li> <li>在各地設立工廠</li> <li>在各省設商務局、商會,保護商務,推廣口岸商埠</li> <li>開放<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">八旗</a>經商的禁令,命其學習士農工商自謀生計</li> <li>倡辦<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="實業">實業</a>,促進生產</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="軍事"><span id=".E8.BB.8D.E4.BA.8B"></span>軍事</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:軍事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>改用西洋軍事訓練</li> <li>遣散老弱殘兵,削減軍餉須支,實行<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%98%E7%B7%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="團練">團練</a>,裁減<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E7%87%9F_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="綠營 (清朝)">綠營</a>,舉辦<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5" title="民兵">民兵</a></li> <li>頒發興造槍砲特賞章程</li> <li>籌設武備大學堂</li> <li>武科停試弓箭騎劍,改試槍炮</li> <li>允許私人開設軍事工廠,製造軍火</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>政治</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:政治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>裁減冗官和重疊機構</li> <li>設置京卿學士,以集思廣益</li> <li>准許地方官與士民上書</li> <li>更改上海《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E5%8A%A1%E6%8A%A5" title="时务报">時務報</a>》為官報,創設京師報館</li> <li>解除<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%A5%E7%A6%81" title="报禁">报禁</a>(允许民间创立报馆)</li> <li>按月分類列名每年收支</li></ul> <p>康有為還有好些未發表的新政,如尊<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔聖</a>為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99" title="國教">國教</a>、立教部及教會、以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E7%B4%80%E5%B9%B4" title="孔子紀年">孔子紀年</a>、制訂<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="憲法">憲法</a>、開<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="國會">國會</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%9B%E6%B0%91%E5%90%88%E6%B2%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="君民合治(页面不存在)">君民合治</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%BF%E6%BC%A2%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="滿漢平等(页面不存在)">滿漢平等</a>、皇帝親自統帥陸海軍、改年號為維新、斷髮易服及遷都<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="上海">上海</a>等。根據康有為表示,自君民合治以下的新政都得到了光緒的同意。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="慈禧默許"><span id=".E6.85.88.E7.A6.A7.E9.BB.98.E8.A8.B1"></span>慈禧默許</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:慈禧默許"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>後世史家評價戊戌變法時,常形容光緒帝希望藉此掌權,但是此種說法歷來受到爭議。6月15日,也就是戊戌變法進入到第5日,慈禧要求光緒連下三道<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%AB%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="上諭">上諭</a>:一、下令免去<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%B8%88" title="帝师">帝師</a>翁同龢的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E8%BE%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB" title="協辦大學士">協辦大學士</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="軍機大臣">軍機大臣</a>等職務,逐回原籍;二,凡授任新職的二品以上大臣,須到皇太后面前謝恩;三,任命慈禧親信<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%AE%E7%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="榮祿">榮祿</a>出任<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="直隸總督">直隸總督</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。從6月16日到24日,慈禧又要求光緒任命<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A4%BC" title="崇礼">崇禮</a>為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E5%86%9B%E7%BB%9F%E9%A2%86" class="mw-redirect" title="步军统领">步軍統領</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83" title="懷塔布">懷塔布</a>掌管圓明園<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">八旗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%A1%A3" title="包衣">包衣</a>三旗及鳥槍營,剛毅掌管健銳營,光緒並無軍事大權。<sup id="cite_ref-mao_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mao-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>從戊戌年農曆四月一日至七月二十八日,在117日內,光緒皇帝與太后同住69天、請安68次、侍早膳32次、侍晚膳22次及侍看戲15次。百日維新期間,光緒12次前往頤和園請安。其時光緒下詔書時,亦多寫有「朕欽奉慈禧……皇太后懿旨」。6月11日至9月20日,軍機處一共向慈禧太后上呈折、片、呈及書等共計462件,單日最高紀錄上呈29件。<sup id="cite_ref-mao_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mao-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>康有為向光緒帝贈送自己的著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%8A%E6%94%BF%E8%80%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本變政考(页面不存在)">日本變政考</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E8%AE%8A%E6%94%BF%E8%A8%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="俄羅斯大彼得變政記(页面不存在)">俄羅斯大彼得變政記</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%8F%90%E6%91%A9%E5%A4%AA" title="李提摩太">李提摩太</a>翻譯的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%B0%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%B2%E6%94%AC%E8%A6%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="泰西新史攬要(页面不存在)">泰西新史攬要</a>》及其他有關各國改革等書,這些書在光緒帝到頤和園向慈禧請安時,都曾向慈禧報備,慈禧也曾閱覽過這些書籍,並詢問光緒帝的意見。光緒帝對於康有為的變法十分贊同,而慈禧在經歷<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="甲午戰爭">甲午戰爭</a>敗給日本的慘痛教訓後,默許康有為推動的改革。 </p><p>當時的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="軍機大臣">軍機大臣</a>禮親王<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E9%90%B8" title="世鐸">世鐸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%AF%85" class="mw-redirect" title="剛毅">剛毅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2%E6%87%89%E6%BA%A5" title="錢應溥">錢應溥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%96%E5%A3%BD%E6%81%86" title="廖壽恆">廖壽恆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9F%B6" title="王文韶">王文韶</a>,除了廖壽恆暗中支持改革外,其他大臣要不就頑固抵制或者明哲保身。<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="軍機大臣">軍機大臣</a>剛毅就因改革遭到光緒帝革除,讓剛毅相當不滿。甚至到頤和園向慈禧太后哭訴,請求太后重新<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-disambig" title="訓政">訓政</a>。不過當時<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="軍機大臣">軍機大臣</a>的任免,還是需由慈禧太后批准,因此有部份的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="軍機大臣">軍機大臣</a>在變法中遭到革除,多少也是慈禧太后的默許。 </p><p>6月16日,慈禧太后命<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E8%B1%90%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="咸豐帝">咸豐帝</a>老臣刑部尚書<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A4%BC" title="崇礼">崇禮</a>代理<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E5%86%9B%E7%BB%9F%E9%A2%86" class="mw-redirect" title="步军统领">步軍統領</a>。6月25日,<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>再命<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83" title="懷塔布">懷塔布</a>管理圓明園官兵,<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%AF%85" class="mw-redirect" title="剛毅">剛毅</a>管理<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E9%94%90%E8%90%A5" title="健锐营">健銳營</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83" title="懷塔布">懷塔布</a>跟<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%AF%85" class="mw-redirect" title="剛毅">剛毅</a>重任<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="軍機大臣">軍機大臣</a>的原因,在於光緒帝變革過於急躁,官員革除不少,慈禧擔心影響國家官員任免問題,因此<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>不同意<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>革退某些官員。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="发生摩擦"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E7.94.9F.E6.91.A9.E6.93.A6"></span>发生摩擦</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:发生摩擦"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>9月1日,禮部<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%8B" title="主事">主事</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%85%A7_(%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E9%80%B2%E5%A3%AB)" title="王照 (光緒進士)">王照</a>疏請光緒帝遊歷<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>等國,以考察各國情況。<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83" title="懷塔布">懷塔布</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E6%87%89%E9%A8%A4" title="許應騤">許應骙</a>不肯代送。王照彈劾他並到堂親遞,懷塔布不得已允許其代奏。許應骙則上奏彈劾王照「咆哮署堂,藉端挾制。」 </p><p>9月4日,光緒下令將<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83" title="懷塔布">懷塔布</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E6%87%89%E9%A8%A4" title="許應騤">許應骙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%83%E5%B2%AB" title="堃岫">堃岫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E6%9C%83%E7%81%83" title="徐會灃">徐會灃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%A5%E9%A2%8B" title="溥颋">溥頲</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BE%E5%BB%A3%E6%BC%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="曾廣漢(页面不存在)">曾廣漢</a>等阻礙變法的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%AE%E9%83%A8%E5%85%AD%E5%A0%82%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="禮部六堂官(页面不存在)">禮部六堂官</a>革職。王照賞給三品頂戴,以四品京堂候補,用昭激勵。懷塔布的妻子與慈禧太后有親戚關係,遂向慈禧哭訴。 </p><p>9月5日,光緒召見譚嗣同,並命譚與劉光第、楊銳、林旭以四品卿銜在軍機章京上行走。 </p><p>9月11日,光緒帝召直隸按察使<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="袁世凱">袁世凱</a>來京陛見。湖南<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="舉人">舉人</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BE%E5%BB%89" class="mw-redirect" title="曾廉">曾廉</a>上書請殺康有為。 </p><p>9月13日,光緒帝擬開<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%8B%E5%8B%A4%E6%AE%BF" title="懋勤殿">懋勤殿</a>,設<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="顧問官(页面不存在)">顧問官</a>,慈禧太后不允。光緒帝手諭<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E9%8A%B3" class="mw-disambig" title="楊銳">楊銳</a>以變法之難,命康有為等詳細籌議。 </p><p>9月14日,<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="直隸">直隸</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%89%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF" title="按察使">按察使</a>袁世凱抵<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>。前<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="日本首相">日本首相</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%87" title="伊藤博文">伊藤博文</a>經天津抵京。 </p><p>9月16日(八月初一),光緒在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="頤和園">頤和園</a>召見統率<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%BB%BA%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="新建陆军">新建陸軍</a>的直隸按察使<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="袁世凱">袁世凱</a>,面談後昇任他為侍郎候補。另一方面,直隸總督榮祿以英俄開戰,催袁急回<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="天津">天津</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%A2%E6%B0%B8%E5%B9%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="畢永年(页面不存在)">畢永年</a>與譚嗣同議<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%A6%81" title="軟禁">軟禁</a>太后事。 </p><p>9月17日(八月初二),光緒帝再召見袁世凱,命與直隸總督榮祿各辦各事。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒">光緒</a>命康有為即離京赴<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="上海">上海</a>督辦官報局,傳通過楊銳帶給康有為密詔。 </p><p>9月18日(八月初三),御史<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%B4%87%E4%BC%8A" title="杨崇伊">楊崇伊</a>上書慈禧,稱<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="大同學會(页面不存在)">大同學會</a>蠱惑士心,紊亂朝政,引用東人,深恐貽禍宗社,籲懇皇太后即日訓政以遏亂萌。據袁世凱的日記,之後譚嗣同於9月18日去<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%8E%E5%AF%BA_(%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%B7)" class="mw-redirect" title="法华寺 (北京多福巷)">法華寺</a>夜訪袁世凱,透露慈禧聯同榮祿,要廢黜光緒;並說皇上希望袁世凱可以起兵勤王,誅殺榮祿及包圍慈禧住的頤和園。兩日後(9月20日),袁世凱回到天津,將譚嗣同的計劃向榮祿報告;另有說法,說是袁世凱離京前密告給軍機大臣禮親王<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E9%90%B8" title="世鐸">世鐸</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronglu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ronglu.jpg/150px-Ronglu.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ronglu.jpg/225px-Ronglu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ronglu.jpg/300px-Ronglu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%AE%E7%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="榮祿">榮祿</a>曾表示反对康有为所主张的变法,他在公元1898年9月20日回京,参与扼殺戊戌變法,为慈禧太后提供武力支持。