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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Latvia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>Luxembourg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26</span> <span>Macau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">28</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">29</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">30</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">31</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">32</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">33</span> <span>North Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">34</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">35</span> <span>Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">36</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">37</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">38</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">39</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">40</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">41</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">42</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">43</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">44</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">45</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">46</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">47</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">48</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">49</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Turkey subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State-owned_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State-owned_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">49.1</span> <span>State-owned banks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-owned_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privately-owned_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privately-owned_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">49.2</span> <span>Privately-owned banks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privately-owned_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">50</span> <span>United Arab Emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">51</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United Kingdom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">51.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">51.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">51.3</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">51.4</span> <span>Historical use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">52</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">53</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">54</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">55</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Big Four (banking)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82)" title="বড় চার (ব্যাংকিং) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বড় চার (ব্যাংকিং)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(Banken)" title="Big Four (Banken) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Big Four (Banken)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_(%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9)" title="چهار بزرگ (بانک) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چهار بزرگ (بانک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empat_Besar_(bank)" title="Empat Besar (bank) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Empat Besar (bank)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="四大銀行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="四大銀行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(bancos)" title="Big Four (bancos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Big Four (bancos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(banking)" title="Big Four (banking) – Simple English" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Big Four (disambiguation)">Big Four (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term for large banks; referred varies by country</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <p>The <b>Big Four</b> (or <b>Big 4</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> name given to the four main <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a> in several countries where the banking industry is dominated by just four institutions and where the phrase has thus gained relevance.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries include more or fewer institutions in such rankings, leading to other names such as Big Three, Big Five, or Big Six. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_use">International use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: International use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internationally, the term "Big Four Banks" has traditionally referred to the following <a href="/wiki/Central_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks">central banks</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-WolfStreetCentralBanks_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WolfStreetCentralBanks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">United States Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Australia" title="Banking in Australia">Banking in Australia</a></div> <p>In Australia, the "big four banks" refers to the four largest banks that have historically dominated Australia's banking industry in terms of market share, revenue, and total assets.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "big four banks" of Australia are:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANZ_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZ Bank">ANZ Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank" title="Commonwealth Bank">Commonwealth Bank</a> (fully privatised in 1996)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Australia_Bank" title="National Australia Bank">National Australia Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westpac" title="Westpac">Westpac</a></li></ul> <p>A longstanding policy of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">federal government</a> in Australia has been to maintain this <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Four_pillars_policy" title="Four pillars policy">four pillars policy</a>. The policy has been maintained through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Global Recession of 2008–09</a>, as Westpac acquired <a href="/wiki/St_George_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="St George Bank">St George Bank</a> and the Commonwealth Bank acquired <a href="/wiki/Bankwest" title="Bankwest">Bankwest</a>, reinforcing the special status of the "big four". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austria">Austria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Big Four" banks of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erste_Bank_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Erste Bank Group">Erste Bank / Sparkasse</a>* (credit unions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UniCredit_Bank_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="UniCredit Bank Austria">UniCredit Bank Austria</a> (formerly Bank Austria Creditanstalt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiffeisen_Bankengruppe_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raiffeisen Bankengruppe (Austria)">Raiffeisen Bankengruppe</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAWAG_P.S.K." title="BAWAG P.S.K.">BAWAG P.S.K.</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Postsparkasse" title="Österreichische Postsparkasse">Österreichische Postsparkasse</a>)</li></ul> <p><small>*separate legal entities operating under a common brand</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgium">Belgium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The big four banks of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a result of national and international mergers in the early 90s. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KBC_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="KBC Bank">KBC Bank</a>, including its CBC Banque subsidiary in the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a> and KBC Brussels brand in the <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>-Capital Region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfius" title="Belfius">Belfius</a>, government-owned bank</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas_Fortis" title="BNP Paribas Fortis">BNP Paribas Fortis</a>, subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ING_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="ING Belgium">ING Bank</a>, subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING Group</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brazil">Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the "big four", according to Exame Magazine<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2017: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Net Assets </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ita%C3%BA_Unibanco" title="Itaú Unibanco">Itaú Unibanco</a></td> <td>Largest Private bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>US$452.6 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banco_do_Brasil" title="Banco do Brasil">Banco do Brasil</a></td> <td>Largest State Owned Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>US$430.2 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caixa_Econ%C3%B4mica_Federal" title="Caixa Econômica Federal">Caixa Econômica Federal</a></td> <td>State Owned Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>US$406.0 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banco_Bradesco" title="Banco Bradesco">Banco Bradesco</a></td> <td>Private Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>US$391.6 billion </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Cambodia" title="National Bank of Cambodia">National Bank of Cambodia</a>, the top three largest banks in Cambodia dominates 39.1% (The largest bank in term of total asset is Canadia Bank at 14.2%, followed by ACLEDA Bank at 12.7%, in third place Advanced Bank of Asia (ABA) at 12.2%) of the overall banking assets as of 2020. These banks are:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadia_Bank" title="Canadia Bank">Canadia Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACLEDA_Bank" title="ACLEDA Bank">ACLEDA Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Bank_of_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Bank of Asia (page does not exist)">Advanced Bank of Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_banks_of_Canada" title="Big Five banks of Canada">Big Five banks of Canada</a></div> <p>There are five banks dominating the <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> banking sector, hence the "Big Five"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used instead of "Big Four". </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Royal Bank of Canada</a> (RBC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank" title="Toronto-Dominion Bank">Toronto-Dominion Bank</a> (TD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank" title="Scotiabank">Scotiabank</a> (BNS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">Bank of Montreal</a> (BMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Imperial_Bank_of_Commerce" title="Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce">Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce</a> (CIBC)</li></ul> <p>Sometimes <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Canada" title="National Bank of Canada">National Bank of Canada</a> is included to refer as "Big Six". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking in China</a></div> <p>During the 1920s, the term "Big Four" applied to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Northern_Banks" title="Four Northern Banks">Four Northern Banks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (i.e., the four most capitalized commercial banks in <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Northern China</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the <a href="/wiki/Yien_Yieh_Commercial_Bank" title="Yien Yieh Commercial Bank">Yien Yieh Commercial Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kincheng_Banking_Corporation" title="Kincheng Banking Corporation">Kincheng Banking Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Bank" title="Continental Bank">Continental Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_China_%26_South_Sea_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="The China & South Sea Bank">The China & South Sea Bank</a>. They were contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Three_Southern_Banks" title="Three Southern Banks">Three Southern Banks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Southern China</a>. </p><p>By 1949, the "Big Four" banks were the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Communications" title="Bank of Communications">Bank of Communications</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)" title="Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)">Central Bank of China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Farmers_Bank_of_China" title="Farmers Bank of China">Farmers Bank of China</a>. All four were state-owned. Together with the Central Trust of China, Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau of China, and Central Cooperative Treasury of China, these banks were called the "four banks, two bureaus, one treasury" (四行两局一库).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, the "Big Four" banks (四大银行) are:<sup id="cite_ref-China_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Bank_of_China" title="Industrial and Commercial Bank of China">Industrial and Commercial Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Construction_Bank" title="China Construction Bank">China Construction Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Bank_of_China" title="Agricultural Bank of China">Agricultural Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Communications" title="Bank of Communications">Bank of Communications</a> ("Big Five")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Savings_Bank_of_China" title="Postal Savings Bank of China">Postal Savings Bank of China</a> ("Big Six")</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colombia">Colombia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a>, the ten biggest banking service networks are:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Net Assets </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Banco de Bogotá">Banco de Bogotá</a></td> <td>Largest Private Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>COP 3.6 trillion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bancolombia" title="Bancolombia">Bancolombia</a></td> <td>Private Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>COP 2.6 trillion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Davivienda" title="Davivienda">Banco Davivienda</a></td> <td>Private Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>COP 1.204 trillion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Occidente_Credencial" title="Banco de Occidente Credencial">Banco de Occidente Credencial</a></td> <td>Private Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>COP 932.827 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BBVA" class="mw-redirect" title="BBVA">BBVA</a> Colombia</td> <td>Private Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>COP 346.333 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banco_Agrario_de_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banco Agrario de Colombia (page does not exist)">Banco Agrario de Colombia</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Agrario_de_Colombia" class="extiw" title="es:Banco Agrario de Colombia">es</a>]</sup></td> <td>State owned Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>COP 339.410 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank#Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Scotiabank">Banco Colpatria</a></td> <td>Private Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>COP 253.572 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banco_Caja_Social&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banco Caja Social (page does not exist)">Banco Caja Social</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Caja_Social" class="extiw" title="es:Banco Caja Social">es</a>]</sup></td> <td>Private Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>COP 238.116 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Citi_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citi Colombia">Citibank Colombia</a></td> <td>Private Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>COP 172.051 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banco_Popular_(Colombia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banco Popular (Colombia) (page does not exist)">Banco Popular</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Popular_(Colombia)" class="extiw" title="es:Banco Popular (Colombia)">es</a>]</sup></td> <td>Private Bank</td> <td>2017</td> <td>COP 156.033 billion </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, the "big three" are:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1_spo%C5%99itelna" title="Česká spořitelna">Česká spořitelna</a>, subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Erste_Group" title="Erste Group">Erste Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ceskoslovensk%C3%A1_obchodn%C3%AD_banka" title="Československá obchodní banka">Československá obchodní banka</a>, subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/KBC_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="KBC Bank">KBC Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komer%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_banka" title="Komerční banka">Komerční banka</a>, subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a> (formerly part of <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="State Bank of Czechoslovakia">State Bank of Czechoslovakia</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estonia">Estonia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LHV_Pank" title="LHV Pank">LHV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminor_Bank" title="Luminor Bank">Luminor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEB_Pank" title="SEB Pank">SEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedbank" title="Swedbank">Swedbank</a> Estonia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finland">Finland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danske_Bank#Finland" title="Danske Bank">Danske Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordea" title="Nordea">Nordea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OP_Financial_Group" title="OP Financial Group">OP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Säästöpankkiryhmä</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/The_Banker" title="The Banker">The Banker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the six major banking groups are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole" title="Crédit Agricole">Crédit Agricole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_BPCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe BPCE">Groupe BPCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mutuel" title="Crédit Mutuel">Crédit Mutuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Banque_postale" title="La Banque postale">La Banque postale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany">Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DZ_Bank" title="DZ Bank">DZ Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KfW" title="KfW">KfW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerzbank" title="Commerzbank">Commerzbank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greece">Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Bank" title="Alpha Bank">Alpha Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobank_Ergasias" title="Eurobank Ergasias">Eurobank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Greece" title="National Bank of Greece">National Bank of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus_Bank" title="Piraeus Bank">Piraeus Bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, some media refer to the following as the "big four":<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Banking_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation">The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_Seng_Bank" title="Hang Seng Bank">Hang Seng Bank</a> (Principal member of the <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> Group)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China_(Hong_Kong)" title="Bank of China (Hong Kong)">Bank of China (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Bank_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong)">Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong)</a></li></ul> <p>HSBC, Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong), and Bank of China (Hong Kong) are the three note-issuing banks; Hang Seng and HSBC Hong Kong are both under