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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Roles and expertise</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roles_and_expertise-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roles and expertise subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roles_and_expertise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialization_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialization_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Specialization and management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialization_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_engineers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_engineers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of engineers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_engineers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Definition by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Asia and Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Spanish-speaking countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Engineer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenieur" title="Ingenieur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ingenieur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="مهندس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مهندس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%9A%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܡܚܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܚܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="অভিযন্তা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অভিযন্তা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="প্রকৌশলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রকৌশলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang-t%C3%AAng-su" title="Kang-têng-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kang-têng-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Інжынер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інжынер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Инженер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инженер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BEenjer" title="Inženjer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Inženjer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijinour" title="Ijinour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ijinour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginyer" title="Enginyer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enginyer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peiriannydd" title="Peiriannydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Peiriannydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeni%C3%B8r" title="Ingeniør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ingeniør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenieur" title="Ingenieur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ingenieur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insener" title="Insener – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Insener" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeniero" title="Ingeniero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C4%9Deniero" title="Inĝeniero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Inĝeniero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeniari" title="Ingeniari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingeniari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="مهندس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهندس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Ingénieur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ingénieur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngenieur" title="Yngenieur – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yngenieur" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innleadair" title="Innleadair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Innleadair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" title="공학자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공학자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injiniyoyi" title="Injiniyoyi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Injiniyoyi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enehana" title="Enehana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Enehana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभियन्ता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभियन्ता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BEenjer" title="Inženjer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Inženjer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injenioro" title="Injenioro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Injenioro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekayasawan" title="Rekayasawan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rekayasawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingegnere" title="Ingegnere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ingegnere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1" title="מהנדס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהנדס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insinyur" title="Insinyur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Insinyur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghenieru" title="Inghenieru – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Inghenieru" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="اِنٛجیٖنَر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنٛجیٖنَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Инженер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инженер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhandisi" title="Mhandisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mhandisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzeniele" title="Nzeniele – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nzeniele" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BEenieris" title="Inženieris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Inženieris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenieur" title="Ingenieur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ingenieur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BEinierius" title="Inžinierius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Inžinierius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rn%C3%B6k" title="Mérnök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mérnök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभियन्ता – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अभियन्ता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Инженер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инженер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injeniera" title="Injeniera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Injeniera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%BB" title="യന്ത്രവിദഗ്ദ്ധൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യന്ത്രവിദഗ്ദ്ധൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभियंता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अभियंता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="مهندس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مهندس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurutera" title="Jurutera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jurutera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Инженер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Инженер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="အင်ဂျင်နီယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်ဂျင်နီယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenieur" title="Ingenieur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ingenieur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभियन्ता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अभियन्ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85" title="工学者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="工学者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injen%C3%B6%C3%B6r" title="Injenöör – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Injenöör" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeni%C3%B8r" title="Ingeniør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ingeniør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeni%C3%B8r" title="Ingeniør – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ingeniør" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhandis" title="Muhandis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muhandis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="အိဉ်စိဉ်နီယာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အိဉ်စိဉ်နီယာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BCynier" title="Inżynier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inżynier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenheiro" title="Engenheiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenheiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inginer" title="Inginer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inginer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illikacha" title="K'illikacha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'illikacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Инженер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Инженер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Инженер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инженер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Инженер – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Инженер" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingineer" title="Ingineer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ingineer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxhinieri" title="Inxhinieri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inxhinieri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9D" title="ඉංජිනේරුවෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉංජිනේරුවෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Engineer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BEenir" title="Inženir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Inženir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjerneer" title="Enjerneer – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Enjerneer" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ئەندازیار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندازیار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Инжењер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инжењер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BEenjer" title="Inženjer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Inženjer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insinyur" title="Insinyur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Insinyur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insin%C3%B6%C3%B6ri" title="Insinööri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Insinööri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenj%C3%B6r" title="Ingenjör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ingenjör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பொறியாளர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொறியாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Инженер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Инженер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇంజనీర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంజనీర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="วิศวกร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิศวกร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Муҳандис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳандис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginiara" title="Enginiara – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Enginiara" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BChendis" title="Mühendis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mühendis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Інженер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інженер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Professional practitioner of engineering and its subclasses</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Engineer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Engineer (disambiguation)">Engineer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Engineer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MarCO_CubeSat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MarCO_CubeSat.jpg/220px-MarCO_CubeSat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MarCO_CubeSat.jpg/330px-MarCO_CubeSat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MarCO_CubeSat.jpg/440px-MarCO_CubeSat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mechanical engineer Joel Steinkraus and systems engineer <a href="/wiki/Farah_Alibay" title="Farah Alibay">Farah Alibay</a> (right) from NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory hold a full-scale mockup of <a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">Applied science</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">engineering ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">engineering economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a>, (See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering" title="Glossary of engineering">Glossary of engineering</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">Scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">project manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Engineers</b>, as practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professionals</a> who <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">invent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, analyze, build and test <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadget" title="Gadget">gadgets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">materials</a> to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety and cost.<sup id="cite_ref-bls_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nspe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>engineer</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ingeniator</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the origin of the Ir. in the title of engineer in countries like Belgium and The Netherlands) is derived from the Latin words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ingeniare</i></span> ("to contrive, devise") and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ingenium</i></span> ("cleverness").<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundational qualifications of a licensed professional engineer typically include a four-year <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">bachelor's degree in an engineering discipline</a>, or in some jurisdictions, a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Engineering" title="Master of Engineering">master's degree in an engineering discipline</a> plus four to six years of peer-reviewed professional practice (culminating in a project report or thesis) and passage of engineering board examinations. </p><p>The work of engineers forms the link between <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(observation)" title="Discovery (observation)">scientific discoveries</a> and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-bls_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, the Conference of Engineering Societies of Western Europe and the United States of America defined "<a href="/wiki/Professional_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional engineer">professional engineer</a>" as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A professional engineer is competent by virtue of his/her fundamental education and training to apply the scientific method and outlook to the analysis and solution of engineering problems. He/she is able to assume personal responsibility for the development and application of engineering science and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, notably in research, design, construction, manufacturing, superintending, managing, and in the education of the engineer. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a routine mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgment and the ability to supervise the technical and administrative work of others. His/her education will have been such as to make him/her capable of closely and continuously following progress in his/her branch of engineering science by consulting newly published works on a worldwide basis, assimilating such <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>, and applying it independently. He/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. His/her education and training will have been such that he/she will have acquired a broad and general appreciation of the engineering sciences as well as thorough insight into the special features of his/her own branch. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice and assume responsibility for the direction of important tasks in his/her branch.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles_and_expertise">Roles and expertise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roles and expertise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg/240px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg/360px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg/480px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="604" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A design for a flying machine (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1488</span>), first presented in the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_on_the_Flight_of_Birds" title="Codex on the Flight of Birds">Codex on the Flight of Birds</a></i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg/160px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg/240px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg/320px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <i>aerial screw</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1489</span>), suggestive of a helicopter, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Atlanticus" title="Codex Atlanticus">Codex Atlanticus</a></i></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Engineers develop new technological solutions. During the <a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">engineering design process</a>, the responsibilities of the engineer may include defining problems, conducting and narrowing research, analyzing criteria, finding and analyzing solutions, and making decisions. Much of an engineer's time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, including 14% actively searching for information.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_(2010)_JASIST_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_(2010)_JASIST-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements and needs. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result. Good problem solving skills are an important asset for engineers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-23805-1665,_Ingenieure_mit_Konstruktionsplan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-23805-1665%2C_Ingenieure_mit_Konstruktionsplan.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-23805-1665%2C_Ingenieure_mit_Konstruktionsplan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-23805-1665%2C_Ingenieure_mit_Konstruktionsplan.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-23805-1665%2C_Ingenieure_mit_Konstruktionsplan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-23805-1665%2C_Ingenieure_mit_Konstruktionsplan.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-23805-1665%2C_Ingenieure_mit_Konstruktionsplan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Engineers conferring on prototype design, 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>Engineers apply techniques of <a href="/wiki/Engineering_analysis" title="Engineering analysis">engineering analysis</a> in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure, and test output to maintain quality. They also estimate the <a href="/wiki/Time_and_motion_study" title="Time and motion study">time and cost required to complete projects</a>. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects. Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Engineering analysis proceeds by separating the engineering design into the mechanisms of operation or failure, analyzing or estimating each component of the operation or failure mechanism in isolation, and recombining the components. They may <a href="/wiki/Risk_analysis_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk analysis (engineering)">analyze risk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many engineers use computers to produce and analyze designs, to simulate and test how a machine, structure, or system operates, to generate specifications for parts, to monitor the quality of products, and to control the efficiency of processes. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialization_and_management">Specialization and management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Specialization and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firing_Room_-2_During_Apollo_12_CDDT_-_GPN-2000-000632.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Firing_Room_-2_During_Apollo_12_CDDT_-_GPN-2000-000632.jpg/220px-Firing_Room_-2_During_Apollo_12_CDDT_-_GPN-2000-000632.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Firing_Room_-2_During_Apollo_12_CDDT_-_GPN-2000-000632.jpg/330px-Firing_Room_-2_During_Apollo_12_CDDT_-_GPN-2000-000632.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Firing_Room_-2_During_Apollo_12_CDDT_-_GPN-2000-000632.jpg/440px-Firing_Room_-2_During_Apollo_12_CDDT_-_GPN-2000-000632.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>NASA Launch Control Center Firing Room 2 as it appeared in the Apollo era</figcaption></figure> <p>Most engineers specialize in one or more <a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">engineering disciplines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bls_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural engineering, along with transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, and materials engineering, including ceramic, metallurgical, and <a href="/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">polymer engineering</a>. Mechanical engineering cuts across most disciplines since its core essence is <a href="/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">applied physics</a>. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as motor vehicles, or in one type of technology, such as turbines or semiconductor materials.<sup id="cite_ref-bls_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time; that is, the work tasks they perform and how their time is distributed among these. Research<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_(2010)_JASIST_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_(2010)_JASIST-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_(2012)_DS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_(2012)_DS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers' work: technical work (i.e., the application of science to product development), social work (i.e., interactive communication between people), computer-based work and information behaviors. Among other more detailed findings, a 2012 <a href="/wiki/Work_sampling" title="Work sampling">work sampling</a> study<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_(2012)_DS_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_(2012)_DS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that engineers spend 62.92% of their time engaged in technical work, 40.37% in social work, and 49.66% in computer-based work. Furthermore, there was considerable overlap between these different types of work, with engineers spending 24.96% of their time engaged in technical and social work, 37.97% in technical and non-social, 15.42% in non-technical and social, and 21.66% in non-technical and non-social. </p><p>Engineering is also an information-intensive field, with research finding that engineers spend 55.8% of their time engaged in various different information behaviors, including 14.2% actively information from other people (7.8%) and information repositories such as documents and databases (6.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_(2010)_JASIST_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_(2010)_JASIST-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The time engineers spend engaged in such activities is also reflected in the competencies required in engineering roles. In addition to engineers' core technical competence, research has also demonstrated the critical nature of their personal attributes, project management skills, and cognitive abilities to success in the role.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_engineers">Types of engineers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of engineers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Memorial_-_Engineering_Group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Albert_Memorial_-_Engineering_Group.jpg/220px-Albert_Memorial_-_Engineering_Group.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Albert_Memorial_-_Engineering_Group.jpg/330px-Albert_Memorial_-_Engineering_Group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Albert_Memorial_-_Engineering_Group.jpg/440px-Albert_Memorial_-_Engineering_Group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the Engineering group, sculpted by <a href="/wiki/John_Lawlor_(sculptor)" title="John Lawlor (sculptor)">John Lawlor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies and products. Typically, engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. For example, mechanical engineering curricula typically include introductory courses in electrical engineering, computer science, materials science, metallurgy, mathematics, and software engineering. </p><p>An engineer may either be hired for a firm that requires engineers on a continuous basis, or may belong to an engineering firm that provides <a href="/wiki/Engineering_consulting" title="Engineering consulting">engineering consulting</a> services to other firms. </p><p>When developing a product, engineers typically work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers. A mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators. An electrical engineer would design the power systems, sensors, electronics, embedded software in electronics, and control circuitry. Finally, a software engineer would develop the software that makes the robot behave properly. Engineers that aspire to management engage in further study in business administration, project management and organizational or business psychology. Often engineers move up the management hierarchy from managing projects, functional departments, divisions and eventually CEOs of a multi-national corporation. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Branch </th> <th>Focus </th> <th>Related sciences </th> <th>Products </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Automobile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile engineering">Automobile engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on the development of automobiles and related technology </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">automotive safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_mathematics" title="Engineering mathematics">engineering mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_compliance" title="Environmental compliance">environmental compliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">road traffic safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> </td> <td>Automobiles </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on the development of aircraft and spacecraft </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">Aeronautics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrodynamics">astrodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">astronautics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avionics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Avionics engineering">avionics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">control engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> </td> <td>Aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectories</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> for the production and processing of food from agriculture, such as the production of arable crops, soft fruit and livestock. A key goal of this discipline is to improve the efficacy and sustainability of agricultural practices for food production. </td> <td>Agricultural engineering often combines and converges many other engineering disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biosystems_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosystems engineering">biosystems engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">soil science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental engineering</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a>, food, <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy crops</a>. <p><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a> such as tractors, <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvesters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forage_harvester" title="Forage harvester">forage harvesters</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> incorporates such things as <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">autonomous vehicles</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">building engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on building and construction </td> <td>Architecture, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_technology" title="Architectural technology">architectural technology</a> </td> <td>Buildings and bridges </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on closing the gap between engineering and medicine to advance various health care treatments. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, medicine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prostheses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">medical devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">regenerative tissue growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seat_belt#Technology" title="Seat belt">various safety mechanisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on the manufacturing of chemicals and/or extraction of chemical species from natural resources </td> <td>Chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">chemical thermodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">process engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_phenomena" title="Transport phenomena">transport phenomena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">chemical kinetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> medicine, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>, textiles </td> <td>Chemicals, hydrocarbons, fuels, medicines, raw materials, food and drink, waste treatment, pure gases, plastics, coatings, water treatment, textiles </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on the construction of large systems, structures, and environmental systems </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">Statics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">soil mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">transportation engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">geotechnical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">hydraulic engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">construction engineering</a> </td> <td>Roads, bridges, dams, buildings, <a href="/wiki/Structural_system" title="Structural system">structural system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">earthworks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on the design and development of computer hardware & <a href="/wiki/Software_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Software systems">software systems</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprocessors">Microprocessors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microcontrollers" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontrollers">microcontrollers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on application of electricity, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">engineering ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">engineering economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">instrumentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_analysis_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network analysis (electronics)">network analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linear_system" title="Linear system">linear system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">control engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity generation</a> and equipment, <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">control system</a>, computers, <a href="/wiki/Home_appliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Home appliances">home appliances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">optoelectronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on application of science and engineering principles to protect people, property, and their environments from the harmful and destructive effects of fire and smoke. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">statics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (mechanics)">dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_risk_assessment" title="Probabilistic risk assessment">probabilistic risk assessment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">environmental psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">engineering ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">engineering economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">reliability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_suppression_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire suppression systems">fire suppression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_system" title="Fire alarm system">fire alarms</a>, building fire safety, <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building codes</a>, measurement and simulation of fire phenomena, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fire_suppression_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire suppression systems">Fire suppression systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_system" title="Fire alarm system">fire alarm systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">passive fire protection</a>, smoke control systems, <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">sprinkler systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Code consulting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_Dynamics_Simulator" title="Fire Dynamics Simulator">fire and smoke modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">emergency management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">water supply systems</a>, fire pumps, structural fire protection, <a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">foam extinguishing systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">gaseous fire suppression systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_air_technology_for_fire_prevention" title="Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention">oxygen reduction systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flame_detector" title="Flame detector">flame detection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condensed_aerosol_fire_suppression" title="Condensed aerosol fire suppression">aerosol fire suppression</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on the design, optimization, and operation of production, logistics, and service systems and processes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_statistics" title="Engineering statistics">engineering statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_probability" title="Applied probability">applied probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_process" title="Stochastic process">stochastic processes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">automation engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methods_engineering" title="Methods engineering">methods engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Production_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Production engineering">production engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">manufacturing engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistics_engineering" title="Logistics engineering">logistics engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Statistical_process_control" title="Statistical process control">quality control systems</a>, manufacturing systems, <a href="/wiki/Warehousing" class="mw-redirect" title="Warehousing">warehousing</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queueing systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_process_management" title="Business process management">business process management</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mechatronics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechatronics engineering">Mechatronics engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on the technology and controlling all the industrial field </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/PID_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="PID controller">controllers</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC">CNC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on the development and operation of energy systems, transport systems, manufacturing systems, machines and <a href="/wiki/Control_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Control systems">control systems</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (mechanics)">Dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">statics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">strength of materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">mechatronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">manufacturing engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">control engineering</a> </td> <td>Cars, airplanes, machines, <a href="/wiki/Power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power generation">power generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, buildings, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer goods">consumer goods</a>, manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgical engineering">Metallurgical engineering</a>/<a href="/wiki/Materials_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials engineering">materials engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on extraction of metals from its ores and development of new materials </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">Material science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, extraction of metals, physical metallurgy, mechanical metallurgy, nuclear materials, steel technology </td> <td>Iron, steel, <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">ceramics</a>, metals </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on the use of <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a> and technology to extract various minerals from the earth, not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgical engineering">metallurgical engineering</a>, which deals with <a href="/wiki/Mineral_processing" title="Mineral processing">mineral processing</a> of various ores after they have already been mined </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rock_mechanics" title="Rock mechanics">Rock mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">geostatistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">soil mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">control engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drilling_and_blasting" title="Drilling and blasting">drilling and blasting</a> </td> <td>Gold, silver, coal, iron ore, <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, diamond, <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth element</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, copper </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a> </td> <td>Focuses on the design and development of <a href="/wiki/Software_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Software systems">software systems</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">Computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">formal language</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">Application software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Mobile apps</a>, Websites, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embedded_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded systems">embedded systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>, <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI"> AI software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">edge computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distributed_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed systems">distributed systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">music sequencers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">software synthesizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_software" title="Medical software">medical software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_surgery" title="Computer-assisted surgery">computer-assisted surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avionics_software" title="Avionics software">avionics software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">quantum programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_software" title="Satellite navigation software">satellite navigation software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">antivirus software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">electronic design automation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">self-driving cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educational_software" title="Educational software">educational software</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">Engineering ethics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engg_Ringing_CU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Engg_Ringing_CU.jpg/170px-Engg_Ringing_CU.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Engg_Ringing_CU.jpg/255px-Engg_Ringing_CU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Engg_Ringing_CU.jpg/340px-Engg_Ringing_CU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>An engineer receiving his <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Engineer" title="Order of the Engineer">Order of the Engineer</a> ring</figcaption></figure> <p>Engineers have obligations to the public, their clients, employers, and the profession. Many <a href="/wiki/Engineering_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering societies">engineering societies</a> have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large. Each engineering discipline and professional society maintains a code of ethics, which the members pledge to uphold. Depending on their specializations, engineers may also be governed by specific statute, whistleblowing, product liability laws, and often the principles of <a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">business ethics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some graduates of engineering programs in North America may be recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Ring" title="Iron Ring">iron ring</a> or <a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_Ring" title="Engineer's Ring">Engineer's Ring</a>, a ring made of iron or stainless steel that is worn on the little finger of the dominant hand. This tradition began in 1925 in Canada with <a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_the_Calling_of_an_Engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer">The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer</a>, where the ring serves as a symbol and reminder of the engineer's obligations to the engineering profession. In 1972, the practice was adopted by several colleges in the United States including members of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Engineer" title="Order of the Engineer">Order of the Engineer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></div> <p>Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and the physical and life sciences. Many programs also include courses in general engineering and applied accounting. A design course, often accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both, is part of the curriculum of most programs. Often, general courses not directly related to engineering, such as those in the social sciences or humanities, also are required. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a> is the process by which engineering programs are evaluated by an external body to determine if applicable standards are met. The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Accord_(credentials)" title="Washington Accord (credentials)">Washington Accord</a> serves as an international accreditation agreement for academic engineering degrees, recognizing the substantial equivalency in the standards set by many major national engineering bodies. In the United States, post-secondary degree programs in engineering are accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Board_for_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology">Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Regulation and licensure in engineering</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv/220px--Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="150" data-mwtitle="Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_destruction.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Footage of the old <a href="/wiki/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge" title="Tacoma Narrows Bridge">Tacoma Narrows Bridge</a> Narrows Bridge collapsing<br />(19.1<a href="/wiki/Byte#Multiple-byte_units" title="Byte">MiB</a> video, 02:30)</figcaption></figure> <p>In many countries, engineering tasks such as the design of bridges, electric power plants, industrial equipment, machine design and chemical plants, must be approved by a licensed professional engineer. Most commonly titled <a href="/wiki/Professional_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional engineer">professional engineer</a> is a license to practice and is indicated with the use of <a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">post-nominal letters</a>; PE or P.Eng. These are common in North America, as is <a href="/wiki/European_Engineer" title="European Engineer">European engineer (EUR ING)</a> in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Challenger_explosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Challenger_explosion.jpg/220px-Challenger_explosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Challenger_explosion.jpg/330px-Challenger_explosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Challenger_explosion.jpg/440px-Challenger_explosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="2879" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> is held as a case study of <a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">engineering ethics</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, engineering is a regulated profession whose practice and practitioners are licensed and governed by law. Licensure is generally attainable through combination of education, pre-examination (<a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Engineering_exam" title="Fundamentals of Engineering exam">Fundamentals of Engineering exam</a>), examination (professional engineering exam),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and engineering experience (typically in the area of 5+ years). Each state tests and licenses professional engineers. Currently, most states do not license by specific engineering discipline, but rather provide generalized licensure, and trust engineers to use professional judgment regarding their individual competencies; this is the favoured approach of the professional societies. Despite this, at least one of the examinations required by most states is actually focused on a particular discipline; candidates for licensure typically choose the category of examination which comes closest to their respective expertise. In the United States, an "industrial exemption" allows businesses to employ employees and call them an "engineer", as long as such individuals are under the direct supervision and control of the business entity and function internally related to manufacturing (manufactured parts) related to the business entity, or work internally within an exempt organization. Such person does not have the final authority to approve, or the ultimate responsibility for, engineering designs, plans, or specifications that are to be incorporated into fixed works, systems, or facilities on the property of others or made available to the public. These individuals are prohibited from offering engineering services directly to the public or other businesses, or engage in practice of engineering unless the business entity is registered with the state's board of engineering, and the practice is carried on or supervised directly only by engineers licensed to engage in the practice of engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances, some positions, such as a "sanitation engineer", does not have any basis in engineering sciences. Although some states require a BS degree in engineering accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of <a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Board_for_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology">Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology</a> (ABET) with no exceptions, about two thirds of the states accept BS degrees in engineering technology accredited by the Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission (ETAC) of ABET to become licensed as <a href="/wiki/Professional_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional engineer">professional engineers</a>. Each state has different requirements on years of experience to take the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) and Professional Engineering (PE) exams. A few states require a graduate MS in engineering to sit for the exams as further learning. After seven years of working after graduation, two years of responsibility for significant engineering work, continuous professional development, some highly qualified PEs are able to become International Professional Engineers Int(PE). These engineers must meet the highest level of professional competencies and this is a peer-reviewed process. Once the IntPE title is awarded, the engineer can gain easier admission to national registers of a number of members jurisdictions for international practice.