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政變"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E8.AE.8A"></span>政變</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:政變"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>9月19日(八月初四)傍晚,慈禧突然離開<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="頤和園">頤和園</a>,返回大內。光緒帝自是日起遷居<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%9B%E5%8F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="瀛台">瀛台</a>。康有為訪<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>傳教士<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%8F%90%E6%91%A9%E5%A4%AA" title="李提摩太">李提摩太</a>,請英國公使相助,不成;又訪<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%87" title="伊藤博文">伊藤博文</a>,請遊說慈禧太后。當晚<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%B4%B9%E7%AE%95" title="黃紹箕">黃紹箕</a>勸康有為迅速離京。深夜,梁啟超、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BB%A3%E4%BB%81" title="康廣仁">康廣仁</a>等懇求康盡快出走。 </p><p>9月20日(八月初五)凌晨,康有為攜僕人李唐離京。光緒皇帝第三次召見袁世凱,之後袁回天津。慈禧太后、光緒皇帝接見日本前首相<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%87" title="伊藤博文">伊藤博文</a>,當天深夜又接到榮祿密報,說光緒帝欲軟禁慈禧<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>9月21日(八月初六)凌晨,慈禧太后臨朝,宣佈<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E5%9A%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="戒嚴">戒嚴</a>,火車停駛,率衛隊<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%A6%81" title="軟禁">軟禁</a>光緒帝於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7" title="中南海">中南海</a>涵元殿,廢除新政,搜捕維新黨人,然後下詔慈禧<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-disambig" title="訓政">訓政</a>。當天<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E5%86%9B%E7%BB%9F%E9%A2%86" class="mw-redirect" title="步军统领">步軍統領</a>率兵圍<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%9C%83%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="南海會館(页面不存在)">南海會館</a>宅,搜捕康有為未獲,但在此拿獲<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BB%A3%E4%BB%81" title="康廣仁">康廣仁</a>和康的弟子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%92%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="程大璋(页面不存在)">程大璋</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8C%A2%E7%B6%AD%E9%A9%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="錢維驥(页面不存在)">錢維驥</a>。之後又搜查了粵籍官僚<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%94%AD%E6%A1%93" title="張蔭桓">張蔭桓</a>寓所,沒有發現康有為,將張逮捕。 </p><p>9月24日(八月初九),剛毅奉慈禧諭令開始搜捕四軍機章京等變法份子。楊銳、林旭當日被捕。劉光第投案自首。楊深秀因詰問慈禧太后為何<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E9%BB%9C" title="廢黜">罷黜</a>光緒帝,在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%9E%E5%96%9C%E6%9C%83%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="聞喜會館(页面不存在)">聞喜會館</a>住處被捕。 </p><p>9月25日(八月初十),譚嗣同在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%80%8F%E9%99%BD%E6%9C%83%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="瀏陽會館(页面不存在)">瀏陽會館</a>被捕。“軍機四卿”等新黨不審而誅,學界對基本情況已經澄清。此事系由榮祿的僚屬<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BD%E7%A9%80" title="貽穀">貽谷</a>上疏所引發,這天貽谷上疏請求從速處置新黨。 </p><p>戊戌政變結束了只有一百零三天的維新,所有新政,除<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A0%82" title="京师大学堂">京師大學堂</a>外,一律都被廢止。廢止的原因,則是牽涉康有為對外宣稱的光緒帝「密詔事件」。因此事件,讓已宣佈訓政的<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>,受到各界質疑訓政的正當性,擔憂被事件所影響,於是之後便發生廢光緒帝的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E4%BA%A5%E7%AB%8B%E5%84%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="己亥立儲">己亥立儲</a>」事件,遭到各國反對,使慈禧對外國列強不滿而仇視洋人,所有新政因此終止。 </p><p>維新黨人中,康有為早離開北京,梁啟超逃入日本使館。其他數十人被捕,包括稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%85%AD%E5%90%9B%E5%AD%90" title="戊戌六君子">戊戌六君子</a>」的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%9A%E5%97%A3%E5%90%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="譚嗣同">譚嗣同</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E9%8A%B3_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="楊銳 (清朝)">杨锐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%97%AD" title="林旭">林旭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%85%89%E7%AC%AC" title="劉光第">劉光第</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E6%B7%B1%E7%A7%80" title="楊深秀">楊深秀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BB%A3%E4%BB%81" title="康廣仁">康廣仁</a>,六人於9月28日被处死於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%9C%E5%B8%82%E5%8F%A3%E6%B3%95%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="菜市口法場">菜市口法場</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%AF%85" class="mw-redirect" title="剛毅">剛毅</a>親自監斬。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E8%87%B4%E9%9D%96" title="徐致靖">徐致靖</a>被處以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E8%BA%AB%E7%9B%A3%E7%A6%81" class="mw-redirect" title="終身監禁">終身監禁</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AD%90%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" class="mw-redirect" title="庚子之亂">庚子之亂</a>後得赦免);<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%94%AD%E6%A1%93" title="張蔭桓">張蔭桓</a>則<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%94%BE" title="流放">流放</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>,后于1900年被处死于当地。 </p><p>從以上時序及史料可推斷,慈禧在居於<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="頤和園">頤和園</a>期間一直對帝黨的計劃掌握若干情報。若要說在過程中向慈禧一方告密,致引發政變之關鍵人物,則應非<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%B4%87%E4%BC%8A" title="杨崇伊">楊崇伊</a>莫屬。反觀袁世凱在事件中,極其量僅可稱為事泄保身,並非關鍵泄密者。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="失敗原因"><span id=".E5.A4.B1.E6.95.97.E5.8E.9F.E5.9B.A0"></span>失敗原因</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:失敗原因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早期探究"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E6.8E.A2.E7.A9.B6"></span>早期探究</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:早期探究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>早期的評論認為,戊戌政变的深层原因是满汉之争,<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="慈禧">慈禧</a>并不一定反对维新,但变法与“<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="满洲">满洲</a>统治”这一根基相抵触,随着变法运动的激进化,康有为上奏在华东建设新都,剪掉辫子,改穿西式服装,改元維新(参《请断发易服改元折》),意味着脱离<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%85%B5%E5%85%A5%E5%85%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清兵入关">清兵入关</a>后在北京周边设定的旗地、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">八旗</a>等满人势力,轉向对外开放之地<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="上海">上海</a>,断发、易服、改元意味着对祖法即二百五十年来的清朝统治的全盘否定,因此唤起了满洲人的抗拒。当时一封致英国代理上海总领事白利南的信中称:“到光绪意欲改变中国<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%83%E5%8F%91%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="剃发令">辮子</a>风俗的诏令一传出(据康说这是真的),旗人的不满达到顶点。对<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="满人">满人</a>来说,割掉象征<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="旗人">旗人</a>征服<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="汉人">汉人</a>的辫子,等于否定旗人在中国的统治<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>英国公使<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%A6%E7%BA%B3%E4%B9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="窦纳乐">窦纳乐</a>說道:“最近的一些事件确切表现出太后和旗人派对他们自身安全感到严重的惊恐,且视维新运动有害于旗人统治。维新新党的领袖都是汉人,在斥责康有为所组织的‘<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A" title="保国会">保国会</a>’的上谕中,很有意义地指出,保国会志在保中国(國家)而不保大清(政權)。旗人在摧毁维新派时,能够博得多数<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F" title="汉族">汉族</a>官員的赞同,或至少漠不关心,乃因为光绪采纳热心变法的青年一派的建议从事改革,不但危及他们的权力,甚至危及他们的地位<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>康有為的弟弟<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BB%A3%E4%BB%81" title="康廣仁">康廣仁</a>說:「伯兄規模太廣,志氣太銳,包攬太多,同志太孤,舉行太大。當地排者,忌者、擠者、謗者盈衢塞巷,而上又無權,安能有成?」<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="當今新探"><span id=".E7.95.B6.E4.BB.8A.E6.96.B0.E6.8E.A2"></span>當今新探</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:當今新探"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="香港大學">香港大學</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="博士">博士</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%80%E4%BB%B2%E6%A1%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="區仲桃(页面不存在)">區仲桃</a>認為,慈禧與光緒早在康有為跟光緒策劃百日維新前已逐步推行改革,康有為的出現某程度上「破壞」了原本改革的進程。康有為提出改革的背後有個人的考慮,而且手法激進,譚嗣同更認為所有變革要流血才會成功。此外,康有為跟日本關係密切,力邀日本前首相伊藤博文(策劃<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中日甲午戰爭">中日甲午戰爭</a>的主要人物)當光緒的顧問,康有為等人更策動暗殺慈禧,事情敗露後,康有為和梁啟超流亡海外,而<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%9A%E5%97%A3%E5%90%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="譚嗣同">譚嗣同</a>則拒絕離開。慈禧對於光緒要殺害自己的計劃感到十分震驚,但在她有生之年對該事件絕口不提。另一方面,在國外的康有為竭力把慈禧和光緒描繪成今天一般人理解的模樣<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="上海師範大學">上海師範大學</a>教授<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%96" title="雷家聖">雷家聖</a>指出:日本前首相<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%87" title="伊藤博文">伊藤博文</a>在戊戌變法期間到中國訪問。當時英國傳教士<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%8F%90%E6%91%A9%E5%A4%AA" title="李提摩太">李提摩太</a>向變法派領袖<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a>建議,要求清朝方面聘請伊藤為顧問,甚至付以事權<sup id="cite_ref-jiasheng_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jiasheng-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,變法派官員在伊藤抵華後,紛紛上書請求重用伊藤,引起保守派官員的警惕。保守派官員<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%B4%87%E4%BC%8A" title="杨崇伊">楊崇伊</a>甚至就事件密奏<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>:「風聞東洋故相伊藤博文,將專政柄。伊藤果用,則祖宗所傳之天下,不啻拱手讓人。」<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>楊崇伊的激烈言論,促使慈禧太后在9月19日由<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="頤和園">頤和園</a>回到<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="紫禁城">紫禁城</a>,意欲瞭解光緒皇帝對伊藤有何看法。 </p><p>伊藤與李提摩太又向康有為提議「中美英日合邦」,於是在康有為的授意下,變法派官員<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E6%B7%B1%E7%A7%80" title="楊深秀">楊深秀</a>於9月20日上書光緒:「臣尤伏願我皇上早定大計,固結英、美、日本三國,勿嫌『合邦』之名之不美。」<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>另一變法派官員<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%BC%AF%E9%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="宋伯魯">宋伯魯</a>也於9月21日上書言道:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>「渠之來也,擬聯合中國、日本、美國及英國為合邦,共選通達時務、曉暢各國掌故者百人,專理四國兵政稅則及一切外交等事。」<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>雷家圣认为,这是欲將中國軍事、財稅、外交等國家大權,交於外人之手,所以慈禧太后驚覺事態嚴重,當機立斷發動政變,重新訓政,結束了戊戌變法<sup id="cite_ref-jiasheng_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jiasheng-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。雷家圣亦認為「合邦」为外国的阴谋,康有为在戊戌变法前即曾与日本人联系,要与日本人联合召开「两国合邦大会议」<sup id="cite_ref-jiasheng_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jiasheng-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:129</sup>。戊戌变法开始后,李提摩太又向康有为建议中、美、英、日四国「合邦」,藉以对抗俄国,他指出,这在当时是完全不切实际的。但身为高级知识分子的李提摩太却向康有为提出这种建议,动机令人怀疑。康有为更向光绪建议要向李提摩太与伊藤博文「商酌办法」,则控制权将完全掌握在外人手中。因此李提摩太「合邦」的计划,可以说是一个外交的骗局,利用康有为等人对国际常识不足的弱点,诱骗康有为等人与光绪将交出军事、财政、外交等权力给外国人,任由外国操控宰割<sup id="cite_ref-jiasheng_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jiasheng-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:154-155</sup>。 </p><p>美國<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哈佛大學">哈佛大學</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%AD%A3%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="費正清中國研究中心">費正清中國研究中心</a>研究員<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%94%E7%A5%A5%E5%90%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="孔祥吉(页面不存在)">孔祥吉</a>也认为:「拆穿了李提摩太的西洋镜,原来是一个赤裸裸的并吞中国的阴谋,……这一合邦计划幸好没有实行,倘若付诸实施,则半封建、半殖民地的中国无疑会成为对英美日等资本主义国家的附属国和殖民地。」