the common ownership of London-based <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> Holdings plc. According to Global Retail Banking Cross-sell conducted by RFi group in 2015, HSBC, Bank of China (Hong Kong), and Hang Seng Bank were the top 3 most popular banks in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking in India</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> the largest banks, based on total market capitalization, are:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Big Four private banks in India</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HDFC_Bank" title="HDFC Bank">HDFC Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICICI_Bank" title="ICICI Bank">ICICI Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotak_Mahindra_Bank" title="Kotak Mahindra Bank">Kotak Mahindra Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_Bank" title="Axis Bank">Axis Bank</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Big Four public sector banks in India</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_India" title="State Bank of India">State Bank of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_National_Bank" title="Punjab National Bank">Punjab National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Baroda" title="Bank of Baroda">Bank of Baroda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canara_Bank" title="Canara Bank">Canara Bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the term "big four" is not explicitly used. As of 2018, the four largest banks by total assets are:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Rakyat_Indonesia" title="Bank Rakyat Indonesia">Bank Rakyat Indonesia</a> (BRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Mandiri" title="Bank Mandiri">Bank Mandiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Central_Asia" title="Bank Central Asia">Bank Central Asia</a> (BCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Negara_Indonesia" title="Bank Negara Indonesia">Bank Negara Indonesia</a> (BNI)</li></ul> <p>BRI, Bank Mandiri, and BNI are all controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">central government</a> as <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Indonesia" title="State-owned enterprises of Indonesia">state-owned enterprises</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the term "big four" applies to the four largest banks by market capitalisation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Irish_Banks" title="Allied Irish Banks">Allied Irish Banks</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_TSB" title="Permanent TSB">Permanent TSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Bank" title="Ulster Bank">Ulster Bank</a> (a wholly-owned subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/NatWest_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="NatWest Bank">NatWest Bank</a>). Has withdrawn from the Irish market as of 2023.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israel">Israel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the term "big five"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used instead of "big four". </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Hapoalim" title="Bank Hapoalim">Bank Hapoalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Leumi" title="Bank Leumi">Bank Leumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Discount_Bank" title="Israel Discount Bank">Discount Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Mizrahi-Tefahot" title="Bank Mizrahi-Tefahot">Bank Mizrahi-Tefahot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_International_Bank_of_Israel" title="First International Bank of Israel">First International Bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japan">Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the term "big three"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used instead of "big four". The related term <a href="/wiki/City_bank_(Japan)" title="City bank (Japan)">city bank</a> is also sometimes used for these banks. The "big three" are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Financial_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group">Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Financial_Group" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group">SMBC Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Financial_Group" title="Mizuho Financial Group">Mizuho Financial Group</a></li></ul> <p>Japan had a "big four" between 2002 and 2005 when the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi and UFJ Japan were still separate entities.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two merged to form Mitsubishi UFJ, now the largest of the three, in 2005. </p><p>These banks are all listed in the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a> (where they are constituents of the <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a> and <a href="/wiki/TOPIX" title="TOPIX">TOPIX</a> Core30 indices) and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/American_depositary_receipt" title="American depositary receipt">American depositary receipts</a>; MUFG and SMBC Group are both additionally listed in the <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Stock_Exchange" title="Nagoya Stock Exchange">Nagoya Stock Exchange</a> and serve as the financial arms of their respective namesake <i><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">keiretsu</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> for MUFG, <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo">Sumitomo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui</a> for SMBC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kenya">Kenya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Commercial_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya Commercial Bank">KCB Bank Kenya Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_Bank_Kenya_Limited" title="Equity Bank Kenya Limited">Equity Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Bank_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Bank of Kenya">Co-operative Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCBA_Group" title="NCBA Group">NCBA Group</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latvia">Latvia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Latvia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a consumer survey conducted in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "big four" retail banks in Latvia are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedbank" title="Swedbank">Swedbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEB_banka" title="SEB banka">SEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadele_Banka" title="Citadele Banka">Citadele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminor" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminor">Luminor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Lebanon" title="List of banks in Lebanon">banks</a> have retained their <a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">banking secrecy</a> laws since 1956, which is prevalent in the whole <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">MENA</a> region, and while adopting international measures to fight money laundering, the "big four" banks consist of:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Audi" title="Bank Audi">Bank Audi</a> (founded in 1830 and ranked on the <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes Magazine">Forbes Magazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000" title="Forbes Global 2000">Global 2000</a> list of largest public companies in the world in 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_Bank" title="Byblos Bank">Byblos Bank</a> (founded in 1950 as "Société Commerciale et Agricole Byblos Bassil Frères & Co.")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLOM_Bank" title="BLOM Bank">BLOM Bank</a>: Banque du Liban et d'Outre-Mer S.A.L (founded in 1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fransabank" title="Fransabank">Fransabank</a> (founded in 1921 as Société Centrale de Banque)</li></ul> <p>Furthermore, as of September 2016, there are more than <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Lebanon" title="List of banks in Lebanon">51 banks in Lebanon</a>, one of the smallest countries in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, a fact that has always made investors from the Arab countries, especially the <a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">GCC petrodollar</a> in addition to the European and world investors, to place their funds in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Lebanon" title="List of banks in Lebanon">Lebanese banks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Luxembourg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "big four" <a href="/wiki/Universal_bank" title="Universal bank">full-service banks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banque_et_Caisse_d%27%C3%89pargne_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Banque et Caisse d'Épargne de l'État">Banque et Caisse d'Épargne de l'État</a> (Spuerkeess), state owned bank</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_Internationale_%C3%A0_Luxembourg" title="Banque Internationale à Luxembourg">Banque Internationale à Luxembourg</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGL_BNP_Paribas" title="BGL BNP Paribas">BGL BNP Paribas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING Luxembourg</a></li></ul> <p>There are bigger banks in Luxembourg, but these only deliver a limited number of services such as <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_banking" title="Private banking">private banking</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">corporate banking</a> only. Luxembourg is a <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial center</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macau">Macau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Macau, the four major banks are:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bank of China, Macau Branch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Bank_of_China_(Macau)" title="Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau)">Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau)</a></li> <li>Tai Fung Bank</li> <li>Luso International Banking</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Central Bank of Malaysia</a>, the top four banks by assets size are:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maybank" title="Maybank">Maybank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIMB" title="CIMB">CIMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Bank_Berhad" title="Public