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<li id="toc-Early_German_South_Pacific_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_German_South_Pacific_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early German South Pacific presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_German_South_Pacific_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_colonial_policy_under_Bismarck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_colonial_policy_under_Bismarck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>German colonial policy under Bismarck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_colonial_policy_under_Bismarck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_aspiration_and_British_uninterest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_aspiration_and_British_uninterest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Australian aspiration and British uninterest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_aspiration_and_British_uninterest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_New_Guinea_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_New_Guinea_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>German New Guinea Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_New_Guinea_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_and_Lutheran_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_and_Lutheran_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Catholic and Lutheran missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_and_Lutheran_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_German_Pacific_protectorates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_German_Pacific_protectorates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Imperial German Pacific protectorates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_German_Pacific_protectorates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_labour_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labour_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Forced labour policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labour_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_symbols_for_German_New_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_symbols_for_German_New_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Planned symbols for German New Guinea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_symbols_for_German_New_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">German New Guinea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="غينيا الجديدة الألمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غينيا الجديدة الألمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Guinea_Alemana" title="Nueva Guinea Alemana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nueva Guinea Alemana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آلمان یئنی گینه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان یئنی گینه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্মান নিউ গিনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মান নিউ গিনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Германска Нова Гвинея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германска Нова Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Guinea_Alemanya" title="Nova Guinea Alemanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nova Guinea Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A1_Nov%C3%A1_Guinea" title="Německá Nová Guinea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německá Nová Guinea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_Newydd_Almaenig" title="Gini Newydd Almaenig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gini Newydd Almaenig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_Ny_Guinea" title="Tysk Ny Guinea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysk Ny Guinea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch-Neuguinea" title="Deutsch-Neuguinea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsch-Neuguinea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_Uus-Guinea" title="Saksa Uus-Guinea – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa Uus-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Γερμανική Νέα Γουινέα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανική Νέα Γουινέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Guinea_Alemana" title="Nueva Guinea Alemana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nueva Guinea Alemana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_Novgvineo" title="Germana Novgvineo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana Novgvineo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniar_Ginea_Berria" title="Alemaniar Ginea Berria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniar Ginea Berria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گینه نو آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گینه نو آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle-Guin%C3%A9e_allemande" title="Nouvelle-Guinée allemande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nouvelle-Guinée allemande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Guinea_alem%C3%A1" title="Nova Guinea alemá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nova Guinea alemá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%B9_%EB%89%B4%EA%B8%B0%EB%8B%88" title="독일령 뉴기니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일령 뉴기니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nugini_Jerman" title="Nugini Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nugini Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuova_Guinea_tedesca" title="Nuova Guinea tedesca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nuova Guinea tedesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גינאה החדשה הגרמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גינאה החדשה הגרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cu_Jaungvineja" title="Vācu Jaungvineja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācu Jaungvineja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_Naujoji_Gvin%C4%97ja" title="Vokietijos Naujoji Gvinėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos Naujoji Gvinėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_%C3%9Aj-Guinea" title="Német Új-Guinea – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német Új-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मन न्यू गिनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मन न्यू गिनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_Deutsch" title="New Guinea Deutsch – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="New Guinea Deutsch" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits-Nieuw-Guinea" title="Duits-Nieuw-Guinea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duits-Nieuw-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E9%A0%98%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="ドイツ領ニューギニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ領ニューギニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_Ny-Guinea" title="Tysk Ny-Guinea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysk Ny-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_Yangi_Gvineyasi" title="Germaniya Yangi Gvineyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya Yangi Gvineyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جرمن نیو گینیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمن نیو گینیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaman_Niugini" title="Siaman Niugini – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Siaman Niugini" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_Gwinea_Niemiecka" title="Nowa Gwinea Niemiecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowa Gwinea Niemiecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Guin%C3%A9_Alem%C3%A3" title="Nova Guiné Alemã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nova Guiné Alemã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noua_Guinee_German%C4%83" title="Noua Guinee Germană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noua Guinee Germană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D2%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Нїмецька Нова Ґвінея – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецька Нова Ґвінея" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Германская Новая Гвинея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германская Новая Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani_Niu_Kini" title="Siamani Niu Kini – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Siamani Niu Kini" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1ka_Nova_Gvineja" title="Nemška Nova Gvineja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemška Nova Gvineja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Немачка Нова Гвинеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачка Нова Гвинеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_Uusi-Guinea" title="Saksan Uusi-Guinea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan Uusi-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyska_Nya_Guinea" title="Tyska Nya Guinea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyska Nya Guinea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="นิวกินีของเยอรมนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวกินีของเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_Yeni_Ginesi" title="Alman Yeni Ginesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alman Yeni Ginesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Німецька Нова Гвінея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька Нова Гвінея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمن نیو گنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمن نیو گنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Guinea_Tod%C3%A9sca" title="Nova Guinea Todésca – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nova Guinea Todésca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=German_New_Guinea&params=4_12_S_152_11_E_region:PG"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°12′S</span> <span class="longitude">152°11′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.200°S 152.183°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.200; 152.183</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1884–1914 German colony in northeast New Guinea</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">German New Guinea</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsch-Neuguinea</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1884–1920</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichskolonialflagge.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of German New Guinea"><img alt="Flag of German New Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/125px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/188px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/250px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of German New Guinea"><img alt="Coat of arms of German New Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/85px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/128px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/170px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_German_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the German Empire">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:German_New_Guinea_(1914;_orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description" title="German New Guinea before World War I"><img alt="German New Guinea before World War I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/German_New_Guinea_%281914%3B_orthographic_projection%29.png/250px-German_New_Guinea_%281914%3B_orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/German_New_Guinea_%281914%3B_orthographic_projection%29.png/375px-German_New_Guinea_%281914%3B_orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/German_New_Guinea_%281914%3B_orthographic_projection%29.png/500px-German_New_Guinea_%281914%3B_orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">German New Guinea before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Colony of <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Finschhafen" title="Finschhafen">Finschhafen</a> (1884–1891)<br /><a href="/wiki/Madang" title="Madang">Madang</a> (1891–1899)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Kokopo" title="Kokopo">Herbertshöhe</a> (1899–1910)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Simpsonhafen</a> (1910–1914)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">German</a> (official), <a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian Languages">Austronesian Languages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1884–1888 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1888 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Friedrich III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1888–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of German New Guinea">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1884–1887 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_von_Oertzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav von Oertzen (page does not exist)">Gustav von Oertzen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1901–1914 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hahl" title="Albert Hahl">Albert Hahl</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonisation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="New Guinea Company">Established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 November 1884</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">Direct control established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 February 1899</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">Australian occupation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 1914</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Australian mandate commences</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1920</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1912 estimate</th><td class="infobox-data">249,500 km<sup>2</sup> (96,300 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1912 estimate </div></th><td class="infobox-data">600,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinean_mark" title="New Guinean mark">New Guinean mark</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Navy_and_coastal_fortifications%27_flag_of_Catholic_King_%281785%29.svg/20px-Navy_and_coastal_fortifications%27_flag_of_Catholic_King_%281785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Navy_and_coastal_fortifications%27_flag_of_Catholic_King_%281785%29.svg/30px-Navy_and_coastal_fortifications%27_flag_of_Catholic_King_%281785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Navy_and_coastal_fortifications%27_flag_of_Catholic_King_%281785%29.svg/40px-Navy_and_coastal_fortifications%27_flag_of_Catholic_King_%281785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">British Solomon Islands</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru#World_War_I_to_World_War_II" title="History of Nauru">Mandate of Nauru</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="312" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:History of Papua New Guinea">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="History of Papua New Guinea">History of <span class="nowrap">Papua New Guinea</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of Papua New Guinea"><img alt="National emblem of Papua New Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/150px-National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/225px-National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/300px-National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Papua_New_Guinea#Archaeology" title="History of Papua New Guinea">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Papua_New_Guinea#European_contact" title="History of Papua New Guinea">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">British New Guinea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Australian mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Territorial merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/32px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/48px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/64px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="452" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea" title="Portal:New Guinea">New Guinea portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Template:History of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Template talk:History of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exceptionally_rare_1907_New_Guinea_passport_signed_by_the_governor_Albert_Hahl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Exceptionally_rare_1907_New_Guinea_passport_signed_by_the_governor_Albert_Hahl.jpg/220px-Exceptionally_rare_1907_New_Guinea_passport_signed_by_the_governor_Albert_Hahl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Exceptionally_rare_1907_New_Guinea_passport_signed_by_the_governor_Albert_Hahl.jpg/330px-Exceptionally_rare_1907_New_Guinea_passport_signed_by_the_governor_Albert_Hahl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Exceptionally_rare_1907_New_Guinea_passport_signed_by_the_governor_Albert_Hahl.jpg/440px-Exceptionally_rare_1907_New_Guinea_passport_signed_by_the_governor_Albert_Hahl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1854" /></a><figcaption>Exceptionally rare New Guinea passport</figcaption></figure> <p><b>German New Guinea</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Deutsch-Neuguinea</i>) consisted of the northeastern part of the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and several nearby island groups and was the first part of the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a>. The mainland part of the territory, called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Wilhelmsland" title="Kaiser-Wilhelmsland">Kaiser-Wilhelmsland</a></i></span>, became a German <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in 1884. Other island groups were added subsequently. The <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a> and several smaller islands), and the <a href="/wiki/North_Solomon_Islands" title="North Solomon Islands">North Solomon Islands</a> were declared a German protectorate in 1885. The <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> (except for <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>) <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">were bought from Spain</a> in 1899. German New Guinea annexed the formerly