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id="toc-Involvement_with_the_Nazi_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_with_the_Nazi_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Involvement with the Nazi regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_with_the_Nazi_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nazi_Party_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Party_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Nazi Party membership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Party_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership_in_the_Allgemeine-SS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_in_the_Allgemeine-SS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Membership in the Allgemeine-SS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_in_the_Allgemeine-SS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_under_Nazi_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_under_Nazi_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Work under Nazi regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_under_Nazi_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experiments_with_rocket_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiments_with_rocket_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Experiments with rocket aircraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experiments_with_rocket_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Slave labor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_and_release_by_the_Nazi_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_and_release_by_the_Nazi_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Arrest and release by the Nazi regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_and_release_by_the_Nazi_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender_to_the_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender_to_the_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Surrender to the Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender_to_the_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 American career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle American career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-American_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._Army_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Army_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 U.S. Army career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Army_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_concepts_for_a_human_presence_in_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_concepts_for_a_human_presence_in_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Popular concepts for a human presence in space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_concepts_for_a_human_presence_in_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Religious conversion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts_for_orbital_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts_for_orbital_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Concepts for orbital warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concepts_for_orbital_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NASA_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 NASA career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NASA_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_after_NASA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_after_NASA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Career after NASA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_after_NASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Engineering philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_and_critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_and_critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Recognition and critique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_and_critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_of_SS_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_SS_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Summary of SS career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Summary_of_SS_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Summary of SS career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_SS_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Dates of rank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Published works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Additional reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wernher von Braun</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="فيرنر فون براون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيرنر فون براون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner_fon_Braun" title="Verner fon Braun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Verner fon Braun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="ورنر فون براون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ورنر فون براون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8" title="ভের্নার ফন ব্রাউন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভের্নার ফন ব্রাউন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD" title="Вернер фон Браўн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вернер фон Браўн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Вернер фон Браун – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вернер фон Браун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD" title="Βέρνερ φον Μπράουν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βέρνερ φον Μπράουν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="ورنر فون براون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورنر فون براون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Braun" title="Werner von Braun – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Werner von Braun" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%88_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4" title="베르너 폰 브라운 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베르너 폰 브라운" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վերներ ֆոն Բրաուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերներ ֆոն Բրաուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ורנר פון בראון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ורנר פון בראון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვერნერ ფონ ბრაუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვერნერ ფონ ბრაუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Вернер фон Браун – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вернер фон Браун" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernherus_von_Braun" title="Wernherus von Braun – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Wernherus von Braun" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verners_fon_Brauns" title="Verners fon Brauns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Verners fon Brauns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Вернер фон Браун – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вернер фон Браун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BA" title="വേൺഹെർ വോൺ ബ്രൗൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വേൺഹെർ വോൺ ബ്രൗൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="वर्नर फोन ब्रॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वर्नर फोन ब्रॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვერნერ ფონ ბრაუნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვერნერ ფონ ბრაუნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="فيرنر فون براون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيرنر فون براون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Вернер фон Браун – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вернер фон Браун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဝါနာဗွန်ဘရောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝါနာဗွန်ဘရောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3" title="ヴェルナー・フォン・ブラウン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴェルナー・フォン・ブラウン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A5%DF%8D%DF%A1%DF%91%DF%A4%DF%8D%DF%99_%DF%9D%DF%AD%DF%90%DF%B2_%DF%93%DF%91%DF%99%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AB" title="ߥߍߡߑߤߍߙ ߝ߭ߐ߲ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߥߍߡߑߤߍߙ ߝ߭ߐ߲ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86" title="ورنہر فان براؤن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ورنہر فان براؤن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="ورنر فون براون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ورنر فون براون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun_(Physiker)" title="Wernher von Braun (Physiker) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wernher von Braun (Physiker)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Браун, Вернер фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Браун, Вернер фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%A4%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%A8%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="وێرنەر ڤۆن بڕاون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێرنەر ڤۆن بڕاون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Вернер фон Браун – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вернер фон Браун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wernher von Braun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German-American aerospace engineer (1912–1977)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is Freiherr von Braun, not Braun.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Wernher von Braun</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wernher_von_Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/230px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/345px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/460px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Von Braun in 1964</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Wernher Magnus Maximilian, <a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a> von Braun</div> (1912-03-23)23 March 1912 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wirsitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirsitz">Wirsitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 June 1977(1977-06-16) (aged 65) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Hill_Cemetery_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Ivy Hill Cemetery (Alexandria, Virginia)">Ivy Hill Cemetery</a>, Alexandria, Virginia<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a> (diploma)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Rocket engineer</a> and designer, aerospace project manager</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">NASA engineering program manager; chief architect of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket; development of the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> for Nazi Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (1937–1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Maria Luise von Quistorp</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1947)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_von_Braun_(senior)" title="Magnus von Braun (senior)">Magnus von Braun</a> (father)</li><li>Emmy von Quistorp (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Braun" title="Sigismund von Braun">Sigismund von Braun</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_von_Braun" title="Magnus von Braun">Magnus von Braun</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Award_for_Distinguished_Federal_Civilian_Service" title="President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service">President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Exner_Medal" title="Wilhelm Exner Medal">Wilhelm Exner Medal</a> (1969)<a href="#cite_note-Editor_2015-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_SS" title="Allgemeine SS">Allgemeine SS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1937–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">SS-<a href="/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Sturmbannführer">Sturmbannführer</a> (major)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross</a>, First Class with Swords (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Rocket_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket propulsion">Rocket propulsion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal" title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild Industries">Fairchild Industries</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tu-berlin.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/1mn5dop/TUB_ALMA_DS21542281970002884">Konstruktive, theoretische und experimentelle Beiträge zu dem Problem der Flüssigkeitsrakete</a> (1934)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Schumann" title="Erich Schumann">Erich Schumann</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:VonBraun-sig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/VonBraun-sig.png/150px-VonBraun-sig.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/VonBraun-sig.png/225px-VonBraun-sig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/VonBraun-sig.png/300px-VonBraun-sig.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="125" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈvɜːrnər vɒn ˈbraʊn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VUR-nər von BROWN</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈvɛʁnheːɐ̯ fɔn ˈbʁaʊn]</a>; 23 March 1912 – 16 June 1977) was a <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineer</a><a href="#cite_note-Space_Engineer-4">[4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">space architect</a>. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_SS" title="Allgemeine SS">Allgemeine SS</a>, the leading figure in the development of <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> technology in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and later a pioneer of rocket and <a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">space technology</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2013-5">[5]</a> As a young man, von Braun worked in Nazi Germany's rocket development program. He helped design and co-developed the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> at <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The V-2 became the first artificial object to travel into space on 20 June 1944. Following the war, he was secretly moved to the United States, along with about 1,600 other German scientists, engineers, and technicians, as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmerExp-6">[6]</a> He worked for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> on an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile" title="Intermediate-range ballistic missile">intermediate-range ballistic missile</a> program, and he developed the rockets that launched the United States' first space satellite <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a> in 1958. He worked with <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> on a series of films, which popularized the idea of human space travel in the U.S. and beyond from 1955 to 1957.<a href="#cite_note-DisneyVonBraun-7">[7]</a> In 1960, his group was assimilated into <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, where he served as director of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> and as the chief architect of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a> that propelled the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a> to the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASAMSFC-9">[9]</a> In 1967, von Braun was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a>, and in 1975, he received the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>. Von Braun is a highly controversial figure widely seen as escaping justice for his awareness of Nazi war crimes due to the Americans' desire to beat the Soviets in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time2019-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2013-5">[5]</a> He is also sometimes described by others as the "father of space travel",<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> the "father of rocket science",<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> or the "father of the American lunar program".<a href="#cite_note-time2019-10">[10]</a> He advocated a <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Wernher von Braun was born on 23 March 1912, in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Wirsitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirsitz">Wirsitz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, then <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and now Poland.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> His father, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_von_Braun_(senior)" title="Magnus von Braun (senior)">Magnus Freiherr von Braun</a> (1878–1972), was a civil servant and conservative politician; he served as Minister of Agriculture in the federal government during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. His mother, Emmy von Quistorp (1886–1959), traced her ancestry through both parents to medieval European <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royalty</a> and was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">Valdemar I of Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III of Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He had an older brother, the West German diplomat <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Braun" title="Sigismund von Braun">Sigismund von Braun</a>, who served as Secretary of State in the Foreign Office in the 1970s, and a younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_von_Braun" title="Magnus von Braun">Magnus von Braun</a>, who was a rocket scientist and later a senior executive with <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mag8-17">[17]</a> The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, in 1915, where his father worked at the Ministry of the Interior. After his <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">Confirmation</a>, his mother gave him a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>, and he developed a passion for <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Von Braun learned to play both the cello and the piano at an early age and at one time wanted to become a composer. He took lessons from the composer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>. The few pieces of von Braun's youthful compositions that exist are reminiscent of Hindemith's style.<a href="#cite_note-Ward_2005-19">[19]</a>: 11  He could play piano pieces of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> from memory. Beginning in 1925, he attended a boarding school at <a href="/wiki/Ettersburg" title="Ettersburg">Ettersburg</a> Castle near <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Thuringia" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Thuringia">Free State of Thuringia</a>, where he did not do well in physics and mathematics. There he acquired a copy of <a href="/wiki/Die_Rakete_zu_den_Planetenr%C3%A4umen" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen">Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen</a> (1923, By Rocket into Planetary Space)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> by rocket pioneer <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Oberth" title="Hermann Oberth">Hermann Oberth</a>. In 1928, his parents moved him to the Hermann-Lietz-Internat (also a residential school) on the <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisian</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Spiekeroog" title="Spiekeroog">Spiekeroog</a>. Space travel had always fascinated him, and from then on he applied himself to <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and mathematics to pursue his interest in rocket engineering.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1928 the Raketenrummel or "Rocket Rumble" fad initiated by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_von_Opel" title="Fritz von Opel">Fritz von Opel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Valier" title="Max Valier">Max Valier</a> was highly influential on von Braun as a teenage space enthusiast. He was so enthusiastic after seeing one of the public <a href="/wiki/Opel-RAK" title="Opel-RAK">Opel-RAK</a> rocket car demonstrations, that he constructed his own homemade toy rocket car and caused a disruption in a crowded sidewalk by launching the toy wagon, to which he had attached the largest firework rockets he could purchase. He was later taken in for questioning by the local police, until released to his father for disciplinary action. The incident highlighted the young von Braun's determination to "dedicate his life to space travel".<a href="#cite_note-Space_Engineer-4">[4]</a>: 62-64  In 1930, von Braun attended the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Hochschule Berlin</a>, where he joined the Spaceflight Society (<a href="/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_Raumschiffahrt" title="Verein für Raumschiffahrt">Verein für Raumschiffahrt</a> or VfR), co-founded by Valier, and worked with <a href="/wiki/Willy_Ley" title="Willy Ley">Willy Ley</a> in his liquid-fueled rocket motor tests in conjunction with others such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Engel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Engel (page does not exist)">Rolf Engel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Nebel" title="Rudolf Nebel">Rudolf Nebel</a>, Hermann Oberth or <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehmayr" title="Paul Ehmayr">Paul Ehmayr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In spring 1932, he graduated with a diploma in mechanical engineering.<a href="#cite_note-biography.com-24">[24]</a> His early exposure to rocketry convinced him that the exploration of space would require far more than applications of the current engineering technology. Wanting to learn more about physics, chemistry, and astronomy, von Braun entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin</a> for doctoral studies and graduated with a doctorate in physics in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-recoll-25">[25]</a> He also studied at <a href="/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH Zürich">ETH Zürich</a> for a term from June to October 1931.<a href="#cite_note-recoll-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_career">German career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: German career">edit</a>]</div> In 1930, von Braun attended a presentation given by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a>. After the talk, the young student approached the famous pioneer of high-altitude balloon flight, and stated to him: "You know, I plan on traveling to the Moon at some time." Piccard is said to have responded with encouraging words.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Von Braun was greatly influenced by Oberth, of whom he said: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Hermann Oberth was the first who, when thinking about the possibility of spaceships, grabbed a slide-rule and presented mathematically analyzed concepts and designs... I, myself, owe to him not only the guiding-star of my life, but also my first contact with the theoretical and practical aspects of rocketry and space travel. A place of honor should be reserved in the history of science and technology for his ground-breaking contributions in the field of astronautics.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></blockquote> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, von Braun was able to pursue a career as a rocket scientist in Germany due to a "curious oversight" in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> which did not include rocketry in its list of weapons forbidden to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2006-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_with_the_Nazi_regime">Involvement with the Nazi regime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Involvement with the Nazi regime">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.023-02,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_Emil_Leeb,_Fritz_Todt,_Wernher_von_Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.023-02%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Emil_Leeb%2C_Fritz_Todt%2C_Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.023-02%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Emil_Leeb%2C_Fritz_Todt%2C_Wernher_von_Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.023-02%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Emil_Leeb%2C_Fritz_Todt%2C_Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.023-02%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Emil_Leeb%2C_Fritz_Todt%2C_Wernher_von_Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.023-02%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Emil_Leeb%2C_Fritz_Todt%2C_Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.023-02%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Emil_Leeb%2C_Fritz_Todt%2C_Wernher_von_Braun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Von Braun with <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a>, who utilized <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labor</a> for major works across occupied Europe. Von Braun is wearing the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_party#Party_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi party">Nazi party badge</a> on his suit lapel.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_Party_membership">Nazi Party membership</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nazi Party membership">edit</a>]</div> Von Braun was an opportunist who joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> to continue his work on rockets for <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmerExp-6">[6]</a> He applied for membership in the Party on 12 November 1937, and was issued membership number 5,738,692.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 96  <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Neufeld" title="Michael J. Neufeld">Michael J. Neufeld</a>, an author of aerospace history and chief of the Space History Division at the Smithsonian's <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>, wrote that ten years after von Braun obtained his Nazi Party membership, he signed an affidavit for the U.S. Army, though he stated the incorrect year:<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 96  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In 1939, I was officially demanded to join the National Socialist Party. At this time I was already Technical Director at the Army Rocket Center at Peenemünde (Baltic Sea). The technical work carried out there had, in the meantime, attracted more and more attention in higher levels. Thus, my refusal to join the party would have meant that I would have to abandon the work of my life. Therefore, I decided to join. My membership in the party did not involve any political activity.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 96 </blockquote> It has not been ascertained whether von Braun's error with regard to the year was deliberate or a simple mistake.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 96  Neufeld wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Von Braun, like other Peenemünders, was assigned to the local group in Karlshagen; there is no evidence that he did more than send in his monthly dues. But he is seen in some photographs with the party's swastika pin in his lapel – it was politically useful to demonstrate his membership.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 96 </blockquote> Von Braun's later attitude toward the Nazi regime of the late 1930s and early 1940s was complex. He said that he had been so influenced by the early Nazi promise of release from the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_I_recession" title="Post–World War I recession">post–World War I economic effects</a>, that his patriotic feelings had increased.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In a 1952 memoir article he admitted that, at that time, he "fared relatively rather well under <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 96–97  Yet, he also wrote that "to us, <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> was still only a pompous fool with a <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> moustache"<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and that he perceived him as "another <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>" who was "wholly without scruples, a godless man who thought himself the only god".<a href="#cite_note-Ward-32">[32]</a> Later examination of von Braun's background, conducted by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, suggests that his background check file contained no derogatory information pertaining to his involvement in the party, but it was found that he had numerous letters of commendation for outstanding performance of duties during his time working under the Nazi party.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Overall FBI conclusions point to von Braun's involvement in the Nazi Party to be purely for the advancement of his academic career, or out of fear of imprisonment or execution.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Membership_in_the_Allgemeine-SS">Membership in the Allgemeine-SS</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Membership in the Allgemeine-SS">edit</a>]</div> Von Braun joined the SS horseback riding school on 1 November 1933 as an SS-<a href="/wiki/Anw%C3%A4rter" title="Anwärter">Anwärter</a>. He left the following year.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>: 63  In 1940, von Braun joined the SS<a href="#cite_note-Ward_2009-35">[35]</a>: 47 <a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and was given the rank of <a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Allgemeine-SS">Allgemeine-SS</a> and issued membership number 185,068.: 121  In 1947, he gave the U.S. War Department this explanation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In spring 1940, one SS-Standartenführer (SS-Colonel) Müller from Greifswald, a bigger town in the vicinity of Peenemünde, looked me up in my office...and told me that <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a> <a href="/wiki/Himmler" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmler">Himmler</a> had sent him with the order to urge me to join the SS. I told him I was so busy with my rocket work that I had no time to spare for any political activity. He then told me, that...the SS would cost me no time at all. I would be awarded the rank of a[n] "Untersturmfuehrer" (lieutenant) and it were [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] a very definite desire of Himmler that I attend his invitation to join. I asked Müller to give me some time for reflection. He agreed. Realizing that the matter was of highly political significance for the relation between the SS and the Army, I called immediately on my military superior, Dr. Dornberger. He informed me that the SS had for a long time been trying to get their "finger in the pie" of the rocket work. I asked him what to do. He replied on the spot that if I wanted to continue our mutual work, I had no alternative but to join.