<sup id="cite_ref-H1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>戊戌政变之后,慈禧下令逮捕康有为,将<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%BC%AF%E9%B2%81" title="宋伯鲁">宋伯鲁</a>革职拿问,后又处死<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E6%B7%B1%E7%A7%80" title="楊深秀">杨深秀</a>等戊戌六君子,均没有提到他们有卖国通敌之罪。当时英、日正在中国东北与渤海进行军事活动,雷家圣认为一旦公布英、日涉及合邦计划,无异与英、日反目成仇,因此只能以含混之罪名带过<sup id="cite_ref-jiasheng_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jiasheng-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:160-161</sup>。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:835px;max-width:835px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">戊戌變法主要人物</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kang-youwei2-large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kang-youwei2-large.jpg/137px-Kang-youwei2-large.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kang-youwei2-large.jpg/206px-Kang-youwei2-large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kang-youwei2-large.jpg/274px-Kang-youwei2-large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a></center></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liang-Qichao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Liang-Qichao.jpg/148px-Liang-Qichao.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Liang-Qichao.jpg/222px-Liang-Qichao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Liang-Qichao.jpg/296px-Liang-Qichao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%95%9F%E8%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="梁啟超">梁啟超</a></center></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tansitong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tansitong.jpg/96px-Tansitong.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tansitong.jpg/144px-Tansitong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tansitong.jpg/192px-Tansitong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%9A%E5%97%A3%E5%90%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="譚嗣同">譚嗣同</a></center></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ling_Heuk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ling_Heuk.JPG/143px-Ling_Heuk.JPG" decoding="async" width="143" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ling_Heuk.JPG/215px-Ling_Heuk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ling_Heuk.JPG/286px-Ling_Heuk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="2507" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%97%AD" title="林旭">林旭</a></center></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Guangdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Liu_Guangdi.jpg/145px-Liu_Guangdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Liu_Guangdi.jpg/218px-Liu_Guangdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Liu_Guangdi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%85%89%E7%AC%AC" title="劉光第">劉光第</a></center></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yang_Shenxiu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Yang_Shenxiu.jpg/142px-Yang_Shenxiu.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Yang_Shenxiu.jpg/213px-Yang_Shenxiu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Yang_Shenxiu.jpg/284px-Yang_Shenxiu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1661" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E6%B7%B1%E7%A7%80" title="楊深秀">楊深秀</a></center></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="袁世凱與戊戌變法成敗的關係"><span id=".E8.A2.81.E4.B8.96.E5.87.B1.E8.88.87.E6.88.8A.E6.88.8C.E8.AE.8A.E6.B3.95.E6.88.90.E6.95.97.E7.9A.84.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>袁世凱與戊戌變法成敗的關係</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:袁世凱與戊戌變法成敗的關係"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Shikai_as_governor_of_shandong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Yuan_Shikai_as_governor_of_shandong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>北洋首领<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="袁世凱">袁世凱</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="袁世凱">袁世凱</a>在1896年4月受到<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%91%E5%AF%9F%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="监察御史">监察御史</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%99%AF%E6%A1%82" title="胡景桂">胡景桂</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E5%8A%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="彈劾">彈劾</a>,指他在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%AB%99%E7%B7%B4%E5%85%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="小站練兵">小站练兵</a>时犯下「嗜杀擅权」、「克扣军饷」、「诛戮无辜」等多条罪状,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E7%A6%84" title="荣禄">荣禄</a>当时视察<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="新军">新军</a>,为新军军容所动,力保袁世凯,袁世凯才得以留任<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 1898年9月18日(八月初三)晚上,谭嗣同去<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="法華寺">法华寺</a>夜访袁世凯,希望袁世凯可以起兵勤王,或禁锢慈禧等计划。但荣禄有恩于袁世凯,所以有观点认为袁世凯把譚嗣同的想法告訴给榮祿,結果戊戌變法失敗,光緒帝失去朝廷政權並遭<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%A6%81" title="軟禁">軟禁</a>。 </p><p>但據近年根据历史资料考證,慈禧及榮祿等早有廢除新政的計劃,已經有所部署和防備。袁世凯告密一事的真实情况亦有诸多疑点,戊戌变法时袁世凯倾向“维新”并未主动告密。<sup id="cite_ref-mygm_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mygm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>9月21日(八月初六)清廷颁布训政诏书,慈禧太后全面掌握政权。如果袁世凯告密,谭嗣同作为劝言袁世凯劫持或杀掉慈禧的人,罪不可赦,但<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%AB%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="上諭">上谕</a>中只是要求捉拿康有为和康广仁,并未下令逮捕谭嗣同。<sup id="cite_ref-mygm_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mygm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>同时,时间和技术也是问题,袁世凯9月20日(八月初五)抵达天津已是日落,赶到荣禄处已是夜间,即便当时告密,以当时的技术条件,荣禄根本无法及时赶回北京。可见慈禧太后政变并非由袁世凯告密所引起。<sup id="cite_ref-mygm_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mygm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>根据袁世凯亲信<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E4%B8%80%E9%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="张一麐">张一麐</a>所著《心太平室集》和荣禄亲信<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E5%A4%94%E9%BE%99" title="陈夔龙">陈夔龙</a>所记《梦蕉亭杂记》,真实情况应是9月21日(八月初六)晚袁世凯听到<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%B4%87%E4%BC%8A" title="杨崇伊">杨崇伊</a>从北京带来的政变消息,袁世凯以为密谋已经泄露,为避免自己被牵扯上叛逆罪,于是将情况告知荣禄,而非主动告密。<sup id="cite_ref-mygm_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mygm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(有一说袁世凯离京前深思后密告给军机大臣礼亲王<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E9%93%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="世铎">世铎</a>,世铎再转告慈禧太后。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)即便按照维新派原计划进行,袁世凱對於<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="戊戌維新">戊戌維新</a>的成敗是否具有決定性的影响仍有爭議,因为以袁世凱當時掌握的新軍戰力,亦不足以對抗聽命於榮祿駐紮於北京附近的眾多部隊。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="對中國政局的影響"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B.E6.94.BF.E5.B1.80.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>對中國政局的影響</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:對中國政局的影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>戊戌政變後,<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>被<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>幽禁在三面環水的南海<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%9B%E5%8F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="瀛台">瀛台</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a>逃至香港,後轉至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒">光緒</a>二十五年六月十三日(1899年7月20日)組織<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%9A%87%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="保皇會">保皇會</a>,又名<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中国维新会">中國維新會</a>,頌揚<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒皇帝">光緒皇帝</a>,鼓吹君主立憲,而<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%95%9F%E8%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="梁啟超">梁啟超</a>則逃至<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>,創刊《清議報》,醜詆<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>。 </p><p>在康梁兩人出逃的時候,宮內傳來<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a>毒殺<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒皇帝">光緒皇帝</a>的消息,後來又傳<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒皇帝">光緒皇帝</a>久病,由<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-disambig" title="訓政">訓政</a>。民間議論紛紛,中外盛傳<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>已不在人世。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%B1%9F%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="兩江總督">兩江總督</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%9D%A4%E4%B8%80" title="劉坤一">劉坤一</a>警告道:「人情危懼,強鄰環視,難免借起兵端。」時劉坤一挾<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%BB%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="湖廣總督">兩湖</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E4%B9%8B%E6%B4%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="張之洞">張之洞</a>同電,而張之洞臨時要求去掉名字。劉坤一遂獨自具章,慈禧覽畢無語。時任<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>駐華公使<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%87%E7%B4%8D%E6%A8%82" title="竇納樂">竇納樂</a>亦稱假若<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>去世,將為各國所不諒。結果大內允許<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>使館醫生入宮中診治<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>,云無大礙。 </p><p>守舊派大臣恐<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>怨於將來,紛紛慫恿<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>廢掉<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>,再加上<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a>逃亡海外後,宣稱握有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>密詔,使<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>的訓政受各界質疑,因此動了廢掉<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>的念頭,但議論未決。各國公使聽聞消息後,於元旦入覲詰問理由。<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>恐引起列強干涉,為測試列強態度,遂依榮祿建議,於1900年1月24日,以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>名義頒詔,稱其不能誕育子嗣,乃立端郡王<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%89%E6%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="載漪">載漪</a>之子,15歲的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%81" title="溥儁">溥儁</a>為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%BF%E5%93%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="大阿哥">大阿哥</a>,史稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E4%BA%A5%E5%BB%BA%E5%82%A8" title="己亥建储">己亥建儲</a>。 </p><p>不過該<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="詔書">詔書</a>一出,隨即令天下嘩然,1900年1月27日,上海電報局總辦經元善領銜通電要求<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>「力疾臨御,勿存退位之思」。簽名者有葉瀚、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%A3%95%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="馬裕藻">馬裕藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E7%82%B3%E9%BA%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="章炳麟">章炳麟</a>、汪貽年、丁惠康、沈藎、<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%89%8D%E5%B8%B8" title="唐才常">唐才常</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E4%BA%A8%E9%A0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="經亨頤">經亨頤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%85%83%E5%9F%B9" title="蔡元培">蔡元培</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%82%8E%E5%9F%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="黃炎培">黃炎培</a>等1231人。同時發表《布告各省公啟》,要求各省共同力爭,「如朝廷不理,則請我諸工商通行罷市集議」。各國公使認為立儲事件影響中國形勢穩定,隨之提出警告,拒絕入賀。 </p><p>因為戊戌政變後,列強協助<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%95%9F%E8%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="梁啟超">梁啟超</a>逃往國外,使<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>與守舊派大臣對列強產生怨恨。也因此對<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98" title="義和團">義和團</a>(前稱義和拳)採放任態度,終釀成<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D" title="八國聯軍">八國聯軍</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D%E4%BE%B5%E8%8F%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="八國聯軍侵華戰爭">入侵</a>的大禍(見劉坤一等人發起的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%92%E4%BF%9D" title="東南互保">東南聯保運動</a>)。 </p><p>戊戌政變後維新黨人成為了被官府緝捕的罪犯,他們與革命黨人在日本相會,當時<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%B4%8E%E6%BB%94%E5%A4%A9" title="宮崎滔天">宮崎滔天</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E9%A4%8A%E6%AF%85" title="犬養毅">犬養毅</a>、以及其他熱心「支那問題」的日本<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="浪人">浪人</a>,皆努力撮合同在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>的「<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%88%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="興中會">興中會</a>」(<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1" title="孫中山">孫中山</a>)與「維新派」(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a>),希望兩黨能攜手一同造反。<sup id="cite_ref-日本人對中國革命的影響_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-日本人對中國革命的影響-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-日本人實際接觸_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-日本人實際接觸-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>戊戌政變直接導致1900年夏維新派與革命黨嘗試合作,趁義和團事件及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D" title="八國聯軍">八國聯軍</a>時發動<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%AB%8B%E8%BB%8D%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="自立軍起義">自立軍起義</a>。此維新起義失敗後,代之而起的是主張推翻滿清,激烈變革,推翻原有制度和政府的革命者,最後<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>亦畫上句號。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdszx.gov.cn/zxkw/tzgj/tzgj2018/11/201904/t20190422_512027.htm">戊戌变法“幕后人物”张荫桓</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-06-29</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312015800/http://www.gdszx.gov.cn/zxkw/tzgj/tzgj2018/11/201904/t20190422_512027.htm">存档</a>于2021-03-12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95%E2%80%9C%E5%B9%95%E5%90%8E%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E2%80%9D%E5%BC%A0%E8%8D%AB%E6%A1%93&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdszx.gov.cn%2Fzxkw%2Ftzgj%2Ftzgj2018%2F11%2F201904%2Ft20190422_512027.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">徐中約《中國近代史》,374頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://view.news.qq.com/original/intouchtoday/h215.html">谭嗣同欲“尽卖西藏于英吉利”</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160309154250/http://view.news.qq.com/original/intouchtoday/h215.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>),騰訊歷史,2013-09-25,第215期</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%9A%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%AF%E8%A9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="明定國是詔">明定國是詔</a>》:「數年以來,中外臣工講求時務,多主變法自強。邇者詔書數下,如開特科,汰冗兵,改武科制度,立大小學堂,皆經再三審定,籌之至熟,甫議施行。惟是風氣尚未大開,論說莫衷一是,或托於老成愛國,以為舊章必應墨守,新法必當擯除,眾喙嘵嘵,空言無補。試問今日時局如此,國勢如此,若仍以不練之兵,有限之餉,士無實學,工無良師,強弱相形,貧富懸絕,豈真能制挺以撻堅甲利兵乎?朕維國是不定則號令不行,極其流弊,必至門戶紛爭,互相水火,徒蹈宋明積習,於是政毫無補益,即以中國大經大法而論,五帝三王不相沿襲,譽之冬裘夏葛,勢不兩存。用特明白宣示,嗣後中外太小諸臣,自王公以及士庶,各宜努力向上,發憤為雄,以聖賢義理之學植其根本,又須傅采西學之切於時務者,實力講求,以救空疏迂謬之弊。專心致志,精益求粹,毋徒襲其皮毛,毋競騰其口說,總期化無用為有用,以成通經濟變之才,京師大學堂為各行省之倡,尤應首先舉辦,著軍機大臣,總理各國事務王大臣會同妥速議奏,所有翰林院編檢,各部員司員,大內待衛,候補候選道府州縣以下及大員子第,八旗世職,各省武職後裔,其願入學堂者,均准入學肄業,以期人材輩出,共濟時艱,不得敷衍因循,徇私援引,致負朝廷諄諄告誡之至意。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">清史稿‧德宗本紀二,頁351-352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">茅海建. 戊戌变法期间光绪帝召见张元济. 社会科学研究. 2008-11-18, (2008年第05期): 140-145. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1000-4769"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;1000-4769</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E5%B8%9D%E5%8F%AC%E8%A7%81%E5%BC%A0%E5%85%83%E6%B5%8E&amp;rft.au=%E8%8C%85%E6%B5%B7%E5%BB%BA&amp;rft.date=2008-11-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1000-4769&amp;rft.issue=2008%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC05%E6%9C%9F&amp;rft.jtitle=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft.pages=140-145&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">蘇繼祖《清廷戊戌朝變記》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-趙焰-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-趙焰_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《晚清有個李鴻章》,趙焰著,2009年7月20日版</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">學者楊天石認為光緒帝罷免翁同龢不是被迫的,參見楊天石《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jds.cass.cn/Article/20090324165814.asp">翁同龢罷官問題新探</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090427183040/http://jds.cass.cn/Article/20090324165814.asp">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)》,北京日報,2005年10月31日。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mao-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mao_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mao_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">《戊戌變法史事考》,茅海建著</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.news.163.com/09/0629/04/5CUT78H900013FLD_all.html">姜鳴:關於袁世凱告密的新史料</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-04-23</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312015837/http://history.news.163.com/09/0629/04/5CUT78H900013FLD_all.html">存档</a>于2021-03-12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%A7%9C%E9%B3%B4%EF%BC%9A%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E5%91%8A%E5%AF%86%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.news.163.com%2F09%2F0629%2F04%2F5CUT78H900013FLD_all.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">張一麐在《心太平室集》卷八記袁世凱初五日返天津,隔一天後,御史楊崇伊來到天津,向榮祿報告消息,袁告密時,楊崇伊已在榮祿處</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《戊戌变法》III,第537页。窦纳乐致外交大臣,1898年10月13日</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《戊戌变法》III,第532页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macaudata.com/macaubook/book147/html/02901.htm">《知新報》總理康廣仁</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2017-05-13</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116010400/https://www.macaudata.com/macaubook/book147/html/02901.htm">存档</a>于2018-11-16).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%9F%A5%E6%96%B0%E5%A0%B1%E3%80%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%BA%B7%E5%BB%A3%E4%BB%81&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macaudata.com%2Fmacaubook%2Fbook147%2Fhtml%2F02901.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">區仲桃, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macaodaily.com/html/2016-03/21/content_1076920.htm">有另一種歷史 </a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923125130/http://www.macaodaily.com/html/2016-03/21/content_1076920.htm">存檔</a>,存档日期2016-09-23., <a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1" title="澳門日報">澳門日報</a>, 2016-3-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jiasheng-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jiasheng_17-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jiasheng_17-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jiasheng_17-2"><sup><b>17.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jiasheng_17-3"><sup><b>17.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jiasheng_17-4"><sup><b>17.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">雷家聖《失落的真相:晚清戊戌政變史事新探》,台北:五南出版社,2016年。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/fourtyfiveyears00richuoft">&#160;Timothy Richard ,<i>Forty-five years in China</i>, Chapter 12.</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2013-07-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102072224/https://archive.org/details/fourtyfiveyears00richuoft">存档</a>于2013-11-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.btitle=%C2%A0Timothy+Richard+%2CForty-five+years+in+China%2C+Chapter+12.&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourtyfiveyears00richuoft&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">楊崇伊〈掌廣西道監察御史楊崇伊摺〉,《戊戌變法檔案史料》,北京中華書局,1959,p.461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">楊深秀〈山東道監察御史楊深秀摺〉,《戊戌變法檔案史料》,北京中華書局,1959,p.15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">宋伯魯〈掌山東道監察御史宋伯魯摺〉,《戊戌變法檔案史料》,北京中華書局,1959,p.170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">孔祥吉:《康有为变法奏议研究》,辽宁教育出版社,1988,第 422-423页。 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">陈夔龙·《梦蕉亭杂记》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mygm-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mygm_24-0"><sup><b>24.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mygm_24-1"><sup><b>24.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mygm_24-2"><sup><b>24.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mygm_24-3"><sup><b>24.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/special/yuanshikai/200906/0621_6961_1212314.shtml">戊戌变法时袁世凯倾向“维新” 并未主动告密</a>. 凤凰网. 2009年6月21日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2012年3月25日&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127182639/http://news.ifeng.com/history/special/yuanshikai/200906/0621_6961_1212314.shtml">存档</a>于2011年11月27日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95%E6%97%B6%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF%E5%80%BE%E5%90%91%E2%80%9C%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0%E2%80%9D+%E5%B9%B6%E6%9C%AA%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%A8%E5%91%8A%E5%AF%86&amp;rft.date=2009-06-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2Fspecial%2Fyuanshikai%2F200906%2F0621_6961_1212314.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%9C%E9%B8%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="姜鸣(页面不存在)">姜鸣</a>著《关于袁世凯告密的新史料》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-日本人對中國革命的影響-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-日本人對中國革命的影響_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">有關日本人對中國革命的影響可參閱:John King Fairbank(費正清),The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 11: Late Ch'ing 1800–1911, Part 2, Cambridge University Press, 1980。中國社會科學院歷史研究所編譯室譯,《劍橋中國晚清史》,中國社會科學出版社,一九八五,下冊,第六章〈<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="辛亥革命">辛亥革命</a>〉。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-日本人實際接觸-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-日本人實際接觸_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">有關日本人實際接觸中國維新黨人與革命黨人可參考:《中山先生與國際人士》,上冊與下兩。還可參考:馮自由,《中華民國開國前革命史》(一九二八,世界書局重印,上下兩冊,二○一一),冊一,〈革命黨與日本志士之關係〉</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>书籍</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%95%9F%E8%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="梁啟超">梁啟超</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E5%86%B0%E5%AE%A4%E5%90%88%E9%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="飲冰室合集">飲冰室合集</a>》飲冰室專集之一:《<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98%E8%AE%B0" title="戊戌政变记">戊戌政變記</a>》. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="中華書局">中華書局</a> 第6冊. 清光緒二十四年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/710100475X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 7-101-00475-X</a>/K.