separate German Protectorate of <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, which also included <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, in 1906. <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a>, though part of the German colonial empire, was not part of German New Guinea. </p><p>Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914, Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and nearby islands <a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">fell to Australian forces</a>, while Japan occupied most of the remaining German possessions in the Pacific. The mainland part of German New Guinea (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kaiser-Wilhelmsland</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Solomon_Islands" title="North Solomon Islands">North Solomon Islands</a> are now part of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated territories of the United States">unincorporated territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Carolines</a> (as the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> are independent countries. </p><p>The islands to the east of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, on annexation, were renamed the Bismarck Archipelago (formerly the New Britannia Archipelago) and the two largest islands renamed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neupommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Neupommern">Neupommern</a></i></span> ('New <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>', today's <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neumecklenburg</i></span> ('New <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>', now <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated84_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated84-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their accessibility by water, however, these outlying islands were, and have remained, the most economically viable part of the territory. </p><p>With the exception of <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a>, the German islands in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Western Pacific</a> formed the "Imperial German Pacific Protectorates". These were administered as part of German New Guinea and included the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a>, and several smaller islands), the <a href="/wiki/North_Solomon_Islands" title="North Solomon Islands">North Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buka_Island" title="Buka Island">Buka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a>, and several smaller islands), the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Carolines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas">Marianas</a> (except for <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>. The total land area of German New Guinea was 249,500 square kilometres (96,300 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_German_South_Pacific_presence">Early German South Pacific presence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early German South Pacific presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Germans in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">South Pacific</a> were probably sailors on the crew of ships of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>: during <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a>'s first voyage, the captain of the <i>Heemskerck</i> was one Holleman (or Holman), born in <a href="/wiki/Jever" title="Jever">Jever</a> in northwest Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> merchant houses were the first to establish footholds in the South Pacific: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Cesar_VI._Godeffroy" title="Johann Cesar VI. Godeffroy">Johann Cesar Godeffroy & Sohn</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> from 1857, operated a <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">South Seas</a> network of trading stations especially dominating the <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> trade and carrying German immigrants to various South Pacific settlements;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1877 another Hamburg firm, <a href="/wiki/Hernsheim_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernsheim & Co">Hernsheim</a> and Robertson, established a German community on Matupi Island, in Blanche Bay (the north-east coast of New Britain) from which it traded in <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1875, one German trader reported: "German trade and German ships are encountered everywhere, almost at the exclusion of any other nation".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_colonial_policy_under_Bismarck">German colonial policy under Bismarck</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: German colonial policy under Bismarck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1870s and early 1880s, an active minority, stemming mainly from a right-wing <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative</a> background, had organised various colonial societies all over Germany to persuade <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany#Chancellor_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> to embark on a colonial policy. The most important ones were the <i>Kolonialverein</i> of 1882 and the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_German_Colonization" title="Society for German Colonization">Society for German Colonization</a> (<i>Gesellschaft für Deutsche Kolonisation</i>) founded in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for Bismarck's lack of enthusiasm when it came to the subject of Germany's colonial possessions is reflected in his curt response in 1888 to the procolonial, expansionist remarks of <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Wolf" title="Eugen Wolf">Eugen Wolf</a>, reflected in the latter's autobiography. After Bismarck had patiently listened to Wolf enthusiastically laying out his plans that he sought to pitch employing several illustrative maps, Bismarck finally interrupted his monologue: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Your map of Africa there is very nice I have to admit. But you know, my map of Africa is here ... in Europe. You see here is Russia, over there is [..] France. And us, we are here – right in the middle between those two. That's my map of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Despite his personal objections, it was Bismarck himself who eventually organised the acquisition of much of what would become the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a>. The first attempts at the new policy came in 1884 when Bismarck had to put <a href="/wiki/Angra_Pequena" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Pequena">German trading interests</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">southwestern Africa</a> under imperial protection.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bismarck told the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> on 23 June 1884 of the change in German colonial policy: annexations would now proceed but by grants of charters to private companies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_aspiration_and_British_uninterest">Australian aspiration and British uninterest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australian aspiration and British uninterest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The edition of 27 November 1882 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Augsburger_Allgemeine_Zeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung">Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> carried an article which the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(British_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary (British Empire)">Colonial Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> drew to the attention of the editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i> and, on 7 February 1883, the paper published a summary of the article under the heading "German annexation of New Guinea".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument lifted from the German paper began by stating that New Guinea fell into the Australian sphere but had been neglected; although the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> had explored in the 16th century, it was the Dutch from the 17th century "who seemed better satisfied with the country than other European nations had been" but they had over-reached themselves and had fallen back towards <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebes">Celebes</a>. Recent explorations had given the basis for reconsideration: it "is considered useful by geology and biology people as holding in its forests the key to solve problems... a profitable field for cultivation" but London had only sent missionaries to save souls. "As we Germans have learnt a little about conducting colonial policy, and as our wishes and plans turn with a certain vivacity towards New Guinea... according to our opinion it might be possible to create out of the island a German Java, a great trade and plantation colony, which would form a stately foundation stone for a German colonial kingdom of the future." </p><p>The publication of the <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i> article caused a sensation and not just in the colony of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>: over the border, in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated79_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated79-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the shipping lanes of the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beche-de-mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Beche-de-mer">beche-de-mer</a> trade were of commercial significance.