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></blockquote> When shown a picture of himself standing behind Himmler, von Braun said that he had only worn the SS uniform that one time,<a href="#cite_note-space25-38">[38]</a> but in 2002 a former SS officer at Peenemünde told the BBC that von Braun had regularly worn the SS uniform to official meetings. He began as an Untersturmführer (Second lieutenant) and was promoted three times by Himmler, the last time in June 1943 to SS-<a href="/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Sturmbannführer">Sturmbannführer</a> (Major). Von Braun later stated that these were simply technical promotions received each year regularly by mail.<a href="#cite_note-space25-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_under_Nazi_regime">Work under Nazi regime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Work under Nazi regime">edit</a>]</div> In 1932, von Braun received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering from Technische Hochschule Berlin (now <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a>), Germany. During a period in 1931, von Braun attended the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH Zürich">ETH Zürich</a> in Switzerland. During this time in Switzerland, von Braun assisted Professor Hermann Oberth in writing a book concerning the possibilities of creating and manufacturing liquid-propellant rockets. Shortly after this, von Braun founded his own private rocket development business in Berlin, and through which he made the first rocket fired by gasoline and liquid oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> In 1932, having caught wind of von Braun's rocket business, the German Army connected with von Braun to pursue basic missile research and weather data experimentation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Von Braun said that the German government financed the development of test stands and facilities for experimentation in Darmstadt, Germany. In 1939, von Braun was appointed a technical advisor at <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde_Army_Research_Center" title="Peenemünde Army Research Center">Peenemünde Army Research Center</a> on the Baltic Sea.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.024-03,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_Dornberger,_Olbricht,_Brandt,_v._Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.024-03%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Dornberger%2C_Olbricht%2C_Brandt%2C_v._Braun.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.024-03%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Dornberger%2C_Olbricht%2C_Brandt%2C_v._Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.024-03%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Dornberger%2C_Olbricht%2C_Brandt%2C_v._Braun.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.024-03%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Dornberger%2C_Olbricht%2C_Brandt%2C_v._Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.024-03%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Dornberger%2C_Olbricht%2C_Brandt%2C_v._Braun.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.024-03%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Dornberger%2C_Olbricht%2C_Brandt%2C_v._Braun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>First rank, from left to right, General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dornberger" title="Walter Dornberger">Walter Dornberger</a> (partially hidden), General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Olbricht" title="Friedrich Olbricht">Friedrich Olbricht</a> (with Knight's Cross), Major <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Brandt" title="Heinz Brandt">Heinz Brandt</a>, and Wernher von Braun (in civilian dress) at <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania</a>, in March 1941</figcaption></figure> In 1933, von Braun was working on his creative doctorate when the Nazi Party came to power in a coalition government in Germany; rocketry was almost immediately moved onto the national agenda. An artillery captain, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dornberger" title="Walter Dornberger">Walter Dornberger</a>, arranged an <a href="/wiki/Waffenamt" title="Waffenamt">Ordnance Department</a> research grant for von Braun, who then worked next to Dornberger's existing solid-fuel rocket test site at <a href="/wiki/Kummersdorf" title="Kummersdorf">Kummersdorf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Von Braun received his doctorate in physics (<a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a>) on 27 July 1934, from the University of Berlin for a thesis titled "About Combustion Tests." His doctoral supervisor was Erich Schumann.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 61  However, this thesis represented only the public aspect of von Braun's work. His actual thesis, entitled "Construction, Theoretical, and Experimental Solution to the Problem of the Liquid Propellant Rocket" (dated 16 April 1934), detailed the construction and design of the A2 rocket. It remained classified by the German army until its publication in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-astronautix-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> By the end of 1934, his group had successfully launched <a href="/wiki/Max_and_Moritz_(rockets)" class="mw-redirect" title="Max and Moritz (rockets)">two liquid fuel A2 rockets</a> that rose to heights of 2.2 and 3.5 km (2 mi).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Von Braun continued his guided missile work throughout World War Two, and met with Adolf Hitler on several occasions, being formally decorated by Hitler twice, including being awarded the Iron Cross.<a href="#cite_note-:2-44">[44]</a> At the time, Germany was highly interested in American physicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a>'s research. Before 1939, German scientists occasionally contacted Goddard directly with technical questions. Von Braun used Goddard's plans from various journals and incorporated them into the building of the <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggregate series">Aggregat</a> (A) series of rockets. The first successful launch of an A-4 took place on 3 October 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201750-45">[45]</a> The A-4 rocket became well known as the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 1963, von Braun reflected on the history of rocketry, and said of Goddard's work: "His rockets ... may have been rather crude by present-day standards, but they blazed the trail and incorporated many features used in our most modern rockets and space vehicles."<a href="#cite_note-recoll-25">[25]</a> Goddard confirmed his work was used by von Braun in 1944, shortly before the Nazis began firing V-2s at England. A V-2 crashed in Sweden and some parts were sent to an Annapolis lab where Goddard was doing research for the Navy. If this was the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II#The_Bäckebo_rocket" title="Sweden during World War II">Bäckebo Bomb</a>, it had been procured by the British in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Spitfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spitfire">Spitfires</a>; Annapolis would have received some parts from them. Goddard is reported to have recognized components he had invented and inferred that his brainchild had been turned into a weapon.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Later, von Braun said: "I have very deep and sincere regret for the victims of the V-2 rockets, but there were victims on both sides...A war is a war, and when my country is at war, my duty is to help win that war."<a href="#cite_note-Space_Engineer-4">[4]</a>: 351  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The engineer who designed the V2, Wernher von Braun, came to be feted as a hero of the <a href="/wiki/Space_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Space age">space age</a>. The Allies realised that the V-2 was a machine, unlike anything they had developed themselves. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—V-2: The Nazi rocket that launched the space age, BBC, September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Space_age_launch-48">[48]</a></cite></div> </div> In response to Goddard's statements, von Braun said "at no time in Germany did I or any of my associates ever see a Goddard patent". This was independently confirmed. He wrote that statements that he had lifted Goddard's work were the furthest from the truth, noting that Goddard's paper "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes", which was studied by von Braun and Oberth, lacked the specificity of liquid-fuel experimentation with rockets. It was also confirmed that he was responsible for an estimated 20 patentable innovations related to rocketry, as well as receiving U.S. patents after the war concerning the advancement of rocketry. Documented accounts also stated he provided solutions to a host of aerospace engineering problems in the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V-2_rocket_diagram_(with_English_labels).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/V-2_rocket_diagram_%28with_English_labels%29.svg/220px-V-2_rocket_diagram_%28with_English_labels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/V-2_rocket_diagram_%28with_English_labels%29.svg/330px-V-2_rocket_diagram_%28with_English_labels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/V-2_rocket_diagram_%28with_English_labels%29.svg/440px-V-2_rocket_diagram_%28with_English_labels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">A4/V2</a></figcaption></figure> On 22 December 1942, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> ordered the production of the A-4 as a "vengeance weapon", and the Peenemünde group developed it to target London. Following von Braun's 7 July 1943 presentation of a color movie showing an A-4 taking off, Hitler was so enthusiastic that he personally made von Braun a professor shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> By that time, the British and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet intelligence">Soviet intelligence</a> agencies were aware of the rocket program and von Braun's team at Peenemünde, based on the intelligence provided by the Polish underground <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a>. Over the nights of 17–18 August 1943, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hydra_(1943)" title="Operation Hydra (1943)">Operation Hydra</a> dispatched raids on the Peenemünde camp consisting of 596 aircraft, and dropped 1,800 tons of explosives.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-51">[51]</a> The facility was salvaged and most of the engineering team remained unharmed; however, the raids killed von Braun's engine designer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Thiel" title="Walter Thiel">Walter Thiel</a> and Chief Engineer Walther, and the rocket program was delayed.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dornberger-53">[53]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II</a></div> The V-2 became the first artificial object to travel into space by crossing the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a> with the vertical launch of <a href="/wiki/MW_18014" title="MW 18014">MW 18014</a> on 20 June 1944.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The first combat A-4, renamed the V-2 (Vergeltungswaffe 2 "Retaliation/Vengeance Weapon 2") for propaganda purposes, was launched toward England on 7 September 1944, only 21 months after the project had been officially commissioned.<a href="#cite_note-Space_Engineer-4">[4]</a>: 184  Doug Millard of the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum, London</a> states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The V-2 was a quantum leap of technological change. We got to the Moon using V-2 technology but this was technology that was developed with massive resources, including some particularly grim ones. The V-2 programme was hugely expensive in terms of lives, with the Nazis using slave labour to manufacture these rockets.<a href="#cite_note-Space_age_launch-48">[48]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experiments_with_rocket_aircraft">Experiments with rocket aircraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Experiments with rocket aircraft">edit</a>]</div> In 1936, von Braun's rocketry team working at Kummersdorf investigated installing liquid-fuelled rockets in aircraft. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heinkel" title="Ernst Heinkel">Ernst Heinkel</a> enthusiastically supported their efforts, supplying a <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_72" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 72">He-72</a> and later two <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_112" title="Heinkel He 112">He-112s</a> for the experiments. Later in 1936, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Warsitz" title="Erich Warsitz">Erich Warsitz</a> was seconded by the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Air_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Air Ministry">RLM</a> to von Braun and Heinkel, because he had been recognized as one of the most experienced test pilots of the time, and because he also had an extraordinary fund of technical knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-warsitz-55">[55]</a>: 30  After he familiarized Warsitz with a test-stand run, showing him the corresponding apparatus in the aircraft, he asked: "Are you with us and will you test the rocket in the air? Then, Warsitz, you will be a famous man. And later we will fly to the Moon – with you at the helm!"<a href="#cite_note-warsitz-55">[55]</a>: 35  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:He112FARR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/He112FARR.jpg/220px-He112FARR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/He112FARR.jpg/330px-He112FARR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/He112FARR.jpg/440px-He112FARR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>A regular He 112</figcaption></figure> In June 1937, at <a href="/wiki/Neuhardenberg" title="Neuhardenberg">Neuhardenberg</a> (a large field about 70 km (43 mi) east of Berlin, listed as a reserve airfield in the event of war), one of these latter aircraft was flown with its <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engine</a> shut down during flight by Warsitz, at which time it was propelled by von Braun's rocket power alone. Despite a <a href="/wiki/Wheels-up_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheels-up landing">wheels-up landing</a> and the fuselage having been on fire, it proved to official circles that an aircraft could be flown satisfactorily with a back-thrust system through the rear.<a href="#cite_note-warsitz-55">[55]</a>: 51  At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Walter" title="Hellmuth Walter">Hellmuth Walter</a>'s experiments into <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> based rockets were leading toward light and simple rockets that appeared well-suited for aircraft installation. Also, the firm of Hellmuth Walter at Kiel had been commissioned by the RLM to build a rocket engine for the He-112, so there were two different new rocket motor designs at Neuhardenberg: whereas von Braun's engines were powered by alcohol and liquid oxygen, Walter engines had hydrogen peroxide and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_permanganate" title="Calcium permanganate">calcium permanganate</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a>. Von Braun's engines used direct combustion and created fire, while the Walter devices used hot vapors from a chemical reaction, but both created thrust and provided high speed.<a href="#cite_note-warsitz-55">[55]</a>: 41  The subsequent flights with the He-112 used the Walter-rocket instead of von Braun's; it was more reliable, simpler to operate, and safer for the test pilot, Warsitz.<a href="#cite_note-warsitz-55">[55]</a>: 55  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_labor">Slave labor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slave labor">edit</a>]</div> SS General <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kammler" title="Hans Kammler">Hans Kammler</a>, who as an engineer had constructed several <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, had a reputation for brutality and had conceived the idea of using <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Germany_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor in Germany during World War II">concentration camp prisoners as slave laborers</a> in the rocket program. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rudolph" title="Arthur Rudolph">Arthur Rudolph</a>, chief engineer of the V-2 rocket factory at Peenemünde, endorsed this idea in April 1943 when a labor shortage developed. More people died building the V-2 rockets than were killed by it as a weapon.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Von Braun admitted visiting the plant at <a href="/wiki/Mittelwerk" title="Mittelwerk">Mittelwerk</a> on many occasions,<a href="#cite_note-AmerExp-6">[6]</a> and called conditions at the plant "repulsive", but stated that he had never personally witnessed any deaths or beatings, although it had become clear to him by 1944 that deaths had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-power2-57">[57]</a> He denied ever having visited the <a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittelbau-Dora">Mittelbau-Dora</a> concentration camp, where 20,000 died from illness, beatings, hangings, and intolerable working conditions.<a href="#cite_note-TimeD-58">[58]</a> Some prisoners state that von Braun engaged in brutal treatment or approved of it. Guy Morand, a French resistance fighter who was a prisoner in Dora, testified in 1995 that, after an apparent sabotage attempt, von Braun ordered a prisoner to be flogged,<a href="#cite_note-bid-59">[59]</a> while Robert Cazabonne, another French prisoner, stated that von Braun stood by as prisoners were hanged by chains suspended by cranes.<a href="#cite_note-bid-59">[59]</a>: 123–124  However, these accounts may have been a case of mistaken identity.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a> inmate Adam Cabala stated that von Braun went to the concentration camp to pick slave laborers: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... also the German scientists led by Prof. Wernher von Braun were aware of everything daily. As they went along the corridors, they saw the exhaustion of the inmates, their arduous work and their pain. Not one single time did Prof. Wernher von Braun protest against this cruelty during his frequent stays at Dora. Even the aspect of corpses did not touch him: On a small area near the ambulance shed, inmates tortured to death by slave labor and the terror of the overseers were piling up daily. But, Prof. Wernher von Braun passed them so close that he was almost touching the corpses.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></blockquote> Von Braun later stated that he was aware of the treatment of prisoners, but felt helpless to change the situation.<a href="#cite_note-StuhlingerOrdway1994-62">[62]</a> When asked if von Braun could have protested against the brutal treatment of the slave laborers, von Braun team member <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Dannenberg" title="Konrad Dannenberg">Konrad Dannenberg</a> (a member of the Nazi party since 1932) told The Huntsville Times: "If he had done it, in my opinion, he would have been shot on the spot."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_and_release_by_the_Nazi_regime">Arrest and release by the Nazi regime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arrest and release by the Nazi regime">edit</a>]</div> According to André Sellier, a French historian and survivor of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> had von Braun come to his Feldkommandostelle Hochwald HQ in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> in February 1944.<a href="#cite_note-sellier-64">[64]</a> To increase his power-base within the Nazi regime, Himmler was conspiring to use Kammler to gain control of all German armament programs, including the V-2 program at Peenemünde.<a href="#cite_note-Ward_2005-19">[19]</a>: 38–40  He therefore recommended that von Braun work more closely with Kammler to solve the problems of the V-2. Von Braun stated that he replied that the problems were merely technical and he was confident that they would be solved with Dornberger's assistance.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Von Braun had been under <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SD</a> surveillance since October 1943. A secret report stated that he and his colleagues <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Riedel" title="Klaus Riedel">Klaus Riedel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Gr%C3%B6ttrup" title="Helmut Gröttrup">Helmut Gröttrup</a> were said to have expressed regret at an engineer's house one evening in early March 1944 that they were not working on a spaceship<a href="#cite_note-AmerExp-6">[6]</a> and that they felt the war was not going well; this was considered a "defeatist" attitude. A young female dentist who was an SS spy reported their comments. Himmler's unfounded allegations branding von Braun and his colleagues as communist sympathizers and accusing them of sabotaging the V-2 program, coupled with von Braun's regular piloting of a government-provided airplane that could facilitate an escape to Britain, led to their arrest by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ward_2005-19">[19]</a>: 38–40  The unsuspecting von Braun was detained on 14 March (or 15 March),<a href="#cite_note-grdev-66">[66]</a> 1944, and was taken to a Gestapo cell in <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a> (now Szczecin, Poland).<a href="#cite_note-Ward_2005-19">[19]</a>: 38–40  where he was held for two weeks without knowing the charges against him.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Through Major <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Klamroth" title="Hans Georg Klamroth">Hans Georg Klamroth</a>, in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> for Peenemünde, Dornberger obtained von Braun's conditional release and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>, Reichsminister for Munitions and War Production, persuaded Hitler to reinstate von Braun so that the V-2 program could continue<a href="#cite_note-AmerExp-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward_2005-19">[19]</a>: 38–40 <a href="#cite_note-walter-68">[68]</a> or turn into a "V-4 program" (the <a href="/wiki/Rheinbote" title="Rheinbote">Rheinbote</a> as a short-range ballistic rocket) which in their view would be impossible without von Braun's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-32">[32]</a> In his memoirs, Speer states Hitler had finally conceded that von Braun was to be "protected from all prosecution as long as he is indispensable, difficult though the general consequences arising from the situation."<a href="#cite_note-Speer-69">[69]</a> Upon investigation by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation on 1 May 1961 advised that "there was no record of an arrest in their respective files"<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> suggesting that Von Braun's imprisonment was wiped from German prison records at a point after his conditional release or after the Nazi regime had fallen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrender_to_the_Americans">Surrender to the Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Surrender to the Americans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_General_Walther_Dornberger,_Commander_of_the_V-2_laboratory_at_Peenemnde,_Lieutenant_Colonel_Herbert_Axter..._-_NARA_-_531328.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Major_General_Walther_Dornberger%2C_Commander_of_the_V-2_laboratory_at_Peenemnde%2C_Lieutenant_Colonel_Herbert_Axter..._-_NARA_-_531328.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Major_General_Walther_Dornberger%2C_Commander_of_the_V-2_laboratory_at_Peenemnde%2C_Lieutenant_Colonel_Herbert_Axter..._-_NARA_-_531328.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Major_General_Walther_Dornberger%2C_Commander_of_the_V-2_laboratory_at_Peenemnde%2C_Lieutenant_Colonel_Herbert_Axter..._-_NARA_-_531328.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Major_General_Walther_Dornberger%2C_Commander_of_the_V-2_laboratory_at_Peenemnde%2C_Lieutenant_Colonel_Herbert_Axter..._-_NARA_-_531328.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Major_General_Walther_Dornberger%2C_Commander_of_the_V-2_laboratory_at_Peenemnde%2C_Lieutenant_Colonel_Herbert_Axter..._-_NARA_-_531328.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Major_General_Walther_Dornberger%2C_Commander_of_the_V-2_laboratory_at_Peenemnde%2C_Lieutenant_Colonel_Herbert_Axter..._-_NARA_-_531328.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Von Braun, with his arm in a cast, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dornberger" title="Walter Dornberger">Walter Dornberger</a> (on the left) and <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Tessmann" title="Bernhard Tessmann">Bernhard Tessmann</a> (on the right) surrendered to the Americans just before this 3 May 1945 photo.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> was about 160 km (100 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a> in early 1945 when von Braun assembled his planning staff and asked them to decide how and to whom they should surrender. Unwilling to go to the Soviets, von Braun and his staff decided to try to surrender to the Americans. Kammler had ordered the relocation of his team to central Germany; however, a conflicting order from an army chief ordered them to join the army and fight. Deciding that Kammler's order was their best bet to defect to the Americans, von Braun fabricated documents and transported 500 of his affiliates to the area around Mittelwerk, where they resumed their work in <a href="/wiki/Bleicherode" title="Bleicherode">Bleicherode</a> and surrounding towns after the middle of February 1945. For fear of their documents being destroyed by the SS, von Braun ordered the blueprints to be hidden in an abandoned iron mine in the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> mountain range near <a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cadbury-71">[71]</a> The U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/Counter_Intelligence_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Intelligence Corps">Counter Intelligence Corps</a> managed to unveil the location after lengthy interrogations of von Braun, Walter Dornberger, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Tessmann" title="Bernhard Tessmann">Bernhard Tessmann</a> and Dieter Huzel and recovered 14 tons of V-2 documents by 15 May 1945, from the <a href="/wiki/British_Occupation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="British Occupation Zone">British Occupation Zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> While on an official trip in March, von Braun suffered a complicated fracture of his left arm and shoulder in a car accident after his driver fell asleep at the wheel. His injuries were serious, but he insisted that his arm be set in a cast so that he could leave the hospital. Due to this neglect of the injury, he had to be hospitalized again a month later when his bones had to be rebroken and realigned.<a href="#cite_note-Cadbury-71">[71]</a> In early April, as the Allied forces advanced deeper into Germany, Kammler ordered the engineering team, around 450 specialists, to be moved by train into the town of <a href="/wiki/Oberammergau" title="Oberammergau">Oberammergau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Alps" title="Bavarian Alps">Bavarian Alps</a>, where they were closely guarded by the SS with orders to execute the team if they were about to fall into enemy hands. However, von Braun managed to convince SS Major Kummer to order the dispersal of the group into nearby villages so that they would not be an easy target for U.S. bombers.<a href="#cite_note-Cadbury-71">[71]</a> On 29 April 1945, Oberammergau was captured by the Allied forces who seized the majority of the engineering team.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Nearing the end of the war, Hitler instructed SS troops to gas all technical men concerned with rocket development.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> Upon hearing this, von Braun commandeered a train and fled with other "technical men" to a location in the mountains of South Germany. After some time, von Braun and many of the others who made it to the mountains left their location to flee to advancing American lines in Austria.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Von Braun and several members of the engineering team, including Dornberger, made it to <a href="/wiki/Alpine_and_Danube_Reichsgaue" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine and Danube Reichsgaue">Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On 2 May 1945, upon finding an American private from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="44th Infantry Division (United States)">44th Infantry Division</a>, von Braun's brother and fellow rocket engineer, Magnus, approached the soldier on a bicycle, calling out in broken English: "My name is Magnus von Braun. My brother invented the V-2. We want to surrender."<a href="#cite_note-mag8-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> After the surrender, Wernher von Braun spoke to the press: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I myself and everybody you see here decided to go west. And I think our decision was not one of expediency, but a moral decision. We knew that we had created a new means of warfare, and the question as to what nation, to what victorious nation we were willing to entrust this brainchild of ours was a moral decision more than anything else. We wanted to see the world spared another conflict such as Germany had just been through, and we felt that only by surrendering such a weapon to people who are guided by the Bible could such an assurance to the world be best secured.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></blockquote> The American high command was well aware of how important their catch was: von Braun had been at the top of the Black List, the code name for the list of German scientists and engineers targeted for immediate interrogation by U.S. military experts. On 9 June 1945, two days before the originally scheduled handover of the <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen_(district)" title="Nordhausen (district)">Nordhausen</a> and Bleicherode area in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> to the Soviets, U.S. Army Major Robert B. Staver, Chief of the Jet Propulsion Section of the Research and Intelligence Branch of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Corps" title="United States Army Ordnance Corps">U.S. Army Ordnance Corps</a> in London, and Lieutenant Colonel R. L. Williams took von Braun and his department chiefs by Jeep from Garmisch to Munich, from where they were flown to Nordhausen. In the following days, a larger group of rocket engineers, among them Helmut Gröttrup, was evacuated from Bleicherode 40 miles (64 km) southwest to <a href="/wiki/Witzenhausen" title="Witzenhausen">Witzenhausen</a>, a small town in the <a href="/wiki/American_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="American Zone">American Zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGovern-77">[77]</a> According to Dornberger, there the Soviets tried to kidnap von Braun at night using English uniforms: Americans recognized this and did not let them in.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Von Braun was briefly detained at the "Dustbin" interrogation center at <a href="/wiki/Kransberg_Castle" title="Kransberg Castle">Kransberg Castle</a>, where the elite of Nazi Germany's economic, scientific, and technological sectors were debriefed by U.S. and British intelligence officials.