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Estat multinacional - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Estat multinacional</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 28 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دولة متعددة القوميات - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة متعددة القوميات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87oxmill%C9%99tli_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Çoxmillətli dövlət - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çoxmillətli dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шматнацыянальная дзяржава - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шматнацыянальная дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multietni%C4%8Dka_dr%C5%BEava" title="Multietnička država - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Multietnička država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnohon%C3%A1rodnostn%C3%AD_st%C3%A1t" title="Mnohonárodnostní stát - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mnohonárodnostní stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Нумай нациллĕ патшалăх - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нумай нациллĕ патшалăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielv%C3%B6lkerstaat" title="Vielvölkerstaat - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vielvölkerstaat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Multinational state" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_multinacional" title="Estado multinacional - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado multinacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دولت چندملیتی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت چندملیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_plurinational" title="État plurinational - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État plurinational" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steat_yl-ashoonagh" title="Steat yl-ashoonagh - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Steat yl-ashoonagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מדינה רב-לאומית - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינה רב-לאומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1enarodna_dr%C5%BEava" title="Višenarodna država - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Višenarodna država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_multinasional" title="Negara multinasional - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara multinasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Көпэтникалы мемлекет - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көпэтникалы мемлекет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="다국민 국가 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다국민 국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daudznacion%C4%81la_valsts" title="Daudznacionāla valsts - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Daudznacionāla valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_wielonarodowe" title="Państwo wielonarodowe - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo wielonarodowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_multinacional" title="Estado multinacional - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado multinacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_multina%C8%9Bional" title="Stat multinațional - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat multinațional" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Многонациональное государство - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Многонациональное государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multietni%C4%8Dka_dr%C5%BEava" title="Multietnička država - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Multietnička država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shteti_shum%C3%ABkomb%C3%ABsh" title="Shteti shumëkombësh - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shteti shumëkombësh" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вишенационална држава - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вишенационална држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87okuluslu_devlet" title="Çokuluslu devlet - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çokuluslu devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Күпмилләтле дәүләт - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күпмилләтле дәүләт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Багатонаціональна держава - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Багатонаціональна держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><p>El concepte d'<b>estat multinacional</b> fa referència a una idea política segons la qual un <a href="/wiki/Estat_sobir%C3%A0" title="Estat sobirà">estat</a> pot estar compost per diferents grups ètnics, culturals o nacionals que tenen drets i obligacions dins l'estat i que es reconeixen com a parts iguals del mateix. Això pot incloure diferents <a href="/wiki/Llengua_oficial" title="Llengua oficial">llengües oficials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistemes_educatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemes educatius">sistemes educatius</a> o <a href="/wiki/Lleis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lleis">lleis</a> que són adaptades a les necessitats de cada <a href="/wiki/%C3%88tnia" title="Ètnia">grup ètnic</a> o nacional dins l'estat. L'objectiu de l'estat multinacional és promoure la coexistència pacífica i el respecte entre diferents grups dins d'un mateix estat, i evitar conflictes basats en la identitat ètnica o nacional. </p><p>La majoria d'aquests estats solen concloure les disputes amb una opció dins d'un xicotet conjunt: </p> <ul><li>una <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Federació">federació</a> que delega a cada <a href="/wiki/Naci%C3%B3" title="Nació">nació</a> algunes competències dins de l'estat, com el cas del <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà">Canadà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%AFssa" title="Suïssa">Suïssa</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia">Rússia</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nig%C3%A8ria" title="Nigèria">Nigèria</a> com a Estats Autònoms; <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvia" title="Bolívia">Bolívia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equador" title="Equador">Equador</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A8lgica" title="Bèlgica">Bèlgica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya">Espanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xina" title="Xina">Xina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> com a Regions Autònomes; <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finl%C3%A0ndia" title="Finlàndia">Finlàndia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maced%C3%B2nia_del_Nord" title="Macedònia del Nord">Macedònia del Nord</a> com a Municipis Autònoms; <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B2mbia" title="Colòmbia">Colòmbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vene%C3%A7uela" title="Veneçuela">Veneçuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8xic" title="Mèxic">Mèxic</a> com a Localitats Autònomes. Aquest tipus d'Estat és conegut sovint com a Federació Multicultural.