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.au=%E6%A2%81%E5%95%9F%E8%B6%85&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%A3%B2%E5%86%B0%E5%AE%A4%E5%90%88%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B%E9%A3%B2%E5%86%B0%E5%AE%A4%E5%B0%88%E9%9B%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8A%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A%E8%A8%98%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80+%E7%AC%AC6%E5%86%8A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%BB%B7%E4%BB%A5" title="郭廷以">郭廷以</a>. 《近代中國史綱》上冊. 中文大學出版社. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/962-201-351-1" title="Special:网络书源/962-201-351-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;962-201-351-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.au=%E9%83%AD%E5%BB%B7%E4%BB%A5&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E7%B6%B1%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%8A%E5%86%8A&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=962-201-351-1&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%96" title="雷家聖">雷家聖</a>. 《失落的真相-晚清戊戌政變史事新探》. 台北: 五南出版社. 2016年9月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-8811-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-8811-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-957-11-8811-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.au=%E9%9B%B7%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%96&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%B1%E8%90%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8%EF%BC%8D%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E6%96%B0%E6%8E%A2%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2016-09&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-957-11-8811-9&amp;rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&amp;rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>(本書初版原名《力挽狂瀾:戊戌政變新探》,台北:萬卷樓,2004)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">马骏. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/1/jishi/200811/1111_2663_871688.shtml">《晚清军事揭秘》</a>. 北京: 中央广播电视大学出版社. 2008年11月 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2013-01-09</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787304041427" title="Special:网络书源/9787304041427"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787304041427</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219015527/http://news.ifeng.com/history/1/jishi/200811/1111_2663_871688.shtml">存档</a>于2020-12-19).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.au=%E9%A9%AC%E9%AA%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%8F%AD%E7%A7%98%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2008-11&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9787304041427&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2F1%2Fjishi%2F200811%2F1111_2663_871688.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>張灝:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c045-199711019.pdf">再認戊戌維新的歷史意義</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220617044259/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c045-199711019.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>黄汉青:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=1001064306">维新派近代民权学说的历史演进</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210109071801/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=1001064306">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>孫隆基:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c046-199711010.pdf">從「天下」到「國家」──戊戌維新一代的世界觀</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220617044154/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c046-199711010.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>王汎森:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c045-199712021.pdf">戊戌前後思想資源的變化:以日本因素為例</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210118150934/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c045-199712021.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%99%E8%8B%B1%E6%99%82" title="余英時">余英時</a>:〈戊戌政變今讀〉(2009年)</li> <li>汪荣祖:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=1002769885">论戊戌变法失败的思想因素</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210109071819/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=1002769885">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>孔祥吉:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssd.org/articles/Article_Read.aspx?id=29240074">一个日本书记官见到的康有为与戊戌维新</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210109071820/http://www.nssd.org/articles/Article_Read.aspx?id=29240074">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=notpageimage&amp;#124;22x20px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=&amp;#124;link=_清朝歷史" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝历史">清朝歷史</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="建州女真">建州女真</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="努尔哈赤统一建州女真之战">努尔哈赤统一建州女真之战</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8B%92%E5%B1%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="古勒山之战">古勒山之战</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%8E" title="費阿拉城">建造费阿拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E8%B5%AB" title="葉赫">击败叶赫部</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1862%E2%80%931889).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="三角黄龙旗"><img alt="三角黄龙旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="黄龙旗"><img alt="黄龙旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="海西女真">吞并海西女真</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="野人女真">征服野人女真</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">创制八旗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD_(%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91)" title="天命 (后金)">天命</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91" title="后金">後金建國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%BC%80%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="清朝开国战争">立國戰事</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%81%A8" title="七大恨">七大恨誓师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%AB%E6%B8%85%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="撫清之戰">抚清之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="薩爾滸之戰">薩爾滸之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E8%BF%9C%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="宁远之战">宁远之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%81%E6%8E%88%E7%94%B0" title="计丁授田">计丁授田</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%81%AA" title="天聪">天聪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92" title="四大贝勒">四大贝勒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%96%84" title="代善">代善</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%95%8F_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="阿敏 (清朝)">阿敏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%BD%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0" title="莽古爾泰">莽古爾泰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">皇太極</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%81%AA%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF" title="天聪新政">天聪新政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E5%8D%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="丁卯戰爭"><span style="color:green;">入侵朝鲜</span></a></li> <li>三王归顺 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E6%9C%89%E5%BE%B7" title="孔有德">孔有德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%8F%AF%E5%96%9C" title="尚可喜">尚可喜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%BF%E4%BB%B2%E6%98%8E" title="耿仲明">耿仲明</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%85%B5%E5%85%A5%E5%A1%9E" title="清兵入塞">清兵入塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E5%AF%9F%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94" title="后金征服察哈尔">征服察哈尔</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%97%A9%E9%99%A2" title="理藩院">蒙古衙門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%9B%9F%E9%83%A8%E6%97%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清代蒙古盟部旗列表">编设盟旗</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7" title="崇德">崇德</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%81#建立大清" class="mw-redirect" title="皇太极">皇太极称帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="議政王大臣會議">議政王大臣會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E5%AD%90%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="丙子戰爭"><span style="color:green;">再侵朝鲜</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E4%B8%91%E4%B8%8B%E5%9F%8E" title="丁丑下城">丁丑下城</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E9%8C%A6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="松錦之戰">松錦之戰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E6%B2%BB" title="顺治">顺治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E8%A2%9E" title="多爾袞">多爾袞攝政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%89%87%E7%9F%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="一片石之战">清軍入關</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AC%E5%B7%9E%E5%8D%81%E6%97%A5" title="扬州十日">扬州十日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%A0" title="嘉定三屠">嘉定三屠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E9%98%B4%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5" title="江阴八十一日">江阴八十一日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E8%9C%80" title="屠蜀">屠蜀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AF%85%E4%B9%8B%E5%8A%AB" title="庚寅之劫">庚寅之劫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E7%87%9F_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="綠營 (清朝)">綠營</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E6%B5%B7%E6%A1%88" title="通海案">通海案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%88%9D%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%8A%E6%94%BF" title="清初六大弊政">清初六大弊政</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%88%E5%9C%B0" title="圈地">圈地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%83%E9%AB%AE%E6%98%93%E6%9C%8D" title="剃髮易服">剃发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%85%85" title="投充">投充</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%83%E4%BA%BA%E6%B3%95" title="逃人法">逃人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A" title="柳條邊">禁关</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%AB%E6%B8%85%E5%88%9D%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="明末清初屠殺事件">屠城</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E5%BE%8B%E4%BE%8B" title="大清律例">大清律例</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B4%87%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="首崇满洲">首崇满洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="滿城">滿城</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%95%86" title="皇商">皇商</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B7%E7%95%8C%E4%BB%A4" title="遷界令">遷界令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E5%8F%AF%E6%A1%88" title="函可案">函可案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%8D%B7%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D" title="清荷聯軍">清荷聯軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E9%BB%A8%E7%88%AD" title="南北黨爭">南北黨爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%85%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A0%B4%E6%A1%88" title="丁酉科場案">丁酉科場案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%AD%E5%BA%99%E6%A1%88" title="哭庙案">哭庙案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%9C%AA%E6%BC%82%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="丁未漂人事件">丁未漂人</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%BE%E7%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="康乾盛世">康雍乾盛世</a></li> <li>四大臣辅政 