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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মহাকাশ বিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাকাশ বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncia_espacial" title="Ciència espacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciència espacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_espacial" title="Ciencia espacial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencia espacial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="رئوس مطالب علوم فضایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئوس مطالب علوم فضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siencis_aerospazi%C3%A2ls" title="Siencis aerospaziâls – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Siencis aerospaziâls" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="우주과학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अंतरिक्ष विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरिक्ष विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienze_dello_spazio" title="Scienze dello spazio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scienze dello spazio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="מדעי החלל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדעי החלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B0rtudom%C3%A1ny" title="Űrtudomány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Űrtudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xjenza_spazjali" title="Xjenza spazjali – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Xjenza spazjali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙科学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romforsking" title="Romforsking – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romforsking" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia_do_espa%C3%A7o" title="Ciência do espaço – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciência do espaço" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkenca_hap%C3%ABsinore" title="Shkenca hapësinore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkenca hapësinore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="زمرو:خلائي سائنس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زمرو:خلائي سائنس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="விண்வெளி அறிவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்வெளி அறிவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzay_biliminin_anahatlar%C4%B1" title="Uzay biliminin anahatları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzay biliminin anahatları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7" title="علم الخلا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علم الخلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Khoa học vũ trụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học vũ trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syensya_hin_kalarakan" title="Syensya hin kalarakan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syensya hin kalarakan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="קאסמאס וויסנשאפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאסמאס וויסנשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="太空科學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太空科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="空间科学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="空间科学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of and topical guide to space science</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg/250px-Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg/375px-Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg/500px-Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3631" /></a><figcaption>A laser-guided observation of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Milky Way Galaxy">Milky Way Galaxy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Paranal_Observatory" title="Paranal Observatory">Paranal Observatory</a> in Chile in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Outline_(list)" title="Outline (list)">outline</a> is provided as an overview and topical guide to space science: </p><p><b>Space science</b> – field that encompasses all of the <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_science" title="Branches of science">scientific disciplines</a> that involve <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> and study <a href="/wiki/Natural_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural phenomena">natural phenomena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">physical bodies</a> occurring in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">space medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches_of_space_sciences">Branches of space sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_space_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Branches of space sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_space_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy" title="Outline of astronomy">Outline of astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Celestial_Zoo_infographic_wikimedia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Celestial_Zoo_infographic_wikimedia.png/350px-The_Celestial_Zoo_infographic_wikimedia.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Celestial_Zoo_infographic_wikimedia.png/525px-The_Celestial_Zoo_infographic_wikimedia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Celestial_Zoo_infographic_wikimedia.png/700px-The_Celestial_Zoo_infographic_wikimedia.png 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>The diversity found in the different types and scales of astronomical objects make the field of study increasingly specialized.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/250px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/375px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/500px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>A proposed timeline of the origin of space, from <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">physical cosmology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical object</a> for a list of specific types of entities which scientists study. See <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_location_in_the_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's location in the universe">Earth's location in the universe</a> for an orientation. </p> <ul><li>Subfields of astronomy: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a> – branch of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> that deals with the <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, including the physical properties of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial objects</a>, as well as their interactions and behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the objects studied are <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a>; and the properties examined include <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemical</a> composition. The subdisciplines of theoretical astrophysics are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_astrophysics" title="Computational astrophysics">Computational astrophysics</a> – The study of astrophysics using computational methods and tools to develop computational models.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma astrophysics">Plasma astrophysics</a> – studies properties of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> in outer space.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_physics" title="Space physics">Space physics</a> – study of plasmas as they occur naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere (aeronomy) and within the Solar System.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_physics" title="Solar physics">Solar physics</a> – Sun and its interaction with the remainder of the Solar System and interstellar space.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy#Stellar_astronomy" title="Astronomy">Stellar astronomy</a> – concerned with <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a>, physical properties, <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> life span, <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">variability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a> and extinction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">Galactic astronomy</a> – deals with the structure and components of our galaxy and of other galaxies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">Extragalactic astronomy</a> – study of objects (mainly galaxies) outside our galaxy, including <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation and evolution</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a> – origin and evolution of the universe as a whole. The study of cosmology is theoretical astrophysics at its largest scale.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Chemical cosmology</a> - study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a> – the study of cosmology through the use of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a> to explain phenomena <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> cannot due to limitations in its framework.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary Science">Planetary Science</a> – study of planets, moons, and planetary systems. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a> – study of atmospheres and weather.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a> – various planets outside of the Solar System</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> – studies the abundance and reactions of molecules in the Universe, and their interaction with radiation.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Interdisciplinary studies of astronomy: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a> – studies the advent and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">biological systems</a> in the universe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Space biology">Space biology</a> – studies to build a better understanding of how spaceflight affects living systems in spacecraft, or in ground-based experiments that mimic aspects of spaceflight<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space chemistry (page does not exist)">Space chemistry</a> – Reactions of elements to form more complex compounds, such as amino acids, are key to the study of chemistry in space.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a> – Sub-discipline of botany that is the study of plants in space environments.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> – studies ancient or traditional astronomies in their cultural context, utilizing archaeological and anthropological evidence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_archaeology" title="Space archaeology">Space archaeology</a> – the study of human artifacts in outer space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_astronomy" title="Forensic astronomy">Forensic astronomy</a> – the use of astronomy, the scientific study of celestial objects, to determine the appearance of the sky at specific times in the past.