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessi%C3%B3" title="Secessió">secessió</a> d'una nació dins del <a href="/wiki/Estat" class="mw-redirect" title="Estat">estat</a>, com la partició amistosa de <a href="/wiki/Txecoslov%C3%A0quia" title="Txecoslovàquia">Txecoslovàquia</a> en <a href="/wiki/Eslov%C3%A0quia" title="Eslovàquia">Eslovàquia</a> i la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" class="mw-redirect" title="República Txeca">República Txeca</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_civil" title="Guerra civil">guerra civil</a> que condueix a una secessió, federació o un nou equilibri de poder que situa a una de les nacionalitats subordinada a una altra, cas de la guerra entre <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">hutus</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutsi">tutsis</a> a mitjan dècada dels 90 en <a href="/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda">Ruanda</a>.</li></ul> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma">llengua</a> és una qüestió important en quasi totes les divergències culturals i polítiques. La <a href="/wiki/Colonitzaci%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonització">colonització</a> ha derivat en molts estats multiculturals, incloent els <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Estats Units">Estats Units</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà">Canadà</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8xic" title="Mèxic">Mèxic</a> i quasi tots els de <a href="/wiki/Sud-am%C3%A8rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-amèrica">Sud-amèrica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hait%C3%AD" title="Haití">Haití</a> i la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana" title="República Dominicana">República Dominicana</a> comparteixen l'illa de <a href="/wiki/L%27Espanyola" class="mw-redirect" title="L&#39;Espanyola">L'Espanyola</a> i parlen idiomes diferents, sent una illa binacional --una illa amb dos estats, com <a href="/wiki/Xipre" title="Xipre">Xipre</a>, encara que un dels estats allí presents no està reconegut per cap altre país que Turquia. </p><p>Un estat multinacional requereix un gran esforç per a mantenir-se unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Built_to_Last_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Built_to_Last-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> L'èxit o el fracàs dependran de la creació d'una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Societat_multi%C3%A8tnica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Societat multiètnica (encara no existeix)">societat multiètnica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hi ha no obstant això pressions militars i econòmiques externes que poden originar la distinció d'un grup social dins d'un estat. Així doncs, un estat multinacional no sempre implica una societat multiètnica. Hi ha diversos pobles o nacions units per una altra cosa que per l'ètnia, com per exemple la <a href="/wiki/Religi%C3%B3" title="Religió">religió</a>. Hi ha també nacions que no tenen cap estat, o que estan dividides en diversos estats, com els <a href="/wiki/Kurd" title="Kurd">kurds</a>, poc integrats en diverses societats feblement multiètniques, alguns dels quals, com <a href="/wiki/L%27Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="L&#39;Iraq">l'Iraq</a> o <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>, poden denominar-se estats multinacionals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estat_multinacional&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Built_to_Last-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Built_to_Last_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelemen, R. Daniel. (2007). <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120153312/http://www.princeton.edu/~smeunier/Kelemen%20Memo.pdf">Built to Last? The Durability of EU Federalism?</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~smeunier/Kelemen%20Memo.pdf">original</a> el 2013-01-20.&#32;[Consulta: 8 febrer 2017].</span> In <i>Making History: State of the European Union</i>, Vol. 8, edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Meunier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophie Meunier (encara no existeix)">Sophie Meunier</a> and Kate McNamara, Oxford University Press, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=gHw9M_817nwC&amp;pg=PA74&amp;lpg=PA74&amp;dq=The+EU+as+a+multinational+state&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=qV58MWGiHB&amp;sig=bmJIs-lRC84mJ8uJIDYLbNzHPKg&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=nDqlVPXDD8LsaO3qgpAE&amp;ved=0CDcQ6AEwCA">A Union of Diversity: Language, Identity and Polity-Building in Europe</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div 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(encara no existeix)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grups_%C3%A8tnics_d%27%C3%80sia_Oriental&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grups ètnics d&#39;Àsia Oriental (encara no existeix)">Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pobles_ind%C3%ADgenes_de_Siberia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pobles indígenes de Siberia (encara no existeix)">Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grups_%C3%A8tnics_d%27%C3%80sia_Meridional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grups ètnics d&#39;Àsia Meridional (encara no existeix)">Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grups_%C3%A8tnics_d%27%C3%80sia_Sudoriental&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grups ètnics d&#39;Àsia Sudoriental (encara no existeix)">Sud-est</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grups_%C3%A8tnics_d%27%C3%80sia_Sudoccidental&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grups ètnics d&#39;Àsia Sudoccidental (encara no 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