Bank Berhad">Public Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHB_Bank" title="RHB Bank">RHB Bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexico">Mexico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "big four" in Mexico are:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBVA_M%C3%A9xico" title="BBVA México">BBVA México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citibanamex" class="mw-redirect" title="Citibanamex">Citibanamex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Santander_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banco Santander (Mexico)">Banco Santander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banorte" title="Banorte">Banorte</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a></i>, the four largest banks in Myanmar are:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanbawza_Bank" title="Kanbawza Bank">Kanbawza Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady_Bank" title="Ayeyarwady Bank">Ayeyarwady Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CB_Bank" title="CB Bank">CB Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoma_Bank" title="Yoma Bank">Yoma Bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "big four" banks in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> by market concentration are:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabobank" title="Rabobank">Rabobank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABN_AMRO" title="ABN AMRO">ABN AMRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Volksbank" title="De Volksbank">de Volksbank</a>, state owned banking arm of <a href="/wiki/SNS_Reaal" title="SNS Reaal">SNS Reaal</a></li></ul> <p>The market leader for the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING Group</a>, is one of the world's largest multinational banking and financial service corporations, with products and services reaching over 41 countries worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Zealand is Australia's closest neighbour, with very close cultural and economic ties. The big four Australian banks (often referred to collectively as the 'big banks'<sup id="cite_ref-NZ's_big_banks_record_$3.5_billion_profit_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ's_big_banks_record_$3.5_billion_profit-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the 'big Aussie banks') also dominate the banking sector in New Zealand, through subsidiaries: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANZ_Bank_New_Zealand" title="ANZ Bank New Zealand">ANZ Bank New Zealand</a> (ANZ), a subsidiary of Australia and New Zealand Banking Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASB_Bank" title="ASB Bank">ASB Bank</a> (ASB), formerly Auckland Savings Bank, a subsidiary of Commonwealth Bank of Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Bank of New Zealand">Bank of New Zealand</a> (BNZ), a subsidiary of the National Australia Bank</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westpac_New_Zealand" title="Westpac New Zealand">Westpac New Zealand</a> (WBC), formerly WestpacTrust, after a merger with <a href="/wiki/Trust_Bank_(New_Zealand)" title="Trust Bank (New Zealand)">Trust Bank</a>, a subsidiary of Westpac Banking Corporation</li></ul> <p>Together they hold over 90% of gross loans and advances in New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as close to 90% of all mortgages.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These four NZ subsidiaries are massively profitable and sometimes even outperform the Australian parent companies.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent to which they dominate the banking sector can be seen in profits: In the 2012/2013 financial year, the largest of the Big Banks, ANZ New Zealand, made a profit of NZ$1.37 billion. The smallest, BNZ, made a profit of NZ$695 million.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ's_big_banks_record_$3.5_billion_profit_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ's_big_banks_record_$3.5_billion_profit-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State-owned <a href="/wiki/Kiwibank" title="Kiwibank">Kiwibank</a>, community trust-owned <a href="/wiki/TSB_Bank_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="TSB Bank (New Zealand)">TSB Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/SBS_Bank" title="SBS Bank">SBS Bank</a> (formerly Southland Building Society) and <a href="/wiki/Heartland_Bank" title="Heartland Bank">Heartland Bank</a>, the next four largest banks by profit, made NZ$97 million,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NZ$73.5 million,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NZ$14 million<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and NZ$7 million (albeit with an underlying result of about NZ$30 million) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the profit of New Zealand's next four largest banks (after the Big Four) is equal to less than 30% of the smallest of the Big Four, BNZ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Big Five" is used instead of four, with five banks dominating the Nigerian banking world. In 2011, these top five banks had a combined balance sheet, including contingents, of 12.9 trillion <a href="/wiki/Naira" class="mw-redirect" title="Naira">naira</a> ($821 billion), 33 percent higher than the prior year.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenith_Bank" title="Zenith Bank">Zenith Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="First Bank of Nigeria">First Bank of Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranty_Trust_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaranty Trust Bank">Guaranty Trust Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Bank_plc" title="Access Bank plc">Access Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bank_for_Africa" title="United Bank for Africa">United Bank for Africa</a> (UBA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: North Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a>, the three largest banks in North Macedonia dominate 60% of the banking market share.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komercijalna_banka_Skopje" title="Komercijalna banka Skopje">Komercijalna banka Skopje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopanska_Banka" title="Stopanska Banka">Stopanska Banka</a></li> <li>NLB Tutunska</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "top six" banks of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HBL_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="HBL Pakistan">HBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meezan_Bank_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Meezan Bank Limited">Meezan Bank Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Alfalah" title="Bank Alfalah">Bank Alfalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCB_Bank_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="MCB Bank Limited">MCB Bank Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="National Bank of Pakistan">National Bank of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bank_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Bank (Pakistan)">United Bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panama">Panama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Banco General</li> <li>Banistmo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Banco Nacional de Panamá">Banco Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Credomatic" title="BAC Credomatic">BAC Credomatic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peru">Peru</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> the "big four" are:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Cr%C3%A9dito_del_Per%C3%BA" title="Banco de Crédito del Perú">Banco de Crédito del Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBVA_Per%C3%BA" title="BBVA Perú">BBVA Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank" title="Scotiabank">Scotiabank</a> (a subsidiary of the Canadian bank)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbank" title="Interbank">Interbank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippines">Philippines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Big Four" is not explicitly used in the Philippines. The following are the four largest banks in the country in terms of total assets as of March 2020:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Oro" title="Banco de Oro">Banco de Oro</a> (BDO Unibank)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Bank_of_the_Philippines" title="Land Bank of the Philippines">Land Bank of the Philippines</a> (LandBank)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrobank_(Philippines)" title="Metrobank (Philippines)">Metrobank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Bank of the Philippine Islands">Bank of the Philippine Islands</a> (BPI)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romania">Romania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romanian banking system has almost 40 banks, most detained by local financial vehicles and some subsidiaries of foreign banks. The big four are as follows. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Comercial%C4%83_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Banca Comercială Română">Banca Comercială Română</a>, now part of the <a href="/wiki/Erste_Group" title="Erste Group">Erste Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Transilvania" title="Banca Transilvania">Banca Transilvania</a>, the biggest bank detained by private investors with domestic capital</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRD_%E2%80%93_Groupe_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="BRD – Groupe Société Générale">BRD – Groupe Société Générale</a>, formerly known as Romanian Bank for Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEC_Bank" title="CEC Bank">CEC Bank</a>, the state-owned bank, formerly known as Casa de Economii și Consemnațiuni</li></ul> <p>Other major banks are Raiffeisen Bank, Unicredit Bank, and the ING Bank of Holland subsidiary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russia">Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four largest banks by operations and assets in Russia by December 2020:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sberbank_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sberbank of Russia">Sberbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTB_Bank" title="VTB Bank">VTB Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprombank" title="Gazprombank">Gazprombank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfa-Bank" title="Alfa-Bank">Alfa-Bank</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking in Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Singapore">Singapore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the "Big Three" are:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBS_Bank" title="DBS Bank">DBS Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/POSB_Bank" title="POSB Bank">POSB Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCBC_Bank" title="OCBC Bank">OCBC Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Singapore" title="Bank of Singapore">Bank of Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Overseas_Bank" title="United Overseas Bank">United Overseas Bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the "big four" in order of value of assets are:<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="First Rand">FirstRand Bank</a>, operators of <a href="/wiki/First_National_Bank_(South_Africa)" title="First National Bank (South Africa)">First National Bank</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Bank" title="Standard Bank">Standard Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absa_Group_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Absa Group Limited">Absa Group Limited</a>, majority owned by <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a> between 2005 and early 2018</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedbank" title="Nedbank">Nedbank</a>, minority-owned by <a href="/wiki/Old_Mutual" title="Old Mutual">Old Mutual</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, the "Big Four" are:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woori_Bank" title="Woori Bank">Woori Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KB_Kookmin_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="KB Kookmin Bank">KB Kookmin Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinhan_Bank" title="Shinhan Bank">Shinhan Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEB_Hana_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="KEB Hana Bank">KEB Hana Bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain">Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of September 2021, the "big four" in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Santander" title="Banco Santander">Banco Santander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Bilbao_Vizcaya_Argentaria" title="Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria">BBVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caixabank" class="mw-redirect" title="Caixabank">Caixabank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Sabadell" title="Banco Sabadell">Banco Sabadell</a></li></ul> <p>There was formerly a "big six" (<i>los seis grandes</i>) composed of three banks that are now part of BBVA (Banco de Bilbao, Banco de Vizcaya, and state-owned Banco Argentaria) and three now combined as Santander (Banco Central, Banco Hispanoamericano, and Banco de Santander). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the leading banks are, as of 2020<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State-owned banks, </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ceylon" title="Bank of Ceylon">Bank of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Savings_Bank_(Sri_Lanka)" title="National Savings Bank (Sri Lanka)">National Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_(Sri_Lanka)" title="People's Bank (Sri Lanka)">People's Bank</a></li></ul> <p>Privately owned banks, </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Bank_of_Ceylon" title="Commercial Bank of Ceylon">Commercial Bank of Ceylon</a> PLC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampath_Bank" title="Sampath Bank">Sampath Bank</a> PLC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatton_National_Bank" title="Hatton National Bank">Hatton National Bank</a> PLC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Bank_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Development Bank (Sri Lanka)">National Development Bank PLC</a></li></ul> <p>Foreign-owned leading banks, </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HSBC_Sri_Lanka" title="HSBC Sri Lanka">HSBC Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sc.com/lk/">Standard Chartered Bank Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_India#International" title="State Bank of India">State Bank of India, Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sweden">Sweden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> the "big four" are:<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handelsbanken" title="Handelsbanken">Svenska Handelsbanken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandinaviska_Enskilda_Banken" class="mw-redirect" title="Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken">Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedbank" title="Swedbank">Swedbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordea" title="Nordea">Nordea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the "big three" hold 45% of all customer deposits. They are:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> (Acquired by UBS in 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiffeisen_(Switzerland)" title="Raiffeisen (Switzerland)">Raiffeisen (Switzerland)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the five "systemic banks" are:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTBC_Bank" title="CTBC Bank">CTBC Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathay_United_Bank" title="Cathay United Bank">Cathay United Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Fubon_Bank" title="Taipei Fubon Bank">Taipei Fubon Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_International_Commercial_Bank" title="Mega International Commercial Bank">Mega International Commercial Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Cooperative_Bank" title="Taiwan Cooperative Bank">Taiwan Cooperative Bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thailand">Thailand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, the "big four"<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together held over 66% of gross loans and controlled more than 67% of total assets in the banking system.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Bank" title="Bangkok Bank">Bangkok Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Commercial_Bank" title="Siam Commercial Bank">Siam Commercial Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krung_Thai_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Krung Thai Bank">Krung Thai Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasikornbank" title="Kasikornbank">Kasikornbank</a></li></ul> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese Revolution</a>, the banking system was controlled by foreign powers, particularly the "big four" European banks.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 160–169">: 160–169 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Banking_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation">The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank</a> in 1888 (Now <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chartered_Bank_of_India,_Australia_and_China" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China">The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China</a> in 1894 (Now <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Chartered Bank">Standard Chartered Bank</a> Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_de_l%27Indochine" title="Banque de l'Indochine">Banque de l'Indochine</a> in 1897 (Now Banque Calyon, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole" title="Crédit Agricole">Crédit Agricole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantile_Bank_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercantile Bank of India">Mercantile Bank of India</a> in 1923 (Now <a href="/wiki/Citibank_Thailand" title="Citibank Thailand">Citibank Thailand</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkey">Turkey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, the top three largest state-owned banks held over 37.1% of the market share, while Turkey's top four largest foreign-owned banks dominate 22.9% of the overall market share.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State-owned_banks">State-owned banks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: State-owned banks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziraat_Bank" title="Ziraat Bank">Ziraat Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkbank" title="Halkbank">Halkbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank" title="VakıfBank">VakıfBank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privately-owned_banks">Privately-owned banks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Privately-owned banks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garanti_BBVA" title="Garanti BBVA">Garanti BBVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbank" title="Akbank">Akbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap%C4%B1_Kredi" title="Yapı Kredi">Yapı Kredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_%C4%B0%C5%9F_Bankas%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkiye İş Bankası">Türkiye İş Bankası</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the total assets of listed banks at the end of 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> big five banks in United Arab Emirates are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Abu_Dhabi_Bank" title="First Abu Dhabi Bank">First Abu Dhabi Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_NBD" title="Emirates NBD">Emirates NBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Commercial_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank">Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Islamic_Bank" title="Dubai Islamic Bank">Dubai Islamic Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashreq_(bank)" title="Mashreq (bank)">Mashreq</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In relation to <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, the phrase "big four banks" is currently used to refer to the four largest banking groups: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Banking_Group" title="Lloyds Banking Group">Lloyds Banking Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatWest_Group" title="NatWest Group">NatWest Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In relation to Scotland, the phrase "big four" is currently used to refer to the four largest banking groups: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/NatWest_Group" title="NatWest Group">NatWest Group</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Banking_Group" title="Lloyds