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Initially, he was recruited to the U.S. under a program called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Overcast">Operation Overcast</a>, subsequently known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a>. There is evidence, however, that British intelligence and scientists were the first to interview him in depth, eager to gain information that they knew U.S. officials would deny them.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The team included the young L.S. Snell, then the leading British rocket engineer, later chief designer of <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce Limited</a> and inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>'s engines. The specific information the British gleaned remained top secret, both from the Americans and from the other allies.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_career">American career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: American career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Army_career">U.S. Army career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: U.S. Army career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg/220px-NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg/330px-NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg/440px-NACA%27s_Special_Committee_on_Space_Technology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Wernher von Braun at a meeting of <a href="/wiki/NACA" class="mw-redirect" title="NACA">NACA</a>'s Special Committee on Space Technology, 1958</figcaption></figure> On 20 June 1945, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Edward Stettinius Jr.</a> approved the transfer of von Braun and his specialists to the United States as one of his last acts in office. This was announced to the public on 1 October 1945.<a href="#cite_note-paper-83">[83]</a> In September 1945, von Braun and other members of the Peenemünde team signed a work contract with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Corps" title="United States Army Ordnance Corps">United States Army Ordnance Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On 20 September 1945, the first seven technicians arrived in the United States at <a href="/wiki/New_Castle_Army_Air_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="New Castle Army Air Field">New Castle Army Air Field</a>, just south of Wilmington, Delaware. They were then flown to Boston, Massachusetts, and taken by boat to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Military Intelligence">Army Intelligence</a> Service post at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Strong" title="Fort Strong">Fort Strong</a> in Boston Harbor. Later, with the exception of von Braun, the men were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a> in Maryland to sort out the Peenemünde documents, enabling the scientists to continue their rocketry experiments.<a href="#cite_note-Dunar-85">[85]</a> Finally, von Braun and his remaining Peenemünde staff (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_rocket_scientists_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German rocket scientists in the United States">List of German rocket scientists in the United States</a>) were transferred to their new home at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bliss" title="Fort Bliss">Fort Bliss</a>, a large Army installation just north of El Paso, Texas. Von Braun later wrote that he found it hard to develop a "genuine emotional attachment" to his new surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-RM-86">[86]</a> His chief design engineer Walther Reidel became the subject of a December 1946 article, "German Scientist Says American Cooking Tasteless; Dislikes Rubberized Chicken", exposing the presence of von Braun's team in the country and drawing criticism from <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_D._Dingell,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Dingell, Sr.">John Dingell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RM-86">[86]</a> Requests to improve their living conditions such as laying linoleum over their cracked wood flooring were rejected.<a href="#cite_note-RM-86">[86]</a> Von Braun was hypercritical of the slowness of the United States' development of guided missiles. His lab was never able to get sufficient funds to go on with their programs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Von Braun remarked "at Peenemünde we had been coddled, here you were counting pennies".<a href="#cite_note-RM-86">[86]</a> Whereas von Braun had thousands of engineers who answered to him at Peenemünde, he was now subordinate to "pimply" 26-year-old Jim Hamill, an Army major who possessed only an undergraduate degree in engineering.<a href="#cite_note-RM-86">[86]</a> His loyal Germans still addressed him as "Herr Professor", but Hamill addressed him as "Wernher" and never responded to von Braun's request for more materials. Every proposal for new rocket ideas was dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-RM-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wernher_von_Braun_-_ABMA_Badge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wernher_von_Braun_-_ABMA_Badge.jpg/170px-Wernher_von_Braun_-_ABMA_Badge.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wernher_von_Braun_-_ABMA_Badge.jpg/255px-Wernher_von_Braun_-_ABMA_Badge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wernher_von_Braun_-_ABMA_Badge.jpg/340px-Wernher_von_Braun_-_ABMA_Badge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Von Braun's badge at ABMA (1957)</figcaption></figure> While at Fort Bliss, they trained military, industrial, and university personnel in the intricacies of rockets and guided missiles. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Hermes_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermes project">Hermes project</a>, they helped refurbish, assemble, and launch a number of V-2s that had been shipped from <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> to the <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Proving_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="White Sands Proving Ground">White Sands Proving Ground</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. They also continued to study the future potential of rockets for military and research applications. Since they were not permitted to leave Fort Bliss without military escort, von Braun and his colleagues began to refer to themselves only half-jokingly as "PoPs" – "Prisoners of Peace".<a href="#cite_note-Space_Engineer-4">[4]</a>: 218  In 1950, at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, von Braun and his team were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>, his home for the next 20 years. From 1952 to 1956,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> von Braun led the Army's rocket development team at <a href="/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal" title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Redstone_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redstone (rocket)">Redstone rocket</a>, which was used for the first live <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">nuclear ballistic missile</a> tests conducted by the United States. He personally witnessed this historic launch and detonation.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Work on the Redstone led to the development of the first high-precision inertial guidance system on the Redstone rocket.<a href="#cite_note-NTRS-89">[89]</a> By 1953 von Braun's title was, "Chief, Guided Missiles Development Division, Redstone Arsenal."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> As director of the Development Operations Division of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a>, von Braun, with his team, then developed the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter-C" title="Jupiter-C">Jupiter-C</a>, a modified Redstone rocket.<a href="#cite_note-time58-91">[91]</a> The Jupiter-C was the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a> rocket that successfully launched the West's first satellite, <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a>, on 31 January 1958. This event signaled the birth of America's space program.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_concepts_for_a_human_presence_in_space">Popular concepts for a human presence in space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Popular concepts for a human presence in space">edit</a>]</div> Repeating the pattern he had established during his earlier career in Germany, von Braun – while directing military rocket development in the real world – continued to entertain his engineer-scientist's dream of a future in which rockets would be used for <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>. However, he was no longer at risk of being fired. As American public opinion of Germans began to recover, von Braun found himself increasingly in a position to popularize his ideas. The 14 May 1950 headline of The Huntsville Times ("Dr. von Braun Says Rocket Flights Possible to Moon") might have marked the beginning of these efforts. Von Braun's ideas rode a publicity wave that was created by science fiction movies and stories.<a href="#cite_note-DisneyVonBraun-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower,_Dr._von_Braun_and_Others.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_Dr._von_Braun_and_Others.jpg/220px-President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_Dr._von_Braun_and_Others.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_Dr._von_Braun_and_Others.jpg/330px-President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_Dr._von_Braun_and_Others.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_Dr._von_Braun_and_Others.jpg/440px-President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_Dr._von_Braun_and_Others.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Von Braun with President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, 1960; following the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> in 1957, the American leadership agreed to von Braun's main role in the design of space rockets</figcaption></figure> In 1952, von Braun first published his concept of a crewed <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier's Weekly">Collier's Weekly</a> magazine series of articles titled "<a href="/wiki/Man_Will_Conquer_Space_Soon!" title="Man Will Conquer Space Soon!">Man Will Conquer Space Soon!</a>". These articles were illustrated by the space artist <a href="/wiki/Chesley_Bonestell" title="Chesley Bonestell">Chesley Bonestell</a> and were influential in spreading his ideas. Frequently, von Braun worked with fellow German-born space advocate and science writer <a href="/wiki/Willy_Ley" title="Willy Ley">Willy Ley</a> to publish his concepts, which, unsurprisingly, were heavy on the engineering side and anticipated many technical aspects of space flight that later became reality.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The space station (to be constructed using rockets with recoverable and reusable ascent stages) was a <a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">toroid</a> structure, with a diameter of 250 feet (76 m); this built on the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Rotating_wheel_space_station" title="Rotating wheel space station">rotating wheel-shaped station</a> introduced in 1929 by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Poto%C4%8Dnik" title="Herman Potočnik">Herman Potočnik</a> in his book The Problem of Space Travel – The Rocket Motor. The space station spun around a central docking nave to provide <a href="/wiki/Artificial_gravity" title="Artificial gravity">artificial gravity</a>, and was assembled in a 1,075-mile (1,730 km) two-hour, high-inclination <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a> allowing observation of essentially every point on Earth on at least a daily basis. The ultimate purpose of the space station was to provide an assembly platform for crewed <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">lunar</a> expeditions. More than a decade later, the movie version of <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a> drew heavily on the design concept in its visualization of an orbital space station.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Von Braun envisioned these expeditions as very large-scale undertakings, with a total of 50 astronauts traveling in three huge spacecraft (two for crew, one primarily for cargo), each 49 m (160.76 ft) long and 33 m (108.27 ft) in diameter and driven by a rectangular array of 30 rocket propulsion engines.<a href="#cite_note-seh1-95">[95]</a> Upon arrival, astronauts would establish a <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">permanent lunar base</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sinus_Roris" title="Sinus Roris">Sinus Roris</a> region by using the emptied cargo holds of their craft as shelters, and would explore their surroundings for eight weeks. This would include a 400 km (249 mi) expedition in pressurized rovers to the crater <a href="/wiki/Harpalus_(crater)" title="Harpalus (crater)">Harpalus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mare_Imbrium" title="Mare Imbrium">Mare Imbrium</a> foothills.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg/170px-Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg/255px-Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg/340px-Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> and von Braun, seen in 1954 holding a model of his passenger ship, collaborated on a series of three educational films; among other things, this suggests that von Braun had enough free time to popularize astronautics due to the fact that priority in the design of a space rocket was given to other people.<a href="#cite_note-DisneyVonBraun-7">[7]</a></figcaption></figure> At this time, von Braun also worked out preliminary concepts for a <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a> that used the space station as a staging point. His initial plans, published in <a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a> (1952), had envisaged a fleet of 10 spacecraft (each with a mass of 3,720 metric tonnes), three of them uncrewed and each carrying one 200-tonne winged lander<a href="#cite_note-seh1-95">[95]</a> in addition to cargo, and nine crew vehicles transporting a total of 70 astronauts. The engineering and astronautical parameters of this gigantic mission were thoroughly calculated. A later project was much more modest, using only one purely orbital cargo ship and one crewed craft. In each case, the expedition used minimum-energy <a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Hohmann transfer orbits</a> for its trips to Mars and back to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Before technically formalizing his thoughts on human <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> to Mars, von Braun had written a science fiction novel on the subject, set in the year 1980. However, 18 publishers rejected the manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-bergaust-98">[98]</a> Von Braun later published small portions of this opus in magazines, to illustrate selected aspects of his Mars project popularizations. The complete manuscript, titled <a href="/wiki/Project_Mars:_A_Technical_Tale" title="Project Mars: A Technical Tale">Project Mars: A Technical Tale</a>, did not appear as a printed book until December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In the hope that its involvement would bring about greater public interest in the future of the space program, von Braun also began working with <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Disney studios</a> as a technical director, initially for three television films about space exploration. The initial broadcast devoted to space exploration was <a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space" title="Man in Space">Man in Space</a>, which first went on air on 9 March 1955, drawing 40 million viewers.<a href="#cite_note-RM-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-ley195510-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Later (in 1959) von Braun published a short booklet, condensed from episodes that had appeared in <a href="/wiki/This_Week_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="This Week Magazine">This Week Magazine</a> before – describing his updated concept of the first crewed lunar landing.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The scenario included only a single and relatively small spacecraft – a winged lander with a crew of only two experienced pilots who had already circumnavigated the Moon on an earlier mission. The brute-force <a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">direct ascent</a> flight schedule used a rocket design with five sequential stages, loosely based on the <a href="/wiki/Nova_(rocket)" title="Nova (rocket)">Nova</a> designs that were under discussion at this time. After a night launch from a Pacific island, the first three stages brought the spacecraft (with the two remaining upper stages attached) to terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a>, with each burn creating an acceleration of 8–9 times <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a>. The residual propellant in the third stage was used for the deceleration intended to commence only a few hundred kilometers above the landing site in a crater near the lunar north pole. The fourth stage provided acceleration to lunar escape velocity, and the fifth stage was responsible for a deceleration during return to the Earth to a residual speed that allows <a href="/wiki/Aerocapture" title="Aerocapture">aerocapture</a> of the spacecraft ending in a runway landing, much in the way of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>. One remarkable feature of this technical tale is that the engineer von Braun anticipated a medical phenomenon that became apparent only years later: being a veteran astronaut with no history of serious adverse reactions to <a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">weightlessness</a> offers no protection against becoming unexpectedly and violently <a href="/wiki/Spacesick" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacesick">spacesick</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">check quotation syntax</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_conversion">Religious conversion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious conversion">edit</a>]</div> In the first half of his life, von Braun was a nonpracticing, perfunctory <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Space_Engineer-4">[4]</a>: 4 : 230  As described by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stuhlinger" title="Ernst Stuhlinger">Ernst Stuhlinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I._Ordway_III" title="Frederick I. Ordway III">Frederick I. Ordway III</a>: "Throughout his younger years, von Braun did not show signs of religious devotion, or even an interest in things related to the church or to biblical teachings. In fact, he was known to his friends as a 'merry heathen' (fröhlicher Heide)."<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Nevertheless, in 1945 he explained his decision to surrender to the Western Allies, rather than Russians, as being influenced by a desire to share rocket technology with people whom he felt followed the Bible. In 1946,<a href="#cite_note-Space_Engineer-4">[4]</a>: 469  he attended church in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>, El Paso County, Texas, and underwent a religious conversion to Evangelical Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Rocket_Man-104">[104]</a> In an unnamed religious magazine he stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One day in Fort Bliss, a neighbor called and asked if I would like to go to church with him. I accepted, because I wanted to see if the American church was just a country club as I'd been led to expect. Instead, I found a small, white frame building... in the hot Texas sun on a browned-grass lot... Together, these people make a live, vibrant community. This was the first time I really understood that religion was not a cathedral inherited from the past, or a quick prayer at the last minute. To be effective, a religion has to be backed up by discipline and effort.<a href="#cite_note-Space_Engineer-4">[4]</a>: 229–230 </blockquote> On the motives behind this conversion, Michael J. Neufeld is of the opinion that he turned to religion "to pacify his own conscience",<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> and University of Southampton scholar Kendrick Oliver said that von Braun was presumably moved "by a desire to find a new direction for his life after the moral chaos of his service for the Third Reich".<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Having "concluded one bad bargain with the Devil, perhaps now he felt a need to have God securely at his side".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> At a <a href="/wiki/The_Gideons_International" title="The Gideons International">Gideons</a> conference in 2004, W. Albert Wilson, a former pilot and NASA employee, stated that he had talked with von Braun about the Christian faith while von Braun was working for NASA, and believed that conversation had been instrumental in von Braun's conversion.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Later in life, he joined an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> congregation,<a href="#cite_note-Rocket_Man-104">[104]</a> and became increasingly religious.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> He publicly spoke and wrote about the complementarity of science and religion, the afterlife of the soul, and his belief in God.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> He stated, "Through science man strives to learn more of the mysteries of creation. Through religion he seeks to know the Creator."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> He was interviewed by the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a> pastor C. M. Ward and stated that "The farther we probe into space, the greater my faith."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In addition, he met privately with evangelist <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> and with the civil rights leader <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepts_for_orbital_warfare">Concepts for orbital warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Concepts for orbital warfare">edit</a>]</div> Von Braun developed and published his space station concept during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> when the U.S. government put the containment of the Soviet Union above everything else. The fact that his space station – if armed with missiles that could be easily adapted from those already available at this time – would give the United States space superiority in both orbital and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_bombardment" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital bombardment">orbit-to-ground</a> warfare did not escape him. In his popular writings, von Braun elaborated on them in several of his books and articles, but he took care to qualify such military applications as "particularly dreadful". This much-less-peaceful aspect of von Braun's "drive for space" has been reviewed by Michael J. Neufeld from the Space History Division of the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA_career">NASA career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: NASA career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wernher_von_Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/220px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/330px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/440px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Wernher von Braun in his office.</figcaption></figure> The U.S. Navy had been tasked with building a rocket to lift satellites into orbit, but the resulting <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard rocket">Vanguard rocket</a> launch system was unreliable. In 1957, with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, a belief grew within the United States that it lagged behind the Soviet Union in the emerging <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>. American authorities then chose to use von Braun and his German team's experience with missiles to create an orbital launch vehicle. Von Braun had originally proposed such an idea in 1954, but it was denied at the time.<a href="#cite_note-RM-86">[86]</a> NASA was established by law on 29 July 1958. One day later, the 50th Redstone rocket was successfully launched from <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> in the south Pacific as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_I" title="Operation Hardtack I">Operation Hardtack I</a>. Two years later, NASA opened the Marshall Space Flight Center at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) development team led by von Braun was transferred to NASA. In a face-to-face meeting with <a href="/wiki/Herb_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Herb York">Herb York</a> at the Pentagon, von Braun made it clear he would go to NASA only if development of the Saturn were allowed to continue.<a href="#cite_note-abma1-116">[116]</a> Von Braun became the center's first director on 1 July 1960 and held the position until 27 January 1970.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W_von_braun_Saturn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Von Braun in front of the five F-1 Saturn V test engines." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/W_von_braun_Saturn.jpg/220px-W_von_braun_Saturn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/W_von_braun_Saturn.jpg/330px-W_von_braun_Saturn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/W_von_braun_Saturn.jpg/440px-W_von_braun_Saturn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Von Braun in front of the five F-1 Saturn V test engines. The engines were 19 ft. tall and burned 15 tons of liquid oxygen and kerosene per second. </figcaption></figure> Von Braun's early years at NASA included a failed "<a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1" title="Mercury-Redstone 1">4 inch mission</a>." On 21 November 1960 during which the first uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Mercury-Redstone rocket</a>, the rocket only rose up a mere 4 inches before settling back down onto the launch pad. The unfortunate and untimely failure of the rocket launch created a "nadir of morale in Project Mercury." The launch failure was later determined to be the result of a "power plug with one prong shorter than the other because a worker filed it to make it fit."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Because of the difference in the length of one prong, the launch system detected the difference in the power disconnection as a "cut-off signal to the engine." The safety system in fact stopped the launch.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> After the success of the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_2" title="Mercury-Redstone 2">Mercury-Redstone 2</a> mission in January 1961, a mere 2 months after the failed "4 inch mission," NASA morale was improved. Still, a new string of problems emerged. Von Braun insisted on one more test before the Redstone could be deemed man-rated. His overly cautious nature brought about clashes with other people involved in the program, who argued that MR-2's technical issues were simple and had been resolved shortly after the flight. He overruled them, so a test mission involving a Redstone on a boilerplate capsule was flown successfully in March. Von Braun's stubbornness was blamed for the inability of the U.S. to launch a crewed space mission before the Soviet Union, which ended up putting the first man in space the following month.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Three weeks later on 5 May, von Braun's team successfully launched <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> into space. He named his <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury-Redstone 3</a> Freedom 7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201736-120">[120]</a> The Marshall Center's first major program was the development of <a href="/wiki/Saturn_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn rocket">Saturn rockets</a> to carry heavy <a href="/wiki/Payload_(air_and_space_craft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload (air and space craft)">payloads</a> into and beyond Earth orbit. From this, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> for crewed Moon flights was developed. Von Braun initially pushed for a flight engineering concept that called for an <a href="/wiki/Earth_orbit_rendezvous" title="Earth orbit rendezvous">Earth orbit rendezvous</a> technique (the approach he had argued for building his space station), but in 1962, he converted to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">lunar orbit rendezvous</a> concept that was subsequently realized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201739-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-apmon-122">[122]</a> During Apollo, he worked closely with former Peenemünde teammate, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_H._Debus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt H. Debus">Kurt H. Debus</a>, the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>. His dream to help mankind set foot on the Moon became a reality on 16 July 1969, when a Marshall-developed <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket launched the crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> on its historic eight-day mission. Over the course of the program, Saturn V rockets enabled six teams of astronauts to reach the surface of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> During the late 1960s, von Braun was instrumental in the development of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_and_Rocket_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Space and Rocket Center">U.S. Space and Rocket Center</a> in Huntsville. The desk from which he guided America's entry into the Space Race remains on display there. He also was instrumental in the launching of the experimental <a href="/wiki/Applications_Technology_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Applications Technology Satellite">Applications Technology Satellite</a>. He traveled to India and hoped that the program would be helpful in bringing a massive educational television project to help the poorest people in that country.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> During the local summer of 1966–67, von Braun participated in a field trip to Antarctica, organized for him and several other members of top NASA management.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The goal of the field trip was to determine whether the experience gained by the U.S. scientific and technological community during the exploration of Antarctic wastelands would be useful for the crewed exploration of space. Von Braun was mainly interested in the management of the scientific effort on Antarctic research stations, logistics, habitation, and life support, and in using the barren Antarctic terrain like the glacial dry valleys to test the equipment that one day was used to look for signs of life on Mars and other worlds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201740-126">[126]</a> In an internal memo dated 16 January 1969,<a href="#cite_note-intan-127">[127]</a> von Braun had confirmed to his staff that he would stay on as a center director at Huntsville to head the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications Program</a>. He referred to this time as a moment in his life when he felt the strong need to pray, stating "I certainly prayed a lot before and during the crucial Apollo flights".