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queensland Premier, Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McIlwraith" title="Thomas McIlwraith">Thomas McIlwraith</a> who led a political party "considered to represent the interests of the plantation owners in Queensland",<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated79_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated79-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drew it to the attention of the Queensland governor together with the general situation in New Guinea and urged annexation of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1945_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1945-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also instructed the London Agent for Queensland to urge the Imperial Colonial Office to an act of annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Impatient with the lack of results from this procedure" Premier McIlwraith on his own authority ordered a Queensland Police Magistrate in March 1883 to proclaim the annexation on behalf of the Queensland government<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1945_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1945-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of New Guinea east of the Dutch boundary at 141E.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When news of this reached London, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> promptly repudiated the act.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated84_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated84-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1945_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1945-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the matter came before Parliament, Lord Derby advised that the British Imperial Government “were not ready to annex New Guinea in view of its vast size and unknown interior, the certainty of native objections and administrative expense”.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_New_Guinea_Company">German New Guinea Company</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German New Guinea Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Service_flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Service_flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg/220px-Service_flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Service_flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg/330px-Service_flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Service_flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg/440px-Service_flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the German New Guinea Company</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_New_Guinea_1895-A_20_Mark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/German_New_Guinea_1895-A_20_Mark.jpg/275px-German_New_Guinea_1895-A_20_Mark.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/German_New_Guinea_1895-A_20_Mark.jpg/413px-German_New_Guinea_1895-A_20_Mark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/German_New_Guinea_1895-A_20_Mark.jpg/550px-German_New_Guinea_1895-A_20_Mark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4533" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>1895 20 mark gold coin issued by the <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea_Company" title="German New Guinea Company">German New Guinea Company</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On his return to Germany from his 1879–1882 Pacific expedition, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Finsch" title="Otto Finsch">Otto Finsch</a> joined a small, informal group interested in German colonial expansion into the South Seas led by the banker, <a href="/wiki/Adolph_von_Hansemann" title="Adolph von Hansemann">Adolph von Hansemann</a>. Finsch encouraged them to pursue the founding of a colony on the north-east coast of New Guinea and the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">New Britain Archipelago</a> even providing them with an estimate of the costs of such a venture.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1884, the <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea_Company" title="German New Guinea Company">New Guinea Company</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_von_Hansemann" title="Adolph von Hansemann">Adolph von Hansemann</a> and a syndicate of German bankers for the purpose of colonizing and exploiting resources on <i>Neuguinea</i> (German New Guinea).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 November 1884, under the auspices of the <i>Deutsche Neuguinea-Compagnie</i> (<a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="New Guinea Company">New Guinea Company</a>), the German flag was flown over <a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Wilhelmsland" title="Kaiser-Wilhelmsland">Kaiser-Wilhelmsland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="German Solomon Islands">German Solomon Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biskup_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biskup-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hahl" title="Albert Hahl">Albert Hahl</a> (1868–1945) joined the German Colonial Office in 1895 and until 1914 played a major part in New Guinea's administration. He was an imperial judge at <a href="/wiki/Herbertsh%C3%B6he" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbertshöhe">Herbertshöhe</a> (1896–98), deputy governor of New Guinea (1899–1901), and governor (1902–14). As a judge he made three reforms: the appointment of 'luluais' [village chiefs], attempts to integrate the Tolais people into the European economy, and the protection of village lands, which led him to recommend the ending of all alienation of indigenous land. After 1901 Hahl attempted to apply his system to the whole of New Guinea, and although his success was limited, exports rose from one million marks in 1902 to eight million in 1914. He was forced to retire because of disagreements with Berlin officials, and became an active writer on New Guinea and was a leader in German colonial societies between the wars.<sup id="cite_ref-Biskup_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biskup-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_and_Lutheran_missions">Catholic and Lutheran missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Catholic and Lutheran missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid-1880s German church authorities had devised a definite program for missionary work in New Guinea and assigned it to the <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Mission">Rhenish Mission</a>, under the direction of Friedrich Fabri (1824–91), a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>. The missionaries faced extraordinary difficulties, including repeated sickness, as well as psychological and sometimes violent tensions and fights between the colonial administration and the locals. The latter, at first, rejected European customs and norms of social behaviour, with few embracing Christianity. In 1921, the Rhenish Mission territory was handed over to the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Missionaries sponsored by the Catholic Church in Germany had better resources and influence, and proved more successful. They put more emphasis on tradition and less on modernisation, and were more in line with the world-views and traditions of the locals. European morality and discipline were often adopted, as were notions of dignity and prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Table: German Mission societies in New Guinea</b><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>German Name</th> <th>English</th> <th>Latin</th> <th>Abbreviation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Liebenzeller Mission, (China-Inland-Mission)</td> <td>Liebenzell Mission</td> <td>–</td> <td>CIM </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maristen, Gesellschaft Mariens</td> <td>Marist Mission, Marists</td> <td>Societas Maristae</td> <td>SM </td></tr> <tr> <td>Linked to German Wesleyan Churches</td> <td>Methodist Mission, Australasian Methodist Mission Society, Wesleyan Society, Methodist Missionary Society of Australasia</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kongregation der Missionare vom Heiligsten Herzen Jesu, Hiltruper Mission, Herz-Jesu-Mission</td> <td>Mission of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, Sacred Heart Mission, Holy Heart of Jesus</td> <td>Congregatio Missionariorum Sacratissimi Cordis Jesu</td> <td>MSC </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neuendettelsauer Mission, Gesellschaft für Innere und Äußere Mission im Sinne der Lutherischen Kirche e.V.