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, engineering is a self-regulated profession. The profession in each province is governed by its own engineering association. For instance, in the Province of British Columbia an engineering graduate with four or more years of post graduate experience in an engineering-related field and passing exams in ethics and law will need to be registered by the Association for Professional Engineers and Geoscientists (<a href="/wiki/APEGBC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEGBC">APEGBC</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to become a Professional Engineer and be granted the professional designation of P.Eng allowing one to practice engineering. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, Latin America, Turkey, and elsewhere the title is limited by law to people with an engineering degree and the use of the title by others is illegal. In Italy, the title is limited to people who hold an engineering degree, have passed a professional qualification examination (<i>Esame di Stato</i>) and are enrolled in the register of the local branch of National Associations of Engineers (a public body). In Portugal, professional engineer titles and accredited engineering degrees are regulated and certified by the <i><a href="/wiki/Ordem_dos_Engenheiros" title="Ordem dos Engenheiros">Ordem dos Engenheiros</a></i>. In the Czech Republic, the title "engineer" (Ing.) is given to people with a (master's) degree in chemistry, technology or economics for historical and traditional reasons. In Greece, the academic title of "Diploma Engineer" is awarded after completion of the five-year engineering study course and the title of "Certified Engineer" is awarded after completion of the four-year course of engineering studies at a Technological Educational Institute (TEI). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_by_country">Definition by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Definition by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Engineer#Perception" title="Talk:Engineer">talk page</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Engineer" title="Special:EditPage/Engineer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerhard_Thieme_Archimedes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gerhard_Thieme_Archimedes.jpg/220px-Gerhard_Thieme_Archimedes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gerhard_Thieme_Archimedes.jpg/330px-Gerhard_Thieme_Archimedes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gerhard_Thieme_Archimedes.jpg/440px-Gerhard_Thieme_Archimedes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> is regarded as one of the leading scientists in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> whose ideas have underpinned much of the practice of engineering.</figcaption></figure> <p>The definition of the term "engineer" varies across countries and continents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Africa">Asia and Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Asia and Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, Russia, Middle East, Africa, and China, engineering is one of the most sought-after undergraduate courses, for which entrance examinations are highly competitive. </p><p>In Egypt, the educational system makes engineering the second-most respected profession in the country (after medicine); engineering colleges at <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian universities">Egyptian universities</a> require extremely high marks on the General Certificate of Secondary Education (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الثانوية العامة</span> <i>al-Thānawiyyah al-`Āmmah</i>) – in the order of 97 or 98 per cent – and are thus considered (along with the colleges of medicine, natural science, and pharmacy) to be among the "pinnacle colleges" (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كليات القمة</span></span> <i>kullīyāt al-qimmah</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Filipino">Filipino communities overseas</a>, engineers who are either Filipino or not, especially those who also profess other jobs at the same time, are addressed and introduced as <i>Engineer</i>, rather than <i>Sir/Madam</i> in speech or <i>Mr./Mrs./Ms.</i> (<i>G./Gng./Bb.</i> in Filipino) before surnames. That word is used either in itself or before the given name or surname. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brunel.jpg/170px-Brunel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brunel.jpg/255px-Brunel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brunel.jpg/340px-Brunel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="3544" /></a><figcaption>19th-century engineer <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a> by the launching chains of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern" title="SS Great Eastern">SS <i>Great Eastern</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, thirty two countries in Europe (including nearly all 27 countries of the EU) now recognise the title of "European Engineer" which permits the use of the pre-nominal title of <a href="/wiki/European_Engineer" title="European Engineer">"EUR ING"</a> (always fully capitalised). Each country sets its own precise qualification requirement for the use of the title (though they are all broadly equivalent). Holding the requisite qualification does not afford automatic entitlement. The title has to be applied for (and the appropriate fee paid). The holder is entitled to use the title in their passport. EUR INGs are allowed to describe themselves as <a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">professionally qualified</a> engineers and practise as such in any of the 32 participating countries including those where the title of engineer is regulated by law.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Eiffel_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gustave_Eiffel_1910.jpg/170px-Gustave_Eiffel_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gustave_Eiffel_1910.jpg/255px-Gustave_Eiffel_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gustave_Eiffel_1910.jpg/340px-Gustave_Eiffel_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel" title="Gustave Eiffel">Gustave Eiffel</a> was a French civil engineer</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, the term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ingénieur</i></span> (engineer) is not a protected title and can be used by anyone who practices this profession.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the title <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ingénieur diplomé</i></span> (graduate engineer) is an official academic title that is protected by the government and is associated with the <i><a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27Ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Diplôme d'Ingénieur">Diplôme d'Ingénieur</a></i>, which is a renowned academic degree in France. Anyone misusing this title in France can be fined a large sum and jailed, as it is usually reserved for graduates of French engineering <i><a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">grandes écoles</a></i>. Engineering schools which were created during the French revolution have a special reputation among the French people, as they helped to make the transition from a mostly agricultural country of late 18th century to the industrially developed France of the 19th century. A great part of 19th-century France's economic wealth and industrial prowess was created by engineers that have graduated from <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Centrale_Paris" title="École Centrale Paris">École Centrale Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mines_Paris_-_PSL" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines Paris - PSL">École des Mines de Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a> or <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Paris" title="Télécom Paris">Télécom Paris</a>. This was also the case after WWII when France had to be rebuilt. Before the "réforme <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Haby" title="René Haby">René Haby</a>" in the 1970s, it was very difficult to be admitted to such schools, and the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ingénieurs</i></span> were commonly perceived as the nation's élite. However, after the Haby reform and a series of further reforms (<a href="/wiki/Modernization_plans_of_French_universities" title="Modernization plans of French universities">Modernization plans of French universities</a>), several engineering schools were created which can be accessed with relatively lower competition. </p><p>Engineering positions in France are now shared between the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ingénieurs diplomés</i></span> graduating from engineering <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grandes écoles</i></span> and the holders of a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> in science from <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">public universities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umberto_Nobile_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Umberto_Nobile_1.jpg/220px-Umberto_Nobile_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Umberto_Nobile_1.jpg/330px-Umberto_Nobile_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Umberto_Nobile_1.jpg/440px-Umberto_Nobile_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Umberto Nobile</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical engineer">aeronautical engineer</a> and Arctic explorer</figcaption></figure> <p>In Italy, only people who hold a formal engineering qualification of at least a bachelor's degree are permitted to describe themselves as an engineer. So much so that people holding such qualifications are entitled to use the pre-nominal title of "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Ingegnere</i></span>" (or "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Ingegnera</i></span>" if female - in both cases often abbreviated to "Ing.") in lieu of "Signore", "Signorina" or "Signora" (Mr, Miss and Mrs respectively) in the same manner as someone holding a doctorate would use the pre-nominal title "Doctor". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK, the practice of engineering is not a regulated profession but control of the titles of <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Engineer_(UK)" title="Chartered Engineer (UK)">chartered engineer (CEng)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering_technologist#United_Kingdom" title="Engineering technologist">incorporated engineer (IEng)</a> is regulated. These titles are protected by law and are subject to strict requirements defined by the <a href="/wiki/Engineering_Council" title="Engineering Council">Engineering Council</a>. The title CEng is in use in nations of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> that follow or adapt British professional codes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many skilled and semi-skilled tradespeople in the UK, including, for example, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_technician" title="Engineering technician">engineering technicians</a> who service <a href="/wiki/Major_appliance" title="Major appliance">domestic appliances</a> or telephone systems, call themselves engineers, and the term in that context is commonly used by the public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Proposals such as a 2015 <a href="/wiki/UK_Parliament_petitions_website" title="UK Parliament petitions website">petition</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK parliament</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to legally protect the title "engineer" so that only professional engineers could use it have been unsuccessful (as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, engineering is a regulated profession whose practice and practitioners are licensed and governed by law.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Licensed professional engineers are referred to as P.Eng. Many Canadian engineers wear an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Ring" title="Iron Ring">Iron Ring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In all Canadian provinces, the title "Professional Engineer" is protected by law and any non-licensed individual or company using the title is committing a legal offence and is subject to fines and restraining orders.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to insistence from the Professional Engineers Ontario ("PEO") and Engineers Canada, use of the title "Engineer" itself has been found by Canadian law to be acceptable by those not holding P.Eng. titles.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title of engineer is not exclusive to P.Eng titles. The title of Engineer is commonly held by "<a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software Engineer</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Military</a> as various ranks and positions,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">railway locomotive engineers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stationary_engineer" title="Stationary engineer">Stationary engineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_engineer_(Canada)" title="Aircraft maintenance engineer (Canada)">Aircraft Maintenance Engineers</a> (AME), all of which do not commonly hold a P.Eng. designation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the practice of professional engineering is highly regulated and the title "professional engineer" is legally protected, meaning that it is unlawful to use it to offer engineering services to the public unless permission, certification or other official endorsement is specifically granted by that state through a professional engineering license.<sup id="cite_ref-whatis_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatis-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish-speaking_countries">Spanish-speaking countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spanish-speaking countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltasar_Mena_Iniesta_playing_his_guitar_at_UNAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Baltasar_Mena_Iniesta_playing_his_guitar_at_UNAM.jpg/220px-Baltasar_Mena_Iniesta_playing_his_guitar_at_UNAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Baltasar_Mena_Iniesta_playing_his_guitar_at_UNAM.jpg/330px-Baltasar_Mena_Iniesta_playing_his_guitar_at_UNAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Baltasar_Mena_Iniesta_playing_his_guitar_at_UNAM.jpg/440px-Baltasar_Mena_Iniesta_playing_his_guitar_at_UNAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Mena_Iniesta" title="Baltasar Mena Iniesta">Baltasar Mena Iniesta</a> a <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> mechanical engineer specialized in <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">Rheology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Certain Spanish-speaking countries follow the Italian convention of engineers using the pre-nominal title, in this case "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ingeniero</i></span>" (or "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ingeniera</i></span>" if female). Like in Italy, it is usually abbreviated to "Ing." In Spain this practice is not followed. </p><p>The engineering profession enjoys high prestige in Spain, ranking close to medical doctors, scientists and professors, and above judges, journalists or entrepreneurs, according to a 2014 study.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineers_Without_Borders" title="Engineers Without Borders">Engineers Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Engineer" title="European Engineer">European Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Engineering_Achievements" class="mw-redirect" title="Greatest Engineering Achievements">Greatest Engineering Achievements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">History of engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_engineers" title="List of Bangladeshi engineers">List of Bangladeshi engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of engineers">List of engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_scientists_and_engineers" title="List of fictional scientists and engineers">List of fictional scientists and engineers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bls-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bls_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bls_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bls_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bls_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Labor_Statistics,_U.S._Department_of_Manual_Labor2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>, U.S. Department of Manual Labor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923001304/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm">"Engineers"</a>. <i>Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006–07 Edition (via <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm">the original</a> on 23 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Outlook+Handbook%2C+2006%E2%80%9307+Edition+%28via+Wayback+Machine%29&rft.atitle=Engineers&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Manual+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Foco%2Focos027.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nspe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nspe_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Society_of_Professional_Engineers2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_Professional_Engineers" title="National Society of Professional Engineers">National Society of Professional Engineers</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060522214617/http://www.nspe.org/media/mr1-faqs.asp">"Frequently Asked Questions About Engineering"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nspe.org/media/mr1-faqs.asp">the original</a> on 22 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+Engineering&rft.date=2006&rft.au=National+Society+of+Professional+Engineers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nspe.org%2Fmedia%2Fmr1-faqs.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span> "Science is knowledge based on our observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system that can be validated and communicated to other people. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles used to plan, build, direct, guide, manage, or work on systems to maintain and improve our daily lives."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1942" class="citation journal cs1">Pevsner, N. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2856447">"The Term 'Architect' in the Middle Ages"</a>. <i>Speculum</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 549–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2856447">10.2307/2856447</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2856447">2856447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162586473">162586473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+Term+%27Architect%27+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=549-562&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162586473%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2856447%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2856447&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F2856447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Concise Dictionary</i> (1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"engineer". 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+of+Ethics&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia%2C+USA&rft.pub=NSPE&rft.date=2007&rft.au=National+Society+of+Professional+Engineers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nspe.org%2Fresources%2Fpdfs%2FEthics%2FCodeofEthics%2FCode-2007-July.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ncees.org/">[1]</a> NCEES is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing professional licensure for engineers and surveyors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineers.texas.gov/downloads/lawrules.pdf">"Texas Engineering and Land Surveying Practice Acts and Rules Concerning Practice and Licensure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>texas.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Perception+of+French+students+in+engineering+about+the+ethics+of+their+profession+and+implications+for+engineering+education&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft.aulast=Pourrat&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F252002766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104312/http://epetitions.direct.gov.uk/petitions/6271">"Make 'Engineer' a protected title"</a>. <i>Petitions – UK Government and Parliament</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peo.on.ca&rft.atitle=Engineering+licensing+body+clarifies+the+use+of+the+term+%22engineer%22+following+reported+dismissal+of+Hydro+One+employee&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peo.on.ca%2Fengineering-licensing-body-clarifies-use-term-engineer-following-reported-dismissal-hydro-one&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canlii.ca/t/1g18s">"Assn. of Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists of Alberta (Council of) v. Merhej, 2003 ABCA 360 (CanLII)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assn.+of+Professional+Engineers%2C+Geologists+and+Geophysicists+of+Alberta+%28Council+of%29+v.+Merhej%2C+2003+ABCA+360+%28CanLII%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanlii.ca%2Ft%2F1g18s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section (3)(f) of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90p28">Professional Engineer Act of Ontario</a> does not prevent people form using the title Engineer. (3) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to prevent a person, (f) from using the title "engineer" or an abbreviation of that title in a manner that is authorized or required by an Act or regulation. It does prevent Professional Engineer title under section 2 of the act.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jobbank.gc.ca/explore_career/job_market_report/job_requirement_report.xhtml">"Computer Software Engineer in Canada | Job requirements - Job Bank"</a>. <i>www.jobbank.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jobbank.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Computer+Software+Engineer+in+Canada+%7C+Job+requirements+-+Job+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jobbank.gc.ca%2Fexplore_career%2Fjob_market_report%2Fjob_requirement_report.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmea-agmc.ca/who-are-we">"Who Are We? | Canadian Military Engineers"</a>. <i>cmea-agmc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cmea-agmc.ca&rft.atitle=Who+Are+We%3F+%7C+Canadian+Military+Engineers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcmea-agmc.ca%2Fwho-are-we&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jobbank.gc.ca/explore_career/job_market_report/summary_occupation_report.xhtml">"Train Engineer in Canada | Labour Market Facts and Figures - Job Bank"</a>. <i>www.jobbank.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jobbank.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Train+Engineer+in+Canada+%7C+Labour+Market+Facts+and+Figures+-+Job+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jobbank.gc.ca%2Fexplore_career%2Fjob_market_report%2Fsummary_occupation_report.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whatis-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whatis_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nspe.org/resources/licensure/what-pe">"What is a PE?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_Professional_Engineers" title="National Society of Professional Engineers">National Society of Professional Engineers</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Society+of+Professional+Engineers&rft.atitle=What+is+a+PE%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nspe.org%2Fresources%2Flicensure%2Fwhat-pe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoberaTorres_Albero2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lobera, Josep; Torres Albero, Cristóbal (2015). "El prestigio social de las profesiones tecnocientíficas". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icono.fecyt.es/sites/default/files/filepublicaciones/18/articulo9_epscyt2014_-_j._lobera_y_c._torres_-_prestigio.pdf"><i>Percepción social de la Ciencia y la Tecnología 2014</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). FECYT. pp. 218–240. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200315130354/https://icono.fecyt.es/sites/default/files/filepublicaciones/18/articulo9_epscyt2014_-_j._lobera_y_c._torres_-_prestigio.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+prestigio+social+de+las+profesiones+tecnocient%C3%ADficas&rft.btitle=Percepci%C3%B3n+social+de+la+Ciencia+y+la+Tecnolog%C3%ADa+2014&rft.pages=218-240&rft.pub=FECYT&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lobera&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft.au=Torres+Albero%2C+Crist%C3%B3bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficono.fecyt.es%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffilepublicaciones%2F18%2Farticulo9_epscyt2014_-_j._lobera_y_c._torres_-_prestigio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_engineering" title="Geological engineering">Geological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">Municipal/Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore engineering">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanical_engineering" title="Biomechanical engineering">Biomechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_engineering" title="Energy engineering">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_engineering" title="Sports engineering">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering" title="Outline of computer engineering">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">Microwaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical</a>/Bioprocess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">Bioresource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_engineering" title="Artificial intelligence engineering">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical engineering">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_engineering" title="Rehabilitation engineering">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">MEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Geoengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_engineering" title="Data engineering">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a>/graphics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_mathematics" title="Engineering mathematics">Engineering mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilities_engineering" title="Facilities engineering">Facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentation engineering">Instrumentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_and_control_engineering" title="Instrumentation and control engineering">and Control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_engineering" title="Logistics engineering">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_networks_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer networks engineering (page does not exist)">Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey engineering">Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile engineering">Textile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/75px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/100px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Licensed engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81096#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81096#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81096#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ingenieur"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026955-3">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ingenieurin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4192847-7">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85043249">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932114x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932114x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562515">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="inženýři"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121182&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="inženýrky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph349445&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="inženýrské profese"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph265687&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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