<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> A few months later, on the occasion of the first Moon landing, he publicly expressed his optimism that the Saturn V carrier system would continue to be developed, advocating human missions to Mars in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_vonbraun_19may63_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kennedy_vonbraun_19may63_02.jpg/220px-Kennedy_vonbraun_19may63_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kennedy_vonbraun_19may63_02.jpg/330px-Kennedy_vonbraun_19may63_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kennedy_vonbraun_19may63_02.jpg/440px-Kennedy_vonbraun_19may63_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Von Braun with <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President Kennedy</a> at Redstone Arsenal in 1963; President Kennedy was the initiator of the American lunar program in 1961, and von Braun was appointed its technical director.</figcaption></figure> Nonetheless, on 1 March 1970, von Braun and his family relocated to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, when he was assigned the post of NASA's Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning at NASA Headquarters. After a series of conflicts associated with the truncation of the Apollo program, and facing severe budget constraints, von Braun retired from NASA on 26 May 1972. Not only had it become evident by this time that NASA and his visions for future U.S. space flight projects were incompatible, but also it was perhaps even more frustrating for him to see popular support for a continued presence of man in space wane dramatically once the goal to reach the Moon had been accomplished.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Von Braun also developed the idea of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Space Camp">Space Camp</a> that would train children in fields of science and space technologies, as well as help their mental development much the same way sports camps aim at improving physical development.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 354–355 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201743-131">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VonBraun_office.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/VonBraun_office.gif/220px-VonBraun_office.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/VonBraun_office.gif/330px-VonBraun_office.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/VonBraun_office.gif/440px-VonBraun_office.gif 2x" data-file-width="3636" data-file-height="2729" /></a><figcaption>Von Braun in his office at Marshall Space Flight Center.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_after_NASA">Career after NASA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Career after NASA">edit</a>]</div> After leaving NASA, von Braun moved to the Washington, D.C. area and became vice president for Engineering and Development at the aerospace company <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_(aircraft_manufacturer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild (aircraft manufacturer)">Fairchild Industries</a> in Germantown, Maryland on 1 July 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201743-131">[131]</a> In 1973, during a routine physical examination, von Braun was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">kidney cancer</a>, which could not be controlled with the medical techniques available at the time.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Von Braun helped establish and promote the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Institute" title="National Space Institute">National Space Institute</a>, a precursor of the present-day <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a>, in 1975, and became its first president and chairman. In 1976, he became a scientific consultant to <a href="/wiki/Lutz_Kayser" title="Lutz Kayser">Lutz Kayser</a>, the CEO of <a href="/wiki/OTRAG" title="OTRAG">OTRAG</a>, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a> board of directors. However, his deteriorating health forced him to retire from Fairchild on 31 December 1976. When the 1975 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> was awarded to him in early 1977, he had been hospitalized, and was unable to attend the White House ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engineering_philosophy">Engineering philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Engineering philosophy">edit</a>]</div> Von Braun's insistence on more tests after Mercury-Redstone 2 flew higher than planned has been identified as contributing to the Soviet Union's success in launching the first human in space.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The successful <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_BD" title="Mercury-Redstone BD">Mercury-Redstone BD</a> flight took the launch slot that might have put Alan Shepard into space, three weeks ahead of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>. His Soviet counterpart <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Korolev" title="Sergei Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a> insisted on two successful flights with dogs before risking Gagarin's life on a crewed attempt. The second test flight took place one day after the Mercury-Redstone BD mission.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a> Von Braun took a conservative approach to engineering, designing with ample <a href="/wiki/Factor_of_safety" title="Factor of safety">safety factors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundant structure</a>. This became a point of contention with other engineers, who struggled to keep vehicle weight down so that payload could be maximized. As noted above, his caution likely led to the U.S. losing the race to put a man into space before the Soviets. <a href="/wiki/Krafft_Arnold_Ehricke" title="Krafft Arnold Ehricke">Krafft Ehricke</a> likened von Braun's approach to building the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_SP-4404-135">[135]</a>: 208  Many at NASA headquarters jokingly referred to <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall</a> as the "<a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge and Iron Works</a>", but acknowledged that the designs worked.<a href="#cite_note-NOVA_1999-136">[136]</a> The conservative approach paid off when a fifth engine was added to the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_C-4" title="Saturn C-4">Saturn C-4</a>, producing the Saturn V. The C-4 design had a large crossbeam that could easily absorb the thrust of an additional engine.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 371  Von Braun did not indicate interest in politics or political philosophy during his onboarding working for the U.S. Army. He was primarily focused on his work in guided missiles for the purpose of advancing science and technology. According to FBI background checks, "any political activity he may have engaged in was a means to an end to provide him with the necessary freedom to conduct his experiments."<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> This included time spent in the Nazi party during World War 2. During his time in NASA, he opposed racial segregation which brought him into conflict with <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, who advocated racial discrimination in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and wanted to continue segregation.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Von Braun accused segregationist policies as obstructing the development of Alabama. His statements were considered "unusual for a space scientist, particularly in the south, but well within agency and national policy.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_von_Braun_6330121_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Maria_von_Braun_6330121_edited.jpg/220px-Maria_von_Braun_6330121_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Maria_von_Braun_6330121_edited.jpg/330px-Maria_von_Braun_6330121_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Maria_von_Braun_6330121_edited.jpg/440px-Maria_von_Braun_6330121_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Maria von Braun</figcaption></figure> Von Braun had a charismatic personality and was known as a ladies' man. As a student in Berlin, he often was seen in the evenings in the company of two girlfriends at once.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 63  He later had a succession of affairs within the secretarial and computer pool at Peenemünde.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 92–94  In January 1943, von Braun became engaged to Dorothee Brill, a physical education teacher in Berlin, and he sought permission to marry from the <a href="/wiki/SS_Race_and_Settlement_Main_Office" title="SS Race and Settlement Main Office">SS Race and Settlement Main Office</a>. However, the engagement was broken due to his mother's opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 146–147  Later in 1943, he had an affair with a French woman while in Paris preparing V-2 launch sites in northeastern France. She was imprisoned for collaboration after the war and became destitute.<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 147–148  During his stay at Fort Bliss, von Braun proposed marriage to Maria Luise von Quistorp, his maternal <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">first cousin</a>, in a letter to his father. He married her in a Lutheran church in Landshut, Bavaria, on 1 March 1947, having received permission to go back to Germany and return with his bride. He was 35, and his new bride was 18.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201746-139">[139]</a> Shortly after, he converted to Evangelicalism.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> He returned to Manhattan on 26 March 1947, with his wife, father, and mother. On 8 December 1948, the von Brauns' first daughter together, Iris Careen, was born at Fort Bliss Army Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201750-45">[45]</a> The couple had two more children: <a href="/wiki/Margrit_von_Braun" title="Margrit von Braun">Margrit Cécile</a>, born in 1952,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201751-141">[141]</a> and Peter Constantine, born in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201751-141">[141]</a> On 15 April 1955, von Braun became a naturalized citizen of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Von_Braun_Wernher_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Von_Braun_Wernher_grave.jpg/220px-Von_Braun_Wernher_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Von_Braun_Wernher_grave.jpg/330px-Von_Braun_Wernher_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Von_Braun_Wernher_grave.jpg/440px-Von_Braun_Wernher_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Wernher von Braun in <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Hill_Cemetery_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Ivy Hill Cemetery (Alexandria, Virginia)">Ivy Hill Cemetery</a> (Alexandria, Virginia), 2008</figcaption></figure> In 1973, von Braun was diagnosed with kidney cancer during a routine medical examination. However, he continued to work unrestrained for a number of years. In 1975, President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald R. Ford</a> awarded him the country's highest science honor, the National Medal of Science in Engineering. He was too ill to attend the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201748-143">[143]</a> In January 1977, then very ill, he resigned from Fairchild Industries. Von Braun died on 16 June 1977 of pancreatic cancer in Alexandria, Virginia, at age 65.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> He is buried on Valley Road at the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Hill_Cemetery_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Ivy Hill Cemetery (Alexandria, Virginia)">Ivy Hill Cemetery</a> in Alexandria. His gravestone cites Psalm 19:1: "The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork" (<a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">KJV</a>).<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_and_critique">Recognition and critique</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Recognition and critique">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VonBraunFamily.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/VonBraunFamily.jpg/220px-VonBraunFamily.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/VonBraunFamily.jpg/330px-VonBraunFamily.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/VonBraunFamily.jpg/440px-VonBraunFamily.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2347" /></a><figcaption>In 1970, Huntsville, Alabama, honored von Braun's years of service with a series of events including the unveiling of a plaque in his honor. Pictured (l–r), his daughter Iris, wife <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luise_von_Quistorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Luise von Quistorp">Maria</a>, U.S. Sen. <a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a>, Alabama Gov. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Brewer" title="Albert Brewer">Albert Brewer</a>, von Braun, son Peter, and daughter Margrit.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> director <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Phillips" title="Samuel C. Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> was quoted as saying he did not think that the United States would have reached the Moon as quickly as it did without von Braun's help. Later, after discussing it with colleagues, he amended this to say he did not believe the United States would have reached the Moon at all.<a href="#cite_note-Ward_2005-19">[19]</a>: 167 </li> <li>In a TV interview on the occasion of the U.S. Moon landing in July 1969, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Gr%C3%B6ttrup" title="Helmut Gröttrup">Helmut Gröttrup</a>, a staff member in Peenemünde and later head of the German collective in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_rocketry" title="Soviet rocketry">Soviet rocketry</a> program, set up the thesis that automatic space probes can get the same amount of scientific data with an effort of only 10 or 20 percent of the costs, and that the money should be better spent on other purposes. Von Braun justified the expenses for crewed operations with the following argument: "I think somehow space flights for the first time give mankind a chance to become immortal. Once this earth will no longer be able to support life we can emigrate to other places which are better suited for our life."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>Scrutiny of von Braun's use of forced labor at <a href="/wiki/Mittelwerk" title="Mittelwerk">Mittelwerk</a> intensified again in 1984 when <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rudolph" title="Arthur Rudolph">Arthur Rudolph</a>, one of his top affiliates from the A-4/V2 through the Apollo projects, agreed to renounce his U.S. citizenship and emigrate in exchange for not being tried for war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-AmerExp-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li>A science- and engineering-oriented <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">gymnasium</a> in Friedberg, Bavaria was named after von Braun in 1979. In response to rising criticism, a school committee decided in 1995, after lengthy deliberations, to keep the name but "to address von Braun's ambiguity in the advanced history classes". In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camp</a> survivor David Salz gave a speech in Friedberg, calling out to the public to "Do everything to make this name disappear from this school!".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The gymnasium was renamed "<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatliches_Gymnasium_Friedberg" class="extiw" title="de:Staatliches Gymnasium Friedberg">Staatliches Gymnasium Friedberg</a>" in February 2014.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li>An arena and entertainment complex in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>, is named the <a href="/wiki/Von_Braun_Center" title="Von Braun Center">Von Braun Center</a> in his honor. The complex opened in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_SS_career">Summary of SS career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Summary of SS career">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>SS number: 185,068</li> <li>Nazi Party number: 5,738,692<a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 96 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dates of rank">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>SS-<a href="/wiki/Anw%C3%A4rter" title="Anwärter">Anwärter</a>: 1 November 1933 (Candidate; received rank upon joining SS Riding School)</li> <li>SS-<a href="/wiki/Mann_(military_rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mann (military rank)">Mann</a>: July 1934 (<a href="/wiki/Private_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Private (military)">Private</a>)</li></ul> (left SS after graduation from the school; commissioned in 1940 with date of entry backdated to 1934) <ul><li>SS-<a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a>: 1 May 1940 (Second Lieutenant)</li> <li>SS-<a href="/wiki/Obersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmführer">Obersturmführer</a>: 9 November 1941 (First Lieutenant)</li> <li>SS-<a href="/wiki/Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptsturmführer">Hauptsturmführer</a>: 9 November 1942 (Captain)</li> <li>SS-<a href="/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Sturmbannführer">Sturmbannführer</a>: 28 June 1943 (Major)<a href="#cite_note-astronautix-41">[41]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Honors">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Elected Honorary Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a> in 1949<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> in 1962<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li>Inducted into the <a href="/wiki/International_Air_%26_Space_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Air & Space Hall of Fame">International Air & Space Hall of Fame</a> in 1965<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Gold_Medal" title="Langley Gold Medal">Langley Gold Medal</a> in 1967<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Exner_Medal" title="Wilhelm Exner Medal">Wilhelm Exner Medal</a> in 1969<a href="#cite_note-Editor_2015-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> in 1975<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li>National Medal of Science <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> in 1975<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitan_International" title="Civitan International">Civitan International</a> World Citizenship Award in 1970<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Aviation Hall of Fame">National Aviation Hall of Fame</a> (1982)<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Special:EditPage/Wernher von Braun">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wernher+von+Braun%22">"Wernher von Braun"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wernher+von+Braun%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wernher+von+Braun%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wernher+von+Braun%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wernher+von+Braun%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wernher+von+Braun%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Film and television Von Braun has been featured in a number of films and television shows or series: <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space" title="Man in Space">Man in Space</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Moon" title="Man and the Moon">Man and the Moon</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Mars_and_Beyond" title="Mars and Beyond">Mars and Beyond</a>" – episodes of <a href="/wiki/Disney_anthology_television_series" title="Disney anthology television series">Disneyland</a> which originally aired on 9 March 1955, 28 December 1955 and 4 December 1957 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Aim_at_the_Stars" title="I Aim at the Stars">I Aim at the Stars</a> (1960) – also titled Wernher von Braun and Ich greife nach den Sternen ("I Reach for the Stars"); von Braun played by <a href="/wiki/Curd_J%C3%BCrgens" title="Curd Jürgens">Curd Jürgens</a>, his wife Maria played by <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Shaw_(actress)" title="Victoria Shaw (actress)">Victoria Shaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Although it was said that satirist <a href="/wiki/Mort_Sahl" title="Mort Sahl">Mort Sahl</a> suggested the subtitle "But Sometimes I Hit London", the line appears in the film, spoken by actor <a href="/wiki/James_Daly_(actor)" title="James Daly (actor)">James Daly</a> who plays the cynical American press officer.</li> <li>"The Search for Truth" (1962) – a film produced by Brigham Young University and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints includes a clip of von Braun discussing the relationship between science and a divine creator.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_Flashes" title="Frozen Flashes">Frozen Flashes</a> (1967) – based on <a href="/wiki/Julius_Mader" title="Julius Mader">Julius Mader</a>'s documentary report "The Secret of Huntsville"; von Braun (only referred to as the "rocket baron") played by Dietrich Körner.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfumed_Nightmare" title="Perfumed Nightmare">Perfumed Nightmare</a> (1977) – the main character, a Filipino who dreams of spaceflight, established a Wernher von Braun fan club in Laguna, Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a> (TV, 1998) – von Braun played by <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Weisser" title="Norbert Weisser">Norbert Weisser</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Sky" title="October Sky">October Sky</a> – a 1999 biographical film on the life of Homer Hickam and his fascination with rockets, who is inspired by von Braun (played by Joe Digaetran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetes" title="Planetes">Planetes</a> (a 2003-made 26-episode anime series): his name was used as a spacecraft name, which has a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_rocket" title="Fusion rocket">"tandem mirror fusion engine"</a> and aims to reach <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> with crew.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race_(TV_series)" title="Space Race (TV series)">Space Race</a> (TV, BBC co-production with <a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">NDR</a> (Germany), Channel One TV (Russia) and <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> TV (USA), 2005) – von Braun played by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dillane" title="Richard Dillane">Richard Dillane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li> <li>The Lost Von Braun – a documentary by Aron Ranen. Interviews with Ernst Stuhlinger, Konrad Dannenberg, Karl Sendler, Alex Baum, Eli Rosenbaum (DOJ) and von Braun's NASA secretary Bonnie Holmes.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628074648/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/episode/0,2144,2617731,00.html">Wernher von Braun – Rocket Man for War and Peace</a> - A three-part (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628074648/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/episode/0,2144,2617731,00.html">part1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628100312/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/episode/0,2144,2617732,00.html">part 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628170558/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/episode/0,2144,2617733,00.html">part 3</a>) documentary – in English – from the German International channel <a href="/wiki/DW-TV" title="DW-TV">DW-TV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Original German version <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdr.de/doku/archiv/geschichte/109389.html">Wernher von Braun – Der Mann für die Wunderwaffen</a> by the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. Played by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blochberger" title="Ludwig Blochberger">Ludwig Blochberger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Genius" title="American Genius">American Genius</a> television series (2015): Space Race (Season 1, episode 5) - von Braun played by Corey Maher.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeless_(TV_series)" title="Timeless (TV series)">Timeless</a> television series (2016): Party at Castle Varlar (Season 1, episode 4) – von Braun played by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Oliver" title="Christian Oliver">Christian Oliver</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book_(TV_series)" title="Project Blue Book (TV series)">Project Blue Book</a> television series (2019): "Operation Paperclip" (Season 1, episode 4) – von Braun played by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kretschmann" title="Thomas Kretschmann">Thomas Kretschmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_All_Mankind_(TV_series)" title="For All Mankind (TV series)">For All Mankind</a> television series (2019): "Red Moon" (Season 1, episode 1), "He Built the Saturn V" (Season 1, episode 2), "Home Again" (Season 1, episode 6) – von Braun played by <a href="/wiki/Colm_Feore" title="Colm Feore">Colm Feore</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters_(2020_TV_series)" title="Hunters (2020 TV series)">Hunters</a> (fictional web television series on Amazon Prime Video, 2020): "The Jewish Question" (Season 1, episode 8) – von Braun played by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Slezak" title="Victor Slezak">Victor Slezak</a>.</li></ul> Several fictional characters have been modeled on von Braun: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove_or:_How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_the_Bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb">Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb</a> (1964): Dr Strangelove is usually held to be based at least partly on von Braun.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Dial_of_Destiny" title="Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny">Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny</a> (2023): Dr. Jürgen Voller, the film's main antagonist, is inspired partly on von Braun according to his performer <a href="/wiki/Mads_Mikkelsen" title="Mads Mikkelsen">Mads Mikkelsen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EmpireExclusiveM&H-172">[172]</a></li></ul> In print media: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Warren_Ellis" title="Warren Ellis">Warren Ellis</a>'s graphic novel <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Space" title="Ministry of Space">Ministry of Space</a>, von Braun is a supporting character, settling in Britain after World War II, and being essential for the realization of the British space program.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hickman" title="Jonathan Hickman">Jonathan Hickman</a>'s comic book series <a href="/wiki/The_Manhattan_Projects" title="The Manhattan Projects">The Manhattan Projects</a>, von Braun is a major character.</li> <li>Satirist <a href="/wiki/Mort_Sahl" title="Mort Sahl">Mort Sahl</a> has been credited with mocking von Braun by suggesting Braun's book "I aim at the stars", needed a subtitle: "But sometimes I hit London."<a href="#cite_note-sahl-173">[173]</a></li></ul> In literature: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_German" title="The Good German">The Good German</a> by Joseph Kanon. Von Braun and other scientists are said to have been implicated in the use of slave labor at Peenemünde; their transfer to the U.S. forms part of the narrative.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(Michener_novel)" title="Space (Michener novel)">Space</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Michener" class="mw-redirect" title="James Michener">James Michener</a>. Von Braun and other German scientists are brought to the U.S. and form a vital part of the U.S. efforts to reach space.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> by Thomas Pynchon. The novel involves British intelligence attempting to predict and avert V-2 rocket attacks. The work even includes a gyroscopic equation for the V2. The first portion of the novel, "Beyond The Zero", begins with a quotation from von Braun: "Nature does not know extinction; all it knows is transformation. Everything science has taught me, and continues to teach me, strengthens my belief in the continuity of our spiritual existence after death."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-S_Day" title="V-S Day">V-S Day</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steele" title="Allen Steele">Allen Steele</a> is a 2014 <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> novel in which the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> occurs during World War II between teams led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a> and von Braun.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonglow:_A_Novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonglow: A Novel">Moonglow</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> (2016) includes a fictionalized description of the search for and capture of von Braun by the U.S. Army, and his role in the Nazi V-2 program and subsequently in the U.S. space program.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V2_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V2 (novel) (page does not exist)">V2</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a> (2019) covers 5 days of von Braun's group in Peenemünde in November 1944.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li></ul> In theatre: <ul><li>Rocket City, Alabam', a stage play by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Saltzman#Theater" title="Mark Saltzman">Mark Saltzman</a>, weaves von Braun's real life with a fictional plot in which a young Jewish woman in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a> becomes aware of his Nazi past and tries to inspire awareness and outrage. Von Braun is a character in the play.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li></ul> In music: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_Journey_(LP_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinite Journey (LP album)">Infinite Journey</a> (1962), <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> and Apollo program rocket sounds album by various artists including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mazer" title="Henry Mazer">Henry Mazer</a>, which features von Braun as a narrator.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li>"Wernher von Braun" (1965):<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> A song written and performed by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer">Tom Lehrer</a> for an episode of NBC's American version of the BBC TV show <a href="/wiki/That_Was_The_Week_That_Was" class="mw-redirect" title="That Was The Week That Was">That Was The Week That Was</a>; the song was later included in Lehrer's albums <a href="/wiki/That_Was_The_Year_That_Was" class="mw-redirect" title="That Was The Year That Was">That Was The Year That Was</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Remains_of_Tom_Lehrer" title="The Remains of Tom Lehrer">The Remains of Tom Lehrer</a>. It was a satire on what Lehrer saw as von Braun's cavalier attitude toward the consequences of his work in Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-:3-179">[179]</a> For example, one line in the song states: "A man whose allegiance/ Is ruled by expedience/ Call him a Nazi, he won't even frown/ 'Nazi, Schmazi!' says Wernher von Braun."