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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum mechanics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>J</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>φ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1856f88def2056f28ed27c7d31180a6240820ea6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.874ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}" /></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Fick%27s_laws_of_diffusion" title="Fick's laws of diffusion">Fick's laws of diffusion</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Laws</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Conservations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_mass" title="Conservation of mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of momentum">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">Energy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Inequalities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Duhem_inequality" title="Clausius–Duhem inequality">Clausius–Duhem (entropy)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Solid_mechanics" title="Solid mechanics">Solid mechanics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_(physics)" title="Deformation (physics)">Deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">Elasticity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_elasticity" title="Linear elasticity">linear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">Plasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooke%27s_law" title="Hooke's law">Hooke's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_(mechanics)" title="Strain (mechanics)">Strain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finite_strain_theory" title="Finite strain theory">Finite strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitesimal_strain_theory" title="Infinitesimal strain theory">Infinitesimal strain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_(mechanics)" title="Compatibility (mechanics)">Compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bending" title="Bending">Bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_mechanics" title="Contact mechanics">Contact mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics" title="Frictional contact mechanics">frictional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_failure_theory" title="Material failure theory">Material failure theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_mechanics" title="Fracture mechanics">Fracture mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">Fluid mechanics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">Fluids</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="wraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatics" title="Hydrostatics">Statics</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle" title="Archimedes' principle">Archimedes' principle</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle" title="Bernoulli's principle">Bernoulli's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations" title="Navier–Stokes equations">Navier–Stokes equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen%E2%80%93Poiseuille_equation" title="Hagen–Poiseuille equation">Poiseuille equation</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_law" title="Pascal's law">Pascal's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Newtonian_fluid" title="Newtonian fluid">Newtonian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid" title="Non-Newtonian fluid">non-Newtonian</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">Buoyancy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mixing_(process_engineering)" title="Mixing (process engineering)">Mixing</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">Adhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">Capillary action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(chemistry)" title="Cohesion (chemistry)">Cohesion (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">Surface tension</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gases</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div 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class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Cauchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles" title="Jacques Charles">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eugen_Fick" title="Adolf Eugen Fick">Fick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Gay-Lussac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" 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0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rheometry" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/rheometry">rheometry</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Rheometry</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i> </i>ῥέος<i> (rheos)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">stream</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) generically refers to the experimental techniques used to determine the <a href="/wiki/Rheological" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheological">rheological</a> properties of materials,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is the qualitative and quantitative relationships between <a href="/wiki/Stress_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physics)">stresses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strain_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain (engineering)">strains</a> and their derivatives. The techniques used are experimental.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rheometry investigates materials in relatively simple flows like steady shear flow, small amplitude oscillatory shear, and extensional flow.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The choice of the adequate experimental technique depends on the rheological property which has to be determined. This can be the steady shear <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, the linear <a href="/wiki/Viscoelastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscoelastic">viscoelastic</a> properties (complex viscosity respectively <a href="/wiki/Elastic_modulus" title="Elastic modulus">elastic modulus</a>), the elongational properties, etc. </p><p>For all real materials, the measured property will be a function of the flow conditions during which it is being measured (<a href="/wiki/Shear_rate" title="Shear rate">shear rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>, etc.) even if for some materials this dependence is vanishingly low under given conditions (see <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian fluids">Newtonian fluids</a>). </p><p>Rheometry is a specific concern for <a href="/wiki/Smart_fluid" title="Smart fluid">smart fluids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Electrorheological_fluid" title="Electrorheological fluid">electrorheological fluids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetorheological_fluid" title="Magnetorheological fluid">magnetorheological fluids</a>, as it is the primary method to quantify the useful properties of these materials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rheometry is considered useful in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">process control</a>, and industrial process modelling, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some, the techniques, particularly the qualitative rheological trends, can yield the classification of materials based on the main interactions between different possible elementary components and how they qualitatively affect the rheological behavior of the materials.