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%BC_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="索尼 (清朝)">索尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8F%E5%BF%85%E9%9A%86" title="遏必隆">遏必隆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%8C%E6%8B%9C" title="鳌拜">鳌拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88" title="蘇克薩哈">蘇克薩哈</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%8F%E9%8A%B7%E6%A1%88" title="江南奏銷案">江南奏銷案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%8E%86%E7%8B%B1" title="康熙历狱">康熙历狱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="雅克萨战役"><span style="color:green;">雅克萨战役</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E6%A5%9A%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="尼布楚條約">《尼布楚條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BC%A0%E9%81%93%E5%9B%A2" title="东正教北京传道团">俄罗斯馆</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%8D%84" title="文字獄">文字獄</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%BB%B7%E9%91%A8%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2%E6%A1%88" title="莊廷鑨明史案">莊廷鑨明史案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E6%A1%88" title="南山案">南山案</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="三藩之乱">三藩之乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF" title="南書房">南書房</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B7%E7%95%8C%E4%BB%A4" title="遷界令">遷界令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="澎湖海战">施琅攻台</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%AB%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%9B%9F" title="多倫諾爾會盟">多倫諾爾會盟</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%98%AD%E5%B8%83%E9%80%9A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="烏蘭布通之戰"><span style="color:green;">烏蘭布通之戰</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%9A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="昭莫多之战"><span style="color:green;">昭莫多之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%B0%94%E5%96%80%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F" title="喀尔喀蒙古族">喀尔喀蒙古</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="康熙帝南巡">康熙帝南巡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">康熙</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="康熙字典">《康熙字典》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" title="清朝征服西藏"><span style="color:green;">驱准保藏</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BC%E4%BB%AA%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89" title="中国礼仪之争">礼仪之争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%A7%84" title="弟子规">《弟子规》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%B4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="朱一貴事件">朱一貴之乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%BA%E5%AB%A1" title="九子夺嫡">九子夺嫡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="雍正">雍正</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="雍正帝">世宗改制</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%9A%E7%BD%97%E5%8D%9C%E8%97%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%B4%A5%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="清朝平定罗卜藏丹津之乱">羅卜藏丹津之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%80%9A%E6%B3%8A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="和通泊之战"><span style="color:green;">和通泊之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%BE%E5%AF%BA%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="光显寺之战"><span style="color:green;">光显寺之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="藏區分治">藏區分治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%9C%9F%E5%BD%92%E6%B5%81" title="改土归流">改土归流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E5%85%8B%E5%9C%96%E7%95%8C%E7%B4%84" title="恰克圖界約">《恰克圖界約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%97%E7%BE%A1%E6%AD%B8%E5%85%AC" title="耗羡歸公">火耗歸公</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E8%99%95" class="mw-redirect" title="軍機處">軍機處</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%A4%E4%B8%81%E5%85%A5%E5%9C%B0" title="攤丁入地">攤丁入地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E7%BB%85%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%93%E5%B7%AE%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%AE" title="官绅一体当差纳粮">官绅一体当差纳粮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%91%BA" title="密摺">密摺制度</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%AE%97%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="骨宗事件">骨宗事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B2%99%E9%80%A3%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="水沙連之役">水沙連之役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%94%B2%E8%A5%BF%E7%A4%BE%E6%8A%97%E6%B8%85%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="大甲西社抗清事件">大甲西社抗清</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="苗民起义">古州苗亂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="八旗生计">八旗生计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%86%9B%E5%87%BA%E6%97%97" title="汉军出旗">汉军出旗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="大小金川之役">大小金川之役</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="大金川之戰">大金川之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="第二次金川之戰">第二次金川之戰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A3%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%AD%E5%8B%92" title="珠爾默特那木札勒">珠爾默特那木札勒之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="乾隆帝南巡">乾隆帝南巡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%A6%81" title="海禁">鎖國政策</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E4%BB%BB%E8%BE%89" title="洪任辉"><span style="color:green;">洪任辉事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86" title="一口通商">一口通商</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%99%B6%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="準噶爾之役"><span style="color:green;">準噶爾之役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%93%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="大小和卓之亂">大小和卓之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%BC%85%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="清缅战争"><span style="color:green;">清缅战争</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="四庫全書">《四庫全書》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%A4%E9%A9%9B%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="撤驛之變">撤驛之變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%B4%AF%E6%A1%88" title="字贯案">字贯案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85%E5%86%92%E8%B3%91%E6%A1%88" title="甘肅冒賑案">甘肅冒賑案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇四十三起義">蘇四十三起義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%88%BD%E6%96%87%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="林爽文事件">林爽文起义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E9%97%A8" title="洪门">天地會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%A4%E5%98%89%E8%8E%8A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="篤嘉莊之戰">篤嘉莊之戰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%8D%E5%85%A5%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="清軍入越戰爭"><span style="color:green;">清軍入越戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="廓爾喀之役"><span style="color:green;">廓爾喀侵藏戰爭</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="西藏善後章程">《西藏善後章程》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="欽定藏內善後章程">《欽定藏內善後章程》</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%A8%E6%AD%A6%E5%8A%9F" title="十全武功">十全武功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E7%BD%AA%E9%8A%80" title="議罪銀">議罪銀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%9B%E7%88%BE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98" title="馬戛爾尼使團">馬戛爾尼使團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89_(1795%E2%80%931806%E5%B9%B4)" title="苗民起义 (1795–1806年)">乾嘉苗亂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%BA%86" title="嘉庆">嘉庆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E6%A5%9A%E6%95%99%E4%B9%B1" title="川楚教乱">川楚教乱</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%93%AE%E6%95%99" title="白蓮教">白蓮教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">嘉庆</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%BE%B7_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="陳德 (清朝)">神武门遇刺案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E9%87%91" title="尤里·亚历山德罗夫·戈洛夫金">戈洛夫金使团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%A0%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8" title="英国图占澳门"><span style="color:green;">英国图占澳门</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E4%BA%9A%E8%83%9C%E6%A1%88" title="黄亚胜案"><span style="color:green;">黄亚胜案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B8%E9%85%89%E4%B9%8B%E5%8F%98" title="癸酉之变">癸酉之变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%86%E6%95%99_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="天理教 (中国)">天理教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9C%E7%89%99%E5%A2%A9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="孜牙墩事件">孜牙墩事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%B7%E4%BD%BF%E5%9B%A2" title="阿美士德使团">阿美士德使团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6%E5%85%B5%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%B0%E4%B8%9F%E5%A4%B1%E6%A1%88" title="嘉慶兵部大印丟失案">兵部大印丟失案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="張格爾之亂">張格爾之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%81%93%E4%B8%AD%E8%A1%B0" title="嘉道中衰">嘉道中衰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89" title="道光">道光</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%8B%9E%E5%8D%91" title="律勞卑"><span style="color:green;">律勞卑事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次鸦片战争"><span style="color:green;">第一次鸦片战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B6%AD%E5%96%9C%E6%A1%88" title="林維喜案">林維喜案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E9%BC%BB%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="穿鼻之战"><span style="color:green;">穿鼻之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%97%A8%E9%94%80%E7%83%9F" title="虎门销烟">虎门销烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E9%BC%BB%E8%8D%89%E7%B4%84" title="穿鼻草約">《穿鼻草約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%9A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="第一次定海之战"><span style="color:green;">第一次定海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%9A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="第二次定海之战"><span style="color:green;">第二次定海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1841%E5%B9%B4)" title="镇海之战 (1841年)"><span style="color:green;">镇海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E6%B5%A6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="乍浦之战"><span style="color:green;">乍浦之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E6%B7%9E%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="吴淞战役"><span style="color:green;">吴淞战役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E6%B1%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1842%E5%B9%B4)" title="镇江之战 (1842年)"><span