</td> <td>Neuendettelsau Mission, Lutheran Mission Finschhafen</td> <td>–</td> <td>ND </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rheinische Mission, Barmer Mission</td> <td>Rhenish Mission</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steyler Mission, Gesellschaft des göttlichen Wortes, (Kapuziner Mission)</td> <td>Society of the Divine Word</td> <td>Societas Verbi Divini</td> <td>SVD </td></tr> <tr> <td>Missionsgesellschaft vom Heiligen Geist, Spiritaner, Väter vom Heiligen Geiste</td> <td>Holy Spirit Fathers, Spiritans, Congregation of the (Servants of) the Holy Ghost.</td> <td>Congregatio Sancti Spiritus</td> <td>CSSp </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_German_Pacific_protectorates">Imperial German Pacific protectorates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imperial German Pacific protectorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/German_Pacific.svg/220px-German_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/German_Pacific.svg/330px-German_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/German_Pacific.svg/440px-German_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>German colonies in the Pacific, with German New Guinea in brown</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg/220px-Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg/330px-Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg/440px-Hissen_der_kaiserlichen_Flagge_auf_Mioko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Hoisting of the German flag at <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_Islands" title="Duke of York Islands">Mioko</a> in 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty of 1899</a>, Germany bought from Spain the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, which had been ceded to the US after the 1898 <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>) for 25 million pesetas (equivalent to 16,600,000 <a href="/wiki/German_gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German gold mark">goldmarks</a>). These islands became a protectorate and were administered from German New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, which had been a German protectorate since 1885,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were annexed to German New Guinea in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_labour_policy">Forced labour policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forced labour policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To expand the highly profitable plantations, the Germans needed more workers. The government sent military expeditions to take direct control of more areas from 1899 to 1914. Instead of voluntary recruitment it became a matter of forced mobilisation. The government enforced new laws that required the tribes to furnish four weeks of labour per person annually and payment of a poll tax in cash, thereby forcing reluctant local inhabitants into the work force. The government did explore the choice of voluntary recruitment of labourers from China, Japan, and Micronesia, but only a few hundred came. After 1910 the government tried to ameliorate the impact by ending the recruitment of women in some areas and entirely closing other areas to recruiting. The planters protested German forced labor policies vehemently and initiated what would go on to be called the <a href="/wiki/Sokehs_rebellion" title="Sokehs rebellion">Sokehs rebellion</a>. The government responded by sending 4 warships with 745 troops to defeat the Sokehs workers and impose the forced labour policy. They arrived in January 1911 and by February 1911 the Sokehs leader had surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsch-Neuguinea-Rekruten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Deutsch-Neuguinea-Rekruten.jpg/220px-Deutsch-Neuguinea-Rekruten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Deutsch-Neuguinea-Rekruten.jpg/330px-Deutsch-Neuguinea-Rekruten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Deutsch-Neuguinea-Rekruten.jpg/440px-Deutsch-Neuguinea-Rekruten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Recruits from the local population (here probably <a href="/wiki/Tolai_people" title="Tolai people">Tolai</a>, from <a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_Province" title="East New Britain Province">East New Britain</a>) during a drill</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neustadt_Neuguinea_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Neustadt_Neuguinea_1922.jpg/220px-Neustadt_Neuguinea_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Neustadt_Neuguinea_1922.jpg/330px-Neustadt_Neuguinea_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Neustadt_Neuguinea_1922.jpg/440px-Neustadt_Neuguinea_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="2946" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Notgeld" title="Notgeld">"Notgeld" banknote</a> (1922). The text complains about the loss of the colony after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Australian troops captured Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the nearby islands in 1914, after a short resistance led by Captain Carl von Klewitz and Lt. Robert "Lord Bob" <a href="/wiki/Von_Blumenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Blumenthal">von Blumenthal</a>, while Japan occupied most of the remaining German possessions in the Pacific. The only significant battle occurred on 11 September 1914 when the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Naval_and_Military_Expeditionary_Force" title="Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force">Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bita_Paka" title="Battle of Bita Paka">attacked</a> the low-power wireless station at <a href="/wiki/Bita_Paka" title="Bita Paka">Bita Paka</a> (near Rabaul) on the island of New Britain, then <a href="/wiki/Neu_Pommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Neu Pommern">Neu Pommern</a>. The Australians suffered six dead and four wounded – the first Australian military casualties of the First World War. The German forces fared much worse, with one German officer and 30 local policemen killed and one German officer and ten local policemen wounded. On 21 September all German forces in the colony surrendered. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land-und-Bismarck-Archipel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map-Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land-und-Bismarck-Archipel.png/220px-Map-Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land-und-Bismarck-Archipel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map-Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land-und-Bismarck-Archipel.png/330px-Map-Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land-und-Bismarck-Archipel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map-Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land-und-Bismarck-Archipel.png/440px-Map-Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land-und-Bismarck-Archipel.png 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Map of Kaiserwilhelmsland, 1884–1919</figcaption></figure> <p>However, Lieutenant (later Hauptmann) <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Detzner" title="Hermann Detzner">Hermann Detzner</a>, a German officer, and some 20 local policemen evaded capture in the interior of New Guinea for the entire war. Detzner was on a surveying expedition to map the border with Australian-held Papua at the outbreak of war, and remained outside militarised areas. Detzner claimed to have penetrated the interior of the German portion (Kaiser Wilhelmsland) in his 1920 book <i>Vier Jahre unter Kannibalen</i> ("Four Years Among Cannibals"). These claims were heavily disputed by various German missionaries, and Detzner recanted most of his claims in 1932. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> of 1919, Germany lost all its colonial possessions, including German New Guinea. In 1923, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru, with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co-trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other lands south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a>, a League of Nations <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations Mandate">Mandate Territory</a> under Australian administration until 1949 (interrupted by Japanese occupation during the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a>) when it was merged with the Australian territory of <a href="/wiki/Papua_(Australian_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua (Australian territory)">Papua</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Territory of Papua and New Guinea</a>, which eventually became modern <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. The islands north of the equator became the Japanese League of Nations <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Mandate for the South Seas Islands</a>. After Japan's defeat in World War II, the former Japanese mandate islands were administered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">United Nations trust territory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territories">Territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territory</th> <th>Period</th> <th>Area (circa)</th> <th>Current countries </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Wilhelmsland" title="Kaiser-Wilhelmsland">Kaiser-Wilhelmsland</a></td> <td>1884–1919</td> <td>181,650 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_world_Factbook_Country_Size_Ranks_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_world_Factbook_Country_Size_Ranks-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a></td> <td>1899–1919</td> <td>49,700 km<sup>2</sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buka_Island" title="Buka Island">Buka Island</a></td> <td>1899–1919</td> <td>492 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville Island</a></td> <td>1899–1919</td> <td>9,318 km<sup>2</sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></td> <td>1899–1919</td> <td>466 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_world_Factbook_Country_Size_Ranks_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_world_Factbook_Country_Size_Ranks-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a></td> <td>1899–1919</td> <td>2150 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></td> <td>1906–1919</td> <td>21 km<sup>2</sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></td> <td>1899–1919</td> <td>461 km<sup>2</sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></td> <td>1906–1919</td> <td>181 km<sup>2</sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planned_symbols_for_German_New_Guinea">Planned symbols for German New Guinea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Planned symbols for German New Guinea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Germany#Colonies" title="Armorial of Germany">Armorial of Germany § Colonies</a></div> <p>In 1914 a series of drafts were made for proposed coats of arms and flags for the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonies</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out before the designs were finished and implemented, and the symbols were never actually put into use. Following its defeat in the war, Germany lost all its colonies, and the prepared coats of arms and flags were therefore never used. </p> <div style="text-align: center;"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proposed flag"><img alt="Proposed flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Proposed_Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg/120px-Proposed_Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Proposed_Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg/180px-Proposed_Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Proposed_Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg/240px-Proposed_Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Proposed flag</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_Coat_of_Arms_New_Guinea_1914.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proposed coat of arms"><img alt="Proposed coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Proposed_Coat_of_Arms_New_Guinea_1914.svg/61px-Proposed_Coat_of_Arms_New_Guinea_1914.svg.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Proposed_Coat_of_Arms_New_Guinea_1914.svg/91px-Proposed_Coat_of_Arms_New_Guinea_1914.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Proposed_Coat_of_Arms_New_Guinea_1914.svg/122px-Proposed_Coat_of_Arms_New_Guinea_1914.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="634" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Proposed coat of arms</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/32px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/48px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/64px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="452" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea" title="Portal:New Guinea">New Guinea portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial heads of New Guinea">List of colonial heads of New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="British New Guinea">British New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">Dutch New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Unserdeutsch language">Unserdeutsch language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated84-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated84_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated84_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Churchill, 'Germany's Lost Pacific Empire' (1920) <i>Geographical Review</i> 10 (2) pp. 84–90 at p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/neuguinea.htm">"Deutsche Südsee-Schutzgebiete: Deutsch-Neuguinea, Marianen, Karolinen und Marshall-Inseln"</a> [German South Seas Protectorates: German New Guinea, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands and Marshall Islands]. <i>Deutsche Schutzgebiete</i> (in German). 12 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Schutzgebiete&rft.atitle=Deutsche+S%C3%BCdsee-Schutzgebiete%3A+Deutsch-Neuguinea%2C+Marianen%2C+Karolinen+und+Marshall-Inseln&rft.date=2017-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de%2Fneuguinea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/dnutting/germanaustralia/e/chron/chron1.htm">Chronology of Germans in Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130022027/http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/dnutting/germanaustralia/e/chron/chron1.htm">Archived</a> 30 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600571h.html">Gutenberg Australia</a> <i>Abel Janszoon Tasman's Journal</i>, edited by J E Heeres (1898), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/pages/tasman.html#journal-note">descriptive note</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend, M. E. (1943) "Commercial and Colonial Policies" <i>The Journal of Economic History</i> 3 pp 124–134 at p 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Jürgen Ohff (2008) <i>Empires of enterprise: German and English commercial interests in East New Guinea 1884 to 1914</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2440/48479">Thesis</a> (PhD University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics) at p 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Godeffroy and Son possibly controlled as much as 70 per cent of the commerce of the South Seas" Kennedy, P. M. (1972) Bismarck's Imperialism: The Case of Samoa, 1880–1890 <i>The Historical Journal</i> 15(2) pp 261–283 citing H. U. Wehler <i>Bismarck und der Imperialismus</i> (1969) pp 208–215; E. Suchan-Galow <i>Die deutsche Wirtschaftstätigkeit in der Südsee vor der ersten Besitzergreifung</i> (1884) (Veröffentlichung des Vereins für Hamburgische Geschichte, Bd. XIV, Hamburg, 1940).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romilly, H. H. (1887) "The Islands of the New Britain Group" <i>Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series</i> 9(1) pp 1–18 at p 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend, M. E. (1943) "Commercial and Colonial Policies" <i>The Journal of Economic History</i> 3 pp 124–134 at p 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Jürgen Ohff (2008) <i>Empires of enterprise: German and English commercial interests in East New Guinea 1884 to 1914</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2440/48479">Thesis (Ph.D.)</a> University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics p 26 quoting Schleinitz to Admiralty, 28 December 1875, <i>Drucksache zu den Verhandlungen des Bundesrath</i>, 1879, vol. 1, <i>Denkschrift</i>, xxiv–xxvii, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, "Domestic Origins of Germany's Colonial Expansion under Bismarck" (1969) <i>Past & Present</i> 42 pp 140–159 at p 144 citing R. V. Pierard, "The German Colonial Society, 1882–1914" (Iowa State University, PhD thesis, 1964); K. Klauss, <i>Die Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft und die deutsche Kolonialpolitik von den Anfangen bis 1895</i> (Humboldt Universitat, East Berlin, PhD thesis, 1966); F. F. Müller, <i>Deutschland-Zanzibar-Ostafrika. Geschichte einer deutschen Kolonialeroberung</i> (Berlin (GDR), 1959).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, "Domestic Origins of Germany's Colonial Expansion under Bismarck" (1969) <i>Past & Present</i> 42 pp 140–159 at p 144 citing Deutsches Zentralarchiv Potsdam, <i>Reichskanzlei</i> 7158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Jürgen Ohff (2008) <i>Empires of enterprise: German and English commercial interests in East New Guinea 1884 to 1914</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2440/48479">Thesis (Ph.D.)</a> University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics p 62. "It is the aim of this thesis to demonstrate that specific and identifiable commercial interests, rather than politicians, defence or strategic concerns, ideology or morality were the driving forces behind what did or did not happen in the first 50 years of European settlement in East New Guinea and adjacent islands." at p 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Jürgen Ohff (2008) <i>Empires of enterprise: German and English commercial interests in East New Guinea 1884 to 1914</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2440/48479">Thesis (Ph.D.)