Banking Group">Lloyds Banking Group</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydesdale_Bank" title="Clydesdale Bank">Clydesdale Bank</a> (trading as <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Money_UK" title="Virgin Money UK">Virgin Money UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSB_Bank_(United_Kingdom)" title="TSB Bank (United Kingdom)">TSB Bank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banco_Sabadell" title="Banco Sabadell">Banco Sabadell</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In relation to Northern Ireland, the phrase "big four" is currently used to refer to the four largest banking groups: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Bank" title="Ulster Bank">Ulster Bank</a> (NatWest Group)</li> <li>Northern Bank (trading as <a href="/wiki/Danske_Bank_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Danske Bank (Northern Ireland)">Danske Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIB_(NI)" title="AIB (NI)">Allied Irish Banks</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_use">Historical use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Historical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1970, the phrase "big five" (as opposed to "little six")<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used to refer to the five largest UK <a href="/wiki/Clearing_bank_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearing bank (United Kingdom)">clearing banks</a> (institutions which <a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">clear</a> bankers' <a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">cheques</a>), which in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barclays_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclays Bank">Barclays Bank</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Bank" title="Midland Bank">Midland Bank</a> (now <a href="/wiki/HSBC_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="HSBC (United Kingdom)">HSBC UK Bank</a> and part of HSBC Holdings);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a> (now part of Lloyds Banking Group);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Provincial_Bank" title="National Provincial Bank">National Provincial Bank</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bank" title="Westminster Bank">Westminster Bank</a>.</li></ul> <p>After the merger of Westminster Bank, National Provincial Bank and <a href="/wiki/District_Bank" title="District Bank">District Bank</a> to form <a href="/wiki/National_Westminster_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="National Westminster Bank">National Westminster Bank</a> (now part of NatWest Group) in 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term "big four" came into use instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks_in_the_United_States" title="List of largest banks in the United States">List of largest banks in the United States</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the "big four" banks hold about 45% of all U.S. customer deposits (as of 2018), and each have assets of roughly $1.7 trillion <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollars</a>. As of 2023, they have combined assets of more than $9.2 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The banks are, in order of size:<sup id="cite_ref-USATodayb4_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USATodayb4-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SFCb4_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFCb4-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a> (headquartered in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, bank chartered in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> (headquartered and bank chartered in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a> (headquartered in New York City, bank chartered in <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls, South Dakota</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a> (headquartered in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, bank chartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota)</li></ul> <p>Regardless of the jurisdiction of charter, the legal entity of these banks are all subsidiaries of <a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">Delaware-chartered</a> <a href="/wiki/Bank_holding_company" title="Bank holding company">bank holding companies</a>. </p><p>From a <a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">retail banking</a> perspective, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bancorp" title="U.S. Bancorp">U.S. Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC Bank</a> both have significantly more branches than <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a>, the retail banking arm of Citigroup.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Citigroup still has significantly more assets than U.S. Bancorp and PNC Financial Services.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Vietnam, the four major banking groups are:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietcombank" title="Vietcombank">Vietcombank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agribank_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agribank (Vietnam)">Agribank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIDV" class="mw-redirect" title="BIDV">BIDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietinbank" title="Vietinbank">Vietinbank</a></li></ul> <p>As of the start of 2024, the big four held VNĐ13.5 quadrillion worth of public deposits (bank liabilities), equivalent to 50% of all bank deposits nationwide. Meanwhile, during the annual year 2023, these banks represented 42% of the outstanding loans (bank credit) that were issued over this period nationwide, a total of VNĐ685 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_accounting_firms" title="Big Four accounting firms">Big Four accounting firms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Big Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Soda" title="Big Soda">Big Soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech">Big Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)" title="Big Three (automobile manufacturers)">Big Three (automobile manufacturers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(management_consultancies)" title="Big Three (management consultancies)">Big Three (management consultancies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Tobacco" title="Big Tobacco">Big Tobacco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WolfStreet.com&rft.atitle=The+Big+Four+Central+Banks+Muddy+The+Same+Sea+of+Liquidity&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwolfstreet.com%2F2013%2F06%2F24%2Fthe-big-four-central-banks-muddy-the-same-sea-of-liquidity-and-then-theres-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/28/2349282.htm">"Big four banks lower fixed rates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a></i>. 28 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331060946/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/28/2349282.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Big+four+banks+lower+fixed+rates&rft.date=2008-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2008%2F08%2F28%2F2349282.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finty.com/au/research/big-four-ownership/">"Who really owns Australia's Big Four banks?"</a>. <i>Finty Australia</i>. 4 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106055746/https://finty.com/au/research/big-four-ownership/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=%27Big+four%27+banks+made+huge+profits+as+Australians+took+out+bigger+mortgages+for+pricier+housing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-05-10%2Fbig-four-banks-profits-home-loans-mortgage-debt-interest-rates%2F101051100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319214753/http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/johnquiggin/JournalArticles01/CBAPrivatisation01.html">"Quiggin, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=%C3%96sterreich+%E2%80%93+Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fte+Banken+nach+Bilanzsumme+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F288090%2Fumfrage%2Fbanken-in-oesterreich-nach-ihrer-bilanzsumme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/01/08/grootbanken-gaan-bankautomaten-samenvoegen-goedkoper-voor-banke/">"Grootbanken gaan bankautomaten samenvoegen: kosten besparen en betere spreiding"</a>. <i>VRTNWS</i>. 8 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109205515/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/01/08/grootbanken-gaan-bankautomaten-samenvoegen-goedkoper-voor-banke/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VRTNWS&rft.atitle=Grootbanken+gaan+bankautomaten+samenvoegen%3A+kosten+besparen+en+betere+spreiding&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrt.be%2Fvrtnws%2Fnl%2F2020%2F01%2F08%2Fgrootbanken-gaan-bankautomaten-samenvoegen-goedkoper-voor-banke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/os-20-maiores-bancos-do-brasil-em-valor-de-ativos">"Os 20 maiores bancos do Brasil em valor de ativos"</a>. <i>exame.abril.com.br</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002603/http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/os-20-maiores-bancos-do-brasil-em-valor-de-ativos/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=exame.abril.com.br&rft.atitle=Os+20+maiores+bancos+do+Brasil+em+valor+de+ativos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexame.abril.com.br%2Fnegocios%2Fos-20-maiores-bancos-do-brasil-em-valor-de-ativos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/supervision/sup_an_rep_eng/EN_Annual_Report_2020.pdf">"National Bank of Cambodia Supervision Annual Report 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705091334/https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/supervision/sup_an_rep_eng/EN_Annual_Report_2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>The largest bank in term of total asset is Canadia Bank at 14.2%, followed by ACLEDA Bank at 12.7%, in third place Advanced Bank of Asia (ABA) at 12.2%. 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(in Chinese: 《中国金融史》，姚遂主编，高等教育出版社，2007年版)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-China-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-China_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF黎晨_[Li_Chen]2015" class="citation book cs1">黎晨 [Li Chen] (2015). 