<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> There was a widespread rumour that von Braun had sued Lehrer for the song, but this is untrue.<a href="#cite_note-:3-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li>The Last Days of Pompeii (1991): A rock opera by <a href="/wiki/Grant_Hart" title="Grant Hart">Grant Hart</a>'s post-<a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsker_D%C3%BC" title="Hüsker Dü">Hüsker Dü</a> alternative rock group <a href="/wiki/Nova_Mob" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Mob">Nova Mob</a>, in which von Braun features as a character. The album includes a song called "Wernher von Braun".</li></ul> In video games: <ul><li>A starship in <a href="/wiki/System_Shock_2" title="System Shock 2">System Shock 2</a> was named the Von Braun<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li> <li>One of the characters in the tutorial of <a href="/wiki/Kerbal_Space_Program" title="Kerbal Space Program">Kerbal Space Program</a> is named "Wernher von Kerman".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Published works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Constructive, theoretical and experimental contributions to the problem of liquid rockets, July 27, 1934. PhD Thesis at the Univserity of Berlin. Title in German is Konstruktive, theoretische und experimentelle Beiträge zu dem Problem der Flüssigkeitsrakete<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a>: 161 </li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Proposal for a Workable Fighter with Rocket Drive. 6 July 1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proposal+for+a+Workable+Fighter+with+Rocket+Drive&rft.date=1939-07-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>The proposed vertical take-off interceptor<a href="#cite_note-Klee-184">[184]</a> for climbing to 35,000 ft in 60 seconds was rejected by the Luftwaffe in the autumn of 1941<a href="#cite_note-Dornberger-53">[53]</a>: 258  for the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163_Komet" title="Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet">Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet</a><a href="#cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">[29]</a>: 151  and never produced. (The differing <a href="/wiki/Bachem_Ba_349" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachem Ba 349">Bachem Ba 349</a> was produced during the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Fighter_Program" title="Emergency Fighter Program">Emergency Fighter Program</a>.)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">'Survey' of Previous Liquid Rocket Development in Germany and Future Prospects. May 1945.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Survey%27+of+Previous+Liquid+Rocket+Development+in+Germany+and+Future+Prospects&rft.date=1945-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-Ordway-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Wernher von Braun, Willey Ley, Fred Whipple, Joseph Kaplan, Heinz Haber, Oscar Schachter. Edited by Cornelius Ryan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acrossspacefront0000jose/page/n5/mode/2up">Across the Space Frontier</a>, Viking Press, 1952.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson-186">[186]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A Minimum Satellite Vehicle Based on Components Available from Developments of the Army Ordnance Corps. 15 September 1954. <q>It would be a blow to U.S. prestige if we did not [launch a satellite] first.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Minimum+Satellite+Vehicle+Based+on+Components+Available+from+Developments+of+the+Army+Ordnance+Corps&rft.date=1954-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-Ordway-185">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a>, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, (1953). With Henry J. White, translator.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilly_LeyWernher_Von_BraunChesley_Bonestell1956" class="citation book cs1">Willy Ley; Wernher Von Braun; Chesley Bonestell (1956). The Exploration of Mars. Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exploration+of+Mars&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Willy+Ley&rft.au=Wernher+Von+Braun&rft.au=Chesley+Bonestell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Saturn Rockets for Space Exploration, New Mexico 1963</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>, ed. (1967). German Rocketry, The Coming of the Space Age. New York: Meredith Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Rocketry%2C+The+Coming+of+the+Space+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Meredith+Press&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Men_to_the_Moon" title="First Men to the Moon">First Men to the Moon</a>, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York (1960). Portions of work first appeared in <a href="/wiki/This_Week_(magazine)" title="This Week (magazine)">This Week</a> Magazine.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Daily Journals of Wernher von Braun, May 1958 – March 1970. March 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Journals+of+Wernher+von+Braun%2C+May+1958+%E2%80%93+March+1970&rft.date=1970-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-Ordway-185">[185]</a></li> <li>History of Rocketry & Space Travel, New York, Crowell (1975). With Frederick I. Ordway III. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Estate of Wernher von Braun; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I._Ordway_III" title="Frederick I. Ordway III">Ordway III, Frederick I</a> & Dooling, David Jr. (1985) [1975]. Space Travel: A History (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061818981" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061818981"><bdi>978-0061818981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Travel%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0061818981&rft.au=Estate+of+Wernher+von+Braun&rft.au=Ordway+III%2C+Frederick+I&rft.au=Dooling%2C+David+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>The Rocket's Red Glare, Garden City, New York: Anchor Press, (1976). With Frederick I. Ordway III.</li> <li>New Worlds, Discoveries From Our Solar System, Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, (1979). With Frederick I. Ordway III. Von Braun's final work, completed posthumously.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mars:_A_Technical_Tale" title="Project Mars: A Technical Tale">Project Mars: A Technical Tale</a>, Apogee Books, Toronto (2006). A previously unpublished science fiction story by von Braun. Accompanied by paintings from <a href="/wiki/Chesley_Bonestell" title="Chesley Bonestell">Chesley Bonestell</a> and von Braun's own technical papers on the proposed project.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Willhite, Irene E. (2007). The Voice of Dr. Wernher von Braun: An Anthology. Apogee Books Space Series. Collector's Guide Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1894959643" title="Special:BookSources/978-1894959643"><bdi>978-1894959643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voice+of+Dr.+Wernher+von+Braun%3A+An+Anthology&rft.series=Apogee+Books+Space+Series&rft.pub=Collector%27s+Guide+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1894959643&rft.aulast=Willhite&rft.aufirst=Irene+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> A collection of speeches delivered by von Braun over the course of his career.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style 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href="/wiki/Von_Braun_Interceptor" title="Von Braun Interceptor">Von Braun Interceptor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Ivy Hill Cemetery, Alexandria, Virginia, Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 48952). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-Editor_2015-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Editor_2015_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Editor_2015_2-1">b</a> Editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418033009/https://whnt.com/news/how-to-pronounce-von-braun/">"How to Pronounce Von Braun"</a>. 27 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whnt.com/news/how-to-pronounce-von-braun/">the original</a> on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2024. <q>During the time he was in Huntsville, Dr. Braun told everyone that his name was pronounced like the color Brown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Pronounce+Von+Braun&rft.date=2014-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhnt.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-to-pronounce-von-braun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Engineer-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Engineer_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Engineer_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Engineer_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Engineer_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Engineer_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Engineer_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Engineer_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Engineer_4-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Neufeld" title="Michael J. Neufeld">Neufeld, Michael</a> (11 November 2008). Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War. New York, N.Y: Vintage. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38937-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38937-4"><bdi>978-0-307-38937-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+Braun%3A+Dreamer+of+Space%2C+Engineer+of+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft.isbn=978-0-307-38937-4&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera2013-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera2013_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera2013_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeitel" class="citation web cs1">Teitel, Amy Shira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/5/3/wernher-von-braun-historys-most-controversial-figure">"Wernher von Braun: History's most controversial figure?"</a>. aljazeera.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Wernher+von+Braun%3A+History%27s+most+controversial+figure%3F&rft.aulast=Teitel&rft.aufirst=Amy+Shira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2013%2F5%2F3%2Fwernher-von-braun-historys-most-controversial-figure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmerExp-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmerExp_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmerExp_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmerExp_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmerExp_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmerExp_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmerExp_6-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Neufeld" title="Michael J. Neufeld">Neufeld, Michael J.</a> (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/chasing-moon-wernher-von-braun-and-nazis/">"Wernher von Braun and the Nazis"</a>. American Experience: Chasing the Moon. PBS. Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience%3A+Chasing+the+Moon&rft.atitle=Wernher+von+Braun+and+the+Nazis&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fchasing-moon-wernher-von-braun-and-nazis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DisneyVonBraun-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DisneyVonBraun_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DisneyVonBraun_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DisneyVonBraun_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2016" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Mike (18 February 2016). Harbaugh, Jennifer (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102180858/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/vonbraun/disney_article.html">"The Disney-Von Braun Collaboration and Its Influence on Space Exploration"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/vonbraun/disney_article.html">the original</a> on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=The+Disney-Von+Braun+Collaboration+and+Its+Influence+on+Space+Exploration&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fmarshall%2Fhistory%2Fvonbraun%2Fdisney_article.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch9.htm">"SP-4206 Stages to Saturn, Chapter 9"</a>. history.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SP-4206+Stages+to+Saturn%2C+Chapter+9&rft.pub=history.nasa.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4206%2Fch9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASAMSFC-9"><a href="#cite_ref-NASAMSFC_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/vonbraun/bio.html">"Biography of Wernher Von Braun"</a>. MSFC History Office. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020611074937/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSFC+History+Office&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Wernher+Von+Braun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fmarshall%2Fhistory%2Fvonbraun%2Fbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time2019-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time2019_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time2019_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5627637/nasa-nazi-von-braun/">"How Historians Are Reckoning With the Former Nazi Who Launched America's Space Program"</a>. Time. 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Historians+Are+Reckoning+With+the+Former+Nazi+Who+Launched+America%27s+Space+Program&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5627637%2Fnasa-nazi-von-braun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld,_Michael_J.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Neufeld, Michael J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1433245">"Wernher von Braun, the SS, and Concentration Camp Labor: Questions of Moral, Political, and Criminal Responsibility"</a>. German Studies Review. 25 (1): 57–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1433245">10.2307/1433245</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1433245">1433245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Wernher+von+Braun%2C+the+SS%2C+and+Concentration+Camp+Labor%3A+Questions+of+Moral%2C+Political%2C+and+Criminal+Responsibility&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1433245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1433245%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Neufeld%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1433245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026182531/https://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/von-braun-wernher/">"von Braun, Wernher: National Aviation Hall of Fame"</a>. Nationalaviation.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/von-braun-wernher/">the original</a> on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalaviation.org&rft.atitle=von+Braun%2C+Wernher%3A+National+Aviation+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalaviation.org%2Four-enshrinees%2Fvon-braun-wernher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apollo11space.com/a-guide-to-wernher-von-brauns-life/">"A Guide to Wernher von Braun's Life"</a>. Apollo11space.com. December 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Wernher+von+Braun%27s+Life&rft.pub=Apollo11space.com&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapollo11space.com%2Fa-guide-to-wernher-von-brauns-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagill2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Magill" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Magill">Magill, Frank N.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq1GU6I5umQC">The 20th Century A–GI. Dictionary of World Biography</a>. Vol. 7. New York: Routledge. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136593345" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136593345"><bdi>978-1136593345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+20th+Century+A%E2%80%93GI.+Dictionary+of+World+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136593345&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNq1GU6I5umQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719000053/http://www.erratik-institut.de/7.5.6_O33.14_vonbraun/_O33.14_vonbraun.html">""Von Braun, Wernher""</a>. Erratik Institut. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erratik-institut.de/7.5.6_O33.14_vonbraun/_O33.14_vonbraun.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Erratik+Institut&rft.atitle=%22Von+Braun%2C+Wernher%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erratik-institut.de%2F7.5.6_O33.14_vonbraun%2F_O33.14_vonbraun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parsek.yf.ttu.ee/~mars/publikatsioonid/vonBraun.pdf">"Dr. Wernher von Braun'i mälestuseks"</a>, Füüsikainstituut. Retrieved 4 February 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-mag8-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mag8_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mag8_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpires2003" class="citation news cs1">Spires, Shelby G. (27 June 2003). "Von Braun's brother dies; aided surrender". The Huntsville Times. p. 1A. <q>Magnus von Braun, the brother of rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun who worked in Huntsville from 1950–1955, died Saturday in Phoenix, Ariz. He was 84. Though not as famous as his older brother, who died in 1977, Magnus von Braun made the first contact with U.S. Army troops to arrange the German rocket team's surrender at the end of World War II.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huntsville+Times&rft.atitle=Von+Braun%27s+brother+dies%3B+aided+surrender&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2003-06-27&rft.aulast=Spires&rft.aufirst=Shelby+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Magnus Freiherr von Braun, Von Ostpreußen bis Texas. Erlebnisse und zeitgeschichtliche Betrachtungen eines Ostdeutschen. Stollhamm 1955 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward_2005-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_2005_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_2005_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_2005_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_2005_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_2005_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_2005_19-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2005" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Bob (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jIeqqCkDHQC">Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun</a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591149262" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591149262"><bdi>978-1591149262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Space%3A+The+Life+of+Wernher+von+Braun&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1591149262&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jIeqqCkDHQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Oberth" title="Hermann Oberth">Hermann Oberth</a>, R. Oldenbourg 1923 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6026491">6026491</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle2009" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Wayne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee9j-00nT3YC">Dark Side of the Moon: Wernher Von Braun, the Third Reich, and the Space Race</a>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393059106" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393059106"><bdi>978-0393059106</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Side+of+the+Moon%3A+Wernher+Von+Braun%2C+the+Third+Reich%2C+and+the+Space+Race&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0393059106&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEe9j-00nT3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wernher-von-Braun">"Wernher von Braun | Biography, Quotes, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Wernher+von+Braun+%7C+Biography%2C+Quotes%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FWernher-von-Braun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Various sources such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnAMx8A7k68C">The Nazi Rocketeers: Dreams of Space and Crimes of War</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0811733874" title="Special:BookSources/0811733874">0811733874</a> pp. 5–8) list the young Wernher von Braun as joining the VfR as an apprentice to Willy Ley, one of the three founders. Later when Ley fled Germany because he was a Jew, von Braun took over the leadership of the Verein and changed its activity to military development. </li> <li id="cite_note-biography.com-24"><a href="#cite_ref-biography.com_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/scientists/wernher-von-braun">"Wernher von Braun biography"</a>. Biography.com. Retrieved 1 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wernher+von+Braun+biography&rft.pub=Biography.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fscientists%2Fwernher-von-braun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-recoll-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-recoll_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-recoll_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-recoll_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212140739/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/recollect-childhood.html">"Recollections of Childhood: Early Experiences in Rocketry as Told by Werner von Braun 1963"</a>. MSFC History Office. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/recollect-childhood.html">the original</a> on 12 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSFC+History+Office&rft.atitle=Recollections+of+Childhood%3A+Early+Experiences+in+Rocketry+as+Told+by+Werner+von+Braun+1963&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.msfc.nasa.gov%2Fvonbraun%2Frecollect-childhood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> As related by Auguste's son <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Piccard" title="Jacques Piccard">Jacques Piccard</a> to fellow deep-sea explorer Hans Fricke, cited in: Fricke H. Der Fisch, der aus der Urzeit kam, pp. 23–24. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3423346160" title="Special:BookSources/978-3423346160">978-3423346160</a> (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_NutzElmar_Wild1989" class="citation web cs1">Leo Nutz; Elmar Wild (28 December 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526061405/http://www.oberth-museum.org/index_e.html">"Oberth-museum.org"</a>. Oberth-museum.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oberth-museum.org/index_e.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oberth-museum.org&rft.pub=Oberth-museum.org&rft.date=1989-12-28&rft.au=Leo+Nutz&rft.au=Elmar+Wild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oberth-museum.org%2Findex_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2006-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2006_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/Europe_at_War_1939%E2%80%931945:_No_Simple_Victory" title="Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory">Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333692851" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333692851"><bdi>978-0333692851</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70401618">70401618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+at+War+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+No+Simple+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70401618&rft.isbn=978-0333692851&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neufeld_2007-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_2007_29-16">q</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Neufeld" title="Michael J. Neufeld">Neufeld, Michael</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vonbraundreamero00neuf">Von Braun Dreamer of Space Engineer of War</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307262929" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307262929"><bdi>978-0307262929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+Braun+Dreamer+of+Space+Engineer+of+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0307262929&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvonbraundreamero00neuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld2019" class="citation web cs1">Neufeld, Michael J. (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/chasing-moon-wernher-von-braun-and-nazis/">"Wernher von Braun and the Nazis"</a>. PBS. <q>Von Braun was a right-wing nationalist by upbringing but seems to have taken little interest in Nazi ideology or anti-Semitism. As money began flowing into rearmament and eventually into the rocket program, he became more enthusiastic about the regime. In 1933–34, he was a member of an SS riding group in Berlin, but National Socialist organizations were then pressing non-member students to participate in paramilitary activities. In 1937, now the technical director at age 25 of the new Army rocket center at Peenemünde on the Baltic, he received a letter asking him to join the Party. Since it required little commitment, and it might damage his career to say no, he went along.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wernher+von+Braun+and+the+Nazis&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fchasing-moon-wernher-von-braun-and-nazis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Spangenburg & Moser. 2009. Wernher von Braun, Revised Edition. Infobase Publishing. p. 33 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_32-1">b</a> Ward, Bob. 2013. Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun. Naval Institute Press. Ch. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Wernher%20VonBraun/Wernher%20VonBraun%20Part%202%20of%207/view">"Wernher VonBraun Part 2 of 7"</a>. FBI Records: The Vault. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 17 April 1961. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FBI+Records%3A+The+Vault&rft.atitle=Wernher+VonBraun+Part+2+of+7&rft.date=1961-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2FWernher%2520VonBraun%2FWernher%2520VonBraun%2520Part%25202%2520of%25207%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld2002" class="citation journal cs1">Neufeld, Michael J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1433245">"Wernher von Braun, the SS, and Concentration Camp Labor: Questions of Moral, Political, and Criminal Responsibility"</a>. German Studies Review. 25 (1): 57–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1433245">10.2307/1433245</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-7952">0149-7952</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1433245">1433245</a>. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Wernher+von+Braun%2C+the+SS%2C+and+Concentration+Camp+Labor%3A+Questions+of+Moral%2C+Political%2C+and+Criminal+Responsibility&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0149-7952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1433245%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1433245&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1433245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward_2009-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward_2009_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2009" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Bob (2009). Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun. US Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591149279" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591149279"><bdi>978-1591149279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Space%3A+The+Life+of+Wernher+von+Braun&rft.pub=US+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1591149279&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Wernher%20VonBraun/Wernher%20VonBraun%20Part%202%20of%207/at_download/file">"Wernher von Braun FBI file"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wernher+von+Braun+FBI+file&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2FWernher%2520VonBraun%2FWernher%2520VonBraun%2520Part%25202%2520of%25207%2Fat_download%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld2013" class="citation book cs1">Neufeld, Michael J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8NvDwAAQBAJ&q=SS-Standartenf%C3%BChrer">The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemunde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era</a>. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 178–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588344670" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588344670"><bdi>978-1588344670</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocket+and+the+Reich%3A+Peenemunde+and+the+Coming+of+the+Ballistic+Missile+Era&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1588344670&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ8NvDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSS-Standartenf%25C3%25BChrer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-space25-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-space25_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-space25_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2005" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Bob (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jIeqqCkDHQC&q=uniform">Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun</a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591149262" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591149262"><bdi>978-1591149262</bdi></a>. <q>It had been thought that he publicly wore his uniform with swastika armband just once, during one of two formal...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Space%3A+The+Life+of+Wernher+von+Braun&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1591149262&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jIeqqCkDHQC%26q%3Duniform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reformation.org/wernher-von-braun.html">"Wernher von Braun in SS uniform"</a>. The Reformation Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reformation+Online&rft.atitle=Wernher+von+Braun+in+SS+uniform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformation.org%2Fwernher-von-braun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloop1978" class="citation book cs1">Sloop, John L. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Akc7AQAAMAAJ&dq=braun+kummersdorf&pg=PA269">Liquid Hydrogen as a Propulsion Fuel, 1945–1959</a>. Scientific and Technical Information Office, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liquid+Hydrogen+as+a+Propulsion+Fuel%2C+1945%E2%80%931959&rft.pub=Scientific+and+Technical+Information+Office%2C+National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sloop&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkc7AQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dbraun%2Bkummersdorf%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-astronautix-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-astronautix_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-astronautix_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817172206/http://astronautix.com/astros/vonbraun.htm">"von Braun"</a>. Astronautix.