</a> University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics pp 62–63 citing R. M. Smith (tr.) (1885) German Interests in the South Sea, abstracts of the White Book presented to the Reichstag, December 1884 and February 1885 and pinpoint reference 1884, Wb no. 19, p. 37; he adds "a full translation of Bismarck's speech was published by The Times on 25 June 1884 under the rubric 'German Colonial Policy', pp. 10–13."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13527714">"German annexation of New Guinea"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 7 February 1883. p. 4 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=German+annexation+of+New+Guinea&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1883-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article13527714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated79-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated79_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated79_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald C. Gordon, 'Beginnings of an Australasian Pacific Policy' (1945) <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 60 (1) pp 79–89 at p 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald C. Gordon, 'Beginnings of an Australasian Pacific Policy' (1945) <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 60 (1) pp 79–89 at p 84 citing statistics from Queensland Legislative Assembly, <i>Votes and Proceedings</i> 1883 p 776</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1945-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1945_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1945_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1945_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald C. Gordon, 'Beginnings of an Australasian Pacific Policy' (1945) <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 60 (1) pp 79–89 at p 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald C. Gordon, 'Beginnings of an Australasian Pacific Policy' (1945) <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 60 (1) pp 79–89 at p 85 citing Queensland Legislative Assembly, <i>Votes and Proceedings</i> 1883 p 776</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Churchill, 'Germany's Lost Pacific Empire' (1920) Geographical Review 10 (2) pp 84–90 at p 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. M. Cumpston 1963 The Discussion of Imperial Problems in the British Parliament, 1880–85 <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fifth Series</i> 13 pp 29–47 at p 42 citing <i>Hansard, Parliamentary Debates 3rd Series</i> cclxxxi 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. G. Sack <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A040183b.htm">'Finsch, Otto (1839–1917)'</a> <i>Australian Dictionary of Biography</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linke, R 2006, The influence of German surveying on the development of New Guinea, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspng.org/hs02_04_linke_0976.pdf">Association of Surveyors of PNG</a>. Accessed 25 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biskup-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biskup_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biskup_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter By: Biskup, "Dr. Albert Hahl – Sketch of a German Colonial Official," <i>Australian Journal of Politics and History</i> (1968) 14#3 pp 342–357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus-J. Bade. "Colonial Missions And Imperialism: The Background to the Fiasco of the Rhenish Mission in New Guinea," <i>Australian Journal of Politics and History</i> (1975) 21#2 pp 73–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempenstall1975" class="citation journal cs1">Hempenstall, Peter J. (1975). "The Reception of European Missions in the German Pacific Empire: The New Guinea Experience". <i>Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">46–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223347508572265">10.1080/00223347508572265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=The+Reception+of+European+Missions+in+the+German+Pacific+Empire%3A+The+New+Guinea+Experience&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223347508572265&rft.aulast=Hempenstall&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2012" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Christine (2012). <i>Looking after one's own: the rise of Nationalism and the Politics of the Neuendettelsauer Mission in Australia, New Guinea and Germany (1921–1933)</i>. Peter Lang Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+after+one%27s+own%3A+the+rise+of+Nationalism+and+the+Politics+of+the+Neuendettelsauer+Mission+in+Australia%2C+New+Guinea+and+Germany+%281921%E2%80%931933%29&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span> Details of table see p. 26. This table is a selection of the most common names and variations used by archival documents and published sources for those mission societies which worked in the Bismarck Archipelago and Kaiser Wilhelmsland at the beginning of WWI. These missions were initially referred to by the Australian Administration as ‘German’ missions. Some of these mission operations in the field were, however, only loosely linked to Germany and German motherhouses. Some had a variety of transnational connections, especially to Australia, France, and Switzerland. Mission societies such as the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart were part of a wide family of related organisations and sub-organisations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schudak.de/timelines/carolineislands1898-1919.html">Caroline Islands Timeline</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1920" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Churchill_(ethnologist)" title="William Churchill (ethnologist)">Churchill, William</a> (1920). "Germany's Lost Pacific Empire". <i>Geographical Review</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">84–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920GeoRv..10...84C">1920GeoRv..10...84C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F207706">10.2307/207706</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/207706">207706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+Lost+Pacific+Empire&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F207706%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F207706&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1920GeoRv..10...84C&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHezel2003" class="citation book cs1">Hezel, Francis X. (2003). <i>Strangers in Their Own Land: A Century of Colonial Rule in the Caroline and Marshall Islands</i>. Pacific Islands Monograph Series. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824828042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824828042"><bdi>978-0824828042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+in+Their+Own+Land%3A+A+Century+of+Colonial+Rule+in+the+Caroline+and+Marshall+Islands&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.series=Pacific+Islands+Monograph+Series&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0824828042&rft.aulast=Hezel&rft.aufirst=Francis+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth1976" class="citation journal cs1">Firth, Stewart (1976). "The Transformation of the Labour Trade in German New Guinea, 1899–1914". <i>Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>11</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223347608572290">10.1080/00223347608572290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+the+Labour+Trade+in+German+New+Guinea%2C+1899%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223347608572290&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarnava2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrekos_Varnava" title="Andrekos Varnava">Varnava, Andrekos</a> (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I58DDAAAQBAJ&q=german+new+guinea+workers+uprising+1910&pg=PA118"><i>Imperial expectations and realities: El Dorados, utopias and dystopias</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784997090" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784997090"><bdi>978-1784997090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+expectations+and+realities%3A+El+Dorados%2C+utopias+and+dystopias&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1784997090&rft.aulast=Varnava&rft.aufirst=Andrekos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI58DDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgerman%2Bnew%2Bguinea%2Bworkers%2Buprising%2B1910%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1965" class="citation journal cs1">Hudson, WJ (April 1965). "Australia's experience as a mandatory power". <i>Australian Outlook</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357716508444191">10.1080/10357716508444191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Outlook&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+experience+as+a+mandatory+power&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1965-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10357716508444191&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=WJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_world_Factbook_Country_Size_Ranks-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_world_Factbook_Country_Size_Ranks_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_world_Factbook_Country_Size_Ranks_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">"Rank Order – Area"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Fact_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Fact Book">CIA World Fact Book</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rank+Order+%E2%80%93+Area&rft.pub=CIA+World+Fact+Book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2147rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Buka-Island">"Encyclopædia Britannica: Buka Island"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Buka+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBuka-Island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/C/a/Caroline_Islands.htm">"The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+War+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpwencycl.kgbudge.com%2FC%2Fa%2FCaroline_Islands.