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L"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225732/http://www.portafolio.co/internacional/cinco-bancos-pais-50-grandes-l-128822">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nové žebříčky podle klientů a peněz"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321074207/https://www.penize.cz/osobni-ucty/440001-nejvetsi-banky-v-cesku-zebricek-podle-poctu-klientu-a-spravovanych-penez">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+20+bancos+m%C3%A1s+grandes+en+M%C3%A9xico+%E2%80%A2+Forbes+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft.aulast=Jim%C3%A9nez&rft.aufirst=Ismael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com.mx%2Flos-20-bancos-mas-grandes-en-mexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro2017" class="citation web cs1">Navarro, María Fernanda (30 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com.mx/los-10-bancos-mas-grandes-de-mexico/">"Los 10 bancos más grandes de México"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090818/https://www.forbes.com.mx/los-10-bancos-mas-grandes-de-mexico/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Crispin, Shawn (2 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/2021/06/myanmar-banks-on-edge-of-a-coup-caused-collapse/">"Myanmar banks on edge of a coup-caused collapse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204043450/https://asiatimes.com/2021/06/myanmar-banks-on-edge-of-a-coup-caused-collapse/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Products+and+Services&rft.pub=ING+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ing.com%2FProducts-Services.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ's_big_banks_record_$3.5_billion_profit-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZ's_big_banks_record_$3.5_billion_profit_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZ's_big_banks_record_$3.5_billion_profit_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Tamsyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11151951">NZ's big banks record $3.5b profit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140121044537/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11151951">Archived</a> 21 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>, 5 November 2013. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Big+Four+banks%27+New+Zealand+profit+up&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Ftaranaki-daily-news%2Fbusiness%2F7932338%2FBig-Four-banks-New-Zealand-profit-up-20-per-cent-this-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.kpmg.com/nz/en/home/insights.html">"Insights – KPMG – NZ"</a>. <i>KPMG</i>. 9 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232919/https://home.kpmg.com/nz/en/home/insights.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KPMG&rft.atitle=Insights+%E2%80%93+KPMG+%E2%80%93+NZ&rft.date=2018-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.kpmg.com%2Fnz%2Fen%2Fhome%2Finsights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interest.co.nz/news/58613/kiwibank-has-largest-mortgage-market-share-percentage-growth-2011-anz-nz-adds-most-volume">"Kiwibank has the largest mortgage market share percentage growth in 2011; ANZ NZ adds the most volume"</a>. <i>interest.co.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118062344/http://www.interest.co.nz/news/58613/kiwibank-has-largest-mortgage-market-share-percentage-growth-2011-anz-nz-adds-most-volume">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=interest.co.nz&rft.atitle=Kiwibank+has+the+largest+mortgage+market+share+percentage+growth+in+2011%3B+ANZ+NZ+adds+the+most+volume&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interest.co.nz%2Fnews%2F58613%2Fkiwibank-has-largest-mortgage-market-share-percentage-growth-2011-anz-nz-adds-most-volume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10745478">Westpac NZ outperforms Australian parent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140121050209/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10745478">Archived</a> 21 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New Zealand Herald</i>, 16 August 2011. 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Accessed 14 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/business/138649/sbs-bank-lifts-annual-net-profit-nearly-22-percent">"SBS Bank lifts annual net profit nearly 22%"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a></i>. 26 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118185143/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/business/138649/sbs-bank-lifts-annual-net-profit-nearly-22-percent">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=SBS+Bank+lifts+annual+net+profit+nearly+22%25&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F138649%2Fsbs-bank-lifts-annual-net-profit-nearly-22-percent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/business/217905/heartland-sees-core-growth">"Heartland sees core growth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a></i>. 26 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118190043/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/business/217905/heartland-sees-core-growth">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Heartland+sees+core+growth&rft.date=2013-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F217905%2Fheartland-sees-core-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venturesafrica.com/the-5-biggest-banks-in-nigeria">"Business: The 5 Biggest Banks in Nigeria"</a>. <i>Ventures Africa</i>. 16 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829221524/http://venturesafrica.com/the-5-biggest-banks-in-nigeria/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ventures+Africa&rft.atitle=Business%3A+The+5+Biggest+Banks+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fventuresafrica.com%2Fthe-5-biggest-banks-in-nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwc.com/mk/en/industries/financial.html#banking">"Banking Market"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211013070642/https://www.pwc.com/mk/en/industries/financial.html#banking">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>The three largest banks – Komercijalna Banka, Stopanska Banka Skopje (National Bank of Greece is the main shareholder) and NLB Tutunska Banka (NLB Group is the main shareholder) dominate in the banking system, holding together more than 60% of the total market activities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banking+Market&rft.pub=PricewaterhouseCoopers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com%2Fmk%2Fen%2Findustries%2Ffinancial.html%23banking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebanker.com/Banker-Data/Bank-Trends/The-top-five-banks-in-Pakistan?ct=true">"The top five banks in Pakistan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201094719/http://www.thebanker.com/Banker-Data/Bank-Trends/The-top-five-banks-in-Pakistan?ct=true">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+top+five+banks+in+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebanker.com%2FBanker-Data%2FBank-Trends%2FThe-top-five-banks-in-Pakistan%3Fct%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anon., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.advratings.com/latin-america/top-banks-in-peru">"Top Banks in Peru 2019—Overview of Top 10 Banks"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211072444/https://www.advratings.com/latin-america/top-banks-in-peru">Archived</a> 11 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>ADV Ratings</i>, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsp.gov.ph/banking/psoc/by_ranks/assets.htm">"Ranking as to Total Assets – Universal and Commercial Bank Group as of March 31, 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a>. 1 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930050048/http://www.bsp.gov.ph/banking/psoc/by_ranks/assets.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranking+as+to+Total+Assets+%E2%80%93+Universal+and+Commercial+Bank+Group+as+of+March+31%2C+2020&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsp.gov.ph%2Fbanking%2Fpsoc%2Fby_ranks%2Fassets.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4603509">"Рейтинг банков России"</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Коммерсантъ">Коммерсантъ</a>. 9 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502114143/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4603509">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F4603509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1116407/russia-top-10-largest-banks-by-assets/">"Russia: Top 10 largest banks, by total assets 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810125136/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1116407/russia-top-10-largest-banks-by-assets/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+Top+10+largest+banks%2C+by+total+assets+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1116407%2Frussia-top-10-largest-banks-by-assets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/careers/companies/top-banks-in-singapore/">"Top Banks in Singapore"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073615/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/careers/companies/top-banks-in-singapore/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Banks+in+Singapore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporatefinanceinstitute.com%2Fresources%2Fcareers%2Fcompanies%2Ftop-banks-in-singapore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ewn.co.za/2018/05/08/capitec-bank-now-the-largest-bank-in-sa-survey-finds">"Banks and foreign exchange in SA"</a>. EWN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128130135/https://ewn.co.za/2018/05/08/capitec-bank-now-the-largest-bank-in-sa-survey-finds">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banks+and+foreign+exchange+in+SA&rft.pub=EWN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fewn.co.za%2F2018%2F05%2F08%2Fcapitec-bank-now-the-largest-bank-in-sa-survey-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000.html?cid=AEN20181028000500320">"Yonhap News Agency"</a>. <i>Yonhap News Agency</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090824/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000.html?cid=AEN20181028000500320">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.yonhapnews.co.kr%2Fsearch1%2F2603000000.html%3Fcid%3DAEN20181028000500320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economipedia.com/ranking/bancos-mas-grandes-espana.html">"Bancos más grandes de España – Economipedia"</a>. 19 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072042/http://economipedia.com/ranking/bancos-mas-grandes-espana.