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/astros/vonbraun.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=von+Braun&rft.pub=Astronautix.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fastros%2Fvonbraun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Konstruktive, theoretische und experimentelle Beiträge zu dem Problem der Flüssigkeitsrakete. Raketentechnik und Raumfahrtforschung, Sonderheft 1 (1960), Stuttgart, Germany. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergaust1976" class="citation book cs1">Bergaust, Erik (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-hQKAQAAMAAJ&q=Max+and+Moritz+von+braun">Wernher Von Braun: The Authoritative and Definitive Biographical Profile of the Father of Modern Space Flight</a>. National Space Institute. pp. 43–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0917680014" title="Special:BookSources/978-0917680014"><bdi>978-0917680014</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wernher+Von+Braun%3A+The+Authoritative+and+Definitive+Biographical+Profile+of+the+Father+of+Modern+Space+Flight&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=National+Space+Institute&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0917680014&rft.aulast=Bergaust&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-hQKAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DMax%2Band%2BMoritz%2Bvon%2Bbraun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-44"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Wernher%20VonBraun/Wernher%20VonBraun%20Part%203%20of%207/view">"Wernher VonBraun Part 3 of 7"</a>. FBI Records: The Vault. 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Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612514048" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612514048"><bdi>978-1612514048</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Space%3A+The+Life+of+Wernher+von+Braun&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1612514048&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQCEqGZ5KHwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Speer, Albert (1969). Erinnerungen, p. 377. Verlag Ullstein GmbH, Frankfurt a.M. and Berlin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3550060742" title="Special:BookSources/3550060742">3550060742</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-51"><a href="#cite_ref-RAF_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061101001350/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/peenemunde.html">"Peenemünde, 17 and 18 August 1943"</a>. RAF History – Bomber Command. Royal Air Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/peenemunde.html">the original</a> on 1 November 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAF+History+%E2%80%93+Bomber+Command&rft.atitle=Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C+17+and+18+August+1943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fpeenemunde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlebrook1982" class="citation book cs1">Middlebrook, Martin (1982). The Peenemünde Raid: The Night of 17–18 August 1943. New York: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0672527593" title="Special:BookSources/978-0672527593"><bdi>978-0672527593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peenem%C3%BCnde+Raid%3A+The+Night+of+17%E2%80%9318+August+1943&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0672527593&rft.aulast=Middlebrook&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dornberger-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dornberger_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dornberger_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDornberger1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dornberger" title="Walter Dornberger">Dornberger, Walter</a> (1952). V2 – Der Schuss ins Weltall. Esslingan: Bechtle Verlag (US translation V-2 Viking Press: New York, 1954). p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V2+%E2%80%93+Der+Schuss+ins+Weltall&rft.place=Esslingan&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Bechtle+Verlag+%28US+translation+V-2+Viking+Press%3A+New+York%2C+1954%29&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Dornberger&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld1995" class="citation book cs1">Neufeld, Michael J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951">The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era</a>. New York: The Free Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951/page/158">158</a>, 160–162, 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029228951" title="Special:BookSources/9780029228951"><bdi>9780029228951</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028112702/https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocket+and+the+Reich%3A+Peenem%C3%BCnde+and+the+Coming+of+the+Ballistic+Missile+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=158%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E162%2C+190&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780029228951&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780029228951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-warsitz-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warsitz_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warsitz_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warsitz_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warsitz_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warsitz_55-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarsitz2009" class="citation book cs1">Warsitz, Lutz (2009). The First Jet Pilot: The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844158188" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844158188"><bdi>978-1844158188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Jet+Pilot%3A+The+Story+of+German+Test+Pilot+Erich+Warsitz&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1844158188&rft.aulast=Warsitz&rft.aufirst=Lutz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy_Dungan" class="citation web cs1">Tracy Dungan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/mittel.html">"Mittelbau Overview"</a>. V2rocket.com. Retrieved 15 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mittelbau+Overview&rft.pub=V2rocket.com&rft.au=Tracy+Dungan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.v2rocket.com%2Fstart%2Fchapters%2Fmittel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-power2-57"><a href="#cite_ref-power2_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020526221151/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/excerpts.html">"Excerpts from 'Power to Explore'"</a>. MSFC History Office. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/excerpts.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSFC+History+Office&rft.atitle=Excerpts+from+%27Power+to+Explore%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.msfc.nasa.gov%2Fvonbraun%2Fexcerpts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimeD-58"><a href="#cite_ref-TimeD_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaroff2002" class="citation news cs1">Jaroff, Leon (26 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,220201,00.html">"The Rocket Man's Dark Side"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527011940/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,220201,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Rocket+Man%27s+Dark+Side&rft.date=2002-03-26&rft.aulast=Jaroff&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fhealth%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C220201%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bid-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bid_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bid_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle2009" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Wayne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjiPpJOwYXoC&q=flogged+">Dark Side of the Moon: Wernher von Braun, the Third Reich, and the Space Race</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393072648" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393072648"><bdi>978-0393072648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Side+of+the+Moon%3A+Wernher+von+Braun%2C+the+Third+Reich%2C+and+the+Space+Race&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0393072648&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjiPpJOwYXoC%26q%3Dflogged%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988">: 124–125  </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Neufeld" title="Michael J. Neufeld">Michael J. Neufeld</a> (February 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1433245">"Wernher von Braun, the SS, and Concentration Camp Labor: Questions of Moral, Political, and Criminal Responsibility"</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Studies_Review" title="German Studies Review">German Studies Review</a>, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 57–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Fiedermann, Heß, and Jaeger (1993) Das KZ Mittelbau Dora. Ein historischer Abriss, p. 100, Westkreuz Verlag, Berlin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3922131946" title="Special:BookSources/978-3922131946">978-3922131946</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-StuhlingerOrdway1994-62"><a href="#cite_ref-StuhlingerOrdway1994_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst_StuhlingerFrederick_Ira_Ordway1994" class="citation book cs1">Ernst Stuhlinger; Frederick Ira Ordway (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pZTAAAAMAAJ">Wernher von Braun, crusader for space: a biographical memoir</a>. Krieger Pub. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0894648427" title="Special:BookSources/978-0894648427"><bdi>978-0894648427</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wernher+von+Braun%2C+crusader+for+space%3A+a+biographical+memoir&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Krieger+Pub.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0894648427&rft.au=Ernst+Stuhlinger&rft.au=Frederick+Ira+Ordway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pZTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoop2002" class="citation news cs1">Roop, Lee (4 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021026180521/http://www.al.com/news/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?%2Fxml%2Fstory.ssf%2Fhtml_standard.xsl%3F%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1033754724262943.xml">"Aide says von Braun wasn't able to stop slave horrors; Objection would have gotten rocket pioneer shot, Dannenberg says"</a>. The Huntsville Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al.com/news/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?/xml/story.ssf/html_standard.xsl?/base/news/1033754724262943.xml">the original</a> on 26 October 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huntsville+Times&rft.atitle=Aide+says+von+Braun+wasn%27t+able+to+stop+slave+horrors%3B+Objection+would+have+gotten+rocket+pioneer+shot%2C+Dannenberg+says&rft.date=2002-10-04&rft.aulast=Roop&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fnews%2Fhuntsvilletimes%2Findex.ssf%3F%2Fxml%2Fstory.ssf%2Fhtml_standard.xsl%3F%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1033754724262943.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sellier-64"><a href="#cite_ref-sellier_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellier2003" class="citation book cs1">Sellier, André (2003). A History of the Dora Camp: The Untold Story of the Nazi Slave Labor Camp That Secretly Manufactured V-2 Rockets. Chicago: Ivan R Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566635110" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566635110"><bdi>978-1566635110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Dora+Camp%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Nazi+Slave+Labor+Camp+That+Secretly+Manufactured+V-2+Rockets&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Ivan+R+Dee&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1566635110&rft.aulast=Sellier&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVWBlcBvMcYC&dq=dornberger+von+braun&pg=PA818">The Army Air Forces in World War II: Europe, argument to V-E Day, January 1944 to May 1945</a>. Office of Air Force History. 1948. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0912799032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0912799032"><bdi>978-0912799032</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+Air+Forces+in+World+War+II%3A+Europe%2C+argument+to+V-E+Day%2C+January+1944+to+May+1945&rft.pub=Office+of+Air+Force+History&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-0912799032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVWBlcBvMcYC%26dq%3Ddornberger%2Bvon%2Bbraun%26pg%3DPA818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grdev-66"><a href="#cite_ref-grdev_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051028233719/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/highlights.html">"Highlights in German Rocket Development from 1927–1945"</a>. MSFC History Office. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/highlights.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSFC+History+Office&rft.atitle=Highlights+in+German+Rocket+Development+from+1927%E2%80%931945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.msfc.nasa.gov%2Fvonbraun%2Fhighlights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilstein1999" class="citation book cs1">Bilstein, Roger E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnoZTbVLx0MC&dq=von+braun+charged+two+weeks&pg=PA12">Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicle</a>. Diane Publishing. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0788181863" title="Special:BookSources/978-0788181863"><bdi>978-0788181863</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stages+to+Saturn%3A+A+Technological+History+of+the+Apollo%2FSaturn+Launch+Vehicle&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0788181863&rft.aulast=Bilstein&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnoZTbVLx0MC%26dq%3Dvon%2Bbraun%2Bcharged%2Btwo%2Bweeks%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-walter-68"><a href="#cite_ref-walter_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDornberger1954" class="citation book cs1">Dornberger, Walter (1954). V-2. New York: The Viking Press, Inc. pp. 178–184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V-2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=The+Viking+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Dornberger&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speer-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Speer_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeer1995" class="citation book cs1">Speer, Albert (1995). Inside the Third Reich. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 501–502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842127353" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842127353"><bdi>978-1842127353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1842127353&rft.aulast=Speer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Wernher%20VonBraun/Wernher%20VonBraun%20Part%201%20of%207/view">"Wernher VonBraun Part 1 of 7"</a>. FBI Records: The Vault. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 18 April 1961. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FBI+Records%3A+The+Vault&rft.atitle=Wernher+VonBraun+Part+1+of+7&rft.date=1961-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2FWernher%2520VonBraun%2FWernher%2520VonBraun%2520Part%25201%2520of%25207%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cadbury-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cadbury_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cadbury_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cadbury_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadbury2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Cadbury" title="Deborah Cadbury">Cadbury, Deborah</a> (2005). Space Race. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Worldwide" title="BBC Worldwide">BBC Worldwide</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007212996" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007212996"><bdi>978-0007212996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Race&rft.pub=BBC+Worldwide&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0007212996&rft.aulast=Cadbury&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuzel1962" class="citation book cs1">Huzel, Dieter K. (1962). From Peenemünde To Canaveral. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0021SD22M">B0021SD22M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Peenem%C3%BCnde+To+Canaveral&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0021SD22M%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Huzel&rft.aufirst=Dieter+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunarAdministration1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunar, Andrew J.; Administration, U. S. National Aeronautics and Space (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15NYG6C9GaUC&dq=Oberammergau+was+captured+by+the+Allied+forces+von+braun&pg=PA8">Power to Explore: A History of Marshall Space Flight Center, 1960–1990</a>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Office, Office of Policy and Plans. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160589928" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160589928"><bdi>978-0160589928</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+to+Explore%3A+A+History+of+Marshall+Space+Flight+Center%2C+1960%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration%2C+NASA+History+Office%2C+Office+of+Policy+and+Plans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0160589928&rft.aulast=Dunar&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Administration%2C+U.+S.+National+Aeronautics+and+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15NYG6C9GaUC%26dq%3DOberammergau%2Bwas%2Bcaptured%2Bby%2Bthe%2BAllied%2Bforces%2Bvon%2Bbraun%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428051040/http://efour4ever.com/44thdivision/vonbrauncapture.html">"vonBraun"</a>. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=vonBraun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefour4ever.com%2F44thdivision%2Fvonbrauncapture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> Capture of Wernher von Braun by the 324th Regiment Anti-tank Company </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall1985" class="citation book cs1">McDougall, Walter A. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heavensearth00walt_0/page/44">...The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age</a>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heavensearth00walt_0/page/44">44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465028870" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465028870"><bdi>978-0465028870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=...The+Heavens+and+the+Earth%3A+A+Political+History+of+the+Space+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0465028870&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheavensearth00walt_0%2Fpage%2F44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Arts & Entertainment, Biography (1959–1961 series). Mike Wallace, television biography of Wernher von Braun, video clip of the press statement. </li> <li id="cite_note-McGovern-77"><a href="#cite_ref-McGovern_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGovern1964" class="citation book cs1">McGovern, J (1964). Crossbow and Overcast. New York: W. Morrow. p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossbow+and+Overcast&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=W.+Morrow&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Helen Fry, "'The Walls Have Ears, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-23860-0, 2019, p. 262 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeer2001" class="citation book cs1">Speer, Albert (2001). Schlie, Ulrich (ed.). Alles, was ich weiß. F.A. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3776620924" title="Special:BookSources/978-3776620924"><bdi>978-3776620924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alles%2C+was+ich+wei%C3%9F&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=F.A.+Herbig+Verlagsbuchhandlung&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3776620924&rft.aulast=Speer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauzia" class="citation news cs1">Fauzia, Miriam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/09/16/fact-check-nazi-scientists-brought-u-s-operation-paperclip/5690870002/">"Fact check: Nazi scientists were brought to work for U.S. through Operation Paperclip"</a>. USA Today. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Fact+check%3A+Nazi+scientists+were+brought+to+work+for+U.S.+through+Operation+Paperclip&rft.aulast=Fauzia&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Ffactcheck%2F2020%2F09%2F16%2Ffact-check-nazi-scientists-brought-u-s-operation-paperclip%2F5690870002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld2004" class="citation journal cs1">Neufeld, Michael J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/united-states-and-germany-in-the-era-of-the-cold-war-19451990/overcast-paperclip-osoaviakhim-looting-and-the-transfer-of-german-military-technology/534FC32DC234091C24BA984F1681E68B">"Overcast, Paperclip, Osoaviakhim – Looting and the Transfer of German Military Technology"</a>. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A Handbook: Volume 1: 1945–1968. 1. Cambridge University Press: 197–203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+and+Germany+in+the+Era+of+the+Cold+War%2C+1945%E2%80%931990%3A+A+Handbook%3A+Volume+1%3A+1945%E2%80%931968&rft.atitle=Overcast%2C+Paperclip%2C+Osoaviakhim+%E2%80%93+Looting+and+the+Transfer+of+German+Military+Technology&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Funited-states-and-germany-in-the-era-of-the-cold-war-19451990%2Fovercast-paperclip-osoaviakhim-looting-and-the-transfer-of-german-military-technology%2F534FC32DC234091C24BA984F1681E68B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.starttravel.co.uk/blog/The-Pretty-German-Seaside-Resort-with-a-Dark-Past">"The Pretty German Seaside Resort with a Dark Past"</a>. 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V2Rocket.com. 1 October 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301144423/http://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/paperclip.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+Department+press+release&rft.atitle=Outstanding+German+Scientists+Being+Brought+to+U.S&rft.date=1945-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.v2rocket.com%2Fstart%2Fchapters%2Fpaperclip.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaurmaWiesman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Saurma, Ruth G. von; Wiesman, Walter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louis.uah.edu/huntsville-historical-review/vol23/iss1/5">"The German Rocket Team"</a>. Huntsville Historical Review. 23 (1). Huntsville, Alabama: University of Alabama in Huntsville: 22. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huntsville+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+German+Rocket+Team&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Saurma&rft.aufirst=Ruth+G.+von&rft.au=Wiesman%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flouis.uah.edu%2Fhuntsville-historical-review%2Fvol23%2Fiss1%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunar-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunar_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunarWaring1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunar, Andrew J; Waring, Stephen P (1999). Power to Explore. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0160589924" title="Special:BookSources/0160589924"><bdi>0160589924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+to+Explore&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0160589924&rft.aulast=Dunar&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J&rft.au=Waring%2C+Stephen+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RM-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RM_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_86-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_86-7">h</a> Matthew Brzezinski (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfzMcwF5DC4C">Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries That Ignited the Space Age</a>, pp. 84–92, Henry Holt, New York <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805081473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805081473">978-0805081473</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2349">"Wernher von Braun"</a>. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 27 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.atitle=Wernher+von+Braun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Farticle%2Fh-2349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLbyY76zt9w">Redstone Rocket, Hardtack-Teak Test, August 1958</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTRS-89"><a href="#cite_ref-NTRS_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucher,_G._C.Mc_Call,_J._C.Ordway,_F._I._IIIStuhlinger,_E.1962" class="citation journal cs1">Bucher, G. C.; Mc Call, J. C.; Ordway, F. I. III; Stuhlinger, E. (23 March 1962). "From Peenemuende to Outer Space. Commemorating the Fiftieth Birthday of Wernher von Braun". NASA Technical Reports Server. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19630006100">2060/19630006100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Technical+Reports+Server&rft.atitle=From+Peenemuende+to+Outer+Space.+Commemorating+the+Fiftieth+Birthday+of+Wernher+von+Braun&rft.date=1962-03-23&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19630006100&rft.au=Bucher%2C+G.+C.&rft.au=Mc+Call%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Ordway%2C+F.+I.+III&rft.au=Stuhlinger%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_BraunRyan1953" class="citation magazine cs1">von Braun, Wernher; Ryan, Cornelius (27 June 1953). 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Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 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Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+the+%27Von+Braun%27+Space+Hotel+Idea+Is+Wild.+But+Could+We+Build+It+by+2025%3F&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.aulast=Gohd&rft.aufirst=Chelsea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fgateway-foundation-von-braun-space-station.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/2001-a-space-odyssey/stanley-kubrick-nasa-art-storyboards-sketches/">"What Kubrick did with the man from Nasa"</a>. The Telegraph. 7 December 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=What+Kubrick+did+with+the+man+from+Nasa&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffilm%2F2001-a-space-odyssey%2Fstanley-kubrick-nasa-art-storyboards-sketches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seh1-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seh1_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seh1_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodfill2004" class="citation web cs1">Woodfill, Jerry (30 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/lunarlan.html">"Gallery of Wernher von Braun Moonship Sketches"</a>. The Space Educator's Handbook. NASA Johnson Space Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530062400/http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/lunarlan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Space+Educator%27s+Handbook&rft.atitle=Gallery+of+Wernher+von+Braun+Moonship+Sketches&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft.aulast=Woodfill&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fer.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fseh%2Flunarlan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunWhippleLey1953" class="citation book cs1">Braun, Wernher Von; Whipple, Fred Lawrence; Ley, Willy (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbAAAAMAAJ&q=Mare+Imbrium+von+braun">Conquest of the Moon</a>. New York: Viking Press. pp. 107, 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0598825162" title="Special:BookSources/978-0598825162"><bdi>978-0598825162</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+of+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=107%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0598825162&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Wernher+Von&rft.au=Whipple%2C+Fred+Lawrence&rft.au=Ley%2C+Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzjbAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMare%2BImbrium%2Bvon%2Bbraun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812025304/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/19690804_manned_mars_landing_presentation_to_the_space_task_group_by_dr._wernher_von_braun.pdf">"Braun, Wernher von (1969). Manned Mars landing presentation to the Space Task Group"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/19690804_manned_mars_landing_presentation_to_the_space_task_group_by_dr._wernher_von_braun.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braun%2C+Wernher+von+%281969%29.+Manned+Mars+landing+presentation+to+the+Space+Task+Group.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2F19690804_manned_mars_landing_presentation_to_the_space_task_group_by_dr._wernher_von_braun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bergaust-98"><a href="#cite_ref-bergaust_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergaust1976" class="citation book cs1">Bergaust, Erik (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-hQKAQAAMAAJ&q=Max+and+Moritz+von+braun">Wernher Von Braun: The Authoritative and Definitive Biographical Profile of the Father of Modern Space Flight</a>. National Space Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0917680014" title="Special:BookSources/978-0917680014"><bdi>978-0917680014</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wernher+Von+Braun%3A+The+Authoritative+and+Definitive+Biographical+Profile+of+the+Father+of+Modern+Space+Flight&rft.pub=National+Space+Institute&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0917680014&rft.aulast=Bergaust&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-hQKAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DMax%2Band%2BMoritz%2Bvon%2Bbraun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Wernher von Braun (2006) Project Mars: a technical tale, Apogee Books, Burlington, Ontario <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0973820331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0973820331">978-0973820331</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-ley195510-100"><a href="#cite_ref-ley195510_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLey,_Willy1955" class="citation news cs1">Ley, Willy (October 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/galaxymagazine-1955-10/Galaxy_1955_10#page/n61/mode/2up">"For Your Information"</a>. Galaxy. p. 60. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy&rft.atitle=For+Your+Information&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1955-10&rft.au=Ley%2C+Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgalaxymagazine-1955-10%2FGalaxy_1955_10%23page%2Fn61%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Pat Williams, Jim Denney (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSJIngvkCsAC">How to Be Like Walt: Capturing the Disney Magic Every Day of Your Life</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], p. 237, Health Communications Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0757302312" title="Special:BookSources/978-0757302312">978-0757302312</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Wernher von Braun (2000) <a href="/wiki/First_Men_to_the_Moon" title="First Men to the Moon">First Men to the Moon</a>. Reprint by Henry Holt & Co., Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0030302954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0030302954">978-0030302954</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Stuhlinger, Ernst & Ira Ordway, Frederick. 