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Peter Biskup: <i>Hahl at Herbertshoehe, 1896–1898: The Genesis of German Native Administration in New Guinea</i>, in: K. S. Inglis (ed.): <i>History of Melanesia</i>, Canberaa – Port Moresby 1969, 2nd ed. 1971, 77–99.</li> <li>Firth, Stewart: <i>Albert Hahl: Governor of German New Guinea</i>. In: Griffin, James, Editor: <i>Papua New Guinea Portraits: The Expatriate Experience</i>. Canberra: Australian National University Press; 1978: 28–47.</li> <li>Firth, S. G.: <i>The New Guinea Company, 1885–1899: A Case of Unprofitable Imperialism</i>. in: Historical Studies. 1972; 15: 361–377.</li> <li>Firth, Stewart G.: <i>Arbeiterpolitik in Deutsch-Neuguinea vor 1914</i>. In: Hütter, Joachim; Meyers, Reinhard; Papenfuss, Dietrich, Editors: <i>Tradition und Neubeginn: Internationale Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert</i>. Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG; 1975: 481–489.</li> <li>Noel Gash – June Whittaker: <i>A pictorial history of New Guinea</i>, Jacaranda Press: Milton, Queensland 1975, 312 p., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1862730253" title="Special:BookSources/1862730253">1862730253</a>.</li> <li>Whittaker, J L; Gash, N. G.; Hookey, J. F.; and Lacey R. J. (eds.) : <i>Documents and Readings in New Guinea History: Prehistory to 1889</i>, Jacaranda Press: Brisbane 1975/1982</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth1973" class="citation journal cs1">Firth, Stewart (1973). "German Firms in the Western Pacific Islands". <i>Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223347308572220">10.1080/00223347308572220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=German+Firms+in+the+Western+Pacific+Islands&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223347308572220&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Firth, Stewart G.: <i>German Firms in the Pacific Islands, 1857–1914</i>. In: Moses, John A.; Kennedy, Paul M., Editors. <i>Germany in the Pacific and Far East, 1870–1914</i>. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press; 1977: 3–25</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth1985" class="citation journal cs1">Firth, Stewart (1985). "German New Guinea: The Archival Perspective". <i>Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">94–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223348508572510">10.1080/00223348508572510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=German+New+Guinea%3A+The+Archival+Perspective&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223348508572510&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Firth, Stewart: <i>The Germans in New Guinea</i>. In: May, R. J.; Nelson, Hank, Editors: <i>Melanesia: Beyond Diversity</i>. Canberra: Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies; 1982: 151–156.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth1976" class="citation journal cs1">Firth, Stewart (1976). "The Transformation of the Labour Trade in German New Guinea, 1899–1914". <i>Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>11</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223347608572290">10.1080/00223347608572290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+the+Labour+Trade+in+German+New+Guinea%2C+1899%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223347608572290&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Firth, Stewart. Labour in German New Guinea. In: Latukefu, Sione, Editor. Papua New Guinea: A Century of Colonial Impact 1884–1984. Port Moresby: The National Research Institute and the University of Papua New Guinea in association with the PNG Centennmial Committee; 1989: 179–202.</li> <li>Moses, John, and Kennedy, Paul, <i>Germany in the Pacific and Far East 1870–1914</i>, St Lucia Qld: Queensland University Press, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0702213304" title="Special:BookSources/978-0702213304">978-0702213304</a></li> <li>Sack, Peter, ed., <i>German New Guinea: A Bibliography</i>, Canberra ACT: Australian National University Press, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0909596477" title="Special:BookSources/978-0909596477">978-0909596477</a></li> <li>Firth, Stewart: <i>New Guinea Under the Germans</i>, Melbourne University Press : International Scholarly Book Services: Carlton, Vic. 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0522842203" title="Special:BookSources/978-0522842203">978-0522842203</a>, reprinted by WEB Books: Port Moresby 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9980570105" title="Special:BookSources/9980570105">9980570105</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1987" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Robert J. (1987). "Komine and Tanga: A Note on Writing the History of German New Guinea". <i>Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">56–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223348708572551">10.1080/00223348708572551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=Komine+and+Tanga%3A+A+Note+on+Writing+the+History+of+German+New+Guinea&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223348708572551&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mary Taylor Huber: <i>The Bishops’ Progress. A Historical Ethnography of Catholic Missionary Experience of Catholic Missionary Experience on the Sepik Frontier</i>, Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington and London 1988, 264 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87474-544-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87474-544-6">0-87474-544-6</a>.</li> <li>Mary Taylor Huber: <i>The Bishops’ Progress: Representations of Missionary Experience on the Sepik Frontier</i>, in: Nancy Lutkehaus (ed.): <i>Sepik Heritage. Tradition and Change in Papua New Guinea</i>, Crawford House Press: Bathurst, NSW (Australia) 1990, 663 pp. + 3 maps, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86333-014-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86333-014-3">1-86333-014-3</a>., pp. 197–211.</li> <li>Keck, Verena. "Representing New Guineans in German Colonial Literature," <i>Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde</i> (2008), Vol. 54, pp 59–83.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_New_Guinea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050507092601/http://www.stub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/dfg-projekt/Default.htm">Archives of the German Colonial Society</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/simpsonharbour/deutsch-neuguinea">Deutsch-Neuguinea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927104825/https://sites.google.com/site/simpsonharbour/deutsch-neuguinea">Archived</a> 27 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=German_New_Guinea&params=4_12_S_152_11_E_region:PG"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°12′S</span> <span class="longitude">152°11′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.200°S 152.183°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.200; 152.183</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Africa" title="German colonization of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">East Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kionga_Triangle" title="Kionga Triangle">Kionga Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">South West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_West_Africa" title="German West Africa">West Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Neukamerun" title="Neukamerun">Neukamerun</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinland" title="Mahinland">Mahinland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image plainlist" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichskolonialflagge.svg" class="mw-file-description" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_Leased_Territory" title="Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory">Kiautschou Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Tsingtao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_concession_of_Tianjin" title="German concession of Tianjin">Tientsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antarctica10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(claimed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165008#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165008#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165008#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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