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bancos+m%C3%A1s+grandes+de+Espa%C3%B1a+%E2%80%93+Economipedia&rft.date=2017-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomipedia.com%2Franking%2Fbancos-mas-grandes-espana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/careers/companies/top-banks-in-sri-lanka/">"Sri Lanka Banking Sector: Status quo as of June 2018"</a>. 16 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918141107/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/careers/companies/top-banks-in-sri-lanka/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+Banking+Sector%3A+Status+quo+as+of+June+2018&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporatefinanceinstitute.com%2Fresources%2Fcareers%2Fcompanies%2Ftop-banks-in-sri-lanka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖstlund" class="citation web cs1">Östlund, Carl-Viggo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130418003116/http://mobil.aftonbladet.se/debatt/debattamnen/samhalle/article12121618.ab">"Kunderna gisslan hos storbankerna (The customers held hostage by the big banks) <i>(swedish)</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aftonbladet" title="Aftonbladet">Aftonbladet</a>.se. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mobil.aftonbladet.se/debatt/debattamnen/samhalle/article12121618.ab">the original</a> on 18 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kunderna+gisslan+hos+storbankerna+%28The+customers+held+hostage+by+the+big+banks%29+%28swedish%29&rft.pub=Aftonbladet.se&rft.aulast=%C3%96stlund&rft.aufirst=Carl-Viggo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmobil.aftonbladet.se%2Fdebatt%2Fdebattamnen%2Fsamhalle%2Farticle12121618.ab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anon., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.advratings.com/europe/top-banks-in-sweden">"Top Banks in Sweden 2019—Overview of Banking Industry"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209080143/https://www.advratings.com/europe/top-banks-in-sweden">Archived</a> 9 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>ADV Ratings</i>, 1 December 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finanzmonitor.com/geld-anlegen/schweizer-banken-liste-uebersicht-tabell/">"Schweizer Finanzmonitor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922135143/https://www.finanzmonitor.com/geld-anlegen/schweizer-banken-liste-uebersicht-tabell/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schweizer+Finanzmonitor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finanzmonitor.com%2Fgeld-anlegen%2Fschweizer-banken-liste-uebersicht-tabell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20190627003616-260410?chdtv">"大到不能倒！金管會公布5大系統性銀行名單"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726230102/https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20190627003616-260410?chdtv">Archived</a> 26 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/China_Times" title="China Times">China Times</a></i>, 27 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shih-ching, K., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2019/07/01/2003717886">"Five banks given 'important' status"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726224215/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2019/07/01/2003717886">Archived</a> 26 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Times" title="Taipei Times">Taipei Times</a></i>, 1 July 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSFit92350320150522">"Fitch Affirms Thailand's 4 Largest Banks"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 22 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220065234/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSFit92350320150522">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalcapital.com&rft.atitle=Foreign+banks+consider+branching+into+Thai+banking&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalcapital.com%2Farticle%2Fn8tmrr98r7kn%2Fforeign-banks-consider-branching-into-thai-banking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%26P+Global&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+non-state+banks+have+the+edge+in+2021+amid+lira+volatility%2C+high+rates&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.aulast=Abbas+Taqi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Smith%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spglobal.com%2Fmarketintelligence%2Fen%2Fnews-insights%2Flatest-news-headlines%2Fturkey-s-non-state-banks-have-the-edge-in-2021-amid-lira-volatility-high-rates-62764248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfbusiness.com/revealed-top-10-banks-uae/">"Revealed: Top 10 banks in the UAE"</a>. <i>Gulf Business</i>. 10 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010144/https://gulfbusiness.com/revealed-top-10-banks-uae/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Business&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Top+10+banks+in+the+UAE&rft.date=2018-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfbusiness.com%2Frevealed-top-10-banks-uae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanker" class="citation web cs1">Banker, The. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebanker.com/Top-1000/2018/2018-regions/Top-1000-World-Banks-2018-Middle-East">"Top 1000 World Banks 2018 – Middle East"</a>. <i>www.thebanker.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010232/https://www.thebanker.com/Top-1000/2018/2018-regions/Top-1000-World-Banks-2018-Middle-East">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thebanker.com&rft.atitle=Top+1000+World+Banks+2018+%E2%80%93+Middle+East&rft.aulast=Banker&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebanker.com%2FTop-1000%2F2018%2F2018-regions%2FTop-1000-World-Banks-2018-Middle-East&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kar-Gupta, Sudip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/britain-banks-idUSL5E7K111Q20110901">UK banks prepare for inevitable shake-up</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415115214/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/01/britain-banks-idUSL5E7K111Q20110901">Archived</a> 15 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Reuters</i>, 1 September 2011. Accessed 14 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kar-Gupta, Sudip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/britain-banks-alexander-idUSWLA767320110410">UK to prioritise taxpayers as bank shake-up looms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152317/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/10/britain-banks-alexander-idUSWLA767320110410">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Reuters</i>, 10 April 2011. Accessed. 14 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.global-investor.com/books/10859/David-Rogers/The-Big-Four-British-Banks/"><i>The Big Four</i> by D Rogers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927160241/http://books.global-investor.com/books/10859/David-Rogers/The-Big-Four-British-Banks/">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Glenn and Sturdy, Andrew <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5KJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Beyond Organizational Change: Structure, Discourse and Power in UK Financial Services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114132603/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C5KJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57&dq">Archived</a> 14 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (p.57) Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl, Manfred <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eXvfNDHpfWwC&pg=PA1232">Handbook on the History of European Banks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114132553/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eXvfNDHpfWwC&pg=PA1232&dq">Archived</a> 14 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (p.1232) Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldbergBeers2023" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Matthew; Beers, Brian (12 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankrate.com/banking/biggest-banks-in-america/">"The 15 largest banks in the US"</a>. <i>Bankrate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bankrate&rft.atitle=The+15+largest+banks+in+the+US&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Beers%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankrate.com%2Fbanking%2Fbiggest-banks-in-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USATodayb4-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USATodayb4_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/earnings/2008-10-16-citigroup_N.htm">"Citigroup posts 4th straight loss; Merrill loss widens"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press. 16 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019102312/http://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/earnings/2008-10-16-citigroup_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Citigroup+posts+4th+straight+loss%3B+Merrill+loss+widens&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Fcompanies%2Fearnings%2F2008-10-16-citigroup_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFCb4-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SFCb4_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempleThe_Associated_Press2008" class="citation news cs1">Temple, James; The Associated Press (18 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/11/17/BURD146AIA.DTL">"Bay Area job losses likely in Citigroup layoffs"</a>. <i>The San Francisco Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091205193226/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F11%2F17%2FBURD146AIA.DTL">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Bay+Area+job+losses+likely+in+Citigroup+layoffs&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft.aulast=Temple&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F11%2F17%2FBURD146AIA.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usbanklocations.com/bank-rank/number-of-branches.html">"Banks Ranked by Number of Branches"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105054417/http://www.usbanklocations.com/bank-rank/number-of-branches.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banks+Ranked+by+Number+of+Branches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usbanklocations.com%2Fbank-rank%2Fnumber-of-branches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Four+%28banking%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usbanklocations.com/bank-rank/total-assets.html">"Banks Ranked by Total Assets"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055039/http://www.usbanklocations.com/bank-rank/total-assets.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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