1994. Wernher von Braun, crusader for space: a biographical memoir. Krieger Pub, p. 270 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Rocket_Man-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rocket_Man_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rocket_Man_104-1">b</a> Mallon, Thomas (22 October 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/10/22/rocket-man">"Rocket Man"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, Access date: 8 January 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Walker, Mark (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-20th-century-faust">"A 20th-Century Faust"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160146/http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-20th-century-faust">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a>, Access: 8 January 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Oliver, Kendrick (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCPrLX8KOeAC">To Touch the Face of God: The Sacred, the Profane, and the American Space Program, 1957–1975</a>, p. 23, Johns Hopkins University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421407883" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421407883">978-1421407883</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Oliver, 2012, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiantoday.com/article/god.touches.the.heart.of.a.scientist.through.gideons.bible.ministry./913.htm">"God Touches the Heart of a Scientist through Gideons' Bible Ministry"</a>. christiantoday.com. 28 May 2004. Retrieved 13 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=christiantoday.com&rft.atitle=God+Touches+the+Heart+of+a+Scientist+through+Gideons%27+Bible+Ministry&rft.date=2004-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantoday.com%2Farticle%2Fgod.touches.the.heart.of.a.scientist.through.gideons.bible.ministry.%2F913.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Stuhlinger, Ernst & Ira Ordway, Frederick. 1994. Wernher von Braun, crusader for space: a biographical memoir. Krieger Pub, p. 270: "Those who knew him through the 1960s and 1970s noticed during these years that a new element began to surface in his conversations, and also in his speeches and his writings: a growing interest in religious thought." </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> von Braun, Wernher (1963) "My Faith: A Space-Age Scientist Tells Why He Must Believe in God", (10 February 1963) <a href="/wiki/The_American_Weekly" title="The American Weekly">The American Weekly</a>, p. 2, New York: The Hearst Corporation. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> See von Braun's speeches in The voice of Dr. Wernher Von Brain: An Anthology. Apogee Books Publication; ed. by Irene E. Powell-Willhite: These touch "a variety of topics, including education, the cold war, religion, and the space program". </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> See the same article by von Braun, Wernher, published as "Science and religion", in <a href="/wiki/Rome_Daily_American" title="Rome Daily American">Rome Daily American</a>, 13 September 1966. Available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tparents.org/Library/Unification/Publications/naf/NAF-1966-10-00.pdf">New Age Frontiersn</a> (Oct. 1966) United Family, Volume II, Number 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun1966" class="citation book cs1">Braun, Wernher Von (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221819/https://books.google.com/books?id=3pa5HwAACAAJ">"The Farther We Probe Into Space, the Greater My Faith ...": C.M. Ward's Account of His Interview with Dr. Wernher Von Braun</a>. Assemblies of God. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Farther+We+Probe+Into+Space%2C+the+Greater+My+Faith+...%22%3A+C.M.+Ward%27s+Account+of+His+Interview+with+Dr.+Wernher+Von+Braun&rft.pub=Assemblies+of+God&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Wernher+Von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3pa5HwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Ward, Bob (2013) Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun, Ch. 1: "The Accursed Blessing", Naval Institute Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857079205">857079205</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Neufeld" title="Michael J. Neufeld">Neufeld MJ</a>: "Space superiority: Wernher von Braun's campaign for a nuclear-armed space station, 1946–1956". Space Policy 2006; 22:52–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-abma1-116"><a href="#cite_ref-abma1_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch2.htm">"Stages to Saturn – The Saturn Building Blocks – The ABMA Transfer"</a>. NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stages+to+Saturn+%E2%80%93+The+Saturn+Building+Blocks+%E2%80%93+The+ABMA+Transfer&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4206%2Fch2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/15000-photos-wernher-von-braun-space-pioneer.html">"Photos: Wernher von Braun, Space Pioneer Remembered"</a>. Space.com. 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Photos%3A+Wernher+von+Braun%2C+Space+Pioneer+Remembered&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F15000-photos-wernher-von-braun-space-pioneer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander" class="citation web cs1">Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/ch9-7.htm">"MR-1: The Four-Inch Flight – This New Ocean"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010509060939/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/ch9-7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=MR-1%3A+The+Four-Inch+Flight+%E2%80%93+This+New+Ocean&rft.aulast=Swenson&rft.aufirst=Loyd+S.+Jr.&rft.au=Grimwood%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4201%2Fch9-7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi2000" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Asif A (2000). Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974. Washington, DC: NASA. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780393018" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780393018"><bdi>978-1780393018</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00038684">00038684</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48909645">48909645</a>. SP-2000-4408.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenge+to+Apollo%3A+The+Soviet+Union+and+the+Space+Race%2C+1945%E2%80%931974&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48909645&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00038684&rft.isbn=978-1780393018&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Asif+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201736-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest201736_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2017">West 2017</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201739-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest201739_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2017">West 2017</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-apmon-122"><a href="#cite_ref-apmon_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/Apollomon/apollo6.pdf">"Concluding Remarks by Dr. Wernher von Braun about Mode Selection for the Lunar Landing Program"</a> (PDF). Lunar Orbit Rendezvous File. NASA Historical Reference Collection. 7 June 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lunar+Orbit+Rendezvous+File&rft.atitle=Concluding+Remarks+by+Dr.+Wernher+von+Braun+about+Mode+Selection+for+the+Lunar+Landing+Program&rft.date=1962-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FApollomon%2Fapollo6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2020" class="citation web cs1">Mann, Adam (25 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/apollo-program-overview.html">"The Apollo Program: How NASA sent astronauts to the moon"</a>. space.com. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=space.com&rft.atitle=The+Apollo+Program%3A+How+NASA+sent+astronauts+to+the+moon&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fapollo-program-overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Spangenburg & Moser. 2009. Wernher von Braun, Revised Edition. Infobase Publishing. pp. 129–130 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> "Space Man's Look at Antarctica". Popular Science, Vol. 190, No. 5, May 1967, pp. 114–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201740-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest201740_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2017">West 2017</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-intan-127"><a href="#cite_ref-intan_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Braun1969" class="citation web cs1">von Braun, Wernher (16 January 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621130244/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/announcement_4.pdf">"Adjustment to Marshall Organization, Announcement No. 4"</a> (PDF). MSFC History Office. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/announcement_4.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSFC+History+Office&rft.atitle=Adjustment+to+Marshall+Organization%2C+Announcement+No.+4&rft.date=1969-01-16&rft.aulast=von+Braun&rft.aufirst=Wernher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.msfc.nasa.gov%2Fvonbraun%2Fannouncement_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Bergaust, Erik. 1976. Wernher von Braun: The Authoritative and Definitive Biographical Profile of the Father of Modern Space Flight. National Space Institute. p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320200436/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901107,00.html">"Next, Mars and Beyond"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 25 July 1969. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901107,00.html">the original</a> on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Next%2C+Mars+and+Beyond&rft.date=1969-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C901107%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes1970" class="citation news cs1">Times, Harold M. Schmeck Jr Special to The New York (28 January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/28/archives/von-braun-to-go-to-washington-to-direct-space-mission-plans.html">"Von Braun to Go to Washington To Direct Space Mission Plans"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Von+Braun+to+Go+to+Washington+To+Direct+Space+Mission+Plans&rft.date=1970-01-28&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=Harold+M.+Schmeck+Jr+Special+to+The+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F01%2F28%2Farchives%2Fvon-braun-to-go-to-washington-to-direct-space-mission-plans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest201743-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest201743_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest201743_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2017">West 2017</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> German sources mostly specify the cancer as renal, while American biographies unanimously just mention cancer. The time when von Braun learned about the disease is generally given as from 1973 to 1976. The characteristics of renal cell carcinoma, which has a bad prognosis even today, do not rule out either time limit. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=374">"The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details | NSF - National Science Foundation"</a>. nsf.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsf.gov&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+National+Medal+of+Science%3A+Recipient+Details+%26%23124%3B+NSF+-+National+Science+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fod%2Fnms%2Frecip_details.jsp%3Frecip_id%3D374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaunius2002" class="citation book cs1">Launius, Roger (2002). To Reach the Higher Frontier: A History of U.S. Launch Vehicles. University of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813122458" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813122458"><bdi>978-0813122458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Reach+the+Higher+Frontier%3A+A+History+of+U.S.+Launch+Vehicles&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0813122458&rft.aulast=Launius&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_SP-4404-135"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_SP-4404_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloop1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sloop, John L. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790008823.pdf">Liquid hydrogen as a propulsion fuel, 1945–1959</a> (PDF). The NASA history series. Vol. SP-4404.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liquid+hydrogen+as+a+propulsion+fuel%2C+1945%E2%80%931959&rft.series=The+NASA+history+series&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sloop&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19790008823.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOVA_1999-136"><a href="#cite_ref-NOVA_1999_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2610tothemoon.html">"To the Moon"</a>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aiaahouston.org/Horizons/Pages_by_Al_Jackson_from_Volume_52_AAS_History_Series_Digital_for_IAC_2019.pdf#page=12.63">The Mars Project 1948 to 1956.</a>"Fifty-Third Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics, October 21–25, 2019, Washington, DC, United States. Paper IAC-19-E4.2.03. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Braun2006" class="citation book cs1">Von Braun, Wernher (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WEklAAAACAAJ">Project Mars, A Technical Tale</a>. Apogee Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0973820331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0973820331"><bdi>978-0973820331</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Mars%2C+A+Technical+Tale&rft.pub=Apogee+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0973820331&rft.aulast=Von+Braun&rft.aufirst=Wernher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWEklAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Braun2007" class="citation book cs1">Von Braun, Wernher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ndGAAAAYAAJ">The Voice of Dr. Wernher Von Braun An Anthology</a>. Apogee Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1894959643" title="Special:BookSources/978-1894959643"><bdi>978-1894959643</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voice+of+Dr.+Wernher+Von+Braun+An+Anthology&rft.pub=Apogee+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1894959643&rft.aulast=Von+Braun&rft.aufirst=Wernher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ndGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2017" class="citation book cs1">West, Doug (2017). Dr Wernher von Braun: A Short Biography. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1977927910" title="Special:BookSources/978-1977927910"><bdi>978-1977927910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr+Wernher+von+Braun%3A+A+Short+Biography&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1977927910&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_reading">Additional reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Additional reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bilstein, Roger (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stagestosaturnte0000bils">Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles</a>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813026916" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813026916"><bdi>978-0813026916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stages+to+Saturn%3A+A+Technological+History+of+the+Apollo%2FSaturn+Launch+Vehicles&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0813026916&rft.aulast=Bilstein&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstagestosaturnte0000bils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dunar, Andrew J.; Waring, Stephen P (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224139/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/book/toc.html">Power to Explore: A History of Marshall Space Flight Center, 1960–1990</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160589928" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160589928"><bdi>978-0160589928</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/book/toc.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+to+Explore%3A+A+History+of+Marshall+Space+Flight+Center%2C+1960%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0160589928&rft.aulast=Dunar&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Waring%2C+Stephen+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.msfc.nasa.gov%2Fbook%2Ftoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Marsha (1993). How we got to the Moon: The Story of the German Space Pioneers (Paperback). 21st Century Science Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0962813412" title="Special:BookSources/978-0962813412"><bdi>978-0962813412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+we+got+to+the+Moon%3A+The+Story+of+the+German+Space+Pioneers+%28Paperback%29&rft.pub=21st+Century+Science+Associates&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0962813412&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Marsha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lasby, Clarence G (1971). Project Paperclip: German Scientists and the Cold War. New York: Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006CKBHY">B0006CKBHY</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Paperclip%3A+German+Scientists+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006CKBHY%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Lasby&rft.aufirst=Clarence+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Neufeld" title="Michael J. Neufeld">Neufeld, Michael J</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951">The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era</a>. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029228951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029228951"><bdi>978-0029228951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocket+and+the+Reich%3A+Peenem%C3%BCnde+and+the+Coming+of+the+Ballistic+Missile+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0029228951&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780029228951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Michael B. (2009). Missiles for the Fatherland: Peenemuende, National Socialism and the V-2 missile. Cambridge Centennial of Flight. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521882705" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521882705"><bdi>978-0521882705</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644940362">644940362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missiles+for+the+Fatherland%3A+Peenemuende%2C+National+Socialism+and+the+V-2+missile&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Cambridge+Centennial+of+Flight&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644940362&rft.isbn=978-0521882705&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tompkins, Phillip K. (1993). Organizational Communication Imperatives: Lessons of the Space Program. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195329667" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195329667"><bdi>978-0195329667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizational+Communication+Imperatives%3A+Lessons+of+the+Space+Program&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0195329667&rft.aulast=Tompkins&rft.aufirst=Phillip+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" class="extiw" title="commons:Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wernher_von_Braun" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-61-reg-turnill-on-wernher-von-braun/">Audiopodcast on Astrotalkuk.org</a> BBC journalist Reg Turnill talking in 2011 about his personal memories of and interviews with Dr Wernher von Braun.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428051040/http://efour4ever.com/44thdivision/vonbrauncapture.html">The capture of von Braun and his men</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> – At the U.S. 44th Infantry Division website (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904183514/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/">Wernher von Braun page</a> – Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) History Office (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/alabama-public-television-documentaries-missile-to-moon/">Missile to Moon: PBS documentary about evolution of Huntsville to "Rocket City" and Werhner von Braun</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2016" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Mike (18 February 2016). Harbaugh, Jennifer (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102180858/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/vonbraun/disney_article.html">"The Disney-Von Braun Collaboration and Its Influence on Space Exploration"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/vonbraun/disney_article.html">the original</a> on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=The+Disney-Von+Braun+Collaboration+and+Its+Influence+on+Space+Exploration&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fmarshall%2Fhistory%2Fvonbraun%2Fdisney_article.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWernher+von+Braun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.numericana.com/arms/vonbraun.htm">Coat-of-arms of Wernher von Braun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespacereview.com/article/656/1">Remembering Von Braun</a> – by Anthony Young – The Space Review, Monday 10 July 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dora.de/index_cten.html">The Mittelbau-Dora Concentration Camp Memorial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929074840/http://www.dora.de/index_cten.html">Archived</a> 29 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/vonbraun.html">V2rocket.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075213/http://www.aiaahouston.org/newsletter/">60th anniversary digital reprinting of Colliers Space Series</a>, Houston Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (archived)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/BraunWernherVon" class="extiw" title="iarchive:BraunWernherVon">CIA documents on Wernher von Braun</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Wernher%20VonBraun">FBI Records: The Vault – Wernher VonBraun files</a> at vault.fbi.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?37768">Wernher von Braun</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/160">Wernher von Braun Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/133">Dorette Schlidt Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections</a> Files of Dorette Schlidt, Wernher von Braun's first secretary.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA%27s_Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Template:NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA%27s_Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Template talk:NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA%27s_Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA&#039;s_George_C._Marshall_Space_Flight_Center_(Huntsville,_Alabama)279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA's</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">George C. Marshall Space Flight Center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">von Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Rees" title="Eberhard Rees">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocco_Petrone" title="Rocco Petrone">Petrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Lucas" title="William R. Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Thompson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Thompson, Jr.">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jack_Lee" title="T. Jack Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Porter_Bridwell" title="Gene Porter Bridwell">Bridwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Wayne_Littles" title="J. Wayne Littles">Littles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_S._Griner" title="Carolyn S. Griner">Griner*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Stephenson" title="Art Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._King_(engineer)" title="David A. King (engineer)">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Lightfoot,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Lightfoot, Jr.">Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Goldman" title="Arthur E. Goldman">Goldman*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Henderson" title="Robin Henderson">Henderson*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Scheuermann" title="Patrick Scheuermann">Scheuermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle Propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Probe_B" title="Gravity Probe B">Gravity Probe B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Project Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Huntsville,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Huntsville, Alabama">NRHP</a> sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propulsion_and_Structural_Test_Facility" title="Propulsion and Structural Test Facility">Propulsion and Structural Test Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstone_Test_Stand" title="Redstone Test Stand">Redstone Test Stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Dynamic_Test_Stand" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand">Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Dynamic_Test_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle">Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency">ABMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal" title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">Redstone Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_%26_Rocket_Center" title="U.S. Space & Rocket Center">U.S. Space & Rocket Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* acting director only</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_engineering118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_engineering" title="Template talk:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_engineering118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_systems_engineering" title="Cognitive systems engineering">Cognitive systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems engineering">Enterprise systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_systems_engineering" title="Health systems engineering">Health systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">Performance engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Sociocultural Systems Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">Design review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_systems_engineering" title="System of systems engineering">System of systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">System lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model" title="V-model">V-Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">Quality function deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_part" title="Spare part">Spare part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">Benjamin S. Blanchard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wernher von Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolt_Fabrycky" title="Wolt Fabrycky">Wolt Fabrycky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_David_Hall_III" title="Arthur David Hall III">Arthur David Hall III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hitchins" title="Derek Hitchins">Derek Hitchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Machol" title="Robert E. Machol">Robert E. Machol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_engineering" title="Category:Systems engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template talk:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">United States National Medal of Science</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Behavioral_and_social_science225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Behavioral and social science</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal Elgar Miller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_J._Gibson" title="Eleanor J. Gibson">Eleanor J. Gibson</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger N. Shepard</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Kaye_Estes" title="William Kaye Estes">William K. Estes</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/R._Duncan_Luce" title="R. Duncan Luce">R. Duncan Luce</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Bower" title="Gordon H. Bower">Gordon H. Bower</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael I. Posner</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Mishkin" title="Mortimer Mishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huda_Akil" title="Huda Akil">Huda Akil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Larry_Bartels" title="Larry Bartels">Larry Bartels</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biological_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Biological sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._B._van_Niel" title="C. B. van Niel">C. B. van Niel</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis P. Rous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George G. Simpson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald D. Van Slyke</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Cumming_Rose" title="William Cumming Rose">William C. Rose</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Stewart_Cole" title="Kenneth Stewart Cole">Kenneth S. Cole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry F. Harlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heidelberger" title="Michael Heidelberger">Michael Heidelberger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Alfred H. Sturtevant</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horace_Barker" title="Horace Barker">Horace Barker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brodie_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Brodie (biochemist)">Bernard B. Brodie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev W. Bronk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Laurence_Lush" title="Jay Laurence Lush">Jay Lush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Burrhus Frederic Skinner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huebner" title="Robert Huebner">Robert Huebner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert B. Sabin</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Arnon" title="Daniel I. Arnon">Daniel I. Arnon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Sutherland_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earl W. Sutherland Jr.">Earl W. Sutherland Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_V._Neel" title="James V. Neel">James V. Neel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Augustine Shannon">James Augustine Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hallowell_Davis" title="Hallowell Davis">Hallowell Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gyorgy" title="Paul Gyorgy">Paul Gyorgy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sterling_B._Hendricks" title="Sterling B. Hendricks">Sterling B. Hendricks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orville_Vogel" title="Orville Vogel">Orville Alvin Vogel</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Roberts Porter">Keith Roberts Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Racker" title="Efraim Racker">Efraim Racker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Burris" title="Robert H. Burris">Robert H. Burris</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Reece_Stadtman" title="Earl Reece Stadtman">Earl Reece Stadtman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">George Ledyard Stebbins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alfred_Weiss" title="Paul Alfred Weiss">Paul Alfred Weiss</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1981</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></dd> <dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Burton" title="Glenn W. Burton">Glenn W. Burton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Bachrach" title="Howard Bachrach">Howard L. Bachrach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wendell_L._Roelofs" title="Wendell L. Roelofs">Wendell L. Roelofs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berta_Scharrer" title="Berta Scharrer">Berta Scharrer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald A. Henderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Mountcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. DeBakey">Michael E. DeBakey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodor_O._Diener" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor O. Diener">Theodor O. Diener</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael S. Brown">Michael S. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice R. Hilleman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hamburger" title="Viktor Hamburger">Viktor Hamburger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger W. Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harland_G._Wood" title="Harland G. Wood">Harland G. Wood</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Boyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert W. Boyer">Herbert W. Boyer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr." title="Daniel E. Koshland Jr.">Daniel E. Koshland Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_G._Nathan" title="David G. Nathan">David G. Nathan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="G. Evelyn Hutchinson">G. Evelyn Hutchinson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elvin_A._Kabat" title="Elvin A. Kabat">Elvin A. Kabat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kates" title="Robert Kates">Robert W. Kates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marks_(scientist)" title="Paul Marks (scientist)">Paul A. Marks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Folke_K._Skoog" title="Folke K. Skoog">Folke K. Skoog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Zamecnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Zamecnik">Paul C. Zamecnik</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Singer" title="Maxine Singer">Maxine Singer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salome_G._Waelsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome G. Waelsch">Salome G. Waelsch</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Neufeld" title="Elizabeth F. Neufeld">Elizabeth F. Neufeld</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Weinberg">Robert A. Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nancy_C._Andreasen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy C. Andreasen">Nancy C. Andreasen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George F. Bass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mario_R._Capecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario R. Capecchi">Mario R. Capecchi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Likens" title="Gene Likens">Gene E. Likens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_M._Witkin" title="Evelyn M. Witkin">Evelyn M. Witkin</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yanofsky" title="Charles Yanofsky">Charles Yanofsky</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman E. Borlaug</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phillip_A._Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip A. Sharp">Phillip A. Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas E. Starzl</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Torsten N. Wiesel</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lubert_Stryer" title="Lubert Stryer">Lubert Stryer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert J. Lefkowitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bert_W._O%27Malley" title="Bert W. O'Malley">Bert W. O'Malley</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis S. Collins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fuchs" title="Elaine Fuchs">Elaine Fuchs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">J. Craig Venter</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Lindquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan L. Lindquist">Susan L. Lindquist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Shapiro" title="Lucy Shapiro">Lucy Shapiro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Chisholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallie Chisholm">Sallie Chisholm</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_K._Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakesh K. Jain">Rakesh K. Jain</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Levin">Simon Levin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gebisa_Ejeta" title="Gebisa Ejeta">Gebisa Ejeta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eve_Marder" title="Eve Marder">Eve Marder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Petsko" title="Gregory Petsko">Gregory Petsko</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Weinbaum" title="Sheldon Weinbaum">Sheldon Weinbaum</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Bassler" title="Bonnie Bassler">Bonnie Bassler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angela_Belcher" title="Angela Belcher">Angela Belcher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blau" title="Helen Blau">Helen Blau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emery_N._Brown" title="Emery N. Brown">Emery N. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._David_Tilman" title="G. David Tilman">G. David Tilman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Woodruff" title="Teresa Woodruff">Teresa Woodruff</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chemistry225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chemistry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton" title="F. Albert Cotton">F. Albert Cotton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Zare" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard N. Zare">Richard N. Zare</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Gray" title="Harry B. Gray">Harry B. Gray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Tseh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Tseh Lee">Yuan Tseh Lee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_S._Marvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl S. Marvel">Carl S. Marvel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Westheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Westheimer">Frank H. Westheimer</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Summer_Johnson" title="William Summer Johnson">William S. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Stockmayer" title="Walter H. Stockmayer">Walter H. Stockmayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_O._Baker" title="William O. Baker">William O. Baker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Konrad_E._Bloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad E. Bloch">Konrad E. Bloch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_J._Corey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias J. Corey">Elias J. Corey</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Bernstein" title="Richard Barry Bernstein">Richard B. Bernstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harden_M._McConnell" title="Harden M. McConnell">Harden M. McConnell</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elkan_Blout" title="Elkan Blout">Elkan Blout</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl Folkers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Roberts" title="John D. Roberts">John D. Roberts</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard E. Simmons Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_S._Hammond" title="George S. Hammond">George S. Hammond</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isabella_L._Karle" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella L. Karle">Isabella L. Karle</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davidson_(biologist)" title="Norman Davidson (biologist)">Norman Davidson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Darleane C. Hoffman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold S. Johnston</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Cahn" title="John W. Cahn">John W. Cahn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Rice" title="Stuart A. Rice">Stuart A. Rice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(chemist)" title="John Ross (chemist)">John Ross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Baldeschwieler" title="John D. Baldeschwieler">John D. Baldeschwieler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Hirschmann" title="Ralph F. Hirschmann">Ralph F. Hirschmann</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._Davidson" title="Ernest R. Davidson">Ernest R. Davidson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_A._Somorjai" title="Gábor A. Somorjai">Gábor A. Somorjai</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_I._Brauman" class="mw-redirect" title="John I. Brauman">John I. Brauman</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lippard" title="Stephen J. Lippard">Stephen J. Lippard</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin J. Marks</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_H._Caruthers" title="Marvin H. Caruthers">Marvin H. Caruthers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dervan" title="Peter Dervan">Peter B. Dervan</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa A. El-Sayed</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Fowler" title="Joanna Fowler">Joanna Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Benkovic" title="Stephen J. Benkovic">Stephen J. Benkovic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_K._Barton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline K. Barton">Jacqueline K. Barton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Stang" title="Peter J. Stang">Peter J. Stang</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Bard" title="Allen J. Bard">Allen J. Bard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M._Frederick_Hawthorne" title="M. Frederick Hawthorne">M. Frederick Hawthorne</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Judith_P._Klinman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith P. Klinman">Judith P. Klinman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_L._Richmond" title="Geraldine L. Richmond">Geraldine L. Richmond</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/A._Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Paul Alivisatos">A. Paul Alivisatos</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lawrence_Edwards" title="Richard Lawrence Edwards">R. Lawrence Edwards</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Engineering_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineering sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1962</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></dd> <dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Draper" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Draper">Charles S. Draper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar H. Ammann</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence L. Johnson">Clarence L. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude E. Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I. Sikorsky">Igor I. Sikorsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_St._Clair_Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack St. Clair Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mueller" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Mueller">George E. Mueller</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Edgerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold E. Edgerton">Harold E. Edgerton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard T. Whitcomb</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Ralph Brazelton Peck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick E. Terman</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wernher von Braun</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(scientist)" title="Morris Cohen (scientist)">Morris Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Goldmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Goldmark">Peter C. Goldmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Erwin Wilhelm Müller">Erwin Wilhelm Müller</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emmett_N._Leith" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmett N. Leith">Emmett N. Leith</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Mindlin" title="Raymond D. Mindlin">Raymond D. Mindlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_R._Parker" title="Earl R. Parker">Earl R. Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Heinemann">Edward H. Heinemann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Katz" title="Donald L. Katz">Donald L. Katz</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wolfgang_Liepmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Wolfgang Liepmann">Hans Wolfgang Liepmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin" title="Tung-Yen Lin">Tung-Yen Lin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_M._Oliver" title="Bernard M. Oliver">Bernard M. Oliver</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_Bird" title="Robert Byron Bird">Robert Byron Bird</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Bolton_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Bolton Seed">H. Bolton Seed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_M._Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis M. Hawkins">Willis M. Hawkins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_W._Housner" title="George W. Housner">George W. Housner</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Grier" title="Herbert E. Grier">Herbert E. Grier</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Holonyak Jr.">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luna_B._Leopold" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna B. Leopold">Luna B. Leopold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Guyford_Stever" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Guyford Stever">H. Guyford Stever</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calvin_F._Quate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin F. Quate">Calvin F. Quate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ray_W._Clough" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray W. Clough">Ray W. Clough</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hermann_A._Haus" title="Hermann A. Haus">Hermann A. Haus</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar N. Patel</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ruckenstein" title="Eli Ruckenstein">Eli Ruckenstein</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth N. Stevens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Yuan-Cheng B. Fung</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Acrivos" title="Andreas Acrivos">Andreas Acrivos</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John M. Prausnitz</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_N._Lightfoot" title="Edwin N. Lightfoot">Edwin N. Lightfoot</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jan_D._Achenbach" title="Jan D. Achenbach">Jan D. Achenbach</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Yariv" title="Amnon Yariv">Amnon Yariv</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Shu Chien</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subra_Suresh" title="Subra Suresh">Subra Suresh</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Dabiri" title="John Dabiri">John Dabiri</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mathematical,_statistical,_and_computer_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">H. Marston Morse</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Paul Cohen</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Feller" title="William Feller">William Feller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">John W. Backus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_O._Friedrichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt O. Friedrichs">Kurt Otto Friedrichs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_H._Stone" title="Marshall H. Stone">Marshall H. Stone</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Michael Freedman</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Gomory" title="Ralph E. Gomory">Ralph E. Gomory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Keller" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph B. Keller">Joseph B. Keller</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Spencer" title="Donald C. Spencer">Donald C. Spencer</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Stephen Cole Kleene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin David Kruskal</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Karp" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coifman" title="Ronald Coifman">Ronald R. Coifman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao">Calyampudi R. Rao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_M._Stein" title="Elias M. Stein">Elias M. Stein</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James G. Glimm</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_R._de_Boor" title="Carl R. de Boor">Carl R. de Boor</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis P. Sullivan</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew J. Viterbi</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_B._Mumford" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Mumford">David B. Mumford</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Tapia" title="Richard A. Tapia">Richard A. Tapia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Daubechies" title="Ingrid Daubechies">Ingrid Daubechies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Dwork" title="Cynthia Dwork">Cynthia Dwork</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physical_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis W. Alvarez</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Rubey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rubey">William Rubey</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Van Vleck">John H. Van Vleck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hammett" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Hammett">Louis Hammett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Bartlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Robert H. Dicke</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Sandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan R. Sandage">Allan R. Sandage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Wheeler">John A. Wheeler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing" title="Maurice Ewing">Maurice Ewing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rathbun_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rathbun Wilson">Robert Rathbun Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_Carl_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Carl Pauling">Linus Carl Pauling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer">Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_A._Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans A. Bethe">Hans A. Bethe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Hirschfelder" title="Joseph O. Hirschfelder">Joseph O. Hirschfelder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sarett" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Sarett">Lewis Sarett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gutowsky" title="Herbert S. Gutowsky">Herbert S. Gutowsky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard P. Feynman">Richard P. Feynman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Mark">Herman Mark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Purcell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Purcell">Edward M. Purcell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Sinfelt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sinfelt">John Sinfelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Weisskopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Weisskopf">Victor F. Weisskopf</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Margaret_Burbidge" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Margaret Burbidge">E. Margaret Burbidge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Landsberg" title="Helmut Landsberg">Helmut Landsberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruno_B._Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno B. Rossi">Bruno B. Rossi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Schrieffer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Schrieffer">J. Robert Schrieffer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_J._Buchsbaum" title="Solomon J. Buchsbaum">Solomon J. Buchsbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Crane" title="H. Richard Crane">H. Richard Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elsasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Elsasser">Walter Elsasser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_A._Van_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Van Allen">James A. Van Allen</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ching-wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Ching-wu">Paul Ching-Wu Chu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arnold_O._Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold O. Beckman">Arnold O. Beckman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Sharp" title="Robert P. Sharp">Robert Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan M. Cormack</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._McMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. McMillan">Edwin M. McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Ed Stone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene M. Shoemaker">Eugene M. Shoemaker</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Dehmelt">Hans Dehmelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wallace_S._Broecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace S. Broecker">Wallace S. Broecker</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">Marshall Rosenbluth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Wetherill" title="George Wetherill">George Wetherill</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Don_L._Anderson" title="Don L. Anderson">Don L. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_N._Bahcall" title="John N. Bahcall">John N. Bahcall</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_E._Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis E. Lamb">Willis E. Lamb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_F._White" title="Gilbert F. White">Gilbert F. White</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Keeling">Charles Keeling</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Brent_Dalrymple" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Brent Dalrymple">G. Brent Dalrymple</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph A. Alpher">Ralph A. Alpher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fay_Ajzenberg-Selove" title="Fay Ajzenberg-Selove">Fay Ajzenberg-Selove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pence_Slichter" title="Charles Pence Slichter">Charles P. Slichter</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berni_Alder" title="Berni Alder">Berni Alder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (astronomer)">James E. Gunn</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esther_M._Conwell" title="Esther M. Conwell">Esther M. Conwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Washington" title="Warren M. Washington">Warren M. Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean C. Solomon</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Sarachik" title="Myriam Sarachik">Myriam Sarachik</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Alley" title="Richard Alley">Richard Alley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Freedman" title="Wendy Freedman">Wendy Freedman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keivan_Stassun" title="Keivan Stassun">Keivan Stassun</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History (<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a> (human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)">Solar System Family Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57384#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3765" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57384#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3765" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57384#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012132837X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51769292">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43599/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhtFKjXjVrvDVBKWmKh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118514652">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79114065">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12374590j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12374590j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00520287">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35852072">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0053918&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX865227">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/26909">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070343403">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90378049">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000035578&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=110655">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp3520n90gpq1l9">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810545868005606">Poland</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810562426105606">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/246366">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007269639105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14764231">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00638951?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=155196">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d3534e6d-e651-4e39-918e-6fc7941c8a1f">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFKleeMerk,_Otto1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaunius2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeo_NutzElmar_Wild1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLey,_Willy1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagill2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayr2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDougall1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGovern1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddlebrook1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrow1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeld,_Michael_J.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeld1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeld2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeld2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeld2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeld2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeld2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOrdwaySharpe,_Mitchell_R1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtmanns\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedd2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchie1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoop2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRother2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaurmaWiesman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellier2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloop1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpeer1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpires2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeitel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimes1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Lehrer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTracy_Dungan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Braun2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Braun2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarsitz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilford1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilly_LeyWernher_Von_BraunChesley_Bonestell1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinterstein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodfill2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Braun1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_BraunRyan1953\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 8,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Check quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 65,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Braun, Wernher von\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"ISBN missing\"] = 3,\n [\"ISFDB name\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox scientist\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"NASA space program\"] = 1,\n [\"NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center\"] = 1,\n [\"National Medal of Science\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 37,\n [\"ScienceWorldBiography\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Spaced en dash\"] = 1,\n [\"Systems engineering\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 2,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","17.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","14.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","7.6"],["type","140","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","6.5"],["(for generator)","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.3"],["[others]","440","23.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-54bc5bdf84-8rbtp","timestamp":"20250217172743","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Wernher von Braun","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wernher_von_Braun","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q57384","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q57384","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-23T03:53:43Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T00:03:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/ff\/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg","headline":"German and later American aerospace engineer and space architect (1912\u20131977)"}</script> </body> </html>