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Techniques used in astronomical research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_astronomy" title="Theoretical astronomy">Theoretical astronomy</a> – mathematical modelling of celestial entities and phenomena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a> – study of the position of objects in the sky and their changes of position. Defines the system of coordinates used and the <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a> of objects in our galaxy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">Photometry</a> – study of how bright celestial objects are when passed through different filters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> – study of the spectra of astronomical objects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">Observational astronomy</a> – practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus. <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">Observatories</a> on the ground as well as <a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">space observatories</a> take measurements of celestial entities and phenomena. It is concerned with recording data. The subdisciplines of <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a> are generally made by the specifications of the detectors: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio astronomy</a> – >300 μm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre astronomy</a> – 200 μm to 1 mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared astronomy</a> – 0.7–350 μm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical astronomy">Optical astronomy</a> – 380–750 nm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet astronomy</a> – 10–320 nm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">High-energy astronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_astronomy" title="Cosmic ray astronomy">Cosmic ray astronomy</a> - charged particles with very high kinetic energy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray astronomy</a> – 0.01–10 nm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray astronomy</a> – <0.01 nm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_astronomy" title="Neutrino astronomy">Neutrino astronomy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational wave astronomy">Gravitational wave astronomy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Gravitons</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronautics">Astronautics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_space_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Astronautics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">Astronautics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aerospace" title="Outline of aerospace">Outline of aerospace</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piers_Sellers_spacewalk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Piers_Sellers_spacewalk.jpg/250px-Piers_Sellers_spacewalk.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Piers_Sellers_spacewalk.jpg/375px-Piers_Sellers_spacewalk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Piers_Sellers_spacewalk.jpg/500px-Piers_Sellers_spacewalk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>Astronaut Piers Sellers during the third spacewalk of <a href="/wiki/STS-121" title="STS-121">STS-121</a>, a demonstration of orbiter heat shield repair techniques</figcaption></figure> <p>The science and engineering of <a href="/wiki/Spacefaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacefaring">spacefaring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a>, a subset of <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a> (which includes atmospheric flight) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a> is technology for use in outer space, in travel or other activities beyond Earth's atmosphere, for purposes such as spaceflight, space exploration, and Earth observation. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">Outline of space exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Habitation_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Habitation Module">Space Habitation Module</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Life in space <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">Microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_space" title="Plants in space">Plants in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_presence_in_space" title="Human presence in space">Humans in space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Women in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_space" title="Sleep in space">Sleep in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Food in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Medicine in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_in_space" title="Neuroscience in space">Neuroscience in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_in_space" title="Writing in space">Writing in space</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_space_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Sciences_Laboratory" title="Space Sciences Laboratory">Space Sciences Laboratory</a> – research facility at the University of California, Berkeley<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span> – University of California, Berkeley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Space-based economy</a> – Economic activity in space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a> – Economic activities related to space <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Space manufacturing</a> – Production of manufactured goods in an environment outside a planetary atmosphere</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a> – Human space travel for recreation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> – Combat that takes place in outer space <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a> – Common theme in science fiction stories and film</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid-impact_avoidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid-impact avoidance">Asteroid-impact avoidance</a> – Methods to prevent destructive asteroid hits<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> – Area of national and international law governing activities in outer space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a> – Acquisition of information at a significant distance from the subject</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">Planetarium</a> – Theatre that presents educational and entertaining shows about astronomy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Challenges" title="Centennial Challenges">Centennial Challenges</a> – NASA space competition inducement prize contests NASA prize contests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a> – Idea that spacefaring is necessary for long-term human survival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a> – Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">Space industry</a> – Activities related to manufacturing components that go into Earth's orbit or beyond</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes" title="Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes">Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batteries_in_space" title="Batteries in space">Batteries in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a> – Engineering discipline that deals with control systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_in_space" title="Corrosion in space">Corrosion in space</a> – Corrosion of materials occurring in outer space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_space" title="Nuclear power in space">Nuclear power in space</a> – Space exploration using nuclear energy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">Observatories in space</a> – Instrument in space to study astronomical objects<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Orbital mechanics</a> – Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> – Spacecraft without people on board<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_environment" title="Space environment">Space environment</a> – Study of how space conditions affect spacecraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_logistics" title="Space logistics">Space logistics</a> – Logistics for space travel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a> – Technology developed for use in Space exploration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_radar" title="Space-based radar">Space-based radar</a> – Use of radar systems mounted on satellites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">Space-based solar power</a> – Concept of collecting solar power in outer space and distributing it to Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a> – for <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> – Method used to accelerate spacecraft</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_space_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/space+science">"Space science – Define Space science"</a>, <i>Dictionary.com</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Space+science+%E2%80%93+Define+Space+science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fspace%2Bscience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+space+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/space+science">"Space science – Definition of space science"</a>, <i>Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Space+science+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+space+science&rft.btitle=Free+Online+Dictionary%2C+Thesaurus+and+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fspace%2Bscience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+space+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/astrophysics">"astrophysics"</a>. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=astrophysics&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Incorporated&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fastrophysics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+space+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/biological-physical/programs/space-biology">"Space Biology Program | Science Mission Directorate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Biology+Program+%26%23124%3B+Science+Mission+Directorate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fbiological-physical%2Fprograms%2Fspace-biology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+space+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sta.ie/lesson/space-chemistry">"Space chemistry | Science & Technology in Action"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+chemistry+%26%23124%3B+Science+%26+Technology+in+Action&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsta.ie%2Flesson%2Fspace-chemistry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+space+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_space_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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