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novel applications of these concepts include measuring cell mechanics in thin layers, especially in drug screening contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Of_non-Newtonian_fluids">Of non-Newtonian fluids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheometry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Of non-Newtonian fluids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid is defined by a power law:<sup id="cite_ref-infcar_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infcar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta =\eta _{0}{\dot {\gamma }}^{n-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>η</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>η</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta =\eta _{0}{\dot {\gamma }}^{n-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a01fb77e1c1268163a1dfe70402843e089e8d181" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.059ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta =\eta _{0}{\dot {\gamma }}^{n-1}}" /></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>where <i>η</i> is the viscosity after shear is applied, <i>η<sub>0</sub></i> is the initial viscosity, <i>γ</i> is the shear rate, and if </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n<1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n<1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dffd3f7a2c3b20dc8e615dfd85f820287a8fc06b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n<1}" /></span>, the fluid is <a href="/wiki/Shear_thinning" title="Shear thinning">shear thinning</a>,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n>1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n>1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee74e1cc07e7041edf0fcbd4481f5cd32ad17b64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n>1}" /></span>, the fluid is <a href="/wiki/Dilatant" title="Dilatant">shear thickening</a>,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9ec7e1edc2e6d98f5aec2a39ae5f1c99d1e1425" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=1}" /></span>, the fluid is Newtonian.</li></ul> <p>In rheometry, shear forces are applied to <a href="/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid" title="Non-Newtonian fluid">non-Newtonian fluids</a> in order to investigate their properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shear_thinning_fluids">Shear thinning fluids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheometry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shear thinning fluids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the shear thinning properties of blood, <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a> (CFD) is used to assess the risk of <a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">aneurysms</a>. Using High-Resolution solution strategies, the results when using non-Newtonian rheology were found to be negligible.<sup id="cite_ref-nonnewt_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nonnewt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shear_thickening_fluids">Shear thickening fluids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheometry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shear thickening fluids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A method for testing the behavior of shear thickening fluids is stochastic rotation dynamics-molecular dynamics (SRD-MD).<sup id="cite_ref-hybmol_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hybmol-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal particles</a> of a shear thickening fluid are simulated, and shear is applied. These particles create hydroclusters which exert a drag force resisting flow.<sup id="cite_ref-hybmol_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hybmol-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheometry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_shear_rheometer" title="Dynamic shear rheometer">Dynamic shear rheometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrorheological_fluid" title="Electrorheological fluid">Electrorheological fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrofluid" title="Ferrofluid">Ferrofluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">Fluid mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetorheological_fluid" title="Magnetorheological fluid">Magnetorheological fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">Rheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheometer" title="Rheometer">Rheometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_fluid" title="Smart fluid">Smart fluid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheometry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalkinMalkinIsayev2006" class="citation book cs1">Malkin, Aleksandr I︠A︡kovlevich; Malkin, Alexander; Isayev, Avraam (2006). <i>Rheology: Concepts, Methods and Applications</i>. Toronto: ChemTec Publishing. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781895198331" title="Special:BookSources/9781895198331"><bdi>9781895198331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rheology%3A+Concepts%2C+Methods+and+Applications&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=ChemTec+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781895198331&rft.aulast=Malkin&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+I%EF%B8%A0A%EF%B8%A1kovlevich&rft.au=Malkin%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Isayev%2C+Avraam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheometry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallegos2010" class="citation book cs1">Gallegos, Crispulo (2010). <i>Rheology - Volume I</i>. London: EOLSS Publications/UNESCO. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848267695" title="Special:BookSources/9781848267695"><bdi>9781848267695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rheology+-+Volume+I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=EOLSS+Publications%2FUNESCO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781848267695&rft.aulast=Gallegos&rft.aufirst=Crispulo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheometry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoussot2005" class="citation book cs1">Coussot, Philippe (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rheometrypastess00cous"><i>Rheometry of Pastes, Suspensions, and Granular Materials: Applications in Industry and Environment</i></a></span>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rheometrypastess00cous/page/n17">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471653691" title="Special:BookSources/9780471653691"><bdi>9780471653691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rheometry+of+Pastes%2C+Suspensions%2C+and+Granular+Materials%3A+Applications+in+Industry+and+Environment&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780471653691&rft.aulast=Coussot&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frheometrypastess00cous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheometry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBashirLeeJungBasu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bashir, Khawaja Muhammad Imran; Lee, Suhyang; Jung, Dong Hee; Basu, Santanu Kumar; Cho, Man-Gi; Wierschem, Andreas (2022-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9265971">"Narrow-Gap Rheometry: A Novel Method for Measuring Cell Mechanics"</a>. <i>Cells</i>. <b>11</b> (13): 2010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcells11132010">10.3390/cells11132010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4409">2073-4409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9265971">9265971</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35805094">35805094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cells&rft.atitle=Narrow-Gap+Rheometry%3A+A+Novel+Method+for+Measuring+Cell+Mechanics&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2010&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9265971%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2073-4409&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35805094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fcells11132010&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Khawaja+Muhammad+Imran&rft.au=Lee%2C+Suhyang&rft.au=Jung%2C+Dong+Hee&rft.au=Basu%2C+Santanu+Kumar&rft.au=Cho%2C+Man-Gi&rft.au=Wierschem%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9265971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARheometry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infcar-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infcar_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntonsikGluszekZurowskiSzafran2017" class="citation journal cs1">Antonsik, A.; Gluszek, M.; Zurowski, R.; Szafran, M. 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