style="color:green;">镇江之战</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="不平等条约">不平等条约</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" title="广州和约">广州和约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="南京条约">南京条约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E5%BB%88%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="望廈條約">望廈條約</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="黄埔条约">黄埔条约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="中英五口通商章程">五口通商章程</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%97%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="虎门条约">虎门条约</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="森巴戰爭"><span style="color:green;">西藏森巴戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%93%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="七和卓之亂">七和卓之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD" title="太平天国">太平天国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0" title="咸丰">咸丰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%AC%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="天京之變">天京之變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%BB%E5%86%9B" title="捻军">捻军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E6%B4%AA%E5%85%B5%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="广东洪兵起义">广东洪兵起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%88%80%E4%BC%9A" title="小刀会">小刀会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A2%E7%BB%83" title="团练">团练武装</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E8%BB%8D" title="淮軍">淮軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E5%86%9B" title="湘军">湘军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E5%8B%87" title="楚勇">楚军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="苗民起义">苗民起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90%E5%9B%BD" title="大成国">大成国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="大洪国">大洪国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1855%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941856%E5%B9%B4)" title="廓藏戰爭 (1855年—1856年)"><span style="color:green;">廓藏戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%8E%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="塔城贸易圈事件"><span style="color:green;">塔城贸易圈事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B7%E9%83%A8%E5%AE%9D%E9%92%9E%E6%A1%88" title="户部宝钞案">户部宝钞案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E5%8D%88%E7%A7%91%E5%9C%BA%E6%A1%88" title="戊午科场案">戊午科场案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E5%8F%98" title="云南回变">云南回变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%A6%E7%90%BF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="璦琿條約">《璦琿條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次鸦片战争"><span style="color:green;">第二次鸦片战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%96" title="马赖"><span style="color:green;">廣西教案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%85%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="亞羅號事件"><span style="color:green;">亞羅號事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="廣州城戰役"><span style="color:green;">廣州城戰役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%BD%E5%8F%A3%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="大沽口战役"><span style="color:green;">大沽口战役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E6%98%8E%E5%9B%AD" title="圆明园">火烧圆明园</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="天津条约">《天津條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="北京条约">《北京條約》</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%B9%E9%81%93" title="咸丰黄河大改道">咸丰黄河大改道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E9%85%89%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="辛酉政变">辛酉政变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="顧命八大臣">顧命八大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%AE%AE%E8%81%BD%E6%94%BF" title="兩宮聽政">兩宮聽政</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB" title="同治">同治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%85%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B4" title="同光中兴">同光中兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8A%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="洋务运动">洋务运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%BD%AE%E6%98%A5%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="戴潮春事件">戴潮春事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%99%95%E7%94%98%E5%9B%9E%E4%B9%B1" title="同治陕甘回乱">陕甘回变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E7%A0%8D%E7%AB%B9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="圣山砍竹事件">圣山砍竹事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%AE%B6%E6%BB%A9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="秦家滩事件">秦家滩事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0" title="左宗棠">左宗棠入陕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%B6%E5%86%9B" title="马家军">马家军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%9B%9E%E4%B9%B1" title="同治新疆回乱">新疆回变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%98%B2%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89" title="海防与塞防之争">海防与塞防之争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%9F%E8%85%A6%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="樟腦戰爭"><span style="color:green;">樟腦戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%95%99%E6%A1%88" title="天津教案"><span style="color:green;">天津教案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="1870年长江洪水">庚午洪灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E9%A6%AC%E6%A1%88" title="刺馬案">刺馬案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%99%E7%BE%8E%E5%B9%BC%E7%AB%A5" title="中国留美幼童">中国留美幼童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E6%8A%A5" title="申报">《申報》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E4%B9%83%E6%AD%A6%E8%88%87%E5%B0%8F%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C%E6%A1%88" title="楊乃武與小白菜案">楊乃武與小白菜案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA" title="光绪">光绪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%98%89%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="馬嘉理事件"><span style="color:green;">馬嘉理事件</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E5%8F%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="烟台条约">烟台条约</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" title="左宗棠收复新疆">左宗棠收复新疆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="伊犁危機"><span style="color:green;">伊犁危機</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后專政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%88%8A%E5%A5%87%E8%8D%92" title="丁戊奇荒">丁戊奇荒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81" title="甘肃新疆省">新疆置省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%8F%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="清朝新式海軍">新式海军</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中法战争"><span style="color:green;">中法战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E8%B6%BE%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81" title="交趾支那遠征"><span style="color:green;">交趾支那遠征</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%96%B0%E7%BA%A6" title="中法新约">《中法新約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81" title="福建臺灣省">臺灣建省</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%B4%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="长崎事件"><span style="color:green;">长崎事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%86%B3%E5%8F%A3" title="1887年黄河决口">郑州河决</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="甲午战争"><span style="color:green;">甲午战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">《馬關條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E9%82%84%E9%81%BC" title="三國干涉還遼">三國干涉還遼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%A6" title="中俄密约">《中俄密約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中国通商银行">通商银行</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="乙未戰爭"><span style="color:green;">乙未割讓台灣</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="臺灣民主國">臺灣民主國</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E4%B8%AD%E4%BC%9A" title="兴中会">兴中会</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="乙未廣州起義">乙未廣州起義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BB%8D" title="新軍">新軍</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%AD%A6%E5%86%9B" title="定武军">定武军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="瓜分中國"><span style="color:green;">瓜分风潮</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E6%88%B6%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="門戶開放">门户开放</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%B7%9E%E6%95%99%E6%A1%88" title="曹州教案"><span style="color:green;">曹州教案</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">戊戌变法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E4%BA%A5%E5%BB%BA%E5%82%A8" title="己亥建储">己亥建储</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="义和团运动"><span style="color:green;">庚子国变</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="八国联军之役"><span style="color:green;">八国联军</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%92%E4%BF%9D" title="東南互保">東南互保</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%84%E9%9A%BE" title="庚子俄难"><span style="color:green;">庚子俄难</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">光绪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%B8%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="辛丑条约">《辛丑條約》</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AD%90%E8%B5%94%E6%AC%BE" title="庚子赔款">庚子赔款</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%AB%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF" title="清末新政">清末新政</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%BE" title="科举">廢科舉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E4%BD%BF%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="出使各国考察政治大臣">五大臣出使</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%BB%8D" title="北洋軍">北洋新軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="交通銀行">交通銀行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="立憲運動">立憲運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2" title="资政院">资政院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%AE%E8%AD%B0%E5%B1%80" title="諮議局">諮議局</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="英國侵藏戰爭"><span style="color:green;">英國侵藏</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英續訂藏印條約"><span style="color:green;">《中英續訂藏印條約》</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%98%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" title="巴塘事变"><span style="color:green;">巴塘事变</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E4%BC%9A" title="中国同盟会">中国同盟会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E8%8A%B1%E5%B4%97%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="黃花崗起義">黃花崗起義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争"><span style="color:green;">日俄战争</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%86%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="安庆起义">安庆起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%9C%AA%E6%94%BF%E6%BD%AE" title="丁未政潮">丁未政潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%B7%E6%84%BF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="国会请愿运动">国会请愿运动</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="宣统">宣统</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E8%BB%8D%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F" title="川軍入藏">川軍入藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%B6%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="慶親王內閣">皇族內閣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%B7%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="保路运动">保路运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="辛亥革命">辛亥革命</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="武昌起义">武昌起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第一次驅漢事件">第一次驅漢事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A6%E5%B7%9E%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%98" title="滦州兵变">滦州兵变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B" title="外蒙古独立">外蒙古独立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(1912%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941913%E5%B9%B4)" title="中華民國臨時政府 (1912年—1913年)">中華民國臨時政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E7%A4%BE%E5%85%9A" title="宗社党">宗社党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%A4%E5%84%AA%E5%BE%85%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6" title="清室優待條件">《清室優待條件》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%B8%9D%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8" title="宣統帝退位詔書">清帝退位</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="遜清皇室小朝廷">遜清皇室小朝廷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%8B%8B%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="张勋复辟">张勋复辟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%AD%90%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%98" title="甲子兵变">甲子兵变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="逊清皇室流亡小朝廷">流亡小朝廷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E5%8F%B2" title="專門史">專門史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝历史">历史</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="清朝政治">政治</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%86%9B" title="清军">军事</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="清朝外交">外交</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="清朝经济">经济</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="清朝文化(页面不存在)">文化</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="清朝科技(页面不存在)">科技</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清朝君主列表">君主</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="清朝行政区划">區劃</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>【说明:<span style="color:green;">绿色</span>为与外國人有关冲突事件】<div style="background-color:#8B2323;font-weight:bold;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中国历史年表"><span style="color:white">中國歷史事件</span></a></div> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%96%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:中國傳疑時代歷史事件">傳疑時代</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:夏朝歷史事件">夏朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:商朝歷史事件">商朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:西周歷史事件">西周</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ 東周(<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:春秋歷史事件">春秋</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:戰國歷史事件">戰國</a>)</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:秦朝歷史事件">秦朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:漢朝歷史事件">漢朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:三國歷史事件">三國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%99%89%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:晉朝歷史事件">晉朝</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:五胡十六國歷史事件">十六國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:南北朝歷史事件">南北朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:隋朝歷史事件">隋朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:唐朝歷史事件">唐朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:五代十國歷史事件">五代十國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:宋朝歷史事件">宋朝</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%A4%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:遼金夏歷史事件">遼金夏</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:元朝歷史事件">元朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:明朝歷史事件">明朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <b>清朝</b> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期">中華民國</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="甲午战争(1894年-1895年)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="Template:甲午战争"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="Template talk:甲午战争"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:甲午战争"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="甲午战争(1894年-1895年)" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="甲午战争">甲午战争</a>(1894年-1895年)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">背景</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8A%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="洋务运动">中國洋务运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0" title="明治维新">明治维新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8F%AF%E5%B3%B6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="江華島事件">江華島事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%8E%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="江华条约">江华条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AC%E5%8D%88%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%98" title="壬午兵变">壬午兵变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="济物浦条约">济物浦条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="甲申政变">甲申政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%92%A4%E5%85%B5%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="中日朝鲜撤兵条约">中日天津会议专条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%9F%8E%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="汉城条约">汉城条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E6%96%87%E5%B3%B6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="巨文島事件">巨文島事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%B4%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="长崎事件">长崎事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%8E%89%E5%9D%87%E6%9A%97%E6%9D%80%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="金玉均暗杀事件">金玉均暗杀事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="东学党起义">东学党起义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">战事</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E5%B3%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="豐島海戰">豐島海戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%AD%A1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="成歡之戰">成歡之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(1894%E5%B9%B4)" title="平壤之戰 (1894年)">平壤之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_(1894%E5%B9%B4)" title="黄海海战 (1894年)">黄海海战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%80%A3%E5%9F%8E%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="九連城之戰">九連城之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E5%8F%A3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="旅顺口之战">旅顺口之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" title="旅順大屠殺">旅順大屠殺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%9B%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="威海衛之戰">威海衛之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%8F%A3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="营口之战">营口之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%94%B0%E5%BA%84%E5%8F%B0%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" title="甲午战争田庄台遗址">田庄台之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9_(1895%E5%B9%B4)" title="澎湖之役 (1895年)">澎湖之役</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要舰艇</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" title="聯合艦隊">聯合艦隊</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B3%B6%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="松島號防護巡洋艦">松島號防護巡洋艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E5%B3%B6%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="嚴島號防護巡洋艦">嚴島號防護巡洋艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%87%8E%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="吉野號防護巡洋艦">吉野號防護巡洋艦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋艦隊</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="定遠號戰艦">定遠號戰艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="鎮遠號戰艦">鎮遠號戰艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%81%A0%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="經遠級巡洋艦">經遠級巡洋艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%81%A0%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="經遠級巡洋艦">来远</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E9%81%A0%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="致遠級巡洋艦">致遠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E9%81%A0%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="致遠級巡洋艦">靖远</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%9F%E9%81%A0%E8%89%A6" title="濟遠艦">濟遠艦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国">大日本帝国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="明治天皇">明治天皇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%87" title="伊藤博文">伊藤博文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E5%A5%A7%E5%AE%97%E5%85%89" title="陸奧宗光">陸奧宗光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%9C%E7%A5%90%E4%BA%A8" title="伊东祐亨">伊东祐亨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%8B" title="山縣有朋">山縣有朋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%B1%E5%B7%96" title="大山巖">大山巖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">大清帝国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E5%B8%9D" title="光绪帝">光绪帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C" title="丁汝昌">丁汝昌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF" title="袁世凯">袁世凯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%B3%B0%E6%9B%BE" title="林泰曾">林泰曾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%AD%A5%E8%9F%BE" title="劉步蟾">劉步蟾</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">后续</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%9B%B4%E5%BC%A0" title="甲午更张">甲午更张</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">马关条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E9%82%84%E9%81%BC" title="三國干涉還遼">三國干涉還遼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%8D%97%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="遼南條約">遼南條約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%BD%A6%E4%B8%8A%E4%B9%A6" title="公车上书">公车上书</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" title="乙未事变">乙未事变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="臺灣民主國">臺灣民主國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="乙未戰爭">乙未戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="乙未廣州起義">乙未廣州起義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="乙未改革">乙未改革</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E9%A4%A8%E6%92%AD%E9%81%B7" title="俄館播遷">俄館播遷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%A6" title="中俄密约">中俄密约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="大韓帝國">大韩帝国建立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争">日俄战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%93%E5%90%88%E4%BD%B5" title="日韓合併">日韓合併</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="朝鮮日治時期">朝鮮日治時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="台灣日治時期">台灣日治時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="台灣抗日運動">台灣抗日運動</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">戊戌变法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%87" title="伊藤博文">伊藤博文遇刺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">纪念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div 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